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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Botanical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periderm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periderm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periderm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periderm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhytidome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhytidome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rhytidome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhytidome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_and_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_and_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Damage and repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_and_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bark (botany)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas" title="Bas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="لحاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لحاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza" title="Corteza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corteza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakeskw" title="Orakeskw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Orakeskw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="বাকল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulipak" title="Kulipak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kulipak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C5%AB-ph%C3%B4e" title="Chhiū-phôe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiū-phôe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кара (біялогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кара (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubak" title="Ubak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ubak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora" title="Kora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escor%C3%A7a_(anatomia_vegetal)" title="Escorça (anatomia vegetal) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escorça (anatomia vegetal)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80" title="Хуйăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хуйăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borka" title="Borka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Borka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwati_reMuti" title="Gwati reMuti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gwati reMuti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(plantedel)" title="Bark (plantedel) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bark (plantedel)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinde" title="Rinde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rinde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puukoor" title="Puukoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puukoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Φλοιός (βοτανική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλοιός (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Чувтокерь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чувтокерь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza" title="Corteza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corteza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbo%C5%9Delo" title="Arboŝelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arboŝelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azal_(botanika)" title="Azal (botanika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azal (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="پوست درخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوست درخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89corce" title="Écorce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écorce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skors" title="Skors – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skors" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsc" title="Rúsc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rúsc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9sg" title="Rùsg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rùsg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casca_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Casca (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casca (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Коаст – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Коаст" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EA%BB%8D%EC%A7%88" title="나무껍질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나무껍질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%87" title="Կեղև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="छाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_(biljke)" title="Kora (biljke) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kora (biljke)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepagan" title="Pepagan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pepagan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rkur" title="Börkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Börkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteccia_(botanica)" title="Corteccia (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corteccia (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="קליפה (בוטניקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפה (בוטניקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klika" title="Klika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ತೊಗಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೊಗಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gome" title="Gome – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gome" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex" title="Cortex – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cortex" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miza" title="Miza – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiev%C4%97" title="Žievė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žievė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomposo_la_mwet%C3%A9" title="Lomposo la mweté – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lomposo la mweté" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9reg" title="Kéreg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kéreg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schors" title="Schors – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schors" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%9A%AE" title="樹皮 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="樹皮" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" title="Bark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bork" title="Bork – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bork" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusca" title="Rusca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rusca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CA%BBstloq" title="Poʻstloq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poʻstloq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਸੱਕ (ਵਨਸਪਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਕ (ਵਨਸਪਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora" title="Kora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAber" title="Súber – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Súber" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoar%C8%9B%C4%83_(%C8%9Besut)" title="Scoarță (țesut) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scoarță (țesut)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yura_qara" title="Yura qara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yura qara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paduh" title="paduh – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paduh" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorcia_(curteccia)" title="Scorcia (curteccia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scorcia (curteccia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" title="Bark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borka" title="Borka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Borka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubje" title="Lubje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lubje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кора (ботаника) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кора (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_(biljke)" title="Kora (biljke) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kora (biljke)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarna" title="Kaarna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" title="Bark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banakal" title="Banakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Banakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="மரப்பட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரப்பட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiginit" title="Tiginit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiginit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/yulaq" title="yulaq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="yulaq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="బెరడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెరడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridermis" title="Peridermis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peridermis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кора рослин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кора рослин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort%C3%A9cia_(bot%C3%A0nega)" title="Cortécia (botànega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cortécia (botànega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_c%C3%A2y" title="Vỏ cây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vỏ cây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoice" title="Schoice – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schoice" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balak" title="Balak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%AE" title="树皮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="树皮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="קארע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%9A%AE" title="樹皮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="樹皮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97ivie" title="Žėivie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėivie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%AE" title="树皮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="树皮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bark_(botany)" title="Special:EditPage/Bark (botany)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bark%22+botany">"Bark" botany</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bark%22+botany+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bark%22+botany&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bark%22+botany+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bark%22+botany">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bark%22+botany&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg/220px-%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg/330px-%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg/440px-%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BE_Pinus_thunbergii_20211007185113_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_thunbergii" title="Pinus thunbergii">Pinus thunbergii</a></i> is made up of countless shiny layers.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bark</b> is the outermost layer of <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>. Plants with bark include <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, woody <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>. Bark refers to all the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a> and is a nontechnical term.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark, which in older <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> is living tissue, includes the innermost layer of the periderm. The outer bark on older stems includes the dead tissue on the surface of the stems, along with parts of the outermost periderm and all the tissues on the outer side of the periderm. The outer bark on trees which lies external to the living periderm is also called the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#rhytidome" title="Glossary of botanical terms">rhytidome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_1994_33–97_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_1994_33–97-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Products derived from bark include bark shingle siding and wall coverings, spices, and other flavorings, <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, medicines, poisons, various <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic</a> chemicals, and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>. Bark has been used to make cloth, canoes, and ropes and used as a surface for paintings and map making.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of plants are also grown for their attractive or interesting bark colorations and surface textures or their bark is used as landscape <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of removing bark is <b>decortication</b> and a log or trunk from which bark has been removed is said to be <b>decorticated</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botanical_description">Botanical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Botanical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bark is present only on woody plants - herbaceous plants and stems of young plants lack bark. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png/500px-Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png/750px-Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tree_secondary_components_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Tree cross section diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>From the outside to the inside of a mature woody stem, the layers include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Pereira2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pereira2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Bark <ol><li>Periderm <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a> (phellem or suber), includes the rhytidome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork cambium</a> (phellogen)</li> <li>Phelloderm</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">Cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">Vascular cambium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapwood (wood)">Sapwood</a> (alburnum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">Heartwood</a> (duramen)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">Pith</a> (medulla)</li></ol> <p>In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a>, which may be replaced by periderm</li> <li>Cortex</li> <li>Primary and secondary phloem</li> <li>Vascular cambium</li> <li>Secondary and primary xylem.</li></ol> <p>Cork cell walls contain <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberin</a>, a waxy substance which protects the stem against water loss, the invasion of insects into the stem, and prevents infections by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and fungal spores.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cambium tissues, i.e., the cork cambium and the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a>, are the only parts of a woody stem where <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> occurs; undifferentiated cells in the vascular cambium divide rapidly to produce secondary <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> to the inside and secondary <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> to the outside. Phloem is a <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a>-conducting tissue composed of sieve tubes or sieve cells mixed with <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a> and fibers. The <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> is the primary tissue of <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> and roots. In stems the cortex is between the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> layer and the phloem, in roots the inner layer is not phloem but the <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parenchyma_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parenchyma-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_1994_33–97_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_1994_33–97-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the stem ages and grows, changes occur that transform the surface of the stem into the bark. The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> is a layer of cells that cover the plant body, including the stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, that protects the plant from the outside world. In old stems the epidermal layer, cortex, and primary phloem become separated from the inner tissues by thicker formations of cork. Due to the thickening cork layer these cells die because they do not receive water and nutrients. This dead layer is the rough corky bark that forms around tree <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">trunks</a> and other stems. </p><p>Cork, sometimes confused with bark in colloquial speech, is the outermost layer of a woody stem, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</a>. It serves as protection against damage from <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivorous</a> animals and diseases, as well as dehydration and fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periderm">Periderm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periderm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg/220px-Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg/330px-Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg/440px-Poskozena_borka_na_tresni_20210821_150436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4248" data-file-height="5664" /></a><figcaption>Damaged bark of a cherry tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Often a secondary covering called the periderm forms on small woody stems and many non-woody plants, which is composed of cork (phellem), the <a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</a> (phellogen), and the phelloderm. The periderm forms from the phellogen which serves as a lateral meristem. The periderm replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis. Mature phellem cells have <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberin</a> in their walls to protect the stem from desiccation and pathogen attack. Older phellem cells are dead, as is the case with woody stems. The skin on the potato tuber (which is an underground stem) constitutes the cork of the periderm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In woody plants, the epidermis of newly grown stems is replaced by the periderm later in the year. As the stems grow a layer of cells form under the epidermis, called the cork cambium, these cells produce cork cells that turn into cork. A limited number of cell layers may form interior to the cork cambium, called the phelloderm. As the stem grows, the cork cambium produces new layers of cork which are impermeable to gases and water and the cells outside the periderm, namely the epidermis, cortex and older secondary phloem die.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauseth2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauseth2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the periderm are <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>, which form during the production of the first periderm layer. Since there are living cells within the cambium layers that need to exchange gases during metabolism, these lenticels, because they have numerous intercellular spaces, allow gaseous exchange with the outside atmosphere. As the bark develops, new lenticels are formed within the cracks of the cork layers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhytidome">Rhytidome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhytidome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rhytidome is the most familiar part of bark, being the outer layer that covers the trunks of trees. It is composed mostly of dead cells and is produced by the formation of multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberized</a> periderm, cortical and phloem tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickison,_WC_2000_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickison,_WC_2000-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhytidome is especially well developed in older stems and roots of trees. In shrubs, older bark is quickly <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_(botany)" title="Exfoliation (botany)">exfoliated</a> and thick rhytidome accumulates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally thickest and most distinctive at the trunk or <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">bole</a> (the area from the ground to where the main branching starts) of the tree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bark tissues make up by weight between 10 and 20% of woody vascular plants and consists of various <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 40% of the bark tissue is made of lignin, which forms an important part of a plant, providing structural support by crosslinking between different polysaccharides, such as cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Condensed <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>, which is in fairly high concentration in bark tissue, is thought to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be due to this factor that the degradation of lignin is far less pronounced in bark tissue than it is in wood. It has been proposed that, in the cork layer (the phellogen), suberin acts as a barrier to microbial degradation and so protects the internal structure of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kolattukudy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolattukudy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> in the bark wall during decay by the white-rot fungi <i>Lentinula edodes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shiitake_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiitake mushroom">Shiitake mushroom</a>) using <sup>13</sup>C NMR revealed that the lignin polymers contained more Guaiacyl <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> units than Syringyl units compared to the interior of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guaiacyl units are less susceptible to degradation as, compared to syringyl, they contain fewer aryl-aryl bonds, can form a condensed lignin structure, and have a lower <a href="/wiki/Redox_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox potential">redox potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Degradation_of_lignin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degradation_of_lignin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could mean that the concentration and type of lignin units could provide additional resistance to fungal decay for plants protected by bark.<sup id="cite_ref-bark_decay_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bark_decay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damage_and_repair">Damage and repair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Damage and repair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bark can sustain damage from environmental factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Frost_crack" title="Frost crack">frost crack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_scald_(flora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun scald (flora)">sun scald</a>, as well as biological factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodboring_beetle" title="Woodboring beetle">boring beetle</a> attacks. Male <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and other male members of the <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a> (deer family) can cause extensive bark damage during the rutting season by rubbing their antlers against the tree to remove their <a href="/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler">velvet</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarkAndWire-0308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BarkAndWire-0308.jpg/220px-BarkAndWire-0308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BarkAndWire-0308.jpg/330px-BarkAndWire-0308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BarkAndWire-0308.jpg/440px-BarkAndWire-0308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Living tree bark enveloping <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bark is often damaged by being bound to stakes or wrapped with wires. In the past, this damage was called bark-galling and was treated by applying <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> laid on the galled place and binding it up with <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern usage, "galling" most typically refers to a type of <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">abnormal growth</a> on a plant caused by insects or pathogens. </p><p>Bark damage can have several detrimental effects on the plant. Bark serves as a physical barrier to disease pressure, especially from fungi, so its removal makes the plant more susceptible to disease. Damage or destruction of the phloem impedes the transport of photosynthetic products throughout the plant; in extreme cases, when a band of phloem all the way around the stem is removed, the plant will usually quickly die. Bark damage in horticultural applications, as in gardening and public landscaping, results in often unwanted aesthetic damage. </p><p>The degree to which woody plants are able to repair gross physical damage to their bark is quite variable across species and type of damage. Some are able to produce a callus growth which heals over the wound rapidly, but leaves a clear scar, whilst others such as oaks do not produce an extensive callus repair. <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> is sometimes produced to seal the damaged area against disease and insect intrusion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of living organisms live in or on bark, including insects,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fungi and other plants like mosses, algae and other vascular plants. Many of these organisms are pathogens or parasites but some also have symbiotic relationships. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mango_Bark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mango_Bark.jpg/220px-Mango_Bark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mango_Bark.jpg/330px-Mango_Bark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mango_Bark.jpg/440px-Mango_Bark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bark of mature <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) showing <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> growth</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker,_February_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The patterns left in the bark of a Chinese Evergreen Elm after repeated visits by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) in early 2012."><img alt="The patterns left in the bark of a Chinese Evergreen Elm after repeated visits by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) in early 2012." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg/163px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg/244px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg/326px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_after_Yellow-Bellied_Sapsucker%2C_February_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The patterns left in the bark of a Chinese Evergreen Elm after repeated visits by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) in early 2012.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing,_February_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The self-repair of the Chinese Evergreen Elm showing new bark growth, lenticels, and other self-repair of the holes made by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) about two years earlier."><img alt="The self-repair of the Chinese Evergreen Elm showing new bark growth, lenticels, and other self-repair of the holes made by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) about two years earlier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg/160px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg/240px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg/320px-Chinese_Evergreen_Elm_in_process_of_healing%2C_February_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The self-repair of the Chinese Evergreen Elm showing new bark growth, lenticels, and other self-repair of the holes made by a Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker (woodpecker) about two years earlier.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alder bark (Alnus glutinosa) with characteristic lenticels and abnormal lenticels on callused areas."><img alt="Alder bark (Alnus glutinosa) with characteristic lenticels and abnormal lenticels on callused areas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG/161px-Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG/241px-Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG/321px-Alder_bark_and_callus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alder bark (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i>) with characteristic lenticels and abnormal lenticels on callused areas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun scald damage on Sitka spruce"><img alt="Sun scald damage on Sitka spruce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG/90px-Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG/135px-Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG/179px-Sun_Scald_on_Sitka_Spruce.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sun scald damage on Sitka spruce</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inner bark (<a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>) of some trees is edible. In hunter-gatherer societies and in times of famine, it is harvested and used as a food source. In Scandinavia, <a href="/wiki/Bark_bread" title="Bark bread">bark bread</a> is made from <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> to which the toasted and ground innermost layer of bark of <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">scots pine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> is added. The <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> people of far northern Europe use large sheets of <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris" title="Pinus sylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</a></i> bark that are removed in the spring, prepared and stored for use as a staple food resource. The inner bark is eaten fresh, dried or roasted.<sup id="cite_ref-Zackrisson200_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zackrisson200-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg/220px-Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg/330px-Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg/440px-Detaching_inner_bark_of_pine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bark of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> was used as emergency food in Finland during <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, last time during and after <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">civil war</a> in 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bark can be used as a construction material, and was used widely in pre-industrial societies. Some barks, particularly <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> bark, can be removed in long sheets and other mechanically cohesive structures, allowing the bark to be used in the construction of canoes, as the drainage layer in roofs, for shoes, backpacks, and other useful items.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bark was also used as a construction material in settler colonial societies, particularly Australia, both as exterior wall cladding and as a roofing material.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG/170px-Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG/255px-Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG/340px-Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Backpack" title="Backpack">Backpack</a> made of birch bark. Museum by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>In the cork oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">Quercus suber</a></i>) the bark is thick enough to be harvested as a <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork product</a> without killing the tree;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this species the bark may get very thick (e.g. more than 20 cm has been reported<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Some <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="stem_bark"></span><span id="Stem_bark"></span><span class="vanchor-text">stem bark</span></span>s have significantly different <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemical</a> content from other parts. Some of these phytochemicals have <a href="/wiki/Pesticidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticidal">pesticidal</a>, culinary, or medicinally and culturally important <a href="/wiki/Ethnopharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnopharmacology">ethnopharmacological</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim-et-al-2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-et-al-2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bark contains strong fibres known as <a href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">bast</a>, and there is a long tradition in northern Europe of using bark from <a href="/wiki/Coppice" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppice">coppiced</a> young branches of the small-leaved lime (<i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">Tilia cordata</a></i>) to produce <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">cordage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, used for example in the <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myking_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myking-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the commercial products made from bark are <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from the bark of <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> (from the bark of <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> trees). The bark of some trees, notably oak (<i>Quercus robur</i>) is a source of <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>. Bark chips generated as a <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> production are often used in bark <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a>. Bark is important to the horticultural industry since in shredded form it is used for plants that do not thrive in ordinary soil, such as <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rindenmulch016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rindenmulch016.JPG/220px-Rindenmulch016.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rindenmulch016.JPG/330px-Rindenmulch016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rindenmulch016.JPG/440px-Rindenmulch016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Bark chips</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Wood bark contains <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> which when <a href="/wiki/Pyrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrolyzed">pyrolyzed</a> yields a liquid <a href="/wiki/Bio-oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-oil">bio-oil</a> product rich in <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">natural phenol</a> derivatives. These are used as a replacement for fossil-based phenols in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins used in <a href="/wiki/Oriented_Strand_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriented Strand Board">Oriented Strand Board</a> (OSB) and plywood.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bark_nunniong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eucalypt bark"><img alt="Eucalypt bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bark_nunniong.jpg/120px-Bark_nunniong.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bark_nunniong.jpg/180px-Bark_nunniong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bark_nunniong.jpg/240px-Bark_nunniong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eucalypt bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of living bark on a tree in England"><img alt="Close-up of living bark on a tree in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG/120px-Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG/180px-Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG/240px-Close-up_of_living_bark_on_a_tree_in_England.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of living bark on a tree in England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acer_capillipes_(Snakebark_maple).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acer capillipes (Red Snakebark Maple)"><img alt="Acer capillipes (Red Snakebark Maple)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg/80px-Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg/120px-Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg/160px-Acer_capillipes_%28Snakebark_maple%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Acer_capillipes" title="Acer capillipes">Acer capillipes</a></i> (Red Snakebark Maple)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pine_bark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monterey Pine bark"><img alt="Monterey Pine bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pine_bark.jpg/120px-Pine_bark.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pine_bark.jpg/180px-Pine_bark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pine_bark.jpg/240px-Pine_bark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Pine">Monterey Pine</a> bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare Black Poplar tree, showing the bark and burls."><img alt="A rare Black Poplar tree, showing the bark and burls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG/90px-Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG/135px-Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG/179px-Black_Poplar_burrs_and_bark.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare Black Poplar tree, showing the bark and <a href="/wiki/Burl" title="Burl">burls</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The typical appearance of Sycamore bark from an old tree."><img alt="The typical appearance of Sycamore bark from an old tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG/90px-Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG/135px-Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG/179px-Bark_of_an_old_Sycamore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The typical appearance of Sycamore bark from an old tree.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Quercus robur bark with a large burl and lichen."><img alt="Quercus robur bark with a large burl and lichen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/90px-Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/135px-Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/179px-Burr_on_Oak_at_Kilbirnie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i> bark with a large burl and lichen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kauri bark"><img alt="Kauri bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg/117px-The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg/175px-The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg/234px-The_Mc_Kinney_Kauri_Borke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a> bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beech bark with callus growth following fire (heat) damage"><img alt="Beech bark with callus growth following fire (heat) damage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg/85px-Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg/128px-Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg/171px-Beech_tree_-_recovery_from_heat_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beech bark with callus growth following fire (heat) damage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OakHolly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damaged bark"><img alt="Damaged bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OakHolly.jpg/82px-OakHolly.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OakHolly.jpg/123px-OakHolly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OakHolly.jpg/164px-OakHolly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Damaged bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_bark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common oak bark"><img alt="Common oak bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oak_bark.jpg/80px-Oak_bark.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oak_bark.jpg/120px-Oak_bark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oak_bark.jpg/160px-Oak_bark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common oak bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rainbow" Eucalyptus bark on the Hawaiian island of Maui"><img alt=""Rainbow" Eucalyptus bark on the Hawaiian island of Maui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/120px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/180px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg/240px-Rainbow_Eucalyptus_Maui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Rainbow" Eucalyptus bark on the Hawaiian island of <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The old bark has a metallic luster. In 2016, the height of the tree was 15 meters and the bust circumference was 5.7 meters. Samanea saman"><img alt="The old bark has a metallic luster. In 2016, the height of the tree was 15 meters and the bust circumference was 5.7 meters. Samanea saman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg/120px-%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg/180px-%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg/240px-%E9%9B%A8%E8%B1%86%E6%A8%B9_Samanea_saman_20210914102518_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The old bark has a metallic luster. In 2016, the height of the tree was 15 meters and the bust circumference was 5.7 meters. <i><a href="/wiki/Samanea_saman" title="Samanea saman">Samanea saman</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bark_(botany)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bark (botany)">Bark</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">Bark beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_painting" title="Bark painting">Bark painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">Trunk (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_isolate" title="Bark isolate">Bark isolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark-binding" title="Bark-binding">Bark-binding</a>, a diseased condition of tree bark</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raven1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raven1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRavenEvertCurtis1981" class="citation cs2">Raven, Peter H.; 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fforestry%2Fcpi006">"History, manufacture and properties of lime bast cordage in northern Europe"</a>. <i>Forestry</i>. <b>78</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fforestry%2Fcpi006">10.1093/forestry/cpi006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forestry&rft.atitle=History%2C+manufacture+and+properties+of+lime+bast+cordage+in+northern+Europe&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fforestry%2Fcpi006&rft.aulast=Myking&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Hertzberg%2C+A.&rft.au=Skr%C3%B8ppa%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fforestry%252Fcpi006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABark+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duran-Reynals, Marie Louise de Ayala. 1946. <i>The Fever Bark Tree; the Pageant of Quinine</i>. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markham, Clements R. 1880. <i>Peruvian Bark. A Popular Account of the Introduction of Chinchona Cultivation into British India</i>. London: J. Murray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkin1971" class="citation book cs1">Harkin, John M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHdkCfGMqbkC&dq=bark+processing&pg=PP2"><i>Bark and Its Possible Uses</i></a>. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bark+and+Its+Possible+Uses&rft.pub=Forest+Products+Laboratory%2C+U.S.+Forest+Service&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Harkin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHdkCfGMqbkC%26dq%3Dbark%2Bprocessing%26pg%3DPP2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABark+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411073832/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/fy04/wood_adhesives.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/fy04/wood_adhesives.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fbiomass%2Ffy04%2Fwood_adhesives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABark+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_references">Other references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bark_(botany)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cédric Pollet, <i>Bark: An Intimate Look at the World's Trees</i>. London, Frances Lincoln, 2010. (Translated by Susan Berry) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3137-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3137-5">978-0-7112-3137-5</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Tissue (biology)">Plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Dermal tissue</i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulliform_cell" title="Bulliform cell">Bulliform cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_cell" title="Guard cell">Guard cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Pavement cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Subsidiary cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Periderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Periderm">Periderm</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phellem" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellem">Phellem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelloderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelloderm">Phelloderm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a 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tissue">Parenchyma</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">Aerenchyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorenchyma">Chlorenchyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesophyll">Mesophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">Pith</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Collenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Collenchyma">Collenchyma</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sclerenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerenchyma">Sclerenchyma</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue#Fibers" title="Ground tissue">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclereid" title="Sclereid">Sclereid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristematic tissue</a></i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Meristem#Primary_meristems" title="Meristem">Primary</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground meristem">Ground meristem</a></li> <li><a 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decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178161-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bark"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011862">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écorces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964939k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Écorces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964939k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575085">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="borka"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph975864&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283147405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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