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<span>Trim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tail_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tail_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tail configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tail_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tail configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tail_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tailplanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailplanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tailplanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailplanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V,_Y_and_X_tails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V,_Y_and_X_tails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>V, Y and X tails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V,_Y_and_X_tails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outboard_tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outboard_tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Outboard tail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outboard_tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tailless_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailless_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Tailless aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailless_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cua_(aeron%C3%A0utica)" title="Cua (aeronàutica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cua (aeronàutica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitwerk" title="Leitwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leitwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_de_la_aeronave" title="Cola de la aeronave – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cola de la aeronave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empennage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%82%A0%EA%B0%9C" title="꼬리 날개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="꼬리 날개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repne_povr%C5%A1ine_zrakoplova" title="Repne površine zrakoplova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Repne površine zrakoplova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekor_(pesawat_udara)" title="Ekor (pesawat udara) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekor (pesawat udara)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impennaggio" title="Impennaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impennaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%91_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1)" title="זנב (כלי טיס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זנב (כלי טיס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E7%BF%BC" title="尾翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尾翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenagem" title="Empenagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empenagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampenaj" title="Ampenaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ampenaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Оперение (авиация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оперение (авиация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep_(letalo)" title="Rep (letalo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rep (letalo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repne_povr%C5%A1ine_aviona" title="Repne površine aviona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Repne površine aviona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rtstyrverk" title="Stjärtstyrverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärtstyrverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyruk_tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kuyruk takımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuyruk takımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tail section of an aircraft containing stabilizers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_tail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/250px-Aircraft_tail.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/375px-Aircraft_tail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/500px-Aircraft_tail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The empennage of an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Air" title="Atlas Air">Atlas Air</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200">Boeing 747-200</a></figcaption></figure><p>The <b>empennage</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also known as the <b>tail</b> or <b>tail assembly</b>, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-airlines_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airlines-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term derives from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> verb <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">empenner</i></span> which means "<a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">to feather</a> an arrow".<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordEtymology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordEtymology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">flight dynamics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch (flight)">pitch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as housing <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight control surface">control surfaces</a>. </p><p>In spite of effective control surfaces, many early aircraft that lacked a stabilising empennage were virtually unflyable. Even so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless aircraft</a>" usually have a tail fin (usually a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical stabiliser">vertical stabiliser</a>). Heavier-than-air aircraft without any kind of empennage (such as the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_B-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop B-2">Northrop B-2</a>) are rare, and generally use specially shaped <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoils</a> whose trailing edge provide pitch stability, and rearwards <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wings</a>, often with <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)" title="Dihedral (aeronautics)">dihedral</a> to provide the necessary <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> stability. In some aircraft with swept wings, the airfoil section or angle of incidence may change radically towards the tip. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empennage_components.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Empennage_components.png/220px-Empennage_components.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Empennage_components.png/330px-Empennage_components.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Empennage_components.png/440px-Empennage_components.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>The major components of an airplane's empennage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Structurally, the empennage consists of the entire tail assembly, including the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical stabiliser">tailfin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> and the part of the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> to which these are attached.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On an airliner this would be all the flying and control surfaces behind the <a href="/wiki/Rear_pressure_bulkhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear pressure bulkhead">rear pressure bulkhead</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg/220px-Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg/330px-Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg/440px-Flight_dynamics_with_text_ortho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">Yaw, pitch, and roll</a> in an aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <p>The front (usually fixed) section of the <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> is called the <i>horizontal stabiliser</i> and is used to provide pitch stability. The rear section of the tailplane is called the <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevator</a>, and is a movable <a href="/wiki/Aerofoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerofoil">aerofoil</a> that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. In some aircraft the horizontal stabilizer and elevator are one unit, and to control pitch the entire unit moves as one. This is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">stabilator</a></i> or <i>full-flying stabiliser</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">vertical tail structure</a> has a fixed front section called the <i><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical stabiliser">vertical stabiliser</a></i>, used to control yaw, which is movement of the fuselage right to left motion of the nose of the aircraft. The rear section of the vertical fin is the <i><a href="/wiki/Rudders#Aircraft_rudders" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudders">rudder</a></i>, a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose right or left. When used in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>, the result is a banking turn, a <i>coordinated turn</i>, the essential feature of aircraft movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some aircraft are fitted with a tail assembly that is hinged to pivot in two axes forward of the fin and stabiliser, in an arrangement referred to as a <i>movable tail</i>. The entire empennage is rotated vertically to actuate the horizontal stabiliser, and sideways to actuate the fin.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit voice recorder">cockpit voice recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">flight data recorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency locator transmitter">emergency locator transmitter</a> (ELT) are often located in the empennage, because the aft of the aircraft provides better protection for these in most aircraft crashes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trim">Trim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some aircraft <a href="/wiki/Trim_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim (aircraft)">trim</a> devices are provided to eliminate the need for the pilot to maintain constant pressure on the elevator or rudder controls.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trim device may be: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim tab</a> on the rear of the elevators or rudder which act to change the aerodynamic load on the surface. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T52-14E_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T52-14E-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Adjustable_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjustable stabilizer">adjustable stabiliser</a> into which the stabiliser may be hinged at its spar and adjustably jacked a few degrees in incidence either up or down. Usually controlled by a cockpit crank.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane524_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane524-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Bungee_cord" title="Bungee cord">bungee</a> trim system which uses a spring to provide an adjustable preload in the controls. Usually controlled by a cockpit lever.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichmann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Anti-servo_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-servo tab">anti-servo tab</a> used to trim some elevators and stabilators as well as increased control force feel. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">servo tab</a> used to move the main control surface, as well as act as a trim tab. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.<sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Multi-engined aircraft often have <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim tabs</a> on the rudder to reduce the pilot effort required to keep the aircraft straight in situations of asymmetrical thrust, such as single engine operations.<sup id="cite_ref-T52-14E_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T52-14E-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tail_configurations">Tail configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tail configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft empennage designs may be classified broadly according to the fin and tailplane configurations. </p><p>The overall shapes of individual tail surfaces (tailplane planforms, fin profiles) are similar to <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Wing_planform" title="Wing configuration">wing planforms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tailplanes">Tailplanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tailplanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a></div> <p>The tailplane comprises the tail-mounted fixed horizontal stabiliser and movable elevator. Besides its <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Wing_planform" title="Wing configuration">planform</a>, it is characterised by: </p> <ul><li>Configuration – <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canard_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Canard aircraft">canard</a>.</li> <li>Location of tailplane – mounted high, mid or low on the fuselage, fin or tail booms.</li> <li>Fixed stabiliser and movable elevator surfaces, or a single combined <a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">stabilator</a> or "[all]-flying tail".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a>)</li></ul> <p>Some locations have been given special names: </p> <ul><li><b>Conventional tail</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical stabiliser">vertical stabiliser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal stabiliser">horizontal stabilisers</a> are mounted to the rear of the fuselage. This is the simplest configuration that performs all three aspects of the function of a tail: trim, stability, and control.<sup id="cite_ref-sadraey289_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadraey289-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 60% of current aircraft designs<sup id="cite_ref-sadraey289_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadraey289-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — and about 80% ever<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — incorporate this type of tail. Examples are found on aircraft of every size and role, from general aviation types like the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> to the largest airliners ever flown, such as the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>. Examples of this type of tail were in use as early as the <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_VII" title="Blériot VII">Blériot VII</a> of 1907.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></b> – The horizontal stabilisers are placed midway up the vertical stabiliser, giving the appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> when viewed from the front. Cruciform tails are often used to keep the horizontal stabilisers out of the engine wake, while avoiding many of the disadvantages of a <a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Hawk" title="Hawker Sea Hawk">Hawker Sea Hawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">Douglas A-4 Skyhawk</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></b> – The horizontal stabiliser is mounted on top of the fin, creating a "T" shape when viewed from the front. T-tails keep the stabilisers out of the engine wake, and give better pitch control. T-tails have a good <a href="/wiki/Glide_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide ratio">glide ratio</a>, and are more efficient on low speed aircraft. However, the T-tail has several disadvantages. It is more likely to enter a <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)#Deep_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">deep stall</a>, and is more difficult to recover from a spin. For this reason a small secondary stabiliser or <b>tail-let</b> may be fitted lower down where it will be in free air when the aircraft is stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A T-tail must be stronger, and therefore heavier than a conventional tail. T-tails also tend to have a larger <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross_section" title="Radar cross section">radar cross section</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Gloster Javelin</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a>.</li></ul> <table align="center" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg/150px-Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg/225px-Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg/300px-Tail_fuselage_mounted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Fuselage mounted </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_cruciform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tail_cruciform.svg/150px-Tail_cruciform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tail_cruciform.svg/225px-Tail_cruciform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tail_cruciform.svg/300px-Tail_cruciform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Cruciform </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_T.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tail_T.svg/150px-Tail_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tail_T.svg/225px-Tail_T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tail_T.svg/300px-Tail_T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />T-tail </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_plane_flying.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tail_plane_flying.svg/210px-Tail_plane_flying.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tail_plane_flying.svg/315px-Tail_plane_flying.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tail_plane_flying.svg/420px-Tail_plane_flying.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Flying tailplane </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fins">Fins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></div> <p>The fin comprises the fixed vertical stabiliser and rudder. Besides its <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Wing_planform" title="Wing configuration">profile</a>, it is characterised by: </p> <ul><li>Number of fins – usually one or two.</li> <li>Location of fins – on the fuselage (over or under), tailplane, tail booms or wings</li></ul> <p>Twin fins may be mounted at various points: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></b> A twin tail, also called an <b>H-tail</b>, consists of two small vertical stabilisers on either side of the horizontal stabiliser. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/B-25_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ERCO_Ercoupe" title="ERCO Ercoupe">ERCO Ercoupe</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Twin-boom_aircraft" title="Twin-boom aircraft">Twin boom</a></b> A twin boom has two fuselages or booms, with a vertical stabiliser on each, and a horizontal stabiliser between them. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">Northrop P-61 Black Widow</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-38_Lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="P-38 Lightning">P-38 Lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Vixen" title="De Havilland Sea Vixen">de Havilland Sea Vixen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadler_Vampire" title="Sadler Vampire">Sadler Vampire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgley_Optica" title="Edgley Optica">Edgley Optica</a>.</li> <li><b>Wing mounted</b> midwing as on the <a href="/wiki/F7U_Cutlass" class="mw-redirect" title="F7U Cutlass">F7U Cutlass</a> or on the wing tips as on the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Manx" title="Handley Page Manx">Handley Page Manx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ" title="Rutan Long-EZ">Rutan Long-EZ</a></li></ul> <table align="center" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg/150px-Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg/225px-Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg/300px-Tail_twin_tailplane_mounted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="220" /></a></span><br />Tailplane mounted </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_twin_boom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tail_twin_boom.svg/150px-Tail_twin_boom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tail_twin_boom.svg/225px-Tail_twin_boom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tail_twin_boom.svg/300px-Tail_twin_boom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="220" /></a></span><br />Twin tail boom </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg/150px-Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg/225px-Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg/300px-Tail_twin_wing_mounted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="220" /></a></span><br />Wing mounted </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unusual fin configurations include: </p> <ul><li><b>No fin</b> – as on the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">McDonnell Douglas X-36</a>. This configuration is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "tailless".</li> <li><b>Multiple fins</b> – examples include the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> (three), <a href="/wiki/Bellanca_14-13" title="Bellanca 14-13">Bellanca 14-13</a> (three), and the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye">Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye</a> (four).</li> <li><b>Ventral fin</b> – underneath the fuselage. Often used in addition to a conventional fin as on the (<a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_335" title="Dornier Do 335">Dornier Do 335</a>).</li></ul> <table align="center" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_fin_triple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tail_fin_triple.svg/150px-Tail_fin_triple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tail_fin_triple.svg/225px-Tail_fin_triple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tail_fin_triple.svg/300px-Tail_fin_triple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="220" /></a></span><br />Triple fins </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_fin_ventral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tail_fin_ventral.svg/210px-Tail_fin_ventral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tail_fin_ventral.svg/315px-Tail_fin_ventral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tail_fin_ventral.svg/420px-Tail_fin_ventral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Ventral fin </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V,_Y_and_X_tails"><span id="V.2C_Y_and_X_tails"></span>V, Y and X tails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: V, Y and X tails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative to the fin-and-tailplane approach is provided by the <a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-tail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-tail (page does not exist)">X-tail</a> designs. Here, the tail surfaces are set at diagonal angles, with each surface contributing to both pitch and yaw. The control surfaces, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Ruddervator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruddervator">ruddervators</a>, act differentially to provide yaw control (in place of the rudder) and act together to provide pitch control (in place of the elevator).<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>V tail:</b> A V-tail can be lighter than a conventional tail in some situations and produce less drag, as on the <a href="/wiki/Fouga_Magister" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouga Magister">Fouga Magister</a> trainer, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk">Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk</a> RPV and <a href="/wiki/X-37" class="mw-redirect" title="X-37">X-37</a> spacecraft. A V-tail may also have a smaller radar signature. Other aircraft featuring a V-tail include the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davis_DA-2" title="Davis DA-2">Davis DA-2</a>. A slight modification to the V-tail can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Sonex_Aircraft_Sonex" title="Sonex Aircraft Sonex">Waiex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monnett_Moni" title="Monnett Moni">Monnett Moni</a> called a Y-tail.</li> <li><b>Inverted V tail:</b>The unmanned <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">Predator</a> uses an inverted V-tail as do the <a href="/wiki/Lazair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazair">Lazair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerocar_Mini-IMP" title="Aerocar Mini-IMP">Mini-IMP</a>.</li> <li><b>Y tail</b>: A V-tail with an added lower vertical fin (generally used to protect an aft propeller), as <a href="/wiki/LearAvia_Lear_Fan" title="LearAvia Lear Fan">LearAvia Lear Fan</a></li> <li><b>X tail:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFV" title="Lockheed XFV">Lockheed XFV</a> featured an "X" tail, which was reinforced and fitted with a wheel on each surface so that the craft could sit on its tail and take off and land vertically.</li></ul> <table align="center" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_V.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tail_V.svg/150px-Tail_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tail_V.svg/225px-Tail_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tail_V.svg/300px-Tail_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />V-tail </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_inverted_V.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tail_inverted_V.svg/150px-Tail_inverted_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tail_inverted_V.svg/225px-Tail_inverted_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tail_inverted_V.svg/300px-Tail_inverted_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Inverted V-tail </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tail_X.svg/150px-Tail_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tail_X.svg/225px-Tail_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tail_X.svg/300px-Tail_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />X-tail </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outboard_tail">Outboard tail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outboard tail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg/220px-Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg/330px-Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg/440px-Spaceship_One_at_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>SpaceShipOne at the US National Air and Space Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>An outboard tail is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include additional boom-mounted <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizers</a> (fins). In this position, the tail surfaces interact constructively with the wingtip vortices and, with careful design, can significantly reduce drag to improve efficiency, without adding unduly to the structural loads on the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The configuration was first developed during World War II by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Vogt_(aircraft_designer)" title="Richard Vogt (aircraft designer)">Richard Vogt</a> and George Haag at <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss (aircraft)">Blohm & Voss</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skoda-Kauba_SL6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skoda-Kauba SL6 (page does not exist)">Skoda-Kauba SL6</a> tested the proposed control system in 1944 and, following several design proposals, an order was received for the <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_P_215" title="Blohm & Voss P 215">Blohm & Voss P 215</a> just weeks before the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outboard tail reappeared on the <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_SpaceShipOne" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne">Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tailless_aircraft">Tailless aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tailless aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">Tailless aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg/220px-DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg/330px-DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH_108" title="De Havilland DH 108">DH108 <i>Swallow</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tailless aircraft</b> (often <b>tail-less</b>) traditionally has all its horizontal control surfaces on its main wing surface. It has no <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal stabiliser">horizontal stabiliser</a> – either tailplane or <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a> foreplane (nor does it have a second wing in <a href="/wiki/Tandem_wing" title="Tandem wing">tandem</a> arrangement). A "tailless" type usually still has a vertical stabilising fin (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical stabiliser">vertical stabiliser</a>) and control surface (<a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>). However, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> adopted the "tailless" description for the novel <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">X-36 research aircraft</a> which has a canard foreplane but no vertical fin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most successful tailless configuration has been the tailless <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta</a>, especially for combat aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">Trijet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-duct" title="S-duct">S-duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail-sitter" title="Tail-sitter">Tail-sitter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empennage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crane-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, Dale: <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition</i>, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2">1-56027-287-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroundUp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, <i>From the Ground Up</i>, p. 10 (27th revised edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0">0-9690054-9-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airlines-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airlines_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAir_Transport_Association2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Transport Association">Air Transport Association</a> (November 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110141033/http://www.airlines.org/ATAResources/Handbook/Pages/AirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx">"ATA Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airlines.org/ATAResources/Handbook/Pages/AirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx">the original</a> on November 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATA+Airline+Handbook+Chapter+5%3A+How+Aircraft+Fly&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.au=Air+Transport+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airlines.org%2FATAResources%2FHandbook%2FPages%2FAirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpennage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordEtymology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordEtymology_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722152506/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/empennage">"Empennage"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/empennage">the original</a> on July 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.atitle=Empennage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fempennage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpennage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroundUp14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp14_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, <i>From the Ground Up</i>, p. 14 (27th revised edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0">0-9690054-9-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichmann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reichmann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichmann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichmann, Helmet: <i>Flying Sailplanes</i>, p. 26. Thompson Publications, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T52-14E-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T52-14E_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T52-14E_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a>: <i>Flight Training Manual 4th Edition</i>, p. 12. Gage Educational Publishing Company, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-5115-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7715-5115-0">0-7715-5115-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane524-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crane524_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, Dale: <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition</i>, p. 524. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2">1-56027-287-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, John D., <i>Introduction to Flight</i>, 5th ed, p. 517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadraey289-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sadraey289_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sadraey289_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad H. Sadraey, <i>Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach</i>, Wiley 2013, p.289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Gudmundsson, <i>General Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures</i>, Elsevier Science 2013, p.483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph D. Kimberlin, <i>Flight Testing of Fixed Wing Aircraft</i>, AIAA 2003, p.380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt W. Muller; "Analysis of a Semi-Tailless Aircraft Design" (Master's thesis), Naval Postgraduate School, US, 2002.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a402729.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123054514/http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a402729.pdf">Archived</a> November 23, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdenek Titz and Jaroslav Zazvonil; "Kauba's Dwarfs", <i>Flying Review International</i>, Nov 1965, pp.169-172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohlmann, Hermann. <i>Chronik Eines Flugzeugwerkes 1932-1945. B&V – Blohm & Voss Hamburg – HFB Hamburger Flugzeugbau</i> (in German). Motor Buch Verlag, 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87943-624-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87943-624-X">3-87943-624-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Darrenougue; "Aircraft Configurations With Outboard Horizontal Stabilizers" (Final year project report), Queens University Belfast, 14 May 2004.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdarrenougue.free.fr/html/report.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a 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