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of tannins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_classes_of_tannins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudo-tannins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-tannins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pseudo-tannins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-tannins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cellular_localization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_localization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cellular localization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_localization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_in_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_in_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Presence in soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_in_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_in_water_and_wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_in_water_and_wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Presence in water and wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_in_water_and_wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests_for_tannins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests_for_tannins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tests for tannins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tests_for_tannins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tests for tannins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tests_for_tannins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkaloid_precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkaloid_precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alkaloid precipitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkaloid_precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goldbeater's_skin_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goldbeater's_skin_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Goldbeater's skin test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goldbeater's_skin_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferric_chloride_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferric_chloride_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ferric chloride test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferric_chloride_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_with_phenolic_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_with_phenolic_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Reaction with phenolic rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_with_phenolic_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_items_with_tannins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_items_with_tannins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Food items with tannins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food_items_with_tannins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food items with tannins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food_items_with_tannins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pomegranates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomegranates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pomegranates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomegranates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessory_fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessory_fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Accessory fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessory_fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Berries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Nuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbs_and_spices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbs_and_spices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Herbs and spices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbs_and_spices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Legumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chocolate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chocolate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Chocolate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chocolate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinks_with_tannins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinks_with_tannins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Drinks with tannins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinks_with_tannins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruit_juices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_juices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Fruit juices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_juices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_for_animal_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_for_animal_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Properties for animal nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_for_animal_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tannin_uses_and_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tannin_uses_and_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tannin uses and market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tannin_uses_and_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tannin uses and market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tannin_uses_and_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tannin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannien" title="Tannien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tannien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B5_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="عفص (مادة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عفص (مادة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%ADn" title="Tanín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tanín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ট্যানিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্যানিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Таніны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таніны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Танин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Танин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%AD" title="Taní – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taní" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99%C3%ADsloviny" title="Třísloviny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třísloviny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tannin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannine" title="Tannine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tannine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanniinid" title="Tanniinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tanniinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ταννίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταννίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88" title="جوهر مازو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوهر مازو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainnin%C3%AD" title="Tainniní – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tainniní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EB%8B%8C" title="탄닌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टैनिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टैनिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijeslovina" title="Trijeslovina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trijeslovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tann%C3%ADn" title="Tannín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tannín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannino" title="Tannino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tannino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טאנין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טאנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Таннин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таннин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%ABns" title="Tanīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taninas" title="Taninas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taninas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csersav" title="Csersav – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csersav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Танин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Танин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ടാനിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാനിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Таннин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Таннин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannine" title="Tannine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tannine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="タンニン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tannin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvesyre" title="Garvesyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Garvesyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tannin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniny" title="Taniny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taniny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanino" title="Tanino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tanino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Танины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tannin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triesloviny" title="Triesloviny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Triesloviny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Creslovina" title="Čreslovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čreslovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Танин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Танин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanniinit" title="Tanniinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tanniinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tannin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தனின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แทนนิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แทนนิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanen" title="Tanen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Таніни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таніни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tanin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%A3%E8%B4%A8" title="鞣质 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鞣质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AF%A7%E9%85%B8" title="單寧酸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單寧酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic chemical compounds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mythical creature, see <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin (monster)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tanin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tanin (disambiguation)">Tanin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tannic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/220px-Tannic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/330px-Tannic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/440px-Tannic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Representative chemical structure of a <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>, a type of tannin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tannin_heap.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tannin_heap.jpeg/220px-Tannin_heap.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tannin_heap.jpeg/330px-Tannin_heap.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tannin_heap.jpeg/440px-Tannin_heap.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Tannin powder (mixture of compounds)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg/220px-Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg/330px-Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg/440px-Bottle_of_tannic_acid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tannins</b> (or <b>tannoids</b>) are a class of <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> that bind to and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and various other organic compounds including <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>. The term <i>tannin</i> is widely applied to any large <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenolic</a> compound containing sufficient <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyls</a> and other suitable groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">carboxyls</a>) to form strong complexes with various <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>. </p><p>The term <i>tannin</i> (from scientific French <i>tannin</i>, from French <i>tan</i> "crushed oak bark", <i>tanner</i> "to tan", cognate with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>tanning</i>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>tannare</i>, from Proto-Celtic <i>*tannos</i> "oak") refers to the abundance of these compounds in <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, which was used in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> animal <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a> into <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. </p><p>The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> (acting as <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>) and might help in regulating plant growth.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Astringency" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringency">astringency</a> from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit, red wine or tea.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times. </p><p>Tannins have <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weights</a> ranging from 500 to over 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-Bate-Smith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate-Smith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>) and up to 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proanthocyanidin" title="Proanthocyanidin">proanthocyanidins</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_classes_of_tannins">Structure and classes of tannins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and classes of tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major classes of tannins: Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin. Particularly in the flavone-derived tannins, the base shown must be (additionally) heavily hydroxylated and polymerized in order to give the high molecular weight <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a> motif that characterizes tannins. Typically, tannin molecules require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and at least five phenyl groups to function as protein binders.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row">Base unit / scaffold </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gallic_acid.svg/100px-Gallic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gallic_acid.svg/149px-Gallic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gallic_acid.svg/199px-Gallic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="209" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">Gallic acid</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phloroglucinol_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phloroglucinol_structure.png/139px-Phloroglucinol_structure.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phloroglucinol_structure.png/208px-Phloroglucinol_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phloroglucinol_structure.png/278px-Phloroglucinol_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="258" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Phloroglucinol" title="Phloroglucinol">Phloroglucinol</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavan-3-ol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flavan-3-ol.svg/161px-Flavan-3-ol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flavan-3-ol.svg/242px-Flavan-3-ol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flavan-3-ol.svg/322px-Flavan-3-ol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="318" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Polymer class </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzable_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzable tannin">Hydrolyzable tannins</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phlorotannin" title="Phlorotannin">Phlorotannins</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">Condensed tannins</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phlobatannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlobatannin">Phlobatannins</a> (C-ring isomerized condensed tannins)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sources </th> <td>Plants </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">Brown algae</a> </td> <td>Plants </td> <td>Tree heartwood </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Oligostilbenoid" title="Oligostilbenoid">Oligostilbenoids</a> (oligo- or polystilbenes) are oligomeric forms of <a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">stilbenoids</a> and constitute a minor class of tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-tannins">Pseudo-tannins<span class="anchor" id="Pseudo_tannins"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pseudo-tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudo-tannins are low molecular weight compounds associated with other compounds. They do not change color during the <a href="/wiki/Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Goldbeater's skin">Goldbeater's skin</a> <a href="#Tests_for_tannins">test</a>, unlike hydrolysable and condensed tannins, and cannot be used as tanning compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of pseudo tannins and their sources are:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pseudo tannin</th> <th>Source(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">Gallic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">Rhubarb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ols</a> (<i>Catechins</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">catechu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">guarana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">Chlorogenic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nux_vomica_(herbalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nux vomica (herbalism)">Nux-vomica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ipecacuanhic acid</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Carapichea_ipecacuanha" title="Carapichea ipecacuanha">Carapichea ipecacuanha</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrogallic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrogallic acid">pyrogallic acid</a> were first discovered by chemist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Henri Braconnot</a> in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-Grasser_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grasser-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julius_L%C3%B6we" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Löwe">Julius Löwe</a> was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">arsenic acid</a> or silver oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Grasser_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grasser-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Nierenstein" title="Maximilian Nierenstein">Maximilian Nierenstein</a> studied natural phenols and tannins<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in different plant species. Working with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_George_Perkin" title="Arthur George Perkin">Arthur George Perkin</a>, he prepared <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Algarobilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Algarobilla">algarobilla</a> and certain other <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested its formation from <a href="/wiki/Galloyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloyl">galloyl</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tannase" title="Tannase">Tannase</a> is an enzyme that Nierenstein used to produce m-<a href="/wiki/Digallic_acid" title="Digallic acid">digallic acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gallotannin" title="Gallotannin">gallotannins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proved the presence of <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed in 1945 that <a href="/wiki/Luteic_acid" title="Luteic acid">luteic acid</a>, a molecule present in the myrobalanitannin, a tannin found in the fruit of <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i>, is an intermediary compound in the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At these times, molecule formulas were determined through <a href="/wiki/Combustion_analysis" title="Combustion analysis">combustion analysis</a>. The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of <a href="/wiki/Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">paper chromatography</a> provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945, including prominent work by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Bate-Smith" title="Edgar Charles Bate-Smith">Edgar Charles Bate-Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Swain_(chemist)" title="Tony Swain (chemist)">Tony Swain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslam_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Haslam" title="Edwin Haslam">Edwin Haslam</a> proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate-Smith, Swain and Theodore White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property. It is referred to as the White–Bate-Smith–Swain–Haslam (WBSSH) definition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2011)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tannins are distributed in species throughout the <a href="/wiki/Plant_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant kingdom">plant kingdom</a>. They are commonly found in both <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>. Mole (1993) studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a> and 44 families of <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledons</a> (Cronquist). Most families of dicot contain tannin-free species (tested by their ability to precipitate proteins). The best known families of which all species tested contain tannin are: <a href="/wiki/Aceraceae" title="Aceraceae">Aceraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a> for dicot and <a href="/wiki/Najadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Najadaceae">Najadaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a> in Monocot. To the family of the oak, <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>, 73% of the species tested contain tannin. For those of acacias, <a href="/wiki/Mimosaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimosaceae">Mimosaceae</a>, only 39% of the species tested contain tannin, among <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> rate drops to 6% and 4% for the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>. Some families like the <a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a> contain no tannin-rich species.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most abundant polyphenols are the <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a>, found in virtually all families of plants, and comprising up to 50% of the dry weight of leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_localization">Cellular localization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cellular localization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tannin" title="Special:EditPage/Tannin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tannin%22">"Tannin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tannin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tannin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tannin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tannin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tannin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In all vascular plants studied, tannins are manufactured by a <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tannosome" title="Tannosome">tannosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tannins are mainly physically located in the <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a> or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive. </p><p>Tannins are classified as <a href="/wiki/Ergastic_substance" title="Ergastic substance">ergastic substances</a>, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in cells. Tannins, by definition, precipitate proteins. In this condition, they must be stored in organelles able to withstand the protein precipitation process. <a href="/wiki/Idioblast" title="Idioblast">Idioblasts</a> are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In Japanese persimmon (<i><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_kaki" title="Diospyros kaki">Diospyros kaki</a></i>) fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presence_in_soils">Presence in soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presence in soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> of tannin-rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient-poor acidic soils throughout the world. Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses, but more and more ecologists now recognize them as important controllers of decomposition and nitrogen cycling processes. As concern grows about global warming, there is great interest to better understand the role of polyphenols as regulators of carbon cycling, in particular in northern boreal forests.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">Leaf litter</a> and other decaying parts of kauri (<i><a href="/wiki/Agathis_australis" title="Agathis australis">Agathis australis</a></i>), a tree species found in New Zealand, decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols, most notably tannins, that are harmful to <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presence_in_water_and_wood">Presence in water and wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presence in water and wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a> of highly <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">blackwater river</a>. Water flowing out of <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> has a characteristic brown color from dissolved <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> tannins. The presence of tannins (or <a href="/wiki/Humic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic acid">humic acid</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well water</a> can make it smell bad or taste bitter, but this does not make it unsafe to drink.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tannins leaching from an unprepared driftwood decoration in an aquarium can cause pH lowering and coloring of the water to a tea-like tinge. A way to avoid this is to boil the <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> in water several times, discarding the water each time. Using peat as an <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">aquarium substrate</a> can have the same effect. Many hours of boiling the driftwood may need to be followed by many weeks or months of constant soaking and many water changes before the water will stay clear. Raising the water's <a href="/wiki/PH_level" class="mw-redirect" title="PH level">pH level</a>, e.g. by adding <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">baking soda</a>, will accelerate the process of leaching.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tannins in water can lead to feather staining on wild and domestic <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">waterfowl</a> which frequent the water; <a href="/wiki/Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swans</a>, which are typically white in colour, can often be observed with reddish-brown staining as a result of coming into contact with dissolved tannins, though dissolved <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> compounds also play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Softwoods</a>, while in general much lower in tannins than hardwoods,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are usually not recommended for use in an aquarium<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so using a <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> with a very light color, indicating a low tannin <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">content</a>, can be an easy way to avoid tannins. Tannic <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> is brown in color, so in general white woods have a low tannin content. Woods with a lot of yellow, red, or brown coloration to them (like cedar, redwood, red oak, etc.) tend to contain a lot of tannin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tannin-rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon, Southwest Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia"><img alt="Tannin-rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon, Southwest Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg/180px-Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg/270px-Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg/360px-Tannin_rich_fresh_water_draining_into_Cox_Bight_from_Freney_Lagoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tannin-rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon, Southwest Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogwood_Betta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bog-wood (similar to, but not, driftwood) in an aquarium, turning the water a tea-like brown"><img alt="Bog-wood (similar to, but not, driftwood) in an aquarium, turning the water a tea-like brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bogwood_Betta.jpg/180px-Bogwood_Betta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bogwood_Betta.jpg/270px-Bogwood_Betta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bogwood_Betta.jpg/360px-Bogwood_Betta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a> (similar to, but not, <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a>) in an <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>, turning the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> a tea-like brown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mute swan with reddish-brown staining on the top of its head, caused by exposure to dissolved tannins and iron compounds in water"><img alt="A mute swan with reddish-brown staining on the top of its head, caused by exposure to dissolved tannins and iron compounds in water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg/180px-T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg/270px-T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg/360px-T%C3%AAte_de_cygne_sur_les_%C3%A9tangs_de_Brimeux_en_vall%C3%A9e_de_Canche_Marais_de_Marenla_3_aout_2017a_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swan</a> with reddish-brown staining on the top of its head, caused by exposure to dissolved tannins and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> compounds in water</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view"><img alt="Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg/180px-Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg/270px-Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg/360px-Upper_Tahquamenon_falls_Panoramic_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8613" data-file-height="3883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tannin-rich Oparara River in the West Coast region of New Zealand"><img alt="The tannin-rich Oparara River in the West Coast region of New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg/180px-TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg/270px-TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg/360px-TWC_%C5%8Cp%C4%81rara_%E2%80%A2_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tannin-rich <a href="/wiki/Oparara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oparara River">Oparara River</a> in the West Coast region of New Zealand</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no single protocol for <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extracting</a> tannins from all plant material. The procedures used for tannins are widely variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagerman1998_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerman1998-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be that <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> in the extraction solvent increases the total yield by inhibiting interactions between tannins and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> during extraction<sup id="cite_ref-Hagerman1998_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerman1998-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even by breaking hydrogen bonds between tannin-protein complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tests_for_tannins">Tests for tannins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tests for tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three groups of methods for the analysis of tannins: precipitation of proteins or alkaloids, reaction with phenolic rings, and depolymerization.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkaloid_precipitation">Alkaloid precipitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alkaloid precipitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alkaloids such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinchonine" title="Cinchonine">cinchonine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">strychnine</a>, precipitates polyphenols and tannins. This property can be used in a quantitation method.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goldbeater's_skin_test"><span id="Goldbeater.27s_skin_test"></span>Goldbeater's skin test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Goldbeater's skin test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Goldbeater's skin">goldbeater's skin</a> or ox skin is dipped in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">HCl</a>, rinsed in water, soaked in the tannin solution for 5 minutes, washed in water, and then treated with 1% <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">FeSO<sub>4</sub></a> solution, it gives a blue black color if tannin was present.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferric_chloride_test">Ferric chloride test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ferric chloride test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following describes the use of <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride_test" title="Ferric chloride test">ferric chloride (FeCl3) tests</a> for <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">phenolics</a> in general: Powdered plant leaves of the test plant (1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl<sub>3</sub> are then added. Production of a greenish precipitate is an indication of the presence of tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green color indicates the presence of tannins (Evans, 1989).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hide-powder method is used in tannin analysis for <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> tannin and the Stiasny method for <a href="/wiki/Wood_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood adhesive">wood adhesives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between the results from the hide-powder and the Stiasny methods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Hide-powder method</dt></dl> <p>400 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 3 g of slightly chromated hide-powder previously dried in vacuum for 24h over CaCl<sub>2</sub> are added and the mixture stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The suspension is filtered without vacuum through a sintered glass filter. The weight gain of the hide-powder expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material is equated to the percentage of tannin in the sample. </p> <dl><dt>Stiasny's method</dt></dl> <p>100 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 10 ml distilled water. 1 ml of 10M HCl and 2 ml of 37% <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> are added and the mixture heated under reflux for 30 min. The reaction mixture is filtered while hot through a sintered glass filter. The precipitate is washed with hot water (5× 10 ml) and dried over CaCl<sub>2</sub>. The yield of tannin is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_with_phenolic_rings">Reaction with phenolic rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reaction with phenolic rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bark tannins of <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_angolensis" title="Commiphora angolensis">Commiphora angolensis</a></i> have been revealed by the usual color and precipitation reactions and by quantitative determination by the methods of Löwenthal-Procter and of Deijs<sup id="cite_ref-Cardoso_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardoso-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">formalin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> method).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colorimetric methods have existed such as the Neubauer-Löwenthal method which uses <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> as an oxidizing agent and <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> as an indicator, originally proposed by Löwenthal in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty is that the establishing of a titer for tannin is not always convenient since it is extremely difficult to obtain the pure tannin. Neubauer proposed to remove this difficulty by establishing the titer not with regard to the tannin but with regard to crystallised <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>, whereby he found that 83 g oxalic acid correspond to 41.20 g tannin. Löwenthal's method has been criticized. For instance, the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins substances. The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modified method, proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine, Feldmann's method, is making use of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a>, instead of potassium permanganate, and indigo sulfate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_items_with_tannins">Food items with tannins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Food items with tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomegranates">Pomegranates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pomegranates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_ellagitannin" title="Pomegranate ellagitannin">Pomegranate ellagitannin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessory_fruits">Accessory fruits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accessory fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">Strawberries</a> contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berries">Berries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Berries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg/220px-Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg/330px-Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg/440px-Strawberries_in_white_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Strawberries in a bowl</figcaption></figure> <p>Most berries, such as <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuts">Nuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a> vary in the amount of tannins they contain. Some species of acorns of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> contain large amounts. For example, acorns of <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_petraea" title="Quercus petraea">Quercus petraea</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> were found to contain 2.4–5.2% and 2.6–4.8% tannins as a proportion of dry matter,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the tannins can be removed by leaching in water so that the acorns become edible.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other nuts – such as <a href="/wiki/Hazelnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnuts">hazelnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecans">pecans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a> – contain lower amounts. Tannin concentration in the crude extract of these nuts did not directly translate to the same relationships for the condensed fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbs_and_spices">Herbs and spices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Herbs and spices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">tarragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> all contain tannins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legumes">Legumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> contain tannins. Red-colored beans contain the most tannins, and white-colored beans have the least. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a> without shells have a very low tannin content. <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpeas</a> (garbanzo beans) have a smaller amount of tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chocolate">Chocolate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chocolate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">Chocolate liquor</a> contains about 6% tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinks_with_tannins">Drinks with tannins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Drinks with tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tannins_in_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins in tea">Tannins in tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannins_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins in wine">Tannins in wine</a></div> <p>Principal human dietary sources of tannins are tea and coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most wines aged in <a href="/wiki/Charred" class="mw-redirect" title="Charred">charred</a> <a href="/wiki/Oak_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak barrel">oak barrels</a> possess tannins absorbed from the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soils high in clay also contribute to tannins in wine grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_155-162_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_155-162-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concentration gives wine its signature <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffee pulp has been found to contain low to trace amounts of tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit_juices">Fruit juices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fruit juices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although citrus fruits do not contain tannins, orange-colored juices often contain tannins from food colouring. Apple, grape and berry juices all contain high amounts of tannins. Sometimes tannins are even added to juices and ciders to create a more astringent feel to the taste.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beer">Beer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_acid" title="Alpha acid">alpha acids</a> extracted from <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> to provide bitterness in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, condensed tannins are also present. These originate both from malt and hops. Trained brewmasters, particularly those in Germany, consider the presence of tannins to be a flaw<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Are there some sources to show that German brewmasters will remove tannins? Popular brands in contrast to the statement that follows? (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, in some styles, the presence of this astringency is acceptable or even desired, as, for example, in a <a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In lager type beers, the tannins can form a precipitate with specific haze-forming proteins in the beer resulting in <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> at low temperature. This chill haze can be prevented by removing part of the tannins or part of the haze-forming proteins. Tannins are removed using <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone" title="Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone">PVPP</a>, haze-forming proteins by using <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> or tannic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_for_animal_nutrition">Properties for animal nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Properties for animal nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tannins have traditionally been considered <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritional</a>, depending upon their chemical structure and dosage.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many studies suggest that chestnut tannins have positive effects on <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> quality in the <a href="/wiki/Baler#Silage_or_haylage_bales" title="Baler">round bale silages</a>, in particular reducing <a href="/wiki/Non-protein_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-protein nitrogen">NPNs</a> (non-protein nitrogen) in the lowest wilting level.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improved fermentability of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soya meal</a> nitrogen in the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes (for more on that topic, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">plant defense against herbivory</a>). <a href="/wiki/Histatin" title="Histatin">Histatins</a>, another type of <a href="/wiki/Salivary_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary protein">salivary proteins</a>, also precipitate tannins from solution, thus preventing alimentary adsorption.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legume</a> fodders containing condensed tannins are a possible option for integrated sustainable control of gastrointestinal <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> in ruminants, which may help address the worldwide development of resistance to synthetic <a href="/wiki/Anthelmintics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthelmintics">anthelmintics</a>. These include nuts, temperate and tropical barks, carob, coffee and cocoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoste2022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoste2022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tannin_uses_and_market">Tannin uses and market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tannin uses and market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg/220px-Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg/330px-Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg/440px-Tannin_in_Plastic_container.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>Tannin in a plastic container</figcaption></figure> <p>Tannins have been used since antiquity in the processes of tanning hides for leather, and in helping preserve iron artifacts (as with Japanese iron teapots). </p><p>Industrial tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution, to produce tanning material for the need for more leather. Before that time, processes used plant material and were long (up to six months).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950s–1960s, due to the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic tannin">synthetic tannins</a>, which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II. At that time, many small tannin industry sites closed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10–20% of the global leather production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins, in particular the use of solvents, alkali and other chemicals used (for instance <a href="/wiki/Glycerite" title="Glycerite">glycerin</a>). For large quantities, the most cost-effective method is hot water extraction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">Tannic acid</a> is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices. Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses">Uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimosa" title="Mimosa">mimosa</a>, chestnut and <a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">quebracho tree</a> has traditionally been the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tannery</a> tannin, though inorganic <a href="/wiki/Leather_tanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather tanning">tanning agents</a> are also in use today and account for 90% of the world's leather production.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tannins produce different colors with <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a> (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish-black) according to the type of tannin. <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall ink</a> is produced by treating a solution of tannins with <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tannins can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a>, and is especially useful in <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyeing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_fiber" title="Cellulose fiber">cellulose fibers</a> such as cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of tannin used may or may not have an impact on the final color of the fiber. </p><p>Tannin is a component in a type of industrial <a href="/wiki/Particleboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Particleboard">particleboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_radiata" title="Pinus radiata">Pinus radiata</a></i> tannins has been investigated for the production of <a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">wood adhesives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">Condensed tannins</a>, e.g., quebracho tannin, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzable_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzable tannin">Hydrolyzable tannins</a>, e.g., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for wood <a href="/wiki/Particleboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Particleboard">particleboard</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tannins can be used for production of anti-<a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosive</a> primers for treating rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, converting rust to iron tannate and consolidating and sealing the surface. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> made of tannins has been investigated to remove <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> from solution.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> from seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerrellThorington2006" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Katie E.; Thorington, Richard W. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/squirrelsanimala00wric"><i>Squirrels: the animal answer guide</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/squirrelsanimala00wric/page/n109">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8402-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squirrels%3A+the+animal+answer+guide&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8402-3&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Katie+E.&rft.au=Thorington%2C+Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsquirrelsanimala00wric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). <i>On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen</i>. New York: Scribner. p. 714. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+food+and+cooking%3A+the+science+and+lore+of+the+kitchen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=714&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bate-Smith-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bate-Smith_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBate-Smith_and_Swain1962" class="citation book cs1">Bate-Smith and Swain (1962). "Flavonoid compounds". In Florkin M.; Mason H. S (eds.). <i>Comparative biochemistry</i>. Vol. III. New York: Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavonoid+compounds&rft.btitle=Comparative+biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E809&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Bate-Smith+and+Swain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104040231/http://pharmaxchange.info/notes/cognosy/tannins.html">"Notes on Tannins from PharmaXChange.info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmaxchange.info/notes/cognosy/tannins.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Tannins+from+PharmaXChange.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpharmaxchange.info%2Fnotes%2Fcognosy%2Ftannins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">page 113 "Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins" By Richard W. Hemingway, Joseph J. 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(1993). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetum_venosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetum venosum (page does not exist)">"Oligostilbenoids from <i>Gnetum venosum</i>"</a>. <i>Phytochemistry</i>. <b>34</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1403–</span>1407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PChem..34.1403B">1993PChem..34.1403B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2891%2980038-3">10.1016/0031-9422(91)80038-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Oligostilbenoids+from+Gnetum+venosum&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1403-%3C%2Fspan%3E1407&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9422%2891%2980038-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PChem..34.1403B&rft.aulast=Boralle&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+H.+E.&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+O.+R.&rft.au=Kubitzki%2C+K.&rft.au=Lopes%2C+L.+M.+X.&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+M.+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshutosh_Kar2003" class="citation book cs1">Ashutosh Kar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlMi4XvHCYoC&pg=PA44"><i>Pharmacognosy And Pharmacobiotechnology</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 44–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1501-8"><bdi>978-81-224-1501-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602035552/http://books.google.com/books?id=PlMi4XvHCYoC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/water/docs/droponwaterFAQ_HumicSubstances.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tannins%2C+lignins+and+humic+acids+in+well+water+on+www.gov.ns.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Fnse%2Fwater%2Fdocs%2FdroponwaterFAQ_HumicSubstances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aqualifesupport.com/getArticle.php?ArtID=413">Preparing Driftwood for Your Freshwater Aquarium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707154303/http://www.aqualifesupport.com/getArticle.php?ArtID=413">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdspot.co.uk/bird-identification/mute-swan">"Mute Swan | Bird Identification Guide | Bird Spot"</a>. 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Polyflavonoid tannins ? a main cause of soft-rot failure in CCA-treated timber". <i>Wood Science and Technology</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00350695">10.1007/BF00350695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21250123">21250123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wood+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Polyflavonoid+tannins+%3F+a+main+cause+of+soft-rot+failure+in+CCA-treated+timber&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1986-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00350695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21250123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pizzi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Conradie%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724003958/http://www.petfish.net/kb/entry/194/">"Driftwood Do's & Don'ts – Pet Fish"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petfish.net/kb/entry/194">the original</a> on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driftwood+Do%27s+%26+Don%27ts+%E2%80%93+Pet+Fish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petfish.net%2Fkb%2Fentry%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417042435/http://www.houserepairtalk.com/f45/carpet-hardwood-floor-8686/">"Tannin and hardwood flooring"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houserepairtalk.com/f45/carpet-hardwood-floor-8686/">the original</a> on 17 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tannin+and+hardwood+flooring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houserepairtalk.com%2Ff45%2Fcarpet-hardwood-floor-8686%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagerman1998-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hagerman1998_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagerman1998_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Tannin Handbook</i>, Ann E. Hagerman, 1998 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.muohio.edu/hagermae/">book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140128054221/http://www.users.muohio.edu/hagermae/">Archived</a> 28 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Condensed tannins". Porter L. J., 1989, in <i>Natural Products of Woody Plants I</i>, Rowe J. W. (ed), Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, pages 651–690</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalbert1992" class="citation book cs1">Scalbert, Augustin (1992). "Quantitative Methods for the Estimation of Tannins in Plant Tissues". <i>Plant Polyphenols</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-3476-1_15">10.1007/978-1-4615-3476-1_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6540-2"><bdi>978-1-4613-6540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Methods+for+the+Estimation+of+Tannins+in+Plant+Tissues&rft.btitle=Plant+Polyphenols&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-3476-1_15&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-6540-2&rft.aulast=Scalbert&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plant Polyphenols: Synthesis, Properties, Significance. Richard W. Hemingway, Peter E. Laks, Susan J. Branham (page 263)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakashan2009" class="citation book cs1">Prakashan, Nirali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYIsLRyDp4C&dq=tannin+Goldbeater%27s+skin+test&pg=SL1-PA5"><i>Pharmacognosy</i></a>. Nirali Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-963961-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-963961-5-2"><bdi>978-81-963961-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacognosy&rft.pub=Nirali+Prakashan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-963961-5-2&rft.aulast=Prakashan&rft.aufirst=Nirali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwYIsLRyDp4C%26dq%3Dtannin%2BGoldbeater%2527s%2Bskin%2Btest%26pg%3DSL1-PA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Antibacterial activity of leave extracts of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i> (Nymphaeaceae) on Methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a>) and Vancomycin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (VRSA) isolated from clinical samples". Akinjogunla O. J., Yah C. S., Eghafona N. O. and Ogbemudia F. O., <i>Annals of Biological Research</i>, 2010, 1 (2), pages 174–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Of <i>Scoparia dulcis</i> and <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>". Jonathan Yisa, <i>Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences</i>, 2009, 3(4): pp. 3975–3979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tannin analysis of Acacia mearnsii bark – a comparison of the hide-powder and Stiasny methods". Zheng G.C., Lin Y.L. and Yazaki Y., <i>ACIAR Proceedings Series</i>, 1991, No. 35, pp. 128–131 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19920657723.html;jsessionid=F49F74287B59E2847142A9BFED7349DC">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709035011/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19920657723.html;jsessionid=F49F74287B59E2847142A9BFED7349DC">Archived</a> 9 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Study on Fast Determination Content of Condensed Tannin Using Stiasny Method. Chen Xiangming, Chen Heru and Li Weibin, Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2006–07 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDHG200607012.htm">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162931/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDHG200607012.htm">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuangchengYunluYazaki1991" class="citation journal cs1">Guangcheng, Zheng; Yunlu, Lin; Yazaki, Y. (1991). "Bark tannin contents of Acacia mearnsii provenances and the relationship between the hide-powder and the Stiasny methods of estimation". <i>Australian Forestry</i>. <b>54</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AuFor..54..209G">1991AuFor..54..209G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00049158.1991.10674579">10.1080/00049158.1991.10674579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Forestry&rft.atitle=Bark+tannin+contents+of+Acacia+mearnsii+provenances+and+the+relationship+between+the+hide-powder+and+the+Stiasny+methods+of+estimation&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00049158.1991.10674579&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AuFor..54..209G&rft.aulast=Guangcheng&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rft.au=Yunlu%2C+Lin&rft.au=Yazaki%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leather Chemists' Pocket-Book: A Short Compendium of Analytical Methods</i>. Henry Richardson Procter, Edmund Stiasny and Harold Brumwel, E. & F.N. Spon, Limited, 1912–223 pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leatherchemists00brumgoog">book at Internet Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216075444/https://books.google.com/books?id=BrtJAAAAIAAJ&oe=UTF-8">Archived</a> 16 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardoso-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardoso_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chemical study of bark from Commiphora angolensis Engl. Cardoso Do Vale, J., Bol Escola Farm Univ Coimbra Edicao Cient, 1962, volume 3, page 128 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurekamag.com/research/024/318/chemical-study-bark-commiphora-angolensis-engl.php">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607001810/http://eurekamag.com/research/024/318/chemical-study-bark-commiphora-angolensis-engl.php">Archived</a> 7 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeijs1939" class="citation journal cs1">Deijs, W. B. (1939). "Catechins isolated from tea leaves". <i>Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas</i>. <b>58</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">805–</span>830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frecl.19390580907">10.1002/recl.19390580907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recueil+des+Travaux+Chimiques+des+Pays-Bas&rft.atitle=Catechins+isolated+from+tea+leaves&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E805-%3C%2Fspan%3E830&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frecl.19390580907&rft.aulast=Deijs&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöwenthal1877" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Löwenthal, J. 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"Removal of mercury(II) and methylmercury from solution by tannin adsorbents". <i>Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry</i>. <b>240</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JRNC..240..361T">1999JRNC..240..361T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02349180">10.1007/BF02349180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24811963">24811963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radioanalytical+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Removal+of+mercury%28II%29+and+methylmercury+from+solution+by+tannin+adsorbents&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24811963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02349180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JRNC..240..361T&rft.au=Torres+J.&rft.au=Olivares+S.&rft.au=De+La+Rosa+D.&rft.au=Lima+L.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+F.&rft.au=Munita+C.+S.&rft.au=Favaro+D.+I.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakashi_SakaguchiaAkira_Nakajimaa1987" class="citation journal cs1">Takashi Sakaguchia; Akira Nakajimaa (June 1987). "Recovery of Uranium from Seawater by Immobilized Tannin". <i>Separation Science and Technology</i>. <b>22</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1609–</span>1623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01496398708058421">10.1080/01496398708058421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Separation+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+Uranium+from+Seawater+by+Immobilized+Tannin&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1609-%3C%2Fspan%3E1623&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01496398708058421&rft.au=Takashi+Sakaguchia&rft.au=Akira+Nakajimaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tannin" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Tannin">Tannin</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tannins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tannins">Tannins</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/tannin.html">Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.muohio.edu/hagermae/tannin.pdf">"Tannin Chemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tannin+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.muohio.edu%2Fhagermae%2Ftannin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.41 MB)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam1989" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Edwin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zyc9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Plant polyphenols: vegetable tannins revisited</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32189-1"><bdi>978-0-521-32189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+polyphenols%3A+vegetable+tannins+revisited&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32189-1&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZyc9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATannin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Ellagitannin" title="Ellagitannin">Ellagitannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punicalagin" title="Punicalagin">Punicalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalagin" title="Castalagin">Castalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescalagin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vescalagin">Vescalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalin" title="Castalin">Castalins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarictin" title="Casuarictin">Casuarictins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandinin" title="Grandinin">Grandinins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punicalin" title="Punicalin">Punicalins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roburin_A" title="Roburin A">Roburin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellimagrandin_II" title="Tellimagrandin II">Tellimagrandin IIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terflavin_B" title="Terflavin B">Terflavin B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallotannin" title="Gallotannin">Gallotannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digalloyl_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Digalloyl glucose">Digalloyl glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,6-Trigalloyl_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose">1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">Condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proanthocyanidin" title="Proanthocyanidin">Proanthocyanidins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyflavonoid_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyflavonoid tannin">Polyflavonoid tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechol-type_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-type tannin">Catechol-type tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrocatecollic_type_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocatecollic type tannin">Pyrocatecollic type tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavolan">Flavolans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phlorotannin" title="Phlorotannin">Phlorotannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eckol" title="Eckol">Eckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,8%E2%80%B2-Bieckol" title="8,8′-Bieckol">8,8′-Bieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6,6%27-Bieckol" title="6,6'-Bieckol">6,6'-Bieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieckol" title="Dieckol">Dieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckstolonol" title="Eckstolonol">Eckstolonol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphlorethol" title="Diphlorethol">Diphlorethol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difucol" title="Difucol">Difucol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucophlorethol_A" title="Fucophlorethol A">Fucophlorethol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlorofucofuroeckol_A" title="Phlorofucofuroeckol A">Phlorofucofuroeckol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrafucol_A" title="Tetrafucol A">Tetrafucol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifucol" title="Trifucol">Trifucol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifuhalol" title="Bifuhalol">Bifuhalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Phloroeckol" title="7-Phloroeckol">7-Phloroeckol</a></li> <li>Phlorofucofuroeckol B</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavono-ellagitannin" title="Flavono-ellagitannin">Flavono-ellagitannins</a><br />(complex tannins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicutissimin_A" title="Epicutissimin A">Epicutissimin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acutissimin_A" title="Acutissimin A">Acutissimin A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source">Tannin sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo tannins">Pseudo tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic tannins">Synthetic tannins</a></li> <li>Tannin uses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enological_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Enological tannin">Enological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1732" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1732" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1142840/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184419-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132335">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tanins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946963h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tanins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946963h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572669">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="třísloviny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph323381&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX546166">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558429405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02742541X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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