CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Siege artillery in the American Civil War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3c7f5666-8073-4cce-9ab6-b42642475065","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War","wgTitle":"Siege artillery in the American Civil War","wgCurRevisionId":1256451400,"wgRevisionId":1256451400,"wgArticleId":14249030,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link is locally defined","American Civil War artillery","Siege artillery"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War","wgRelevantArticleId":14249030,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6125947","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/1200px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1004"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/800px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/640px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="535"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Siege artillery in the American Civil War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War rootpage-Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Siege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Siege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Siege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Siege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_siege_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_siege_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pre-war siege artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_siege_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_siege_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_siege_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Federal siege train</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federal_siege_train-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federal siege train subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federal_siege_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mortars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mortars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_mortars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_mortars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Wooden mortars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_mortars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortar_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortar_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Mortar gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortar_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rifled_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifled_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rifled artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifled_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-4.5-inch_siege_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4.5-inch_siege_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>4.5-inch siege rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4.5-inch_siege_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_rifles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_rifles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>James rifles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_rifles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parrott_rifles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parrott_rifles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Parrott rifles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parrott_rifles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-4.2-inch_(30-pounder)_Parrott_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4.2-inch_(30-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4.2-inch_(30-pounder)_Parrott_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6.4-inch_(100-pounder)_Parrott_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6.4-inch_(100-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.2</span> <span>6.4-inch (100-pounder) Parrott rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6.4-inch_(100-pounder)_Parrott_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.3</span> <span>8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10-inch_(300-pounder)_Parrott_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10-inch_(300-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.4</span> <span>10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10-inch_(300-pounder)_Parrott_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parrott_rifle_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parrott_rifle_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.5</span> <span>Parrott rifle gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parrott_rifle_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitworth_rifle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitworth_rifle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Whitworth rifle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitworth_rifle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naval guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_siege_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_siege_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Confederate siege train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_siege_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_siege_artillery_during_the_American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_siege_artillery_during_the_American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use of siege artillery during the American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_siege_artillery_during_the_American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of siege artillery during the American Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_siege_artillery_during_the_American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bombardment of Fort Pulaski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_siege_batteries_at_Fort_Pulaski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_siege_batteries_at_Fort_Pulaski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Federal siege batteries at Fort Pulaski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_siege_batteries_at_Fort_Pulaski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Campaign against Charleston Harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bombardment of Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Wagner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Wagner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Bombardment of Fort Wagner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_of_Fort_Wagner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombardment_of_the_city_of_Charleston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment_of_the_city_of_Charleston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Bombardment of the city of Charleston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment_of_the_city_of_Charleston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Petersburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Petersburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Siege of Petersburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Petersburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege artillery in the American Civil War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%BC%E7%A0%B2" title="13インチ列車臼砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="13インチ列車臼砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-calowy_mo%C5%BAdzierz_obl%C4%99%C5%BCniczy" title="13-calowy moździerz oblężniczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="13-calowy moździerz oblężniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6125947#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1256451400" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&id=1256451400&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSiege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSiege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:13-inch_seacoast_mortar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6125947" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Saint-Lys)_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/200px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/300px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/400px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6832" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cannons" title="History of cannons">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Artillery in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the US Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege artillery in the US Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannon_operation" title="Cannon operation">Operation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">Breech-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannon_projectiles" title="List of cannon projectiles">List of cannon projectiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cannon" title="English cannon">English cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Japanese cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Filipino cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Majapahit cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal cannon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">Demi-cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">Demi-culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_cannon" title="Double-barreled cannon">Double-barreled cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-mortar">Gun-mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_mortar" title="Hand mortar">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_railgun" title="Helical railgun">Helical railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">Infantry support gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">Large-calibre artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">Minion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">Recoilless rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifled gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege cannon">Siege cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannons" title="Template:Cannons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannons" title="Template talk:Cannons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/250px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/375px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg/500px-Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption>Federal battery with 13-inch seacoast mortars, Model 1861, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1862)" title="Siege of Yorktown (1862)">Siege of Yorktown</a>, Virginia (1862).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GunMortarTrajectory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/GunMortarTrajectory.jpg/220px-GunMortarTrajectory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/GunMortarTrajectory.jpg/330px-GunMortarTrajectory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/GunMortarTrajectory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Drawing showing trajectories of gun and mortar fire</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Siege artillery</b> is heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> primarily used in military attacks on fortified positions. At the time of the <b><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> classified its artillery into three types, depending on the gun's weight and intended use. <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Artillery in the American Civil War"><i>Field artillery</i></a> were light pieces that often traveled with the armies. <i>Siege and garrison artillery</i> were heavy pieces that could be used either in attacking or defending fortified places. <i>Seacoast artillery</i> were the heaviest pieces and were intended to be used in permanent fortifications along the seaboard. They were primarily designed to fire on attacking warships (<a href="#CITEREFGibbon1863">Gibbon 1863</a>, p. 54). The distinctions are somewhat arbitrary, as field, siege and garrison, and seacoast artillery were all used in various attacks and defenses of fortifications. This article will focus on the use of heavy artillery in the attack of fortified places during the American Civil War. </p><p>The weight and size of siege artillery prevented it from regularly travelling with the armies. When needed, siege artillery and other material needed for siege operations were assembled into what was called a <a href="/wiki/Siege_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege train">siege train</a> and transported to the army. In the American Civil War, the siege train was always transported to the area of the siege by water. </p><p>The siege trains of the Civil War consisted almost exclusively of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rifled_guns">guns</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mortars">mortars</a>. Guns fired projectiles on horizontal trajectory and could batter heavy construction with solid shot or shell at long or short range, destroy fort <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a>, and dismount cannon. Mortars fired shells in a high arcing trajectory to reach targets behind obstructions, destroying construction and personnel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war_siege_artillery">Pre-war siege artillery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-war siege artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24pdrSiegeGun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/24pdrSiegeGun.jpg/220px-24pdrSiegeGun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/24pdrSiegeGun.jpg/330px-24pdrSiegeGun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/24pdrSiegeGun.jpg/440px-24pdrSiegeGun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8146" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>Model 1839 siege gun in travelling position with <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbers and caissons (military)">limber</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the war, the U.S. Army had a variety of iron <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> siege guns (12-pounders, 18-pounders and 24-pounders) and howitzers (24-pounder and 8-inch) (<a href="#CITEREFGibbon1863">Gibbon 1863</a>, pp. 54–59). None of these pieces were used during the war as siege artillery. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> artillery made them obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_siege_train">Federal siege train</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal siege train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortars">Mortars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mortars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three primary types of mortars were used during the war: siege & garrison (light), seacoast (heavy) and Coehorns are also classified as siege & garrison. (<a href="#CITEREFRipley1984">Ripley 1984</a>, pp. 60–61) While guns were intended to batter down the walls of a fortification during a siege, mortars were designed to fire explosive shells over the walls of the fortification, killing the men inside, and forcing others to stay in bombproof shelters, or preventing the gunners from serving their guns and repairing damage caused by the bombardment. Mortars could also destroy structures inside the fortification such as barracks and kitchens which would normally stay unharmed from standard guns. Heavier mortar shells could penetrate <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a> and many bombproof shelters. </p><p>In defense of fortifications, siege and garrison mortars could harass work parties constructing siege batteries and trenches. Their fire could also suppress hostile siege batteries. Seacoast mortars could penetrate the decks of wooden ships and even threaten the deck plating of ironclad vessels. (<a href="#CITEREFRipley1984">Ripley 1984</a>, pp. 58–59) Lastly, these could also kill men where other guns couldn't reach them </p><p>The 8-inch and 10-inch siege mortars had maximum ranges of 2,225 and 2,064 yards, respectively, (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 39–40) and the 13-inch seacoast mortar had a maximum range of 4,300 yards, but their effective ranges were much shorter. For the 8-inch siege mortar at a range of 800 yards, about 50% of the shells would fall within a 50-yard radius of the target. With the 10-inch siege mortars at 875 yards, about 60% of the shells would fall within a 40-yard radius of the target. The 13-inch seacoast mortar could be expected to be more accurate. (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 39) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">Coehorn mortars</a> were lighter mortars, designed to be brought well forward in the trenches. </p><p>With the replacement of masonry fortifications with earthen works, mortars became more important. Works that could resist the horizontal fire of guns were still vulnerable to the vertical fire of mortars. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Weight of shell </th> <th>Weight of mortar </th> <th>weight of bed </th></tr> <tr> <td>Coehorn mortar M. 1841 <p>(5.82-inch) </p> </td> <td>17 lb. </td> <td>164 lb. </td> <td>132 lb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8-inch siege mortar M.1841 </td> <td>44 lb. </td> <td>930 lb. </td> <td>920 lb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-inch siege mortar M. 1841 </td> <td>88 lb. </td> <td>1,852 lb. </td> <td>1,830 lb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-inch seacoast mortar M. 1841 </td> <td>88 lb. </td> <td>5,775 lb. </td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td>13-inch seacoast mortar M. 1861 </td> <td>197 lb. </td> <td>17,120 lb. </td> <td>--- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wooden_mortars">Wooden mortars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wooden mortars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union Army of the Tennessee, not having a proper siege train at the siege of Vicksburg, was forced to improvise. The artillerymen took short sections of gum-tree logs, bored them out to accept six or twelve pound shells, and hooped the logs with iron bands. These wooden mortars reportedly served well (<a href="#CITEREFHickenlooper1888">Hickenlooper 1888</a>, p. 540). <a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Edward Porter Alexander</a> reported that Confederate experiments with wooden mortars were not successful (<a href="#CITEREFAlexander1883">Alexander 1883</a>, p. 110). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mortar_gallery">Mortar gallery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mortar gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoehornMortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coehorn mortars, Model 1841."><img alt="Coehorn mortars, Model 1841." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CoehornMortar.jpg/120px-CoehornMortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CoehornMortar.jpg/180px-CoehornMortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CoehornMortar.jpg/240px-CoehornMortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coehorn mortars, Model 1841.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8inSiegeMortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="8-inch siege mortar, Model 1841."><img alt="8-inch siege mortar, Model 1841." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/8inSiegeMortar.jpg/120px-8inSiegeMortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/8inSiegeMortar.jpg/180px-8inSiegeMortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/8inSiegeMortar.jpg/240px-8inSiegeMortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">8-inch siege mortar, Model 1841.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10inSeacoastMortars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federal battery with 10 inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, on Morris Island, during the siege of campaign against Charleston harbor."><img alt="Federal battery with 10 inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, on Morris Island, during the siege of campaign against Charleston harbor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/10inSeacoastMortars.jpg/120px-10inSeacoastMortars.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/10inSeacoastMortars.jpg/180px-10inSeacoastMortars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/10inSeacoastMortars.jpg/240px-10inSeacoastMortars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Federal battery with 10 inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a>, during the siege of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">campaign against Charleston harbor</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10-inch_seacoast_mortars,_Model_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="10-inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, being emplaced near Butler's Crows Nest near Dutch Gap, Virginia."><img alt="10-inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, being emplaced near Butler's Crows Nest near Dutch Gap, Virginia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg/120px-10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg/180px-10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg/240px-10-inch_seacoast_mortars%2C_Model_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">10-inch seacoast mortars, Model 1841, being emplaced near Butler's Crows Nest near <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Gap">Dutch Gap</a>, Virginia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="13-inch seacoast mortar, Model 1861, "The Dictator" on railroad cars during the siege of Petersburg."><img alt="13-inch seacoast mortar, Model 1861, "The Dictator" on railroad cars during the siege of Petersburg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg/120px-13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg/180px-13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg/240px-13inMortarOnRailcarNearPetersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13-inch seacoast mortar, Model 1861, "The Dictator" on railroad cars during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictatorcrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="the figure in the foreground is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac."><img alt="the figure in the foreground is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/120px-Dictatorcrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/180px-Dictatorcrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dictatorcrop.jpg/240px-Dictatorcrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">the figure in the foreground is Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>, chief of artillery of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rifled_artillery">Rifled artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rifled artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Civil War was the first major war to see the use of <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> artillery. Rifling gave the guns greater velocity, range, accuracy, and penetrating power, making smoothbore siege guns obsolete. The ranges of these guns is somewhat problematic. The 6.4 inch (100-pounder) Parrott rifle had a maximum range of 8,845 yards (5 mi; 8 km) (<a href="#CITEREFParrott1863">Parrott 1863</a>, p. 5). However, the absence of suitable sights (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 89–90) and a good system of directing fire on targets that could not be seen from the gun, limited the effective range of the rifled guns. </p><p>The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski">bombardment of Fort Pulaski</a> demonstrated that rifled guns were extremely effective against <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> fortifications. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Macon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Macon">reduction of Fort Macon</a> two weeks later confirmed this. Later experiences at the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">campaign against Charleston Harbor</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Siege_of_Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a> showed that rifled guns are much less effective against earthen field works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4.5-inch_siege_rifle">4.5-inch siege rifle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 4.5-inch siege rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg/220px-4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg/330px-4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg/440px-4_5OrdnanceRifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>4.5-inch siege rifle at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Manor" title="Chatham Manor">Chatham Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_and_Spotsylvania_National_Military_Park" title="Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park">Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4.5-inch siege rifle looks like a larger version of the <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#3-inch_rifle" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">3-inch ordnance rifle</a> and it is often called a 4.5-inch ordnance rifle. However, the 4.5-inch siege rifle was of conventional cast iron construction and did not use the welded wrought iron construction of the 3-inch ordnance rifle. The 4.5-inch siege rifle fired shells weighing about 30 pounds (depending on the specific type of shell). The tube weighed 3,450 pounds and was 133 inches long. The gun's only vice was that it suffered from excessive erosion of the vent caused by the hot gasses flowing through the vent when the gun was fired. The vent could become too large to fire the piece after 400 discharges.(<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 89) This problem could be remedied by insertion of a copper vent piece (<i>bouche</i>). </p><p>In addition to its use as siege artillery, two batteries of 4.5-inch siege rifles (8 guns total) accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> as "heavy" field artillery between 1862 and 1864. The big guns were intended for long range firing against Confederate artillery. Although the guns showed very good mobility, they saw little action.(<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 149–155) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_rifles"><a href="/wiki/James_rifle" title="James rifle">James rifles</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: James rifles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early part of the war, the Federal army lacked rifled siege artillery. To fill this gap, the army rifled existing smoothbore pieces with <a href="/wiki/James_rifle" title="James rifle">the system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillinghast_James" title="Charles Tillinghast James">Charles T. James</a>. Firing shot and shells also designed by James, these newly rifled smoothbores gave good service during the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski">bombardment of Fort Pulaski</a> in April 1862. However they were retired from frontline service soon after. </p><p><b>Smoothbore artillery rifled with the James system</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Bore </th> <th>Weight <p>of projectile </p> </th> <th>Weight <p>of gun </p> </th> <th>Length <p>of gun </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>24-pdr M. 1839, rifled <p>(48-pdr James rifle) </p> </td> <td>5.82 in. </td> <td>48 lb. <p>(shot) </p> </td> <td>5,790 lb. </td> <td>124 in. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32-pdr M. 1829, rifled <p>(64-pdr James rifle) </p> </td> <td>6.4 in. </td> <td>64 lb. <p>(shot) </p> </td> <td>7,531 lb. </td> <td>125 in. </td></tr> <tr> <td>42-pdr M. 1841 rifle <p>(84-pdr James rifle) </p> </td> <td>7 in. </td> <td>64 lb. <p>(shell) </p> <ul><li>81 lb (36.7 kg)</li></ul> <p>(shot) </p> </td> <td>8,465 lb. </td> <td>129 in. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesRifles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Model 1829 32-pounder siege and garrison guns, rifled by the James method (64-pdr James rifles). The one in the foreground is on a siege carriage. The one behind is on an iron, front pintle, barbette carriage."><img alt="Two Model 1829 32-pounder siege and garrison guns, rifled by the James method (64-pdr James rifles). The one in the foreground is on a siege carriage. The one behind is on an iron, front pintle, barbette carriage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JamesRifles.jpg/120px-JamesRifles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JamesRifles.jpg/180px-JamesRifles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JamesRifles.jpg/240px-JamesRifles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Model 1829 32-pounder siege and garrison guns, rifled by the James method (64-pdr James rifles). The one in the foreground is on a siege carriage. The one behind is on an iron, front pintle, <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbette</a> carriage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesShell.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A James pattern solid shot. The "birdcage" at the base would have been covered by sheet lead which, upon firing the gun, would have expanded into the grooves of the rifling."><img alt="A James pattern solid shot. The "birdcage" at the base would have been covered by sheet lead which, upon firing the gun, would have expanded into the grooves of the rifling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/JamesShell.jpeg/64px-JamesShell.jpeg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/JamesShell.jpeg/96px-JamesShell.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/JamesShell.jpeg/129px-JamesShell.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A James pattern solid shot. The "birdcage" at the base would have been covered by sheet lead which, upon firing the gun, would have expanded into the grooves of the rifling.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parrott_rifles">Parrott rifles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parrott rifles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_Parrott" title="Robert Parker Parrott">Robert Parker Parrott</a> (1804–77), an 1824 graduate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, developed a new form of rifled artillery using a cast iron barrel with a reinforcing <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> band around the breech. He first produced 2.9-inch (10-pounder) and 3.67-inch (20-pounder) rifles for the <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Artillery in the American Civil War">field artillery</a>. He later produced four larger rifled guns that were used as siege artillery. These heavy <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrott rifles">Parrott rifles</a> became the mainstays of the Federal siege train. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Weight of <p>projectile </p> </th> <th>Weight <p>of gun </p> </th> <th>Length <p>of gun </p> </th> <th>Range </th></tr> <tr> <td>4.2 inch Parrott rifle <p>(30-pdr Parrott rifle) </p> </td> <td>25 lb. <p>(shell) </p> </td> <td>4,200 lb. </td> <td>132 in. </td> <td>6,700 yd. <p>@ 25° </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.4-inch Parrott rifle <p>(100-pdr Parrott rifle) </p> </td> <td>90 lb. <p>(shell) </p> </td> <td>9,700 lb. </td> <td>155 in. </td> <td>8,845 yd. <p>@ 35° </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8-inch Parrott rifle <p>(200-pdr Parrott rifle) </p> </td> <td>150 lb. <p>(shell) </p> </td> <td>16,500 lb. </td> <td>162 in. </td> <td>8000 yd. <p>@35° </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-inch Parrott rifle <p>(300-pdr Parott rifle) </p> </td> <td>250 lb. <p>(shell) </p> </td> <td>26,500 lb. </td> <td>177 in. </td> <td>--- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="4.2-inch_(30-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"><span id="4.2-inch_.2830-pounder.29_Parrott_rifle"></span>4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4.2-inch (30-pounder) rifles were the most widely used of the Parrott siege guns. The tubes were mounted on a conventional siege carriage. The early pattern guns had the elevating screw under the breech, while the newer pattern gun had a long screw running through the <a href="/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery)" title="Cascabel (artillery)">cascabel</a>. The long elevating screws of the newer models were prone to breakage (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 90). The 4.2-inch Parrott rifles were preferred over the 4.5-inch siege rifles because of the superiority of Parrott shells over the various shells available for the 4.5-inch siege rifle. The 4.2-inch Parrott rifles did not have as great a propensity for bursting as found in the larger Parrott rifles. During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a> 44 4.2-inch Parrott rifles fired 12,209 rounds (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 160–170), but only one gun burst when a shell detonated before clearing the muzzle (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 87). One 4.2-inch Parrott rifle also burst during the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">campaign against Charleston harbor</a>, but only after it had fired 4,606 rounds (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 87). </p><p>Two new examples of a Confederate-made variant of a 30-pounder Parrott were also employed in defensive positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>. Both pieces burst in action there, one on the 39th and the other on the 54th discharge. (Dew, p. 187) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="6.4-inch_(100-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"><span id="6.4-inch_.28100-pounder.29_Parrott_rifle"></span>6.4-inch (100-pounder) Parrott rifle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 6.4-inch (100-pounder) Parrott rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 6.4-inch (100-pounder) Parrott Rifle was a potent siege gun capable of great accuracy and long range with heavy projectiles. For siege use it was mounted on a front pintle barbette carriage. It did, however, tend to burst. Of the three hundred 6.4-inch Parrott rifles in service with the U.S. Navy, 19 burst (<a href="#CITEREFRipley1984">Ripley 1984</a>, p. 117). During the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">campaign against Charleston harbor</a>, one burst at 122 rounds and another burst at 1,151 rounds (<a href="#CITEREFGilmore1890">Gilmore 1890</a>, p. 32). The army retained their enthusiasm for the guns. General <a href="/wiki/Quincy_A._Gilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy A. Gilmore">Quincy A. Gilmore</a>, commander of the Federal forces at Charleston, said "[t]here is, perhaps, no better system of rifled cannon than Parrotts; certainly none more simple in construction, more easily understood, or that can with more safety be placed in the hands of inexperienced men for use." (<a href="#CITEREFGilmore1890">Gilmore 1890</a>, p. 31). A 100-pounder was also fired from <a href="/wiki/Fort_DeRussy_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.)">Fort DeRussy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Battle of Fort Stevens">Battle of Fort Stevens</a> in Washington, DC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"><span id="8-inch_.28200-pounder.29_Parrott_rifle"></span>8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott Rifle was essentially an enlarged 6.4-inch Parrott rifle with the same vices and virtues. The most famous 8-inch Parrott rifle was the "Swamp Angel" used for the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bombardment_of_the_city_of_Charleston">bombardment of the city of Charleston</a>. It burst on its 36th discharge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="10-inch_(300-pounder)_Parrott_rifle"><span id="10-inch_.28300-pounder.29_Parrott_rifle"></span>10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott rifle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only three 10-inch (300-pounder) Parrotts saw service during the war; all placed on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> during the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">campaign against Charleston harbor</a>. It was mounted on a center pintle, barbette carriage. It was essentially an enlarged 8-inch Parrott rifle, although it was believed to be somewhat more accurate than the 8-inch rifle (<a href="#CITEREFTurner1890">Turner 1890</a>, p. 222). One 10-inch Parrott rifle on Morris Island was disabled soon after it first opened fire by the premature detonation of a shell, which blew about 18 inches off its muzzle. The ragged end of the muzzle was trimmed even by soldiers working with cold chisels, and the gun fired another 370 times without any appreciable difference in range or accuracy. The gun was subsequently permanently disabled by additional premature detonation of shells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Parrott_rifle_gallery">Parrott rifle gallery</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parrott rifle gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:30pdrParrott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two 4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifles and stacks of shells inside Fort Putnam on Morris Island during the campaign against Charleston harbor."><img alt="Two 4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifles and stacks of shells inside Fort Putnam on Morris Island during the campaign against Charleston harbor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/30pdrParrott.jpg/120px-30pdrParrott.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/30pdrParrott.jpg/180px-30pdrParrott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/30pdrParrott.jpg/240px-30pdrParrott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two 4.2-inch (30-pounder) Parrott rifles and stacks of shells inside <a href="/wiki/Fort_Putnam" title="Fort Putnam">Fort Putnam</a> on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> during the campaign against Charleston harbor. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:30pdrParrottElev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Older model 4.2-inch Parrott rifle with breech resting on elevating screw. Shackle on cascabel may indicate gun was originally intended for naval use."><img alt="Older model 4.2-inch Parrott rifle with breech resting on elevating screw. Shackle on cascabel may indicate gun was originally intended for naval use." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/30pdrParrottElev.jpg/111px-30pdrParrottElev.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/30pdrParrottElev.jpg/166px-30pdrParrottElev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/30pdrParrottElev.jpg/221px-30pdrParrottElev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Older model 4.2-inch Parrott rifle with breech resting on elevating screw. Shackle on <a href="/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery)" title="Cascabel (artillery)">cascabel</a> may indicate gun was originally intended for naval use.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100pdrParrottDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph of 6.4-inch Parrott rifle showing elevating screw running through cascabel. This is the same design used in newer model 4.2-inch Parrott rifles."><img alt="Photograph of 6.4-inch Parrott rifle showing elevating screw running through cascabel. This is the same design used in newer model 4.2-inch Parrott rifles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/100pdrParrottDetail.jpg/62px-100pdrParrottDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/100pdrParrottDetail.jpg/93px-100pdrParrottDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/100pdrParrottDetail.jpg/124px-100pdrParrottDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph of 6.4-inch Parrott rifle showing elevating screw running through <a href="/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery)" title="Cascabel (artillery)">cascabel</a>. This is the same design used in newer model 4.2-inch Parrott rifles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100pdrParrott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two 6.4-inch (100-pounder) and two 4.2-inch Parrott rifles inside Fort Brady during the siege of Petersburg. The 6.4-inch rifles are on iron, front pintle, barbette carriages and the 4.2-inch rifles are on siege carriages."><img alt="Two 6.4-inch (100-pounder) and two 4.2-inch Parrott rifles inside Fort Brady during the siege of Petersburg. The 6.4-inch rifles are on iron, front pintle, barbette carriages and the 4.2-inch rifles are on siege carriages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/100pdrParrott.jpg/120px-100pdrParrott.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/100pdrParrott.jpg/180px-100pdrParrott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/100pdrParrott.jpg/240px-100pdrParrott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two 6.4-inch (100-pounder) and two 4.2-inch Parrott rifles inside <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Brady_(1)">Fort Brady</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a>. The 6.4-inch rifles are on iron, front pintle, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbette_carriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbette carriage (page does not exist)">barbette carriages</a> and the 4.2-inch rifles are on siege carriages.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200pdrParrott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle at Battery Rodgers Alexandria, Virginia mounted on a front pintle, barbette carriage. The gun in the background is a Rodman gun mounted on a center pintle, barbette carriage."><img alt="An 8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle at Battery Rodgers Alexandria, Virginia mounted on a front pintle, barbette carriage. The gun in the background is a Rodman gun mounted on a center pintle, barbette carriage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/200pdrParrott.jpg/120px-200pdrParrott.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/200pdrParrott.jpg/180px-200pdrParrott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/200pdrParrott.jpg/240px-200pdrParrott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Rodgers" title="Battery Rodgers">Battery Rodgers</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> mounted on a front pintle, barbette carriage. The gun in the background is a <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman gun</a> mounted on a center pintle, barbette carriage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="8-inch Parrott rifle "Swamp Angel" thrown forward on parapet after busting."><img alt="8-inch Parrott rifle "Swamp Angel" thrown forward on parapet after busting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg/120px-SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg/180px-SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg/240px-SwampAngelPHOTO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">8-inch Parrott rifle "Swamp Angel" thrown forward on parapet after busting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SwampAngelENG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraving showing damage to 8-inch Parrott Rifle "Swamp Angel.""><img alt="Engraving showing damage to 8-inch Parrott Rifle "Swamp Angel."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/SwampAngelENG.jpg/53px-SwampAngelENG.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/SwampAngelENG.jpg/80px-SwampAngelENG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/SwampAngelENG.jpg/106px-SwampAngelENG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraving showing damage to 8-inch Parrott Rifle "Swamp Angel."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:300pdrParrottBurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott Rifle on Morris Island that burst in the campaign against Charleston harbor. The front sight for the gun is visible on the trunnion."><img alt="A 10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott Rifle on Morris Island that burst in the campaign against Charleston harbor. The front sight for the gun is visible on the trunnion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/300pdrParrottBurst.jpg/120px-300pdrParrottBurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/300pdrParrottBurst.jpg/180px-300pdrParrottBurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/300pdrParrottBurst.jpg/240px-300pdrParrottBurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott Rifle on Morris Island that burst in the campaign against Charleston harbor. The front sight for the gun is visible on the <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnion</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15-inch Rodman gun at Battery Rodgers, Alexandria, Virginia, mounted to defend the Potomac River as part of the Defenses of Washington. An 8-inch Parrott rifle is visible in the background."><img alt="15-inch Rodman gun at Battery Rodgers, Alexandria, Virginia, mounted to defend the Potomac River as part of the Defenses of Washington. An 8-inch Parrott rifle is visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg/120px-DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg/180px-DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg/240px-DefenseOFWashington1864crop02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15-inch <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman gun</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Rodgers" title="Battery Rodgers">Battery Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, mounted to defend the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Defenses_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Defenses of Washington">Defenses of Washington</a>. An 8-inch Parrott rifle is visible in the background.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whitworth_rifle">Whitworth rifle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Whitworth rifle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5inwhitworthRifles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5inwhitworthRifles.jpg/220px-5inwhitworthRifles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5inwhitworthRifles.jpg/330px-5inwhitworthRifles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/5inwhitworthRifles.jpg/440px-5inwhitworthRifles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Battery of 5-inch Whitworth rifles on Morris Island during campaign against Charleston harbor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federal forces at Charleston used two British 5-inch <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Whitworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Muzzle-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle-loading">muzzle-loading</a> rifles that had been captured aboard a <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runner</a>. Served by sailors of the blockading squadron, the guns proved to be entirely unsuccessful. Shells failed to take the rifling, exploded prematurely, and solid shot could not reach their target (<a href="#CITEREFWise1994">Wise 1994</a>, p. 157). They could only be loaded by heavy blows with a handspike (a heavy wooden bar used to move a gun). One of them became disabled when the barrel slipped within the reinforcing sleeve, blocking the vent. This caused the navy to stop using the other Whitworth (<a href="#CITEREFTurner1890">Turner 1890</a>, p. 223). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_guns">Naval guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naval guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg/220px-DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg/330px-DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg/440px-DahlgrenGunMorrisIsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>An XI-inch Navy Dahlgren gun emplaced on Morris Island in 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">navy</a> has traditionally provided siege artillery to the army when needed. The Civil War was no exception to this rule. Seamen from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Wabash_(1855)" title="USS Wabash (1855)">USS <i>Wabash</i></a> manned the Whitworth rifles and two 8-inch Parrott rifles during the campaign against Charleston harbor. Seamen also manned 5 navy XI-inch <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlgren guns">Dahlgren guns</a> emplaced on Morris Island in 1864. In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">siege of Vicksburg</a>, the Federal <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> had no siege artillery, so the U.S. Navy placed at least two of their 8-inch guns into batteries ashore (<a href="#CITEREFHickenlooper1888">Hickenlooper 1888</a>, p. 540). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederate_siege_train">Confederate siege train</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Confederate siege train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> had no siege train <i>per se</i>, as they did not engage in regular sieges. In defending the works that were the objects of Federal siege operations, the Confederates used a hodge-podge of weapons seized from Federal arsenals and fortifications, naval guns, Confederate-made versions of pre-war designs, and imported rifled guns, such as the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Whitworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">Armstrong</a> rifles. </p><p>The Confederate equivalents to the heavy Parrott rifles were the <a href="/wiki/Brooke_rifle" title="Brooke rifle">Brooke rifles</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Brooke" title="John Mercer Brooke">John Mercer Brooke</a>. They were cast iron guns with wrought iron breech bands like the Parrott rifles. They generally had a bore of 6.4 or 7 inches, and had single, double, and even triple bands. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a> the Confederate Army developed iron 12-pounder and 24-pounder Coehorn mortars. The rough iron pieces served very well. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CScoehorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Confederate iron 24-pounder Coehorn mortar."><img alt="A Confederate iron 24-pounder Coehorn mortar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CScoehorn.jpg/120px-CScoehorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CScoehorn.jpg/180px-CScoehorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CScoehorn.jpg/240px-CScoehorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Confederate iron 24-pounder Coehorn mortar.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrookeRifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A double-banded Brooke rifle of undetermined caliber."><img alt="A double-banded Brooke rifle of undetermined caliber." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BrookeRifle.jpg/120px-BrookeRifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BrookeRifle.jpg/180px-BrookeRifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BrookeRifle.jpg/240px-BrookeRifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A double-banded <a href="/wiki/Brooke_rifle" title="Brooke rifle">Brooke rifle</a> of undetermined caliber.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmstrongRifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English 8-inch (150-pdr) Armstrong Rifled Muzzle Loader at Fort Fisher, North Carolina."><img alt="English 8-inch (150-pdr) Armstrong Rifled Muzzle Loader at Fort Fisher, North Carolina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/120px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/180px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/240px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English 8-inch (150-pdr) <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">Armstrong</a> Rifled Muzzle Loader at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a>, North Carolina.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_siege_artillery_during_the_American_Civil_War">Use of siege artillery during the American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use of siege artillery during the American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombardment_of_Fort_Pulaski">Bombardment of Fort Pulaski</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bombardment of Fort Pulaski"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortPulaskiMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/FortPulaskiMap.jpg/220px-FortPulaskiMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/FortPulaskiMap.jpg/330px-FortPulaskiMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/FortPulaskiMap.jpg/440px-FortPulaskiMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>"Map of Siege of Fort Pulaski, Savannah River Georgia, 1862." Period map drawn by <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Sneden" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. Sneden">Robert K. Sneden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pulaski" title="Siege of Fort Pulaski">Siege of Fort Pulaski</a></div> <p>U.S. Army command decided to block <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia's</a> access to the Atlantic Ocean by capturing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pulaski">Fort Pulaski</a> downstream from Savannah on the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River" title="Savannah River">Savannah River</a>. Federal forces made an unopposed landing on <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tybee Island">Tybee Island</a> December 24, 1861. Guns and supplies for the reduction of Fort Pulaski were landed on Tybee Island on February 21. The siege batteries were ready by April 9. Fort Pulaski was then armed with 48 guns, 20 of which bore on the batteries on Tybee Island- 14 <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> guns and <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, one 24-pounder Blakely rifle, and four <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mortars">mortars</a>. The garrison was 385 men. </p><p>At sunrise April 10, 1862, the Federal forces formally demanded the surrender of Fort Pulaski, the demand was refused and at 8:15 AM the first shot was fired. Confederate return fire was vigorous, but not very accurate and Fort Pulaski was breached that afternoon. The <a href="/wiki/James_rifle" title="James rifle">James rifles</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#4.2-inch_(30-pounder)_Parrott_rifle">4.2-inch Parrott rifles</a> did most of the damage to the fort. The Federal mortar fire was very inaccurate. After nightfall, a desultory fire was kept up, to prevent the Confederates from repairing the breach. After sunrise on April 11, firing resumed, and the breach was rapidly enlarged and eleven Confederate guns dismounted or otherwise rendered unserviceable. At 2:00 PM, Fort Pulaski surrendered. Remarkably, only one man on each side was killed in the lengthy artillery engagement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg/220px-GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg/330px-GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg/440px-GA_Savannah_Fort_Pulaski_NM20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Heavy sustained damage scars of Union siege artillery at Fort Pulaski</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortPulaskiBreach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FortPulaskiBreach.jpg/220px-FortPulaskiBreach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FortPulaskiBreach.jpg/330px-FortPulaskiBreach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/FortPulaskiBreach.jpg/440px-FortPulaskiBreach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the breach at Fort Pulaski</figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Fort Pulaski demonstrated that masonry fortifications were obsolete in the era of rifled artillery. General Gilmore, senior Federal engineer officer at Fort Pulaski, quoted a military treatise of the period as saying an "exposed wall may be breached with certainty at distances from 500 to 700 yards... and it will take from four to seven days firing..." (<a href="#CITEREFGilmore1882">Gilmore 1882</a>, p. 161). That had been with smoothbore guns; with <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rifled_guns">rifled guns</a> firing at distances of over 1,600 yards, the breach had been made in a day and a half. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_siege_batteries_at_Fort_Pulaski">Federal siege batteries at Fort Pulaski</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Federal siege batteries at Fort Pulaski"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Armament </th> <th>Range to <p>Fort Pulaski </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Totten </td> <td>4 10-inch siege mortars </td> <td>1,650 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery McClellan </td> <td>2 42-pounders rifled (84-pounder <a href="/wiki/James_rifle" title="James rifle">James rifles</a>) <p>2 32-pounders rifled (64-pounder James rifles) </p> </td> <td>1,650 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Sigel </td> <td>5 4.2-inch (30-pounder) <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifle" title="Parrott rifle">Parrott rifles</a> <p>1 24-pounder rifled (48-pounder James rifle) </p> </td> <td>1,670 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Scott </td> <td>3 10-inch and 1 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a> </td> <td>1,740 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Halleck </td> <td>2 seacoast 13-inch mortars </td> <td>2,400 yd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Sherman </td> <td>3 seacoast 13-inch mortars </td> <td>2,650 yd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Burnside </td> <td>1 seacoast 13-inch mortar </td> <td>2,750 yd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Lincoln </td> <td>3 heavy 8-inch columbiads </td> <td>3,045 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Lyon </td> <td>3 heavy 10-inch columbiads </td> <td>3,100 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Grant </td> <td>3 seacoast 13-inch mortars </td> <td>3,200 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Stanton </td> <td>3 seacoast 13-inch mortars </td> <td>3,400 yd. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Charleston_Harbor">Campaign against Charleston Harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Campaign against Charleston Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War#Later_war_years" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston in the American Civil War § Later war years</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg/220px-SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg/330px-SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg/440px-SiegeCharlestonMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>"Map of Charleston Harbor Showing Union and Rebel Batteries to September 1863." Period map drawn by <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Sneden" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. Sneden">Robert K. Sneden</a>. "Left Batteries" actually at position indicated for "Battery Reno."</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, the Union Army began operations designed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, so that the U.S. Navy could enter <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston harbor</a> and capture the city. On July 10, Federal forces on <a href="/wiki/Folly_Island,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Folly Island, South Carolina">Folly Island, South Carolina</a>, crossed Light House Inlet and landed by boats on the southern tip of Morris Island. Two unsuccessful infantry assaults were made against <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wagner" title="Fort Wagner">Fort Wagner</a>, the second assault being led by the <a href="/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry">54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry</a>. On July 21, General <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gillmore" title="Quincy Adams Gillmore">Quincy Adams Gillmore</a> began laying down batteries for the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Fort Wagner. Later a battery was created for guns to bombard the city of Charleston. </p><p>The campaign against Charleston Harbor was successful by many measurements. Morris Island was occupied, Fort Sumter was reduced, and the presence of Federal batteries sweeping the main channel into the harbor, effectively closed Charleston as a port for <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade#Blockade_runners" title="Union blockade">blockade runners</a>. However, the long struggle on Morris Island gave the Confederates time to strengthen the harbor's other defensive works, and the U.S. Navy did not enter Charleston Harbor until after General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>'s advance through South Carolina finally forced the Confederates to evacuate the city on February 17, 1865. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter">Bombardment of Fort Sumter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bombardment of Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortSumter1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FortSumter1860.jpg/220px-FortSumter1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FortSumter1860.jpg/330px-FortSumter1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FortSumter1860.jpg/440px-FortSumter1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Fort Sumter showing exterior before the bombardment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortSumter1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/220px-FortSumter1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/330px-FortSumter1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/440px-FortSumter1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Photograph showing Fort Sumter on August 23, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>Work on most of the batteries for the pieces that were to bombard <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> was completed by August 16, 1863, and firing began the next day. By August 23, Fort Sumter was a ruin. 5,009 projectiles had been fired, with about half striking the fort. All of the parapet gun were dismounted or seriously damaged and the fort was no longer an effective part of the defenses of Charleston Harbor (<a href="#CITEREFTurner1890">Turner 1890</a>, p. 216). From August 23–30, a desultory fire was directed on Fort Sumter to hinder repairs and the remounting of guns. On August 30–31, Fort Sumter was bombarded again, completing the destruction of the parapet (<a href="#CITEREFTurner1890">Turner 1890</a>, p. 217). U.S. Navy forces attempted a landing against Fort Sumter on the night of September 8–9, 1863. It was defeated by Confederate infantry forces who had occupied the ruins. </p><p><b>Batteries for bombardment of Fort Sumter</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Armament </th> <th>Range to Ft. Sumter </th> <th>Range to Ft Wagner </th></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Brown </td> <td>right of 2nd parallel </td> <td>2 8-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>3,560 yd. </td> <td>830 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Rosecrans </td> <td>center of 2nd parallel </td> <td>3 6.4-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>3,500 yd. </td> <td>830 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Meade </td> <td>center of 2nd parallel </td> <td>2 6.4-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>3,475 yd. </td> <td>820 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naval Battery </td> <td>center of 1st parallel </td> <td>2 8-inch Parrott rifles <p>2 5-inch Whitworth rifles </p> </td> <td>3,980 yd. </td> <td>1,335 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Hays <p>(East section) </p> </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>1 8-inch Parrott rifle </td> <td>4,225 yd. </td> <td>1,710 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Reno </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>1 8-inch Parrott rifle <p>2 6.4-inch Parrott rifles </p> </td> <td>4,320 yd. </td> <td>1,860 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Stevens </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>2 6.4-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>4,320 yd. </td> <td>1,860 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Strong </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>1 10-inch Parrott rifle </td> <td>4,345 yd. </td> <td>1,900 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Kirby </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>2 10-inch seacoast mortars </td> <td>4,400 yd. </td> <td>1,960 yd. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bombardment_of_Fort_Wagner">Bombardment of Fort Wagner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bombardment of Fort Wagner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Charleston Harbor">Second Battle of Charleston Harbor</a></div> <p>After the failed infantry assaults, Gilmore decided to attack <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wagner" title="Fort Wagner">Fort Wagner</a> by regular <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xga-004.html">approaches</a> using <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">saps</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgp-017.html">parallels</a>. On July 19, 1863, the first parallel was dug near the pre-existing Federal lines. Saps were driven forward and a second parallel was established by July 23. The second parallel contained batteries directed against both Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter. The Atlantic Ocean flank of the second parallel was anchored by "Surf Battery" built below the high tide line. The "Surf Battery" was armed with field howitzers and Requa <a href="/wiki/Volley_gun" title="Volley gun">volley guns</a> (proto-machine guns capable of firing 175 rounds per minute) to defend the Federal trenches from Confederates sorties up the beach. Coehorn, 8-inch, and 10-inch <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mortars">mortars</a> were used by the Federal troops as their trenches approached Fort Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Artillery in the American Civil War">field artillery</a> was placed in the trenches to defend against possible Confederate sorties. </p><p>While Fort Wagner was subject to near constant bombardment from the batteries listed in the table below, as approaches neared the fort's ditch, the bombardment increased. Fire from U.S. Navy ships, particularly the <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides" title="USS New Ironsides">USS <i>New Ironsides</i></a>, proved very effective. The navy were able to skip the round shells from their XI-inch <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlgren guns">Dahlgren guns</a> off the water, over the ramparts, and into the fort. Several heavy <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrott rifles">Parrott rifles</a> that had been directed against Fort Sumter shelled Fort Wagner on September 5 and 6, 1863. Over 1,400 shells from <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#6.4-inch_(100-pounder)_Parrott_rifle">6.4-inch (100-pounder) Parrott rifles</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle">8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifles</a>, and a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#10-inch_(300-pounder)_Parrott_rifle">10-inch (300-pounder) Parrott rifle</a> were fired into Fort Wagner (<a href="#CITEREFGilmore1890">Gilmore 1890</a>, p. 28). The destructive bombardment and the imminent Federal assault forced the Confederate garrison to evacuate both Fort Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gregg" title="Fort Gregg">Fort Gregg</a> during the night of September 7–8, 1863. A Federal officer inspecting the fort after its occupation said "Notwithstanding the heavy fire of this bombardment, together with all the fire Fort Wagner had been subjected to since the commencement of our attack, from land and naval batteries, its defenses were not materially injured; that is to say, the parapets, bomb-proofs, and traverses of sand still remained and would have afforded shelter to infantry behind them, though greatly tossed about and torn up by our projectiles, but, under our fire, it was impossible to serve their artillery, nor could they expose themselves outside of their bomb-proof for an instant" (<a href="#CITEREFTurner1890">Turner 1890</a>, pp. 218–219). </p><p><b>Batteries for bombardment of Fort Wagner</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Armament </th> <th>Range to Ft Wagner </th></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Hays <p>(west section) </p> </td> <td>Left Batteries </td> <td>7 4.2-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>1,830 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Weed </td> <td>Rear of 1st parallel </td> <td>5 10-inch siege mortars </td> <td>1,460 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Reynolds </td> <td>Right of 1st parallel </td> <td>5 10-inch siege mortars </td> <td>1,335 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Battery Kearny </td> <td>Extreme left of 2nd parallel </td> <td>3 4.2-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>720 yd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surf Battery </td> <td>Extreme right of 2nd parallel </td> <td>3 field howitzers <p>3 Requa volley guns </p> </td> <td>--- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bombardment_of_the_city_of_Charleston">Bombardment of the city of Charleston</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bombardment of the city of Charleston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Charleston1865.jpg/220px-Charleston1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Charleston1865.jpg/330px-Charleston1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Charleston1865.jpg/440px-Charleston1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Charleston showing damage from the bombardment</figcaption></figure> <p>Gilmore determined to bombard the city of Charleston. Under the existing rules of warfare, Charleston was a legitimate target. It was fortified, contained weapons factories, and was a port for blockade runners who carried contraband of war. But more importantly, Charleston was the symbol of rebellion. It was there that South Carolina became the first state to <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secede</a>. The firing on Fort Sumter in 1861, which started the war, only increased the North's belief that Charleston's destruction was just retribution. (<a href="#CITEREFWise1994">Wise 1994</a>, p. 169). </p><p>Using tremendous skills and ingenuity, Gilmore's engineers constructed the "Marsh Battery" in the marsh between <a href="/wiki/James_Island_(South_Carolina)" title="James Island (South Carolina)">James Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a>. An <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#8-inch_(200-pounder)_Parrott_rifle">8-inch Parrott Rifle</a>, nicknamed the "Swamp Angel," was mounted in the battery, and began firing at the city at 1:30 AM, August 22, 1863. At a range of 7,900 yards, the gun was aimed by taking compass bearings off <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009113339/http://www.stmichaelschurch.net/02c_history.php">St. Michael’s church’s</a> steeple. The first night, 10 incendiary and 6 explosive shells were fired into the city. The gun was not fired on the 23rd. On August 24, on firing its 36th round, the Swamp Angel <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parrott_rifle_gallery">burst</a>. In its short life, the Swamp Angel made artillery history as it was the longest-ranged artillery bombardment up to that date, and it was the first time artillery had been aimed by compass bearing (<a href="#CITEREFWise1994">Wise 1994</a>, p. 172). The Swamp Angel was not replaced in the Marsh Battery, but after the fall of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bombardment_of_Fort_Wagner">Fort Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gregg" title="Fort Gregg">Fort Gregg</a> Federal batteries located in and near Fort Gregg (renamed Fort Putnam) resumed fire on Charleston, continuing until the city was evacuated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Siege of Petersburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg/220px-SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg/330px-SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg/440px-SiegeGunPetersburg1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The Confederate Lee-Brooke Rail Gun equipped with a Brooke banded rifle on the City Point Railroad during the Siege of Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg/220px-MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg/330px-MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg/440px-MovingBatteryPetersburg1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>The Confederate Lee-Brooke Rail Gun captured by Union forces at the Siege of Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg,_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg/220px-13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg/330px-13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg/440px-13_inch_mortar_%22Dictator%22_in_front_of_Petersburg%2C_Va_LCCN2012646269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7806" data-file-height="5767" /></a><figcaption>The Dictator siege mortar at Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictatorcrop02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dictatorcrop02.jpg/220px-Dictatorcrop02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dictatorcrop02.jpg/330px-Dictatorcrop02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dictatorcrop02.jpg/440px-Dictatorcrop02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The Dictator at Petersburg on its rolling platform</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">siege of Petersburg</a>, no attempts were made by Federal artillery to level the Confederate works. Attempts to clear the <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a> in front of the works by gunfire were unsuccessful. The rifled guns were therefore used to keep down the Confederate fire, annoy their working parties, interfere with traffic on the Petersburg bridges, and to repel or support assaults. Rifled guns in Federal batteries on the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> were used against the Confederate <a href="/wiki/James_River_Flotilla" class="mw-redirect" title="James River Flotilla">James River Flotilla</a> (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 85). </p><p>With rifled guns unable to harm opposing forces behind earthen field works, mortars became more important. Federal forces fired over 40,000 mortar rounds during the siege, and the Confederates returned a nearly equal fire (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 18–19). </p><p>The Federal forces mounted a 13-inch <a href="/wiki/Coehorn_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coehorn mortar">Coehorn mortar</a> on a railroad flatcar. This mortar was nicknamed the <i>Dictator</i>. The car was fired from a section of the Petersburg and City Point Railroad where moving the car along a curve in the track trained the gun on different targets along the Confederate lines. When charged with 14 pounds of powder the mortar would recoil less than two feet on the flatcar, but the flatcar would recoil 10 to 12 feet on the tracks. The plane of fire had to be nearly parallel to the tracks, to allow the flatcar to recoil and avoid dismounting the mortar, but by using a curved section of track a wide traverse could be achieved. Fire from the <i>Dictator</i> was very effective. At a range of 3,600 yards, one round was reported as having blown a Confederate field gun and carriage above the parapet of the Confederate works (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 23). The <i>Dictator</i> silenced the Confederate guns on Chesterfield Heights to prevent them from enfilading the right end of the Union line.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Federal siege train at the siege of Petersburg</b> <i>April 2, 1865</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Total </th> <th>In Depot </th></tr> <tr> <td>8-inch siege howitzers </td> <td>12 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coehorn mortars </td> <td>36 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8-inch siege mortars </td> <td>20 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-inch siege mortars </td> <td>10 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-inch seacoast mortars </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13-inch seacoast mortars </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.2-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>44 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.5-inch siege rifles </td> <td>17 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.6-inch Brooke rifle </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.4-inch Parrott rifles </td> <td>13 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, p. 160) </p><p>Notes: The 8-inch siege <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> is not reported to have been fired (<a href="#CITEREFAbbot1867">Abbot 1867</a>, pp. 169–170). </p><p>The presence of the Confederate 4.6-inch <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Brooke" title="John Mercer Brooke">Brooke</a> rifle in the Federal siege train is unexplained. It was emplaced in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cummings" title="Fort Cummings">Fort Cummings</a> and could presumably have fired ammunition designed for the 4.5-inch siege rifle. It is also confusingly reported as being of English manufacture (<a href="#CITEREFHunt1894">Hunt 1894</a>, p. 660). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Defenses_of_Washington" title="Civil War Defenses of Washington">Civil War Defenses of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Seacoast defense in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957). <i>The Photographic History of The Civil War</i>. Vol. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. pp. 51 & 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photographic+History+of+The+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=51+%26+54&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Francis+Trevelyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbot1867" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larcom_Abbot" title="Henry Larcom Abbot">Abbot, Henry L.</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&idno=ahe3909.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=1">"Siege artillery in the Campaigns Against Richmond, with Notes on the 15-inch Gun, Including an Algebraic Analysis of the Trajectory of a Shot in its Ricochets Upon Smooth Water"</a>. <i>Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers United States Army</i>. <b>14</b>. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Professional+Papers+of+the+Corps+of+Engineers+United+States+Army&rft.atitle=Siege+artillery+in+the+Campaigns+Against+Richmond%2C+with+Notes+on+the+15-inch+Gun%2C+Including+an+Algebraic+Analysis+of+the+Trajectory+of+a+Shot+in+its+Ricochets+Upon+Smooth+Water&rft.volume=14&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Abbot&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmoa%26cc%3Dmoa%26idno%3Dahe3909.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1883" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander, Edward Porter</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdg.org/Research/People/Alexander/shalex1.html">"Confederate Artillery Service"</a>. <i>Southern Historical Society Papers</i>. <b>XI</b>. Southern Historical Society: 98–113<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Historical+Society+Papers&rft.atitle=Confederate+Artillery+Service&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=98-113&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Edward+Porter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdg.org%2FResearch%2FPeople%2FAlexander%2Fshalex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDew1999" class="citation book cs1">Dew, Charles (1999). <i>Ironmaker to the Confederacy</i> (2nd ed.). Richmond: Library of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironmaker+to+the+Confederacy&rft.place=Richmond&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Virginia&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dew&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon, John</a> (1863). <i>The Artillerist's Manual</i> (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artillerist%27s+Manual&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore1882" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy Adams Gilmore">Gilmore, Q.A.</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Report from Hilton Head, S.C., October 20, 1865"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>VI</b>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 148–65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Report+from+Hilton+Head%2C+S.C.%2C+October+20%2C+1865.&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=148-65&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Q.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore1890" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy Adams Gilmore">Gilmore, Q.A.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Report of Maj. Gen. Quincy A. Gilmore, U.S. Army, Commanding Department of the South with Congratulatory Orders"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (Part I). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 3–40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Report+of+Maj.+Gen.+Quincy+A.+Gilmore%2C+U.S.+Army%2C+Commanding+Department+of+the+South+with+Congratulatory+Orders.&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=3-40&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Q.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickenlooper1888" class="citation journal cs1">Hickenlooper, Andrew (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm">"The Vicksburg Mine"</a>. <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (Thomas Yoseloff, 1956 Edition)</i>. <b>III</b>. New York: Century Co.: 539–542<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Battles+and+Leaders+of+the+Civil+War+%28Thomas+Yoseloff%2C+1956+Edition%29.&rft.atitle=The+Vicksburg+Mine&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=539-542&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Hickenlooper&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehistory.osu.edu%2Fosu%2Fbooks%2Fbattles%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1894" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt, Henry J.</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Report of Bvt. Maj. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, U.S. Army, June 1, 1865"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>XLVI</b> (Part I). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 659–662<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Report+of+Bvt.+Maj.+Gen.+Henry+J.+Hunt%2C+U.S.+Army%2C+June+1%2C+1865.&rft.volume=XLVI&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=659-662&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancucy1955" class="citation book cs1">Mancucy, Albert (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/source/is3/is3toc.htm"><i>Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery+Through+the+Ages%3A+A+Short+Illustrated+History+of+Cannon%2C+Emphasizing+Types+Used+in+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Mancucy&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fsource%2Fis3%2Fis3toc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsteadStarkTucker1997" class="citation book cs1">Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). <i>The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon</i>. Museum Restoration Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-888-55012-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-888-55012-X"><bdi>0-888-55012-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Guns%3A+Civil+War+Siege%2C+Seacoast%2C+and+Naval+Cannon&rft.pub=Museum+Restoration+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-888-55012-X&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Stark%2C+Wayne+E.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrott1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_Parrott" title="Robert Parker Parrott">Parrott, Robert P.</a> (1863). <i>Ranges of Parrott Guns and Notes for Practice</i>. New York: D. Van Nostrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranges+of+Parrott+Guns+and+Notes+for+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Parrott&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1984" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Warren (1984). <i>Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War</i>. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12668104">12668104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery+and+Ammunition+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=The+Battery+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12668104&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1890" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, John W. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Reports"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (Part I). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 212–225<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Reports.&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=212-225&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1994" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Stephen R. (1994). <i>Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863</i>. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gate+of+Hell%3A+Campaign+for+Charleston+Harbor%2C+1863&rft.place=Columbia%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+artillery+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/index.html">Civil War Field Fortifications Web Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarartillery.com">Civil War Artillery Projectiles</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War_artillery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American Civil War artillery">American Civil War artillery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1256451400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1256451400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War_artillery" title="Category:American Civil War artillery">American Civil War artillery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siege_artillery" title="Category:Siege artillery">Siege artillery</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 00:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-svl76","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.791","walltime":"1.077","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2403,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":215838,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":927,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79447,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 813.026 1 -total"," 15.43% 125.416 8 Template:Cite_book"," 15.37% 124.942 1 Template:American_Civil_War"," 14.77% 120.084 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 13.40% 108.970 1 Template:Cannon"," 13.17% 107.048 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.42% 100.961 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.28% 99.811 36 Template:Harv"," 10.03% 81.543 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.89% 64.112 1 Template:Commonscat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.448","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9114643,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbot1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDew1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickenlooper1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMancucy1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmsteadStarkTucker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrott1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipley1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Cannon\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Siege Artillery In The American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 36,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-jtmsz","timestamp":"20241124054705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Siege artillery in the American Civil War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6125947","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6125947","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-14T21:49:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T00:12:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Yorktown13inmortars1862.jpg","headline":"Siege artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used in the American Civil War"}</script> </body> </html>