CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" data-vue-meta-server-rendered> <head>   <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f" type="text/javascript"></script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F" data-cookieconsent="statistics"></script> <script data-cookieconsent="statistics"> window.gaDebug = false; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { if (window.gaDebug) { console.log("XXX gaDebug:", arguments); } dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); (function () { try { var g = localStorage.getItem('ga_debug') || ''; window.gaDebug = (g == 'true'); } catch (e) { console.log("ga_debug error:", e); } gtag('config', 'G-DTTE7J8M7F', { 'debug_mode': window.gaDebug, 'send_page_view': false, // 'cookie_domain': 'none', }); })(); </script> <title>IntechOpen - Open Science Open Minds | IntechOpen</title> <meta data-vue-meta="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="red"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#e10000"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">   <style> @font-face { font-family: 'Relative Faux'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; src: url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot"); src: local("Relative Faux"), local("Relative-Faux"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff") format("woff"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.otf") format("otf"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.ttf") format("ttf"); } .cc-window { font-family: 'Relative Faux', Helvetica; /*border: 0.2em solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);*/ border-top: 0.2em solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1); font-size: 15px; } .cc-window.cc-banner { padding: 0.85em 1.8em } .cc-floating { padding: .9em !important; font-size: 14px; } @media screen and (max-width: 500px) { .cc-window { font-size: 13.5px; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> var googletag = googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script>    <script type='text/javascript' data-cookieconsent="statistics"> /* eslint-disable camelcase, space-before-blocks, indent, comma-spacing, key-spacing, curly, no-undef, space-before-function-paren, semi, no-implicit-coercion, brace-style, block-spacing, keyword-spacing */ window._vwo_code = window._vwo_code || (function () { var account_id = 531576, settings_tolerance = 2000, library_tolerance = 2500, use_existing_jquery = false, is_spa = 1, hide_element = 'body', /* DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE */ f = false, d = document, code = { use_existing_jquery: function () { return use_existing_jquery; }, library_tolerance: function () { return library_tolerance; }, finish: function () { if (!f) { f = true; var a = d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides'); if (a) a.parentNode.removeChild(a); } }, finished: function () { return f; }, load: function (a) { var b = d.createElement('script'); b.src = a; b.type = 'text/javascript'; b.innerText; b.onerror = function () { _vwo_code.finish(); }; d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(b); }, init: function () { window.settings_timer = setTimeout(function () { _vwo_code.finish() }, settings_tolerance); var a = d.createElement('style'), b = hide_element ? hide_element + '{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}' : '', h = d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; a.setAttribute('id', '_vis_opt_path_hides'); a.setAttribute('type', 'text/css'); if (a.styleSheet) a.styleSheet.cssText = b; else a.appendChild(d.createTextNode(b)); h.appendChild(a); this.load('https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a=' + account_id + '&u=' + encodeURIComponent(d.URL) + '&f=' + (+is_spa) + '&r=' + Math.random()); return settings_timer; } }; window._vwo_settings_timer = code.init(); return code; }()); /* eslint-disable camelcase, space-before-blocks, indent, comma-spacing, key-spacing, curly, no-undef, space-before-function-paren, semi, no-implicit-coercion, brace-style, block-spacing, keyword-spacing */ </script>  <script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/js/adsLoader.js" async defer data-cookieconsent="marketing"></script> <link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/manifest.50de30fe28d18e934372.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/vendors~app.b3d15560a0f1a5658c08.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/app.c8bcf7c14bc1301bc2fc.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/29.eb489ebe054e7aa436ef.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/1.6c56d63241dc74c9abe9.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/0.244315a613235195e0f9.js" as="script"><style data-vue-ssr-id="0d1abbbc:0 2f0968b6:0 1b6d08ae:0 f33ca6fc:0 4e49bf0e:0 0dbb9483:0 2230e460:0 21d66a52:0 6785796e:0 2664fffa:0 45a7723e:0 eebd05c8:0 253e68c9:0 8a1d346c:0 e64c861c:0 0e7067f5:0 2fafd815:0 029c3750:0 642ffa81:0 10044646:0 2018aafa:0 4a9eeadc:0 f571ee76:0 01333d04:0 bdcd4596:0 5a2aa684:0 64a63aec:0 54504897:0 457ecb94:0 6097b644:0 75f63b80:0 ba89032e:0 c347c008:0 74b082ee:0 7f8c6940:0 17081529:0 75c2eb00:0 362fce68:0 3f4e45e9:0 1f5a940e:0 56d92f23:0 39de5e2e:0 17ce86f4:0 40fdd095:0 13988d3a:0 6c8a4528:0 61933c3f:0">.resize-observer[data-v-8859cc6c]{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:-1;width:100%;height:100%;border:none;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none;display:block;overflow:hidden;opacity:0}.resize-observer[data-v-8859cc6c] object{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:hidden;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1}.v-popper__popper{z-index:10000;top:0;left:0;outline:none}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--hidden{visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s,visibility .15s;pointer-events:none}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--shown{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:opacity .15s}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--skip-transition,.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--skip-transition>.v-popper__wrapper{transition:none !important}.v-popper__backdrop{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:none}.v-popper__inner{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-y:auto}.v-popper__inner>div{position:relative;z-index:1;max-width:inherit;max-height:inherit}.v-popper__arrow-container{position:absolute;width:10px;height:10px}.v-popper__popper--arrow-overflow .v-popper__arrow-container,.v-popper__popper--no-positioning .v-popper__arrow-container{display:none}.v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__arrow-outer{border-style:solid;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;height:0}.v-popper__arrow-inner{visibility:hidden;border-width:7px}.v-popper__arrow-outer{border-width:6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-outer,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{left:-1px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-bottom-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-container{top:0}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-top-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-top-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-4px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{top:-6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-outer,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{top:-1px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-left-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-top-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-4px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{left:-6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-container{right:-10px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-right-width:0;border-top-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-2px}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__inner{background:#fff;color:#000;border-radius:6px;border:1px solid #ddd;box-shadow:0 6px 30px #0000001a}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__arrow-inner{visibility:visible;border-color:#fff}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-color:#ddd}.v-popper--theme-tooltip .v-popper__inner{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);color:#fff;border-radius:6px;padding:7px 12px 6px}.v-popper--theme-tooltip .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-color:#000c} .i-container{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;padding:0 2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 73.1875em){.i-container{width:100%;max-width:117em;padding:0;margin:0 auto}}.container{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:0 2rem;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.container{max-width:59rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.container{max-width:80.7rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.container{max-width:124rem}}.border-bottom::after{content:'';display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:1px solid #B3AF93;padding-top:4rem}.relative-d1{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:3.2rem;line-height:4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d1{font-size:4.8rem;line-height:5.6rem}}.relative-d2{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d2{font-size:3.2rem;line-height:4rem}}.relative-d2.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d3{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}.relative-d3.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d4{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d4{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.relative-d4.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d5{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d5{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.relative-d5.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d6{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d6{font-size:1.2rem}}.relative-d6.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d7{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d7{font-size:1.8rem}}.relative-d7.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d7.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.5px}.relative-d8{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d8{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.relative-d8.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d1{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:4rem;line-height:5.3rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d1{font-size:5.6rem;line-height:7rem}}.brabo-d2{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d2{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:4.4rem}}.brabo-d3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}}.brabo-d3.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d4{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d4{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.brabo-d4.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d5{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d5{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}}.brabo-d5.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d6{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.6rem;font-variant:small-caps}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d6{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.7rem}}.brabo-d6.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d7{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4rem;font-variant:small-caps}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d7{line-height:1.6rem}}.brabo-d7.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d7.text{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d7.text{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.cards{display:flex}.cards__left{margin-right:3.6rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.cards__left{margin-right:0.8rem}}.cards__right{padding-top:8.5rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.cards__right{padding-top:5.5rem}}.card{position:relative;z-index:2;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;padding:2rem;width:18.7rem;height:18.7rem;background:#fffdea;border-radius:1.6rem}.card--light{background-color:#FFFDEA}.card--auto-height{height:auto !important}.card--outlined{border:1px solid #FBB2B2;width:22rem;height:22rem;padding:2rem}.card:not(:last-of-type){margin-bottom:3.2rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.card:not(:last-of-type){margin-bottom:0.8rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card{background-color:#FFFDEA;width:15.2rem;height:18rem}}.card__title{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#e10000}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__title{font-size:1.8rem}}.card__title>span{display:block;font-size:.7em}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__title>span{font-size:1.6rem}}.card__image{width:6.9rem;height:auto;margin-bottom:0.8rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__image{width:3.3rem;margin-bottom:1.8rem}}.card__image--open-submission{max-width:5rem}.badge,.number-box{box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4rem;border:1px solid #CCC7A8;background-color:#ffffff;height:2.8rem}.badge{position:relative;width:7.9rem;padding:0.2rem 0.8rem}.badge img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.number-box{position:relative;z-index:0;padding:0.5rem 2rem;margin-left:8px}.number-box::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:-4.1px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%) rotate(135deg);z-index:1;border:solid #CCC7A8;border-width:0 1px 1px 0;padding:3px;background-color:white} .swiper-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;padding:0;z-index:1}.swiper-container-no-flexbox .swiper-slide{float:left}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.swiper-wrapper{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-transition-property:-webkit-transform;transition-property:-webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform, -webkit-transform;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.swiper-container-android .swiper-slide,.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0px, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0px, 0, 0)}.swiper-container-multirow>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.swiper-container-free-mode>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease-out;-o-transition-timing-function:ease-out;transition-timing-function:ease-out;margin:0 auto}.swiper-slide{-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;width:100%;height:100%;position:relative;-webkit-transition-property:-webkit-transform;transition-property:-webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform, -webkit-transform}.swiper-slide-invisible-blank{visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-autoheight,.swiper-container-autoheight .swiper-slide{height:auto}.swiper-container-autoheight .swiper-wrapper{-webkit-box-align:start;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-transition-property:height, -webkit-transform;transition-property:height, -webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform, height;transition-property:transform, height;transition-property:transform, height, -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-3d{-webkit-perspective:1200px;perspective:1200px}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-wrapper,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-cube-shadow{-webkit-transform-style:preserve-3d;transform-style:preserve-3d}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;z-index:10}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, right top, left top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left bottom, left top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-wp8-horizontal,.swiper-container-wp8-horizontal>.swiper-wrapper{-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y}.swiper-container-wp8-vertical,.swiper-container-wp8-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{-ms-touch-action:pan-x;touch-action:pan-x}.swiper-button-prev,.swiper-button-next{position:absolute;top:50%;width:27px;height:44px;margin-top:-22px;z-index:10;cursor:pointer;background-size:27px 44px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-disabled,.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-disabled{opacity:0.35;cursor:auto;pointer-events:none}.swiper-button-prev,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23007aff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");left:10px;right:auto}.swiper-button-next,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23007aff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");right:10px;left:auto}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-white,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next.swiper-button-white{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23ffffff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-white,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-white{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23ffffff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-black,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next.swiper-button-black{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23000000'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-black,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-black{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23000000'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-lock{display:none}.swiper-pagination{position:absolute;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:300ms opacity;-o-transition:300ms opacity;transition:300ms opacity;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);z-index:10}.swiper-pagination.swiper-pagination-hidden{opacity:0}.swiper-pagination-fraction,.swiper-pagination-custom,.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:10px;left:0;width:100%}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{overflow:hidden;font-size:0}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33);position:relative}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-main{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-prev{-webkit-transform:scale(0.66);-ms-transform:scale(0.66);transform:scale(0.66)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-prev-prev{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-next{-webkit-transform:scale(0.66);-ms-transform:scale(0.66);transform:scale(0.66)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-next-next{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33)}.swiper-pagination-bullet{width:8px;height:8px;display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;background:#000;opacity:0.2}button.swiper-pagination-bullet{border:none;margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}.swiper-pagination-clickable .swiper-pagination-bullet{cursor:pointer}.swiper-pagination-bullet-active{opacity:1;background:#007aff}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets{right:10px;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0px, -50%, 0);transform:translate3d(0px, -50%, 0)}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets .swiper-pagination-bullet{margin:6px 0;display:block}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);width:8px}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{display:inline-block;-webkit-transition:200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms top;transition:200ms transform, 200ms top;transition:200ms transform, 200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets .swiper-pagination-bullet{margin:0 4px}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);white-space:nowrap}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transition:200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms left;transition:200ms transform, 200ms left;transition:200ms transform, 200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-horizontal.swiper-container-rtl>.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transition:200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms right;transition:200ms transform, 200ms right;transition:200ms transform, 200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-pagination-progressbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);position:absolute}.swiper-pagination-progressbar .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#007aff;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;-webkit-transform:scale(0);-ms-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);-webkit-transform-origin:left top;-ms-transform-origin:left top;transform-origin:left top}.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-pagination-progressbar .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{-webkit-transform-origin:right top;-ms-transform-origin:right top;transform-origin:right top}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-progressbar,.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-progressbar-opposite{width:100%;height:4px;left:0;top:0}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-progressbar,.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-progressbar-opposite{width:4px;height:100%;left:0;top:0}.swiper-pagination-white .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background:#ffffff}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-white{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.25)}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-white .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#ffffff}.swiper-pagination-black .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background:#000000}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-black{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-black .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#000000}.swiper-pagination-lock{display:none}.swiper-scrollbar{border-radius:10px;position:relative;-ms-touch-action:none;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-scrollbar{position:absolute;left:1%;bottom:3px;z-index:50;height:5px;width:98%}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-scrollbar{position:absolute;right:3px;top:1%;z-index:50;width:5px;height:98%}.swiper-scrollbar-drag{height:100%;width:100%;position:relative;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-radius:10px;left:0;top:0}.swiper-scrollbar-cursor-drag{cursor:move}.swiper-scrollbar-lock{display:none}.swiper-zoom-container{width:100%;height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}.swiper-zoom-container>img,.swiper-zoom-container>svg,.swiper-zoom-container>canvas{max-width:100%;max-height:100%;-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain}.swiper-slide-zoomed{cursor:move}.swiper-lazy-preloader{width:42px;height:42px;position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;margin-left:-21px;margin-top:-21px;z-index:10;-webkit-transform-origin:50%;-ms-transform-origin:50%;transform-origin:50%;-webkit-animation:swiper-preloader-spin 1s steps(12, end) infinite;animation:swiper-preloader-spin 1s steps(12, end) infinite}.swiper-lazy-preloader:after{display:block;content:'';width:100%;height:100%;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20120%20120'%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cline%20id%3D'l'%20x1%3D'60'%20x2%3D'60'%20y1%3D'7'%20y2%3D'27'%20stroke%3D'%236c6c6c'%20stroke-width%3D'11'%20stroke-linecap%3D'round'%2F%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(30%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(60%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(90%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(120%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(150%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.37'%20transform%3D'rotate(180%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.46'%20transform%3D'rotate(210%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.56'%20transform%3D'rotate(240%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.66'%20transform%3D'rotate(270%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.75'%20transform%3D'rotate(300%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.85'%20transform%3D'rotate(330%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:50%;background-size:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat}.swiper-lazy-preloader-white:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20120%20120'%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cline%20id%3D'l'%20x1%3D'60'%20x2%3D'60'%20y1%3D'7'%20y2%3D'27'%20stroke%3D'%23fff'%20stroke-width%3D'11'%20stroke-linecap%3D'round'%2F%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(30%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(60%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(90%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(120%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(150%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.37'%20transform%3D'rotate(180%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.46'%20transform%3D'rotate(210%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.56'%20transform%3D'rotate(240%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.66'%20transform%3D'rotate(270%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.75'%20transform%3D'rotate(300%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.85'%20transform%3D'rotate(330%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}@-webkit-keyframes swiper-preloader-spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes swiper-preloader-spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}.swiper-container .swiper-notification{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;z-index:-1000}.swiper-container-fade.swiper-container-free-mode .swiper-slide{-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease-out;-o-transition-timing-function:ease-out;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition-property:opacity;-o-transition-property:opacity;transition-property:opacity}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-cube{overflow:visible}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;z-index:1;visibility:hidden;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;height:100%}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-cube.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-slide{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-ms-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-next,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-prev,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-next+.swiper-slide{pointer-events:auto;visibility:visible}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-right{z-index:0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-cube-shadow{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0px;width:100%;height:100%;background:#000;opacity:0.6;-webkit-filter:blur(50px);filter:blur(50px);z-index:0}.swiper-container-flip{overflow:visible}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;z-index:1}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-right{z-index:0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-coverflow .swiper-wrapper{-ms-perspective:1200px} @font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Regular"),local("FSBrabo-Regular"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Italic"),local("FSBrabo-Italic"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Bold"),local("FSBrabo-Bold"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.eot");src:local("FS Brabo BoldItalic"),local("FSBrabo-BoldItalic"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Faux';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot");src:local("Relative Faux"),local("Relative-Faux"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.otf") format("otf"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.ttf") format("ttf");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Book';src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.eot");src:local("relative-book-pro"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Bold';src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.eot");src:local("relative-bold"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}.button-type-1{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;color:#fffdea;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.2rem 0;border:1px solid #e10000;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);background-color:#e10000;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-1:hover{color:#fffdea;background-color:#b40000;border-color:#b40000}.button-type-2{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.2rem 0;border:1px solid #e10000;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);color:#e10000;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-2:hover{color:#fffdea;background-color:#b40000;border-color:#b40000}.button-type-3{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.5rem 0;border:1px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;color:#fffdea;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-3:hover{color:#e10000;background-color:#fffdea}.link-type-1{text-decoration:underline}.link-type-2{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#e10000}.link-type-2:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ais-Highlight em,.ais-Snippet em{font-style:normal;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea}.clear{clear:both}.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem !important;line-height:3.2rem !important;font-weight:bold}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-bottom:2rem;font-size:2rem !important;line-height:3.2rem !important;font-weight:bold}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-size:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-size:2.2rem}}.html-formating-footnotes a{position:relative;color:#000}.html-formating-footnotes a:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right, #000 0%, #000 100%);background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:0 90%;background-size:100% 1px}.html-formating-footnotes a:hover:after{display:none}.html-formating-footnotes a:hover{color:#e10000}.html-formating-footnotes .equ{position:relative;left:5em}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list li{position:relative;padding-left:1.5rem}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list li:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1.2rem;left:0;width:.75rem;height:.75rem;background:#000;border-radius:50%}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list p{margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content{background:#fff;border:1px solid #B3AF93;padding:1rem;overflow-x:auto;margin-bottom:2rem;border-radius:6px}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table{width:100%;margin-bottom:4em;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table th{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:1rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table td{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table th{font-size:1.2rem}}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content .media-panel{border:none}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .heading{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .text{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .text p{margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note label,.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note p{display:inline;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note label{margin-right:0.5rem}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel{margin:0 0 3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{display:block;background:#fff}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media>img{display:block;margin:0 auto;max-width:100%}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .caption>h4{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.4}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .caption>p{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .section{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem;padding-bottom:2rem}.html-formating-footnotes .section:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:6rem}.html-formating-footnotes .section .section{padding:0;margin:0;border:0}.html-formating-footnotes .caption{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .caption h3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.5;display:inline;margin-right:1rem}.html-formating-footnotes .caption p{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.5;display:inline}.html-formating-footnotes .inline-formula .MathJax_Display{display:inline !important}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{padding:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.2rem;margin:4rem 0;text-align:center}.html-formating-footnotes .formula>strong{font-size:.8rem;display:block;text-align:right;margin-top:1rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{padding:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}.html-formating-footnotes .formula{margin:5rem 0;text-align:center;position:relative}.html-formating-footnotes .formula>strong{position:absolute;right:0;top:50%;margin-top:-.5rem;font-size:.6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.6rem}}@media only screen and (min-width: 1001px){.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (min-width: 801px) and (max-width: 1000px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (min-width: 551px) and (max-width: 800px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (max-width: 550px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}}@font-face{font-family:"intech";src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.eot?v1.0");src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.eot?v1.0#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.ttf?v1.0") format("truetype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.svg?v1.0https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech") format("svg");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}[class^="icon"],[class*=" icon"]{display:inline-block;position:relative;padding-left:40px}[class^="icon"]:before,[class*=" icon"]:before{font-family:"intech";speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;position:absolute;left:0;top:50%;margin:0;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;margin-top:-20px;text-align:center;text-indent:0}.iconFb:before{content:""}.iconLinkedIn:before{content:""}.iconTwitter:before{content:""}.iconYt:before{content:""}.iconGoogle:before{content:""}.iconStumbleupon:before{content:""}.iconCiteulike:before{content:""}.iconReddit:before{content:""}.iconBibsonomy:before{content:""}.iconCheck:before{content:""}.iconBook:before{content:""}.iconArrowRight:before{content:""}.iconArrowRightThin:before{content:""}.iconArrowDown:before{content:""}.iconCirclePlus:before{content:""}.iconLike:before{content:""}.iconPdf:before{content:""}.iconPlay:before{content:""}.iconPrint:before{content:""}.iconQuoteRight:before{content:""}.iconQuoteLeft:before{content:""}.iconSearch:before{content:""}.iconShare:before{content:""}.iconTimer:before{content:""}.iconTranslate:before{content:""}.iconUser:before{content:""}.iconClose:before{content:""}a{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:inherit}a:focus,a::-moz-focus-inner{outline:none}ol,ul,li,h1,h2,h3,h4,p,a,td,dl,dt,dd,fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;border:0;font-size:1em}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}img{vertical-align:bottom}button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0;outline:none;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical}label,button{cursor:pointer}html{font-size:62.5%}body{font-size:1em}figure{margin:0}.cf::after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.icr{padding:0;display:inline-block;width:40px;height:40px;text-indent:-9999em;overflow:hidden}.icr:before{right:0;width:auto;text-indent:0}.nBtn{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;cursor:pointer;background:none;text-align:left}.nBtn::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}html,body{min-height:100%;background-color:#fffdea}body.modal-open{overflow-y:hidden}a{color:inherit}body{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;min-width:32em;position:relative;overflow-x:hidden;color:#000;margin:0}.capitalize{display:inline-block}.capitalize:first-letter{text-transform:uppercase} @media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.page-header[data-v-59df77e1]{min-height:5.6em;background:#e10000}.page-header .search-term[data-v-59df77e1]{display:none}.page-header.has-search .search-term[data-v-59df77e1]{display:block}.page-header .wrap[data-v-59df77e1]{display:none}.page-header .wrap.expanded[data-v-59df77e1]{display:block}.search-term[data-v-59df77e1]{background:#000;position:absolute !important;z-index:100;left:0;right:0}.search-term[data-v-59df77e1] input{padding:1.5rem 1rem !important;border-width:0 !important;width:100%}.search-term[data-v-59df77e1] span{display:none}.toggle[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1;color:#fffdea;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding:1rem 2rem;border:1px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}.branding[data-v-59df77e1]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:1.1em;margin-left:-1.7em}.branding img[data-v-59df77e1]{display:block;width:3.4em}.bar[data-v-59df77e1]{position:relative;padding:1em}.bar .aside[data-v-59df77e1]{float:right}.bar .user-profile[data-v-59df77e1]{font-size:2.7rem;color:#fffdea;margin-right:0.5rem}.bar .search[data-v-59df77e1]{font-size:2.8em;color:#fffdea;margin-left:0.5rem}.wrap[data-v-59df77e1]{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;padding:1em;background:#000;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.site-nav[data-v-59df77e1]{margin:2em -1rem 0}.nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8em;line-height:1.33333;color:#fffdea;text-align:center;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #333;padding:2rem 1rem}.nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-59df77e1]{color:#000;background:#fffdea}.sub-nav[data-v-59df77e1]{padding:1em 0;border-bottom:1px solid #333}.sub-nav-item[data-v-59df77e1],.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.42857;color:#fffdea;text-align:center;display:block}.sub-nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-59df77e1],.drop-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-59df77e1]{text-decoration:underline}.sub-nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{padding:2rem 1rem}.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]{padding:1.5rem 1rem}.cta[data-v-59df77e1]{width:100%;margin:2rem 0}.nav-dropdown[data-v-59df77e1]{margin-bottom:2em}.nav-dropdown p[data-v-59df77e1],.nav-dropdown .nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{display:none}.cart[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-flex}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.bar .link[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:2.2;color:#fffdea;float:left;position:relative;padding:0 1.2rem}.bar .link[data-v-59df77e1]:first-child:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:50%;right:0;height:2rem;width:1px;margin-top:-1rem;background:#fffdea}.sub-nav-item[data-v-59df77e1],.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-size:1.6em}.sub-nav li[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block;width:50%}.cta-wrap[data-v-59df77e1]{text-align:center}.cta[data-v-59df77e1]{width:23rem;margin:6rem 0 4rem}.nav-dropdown[data-v-59df77e1]{text-align:center;max-width:60em;margin:0 auto 2em}.drop-box[data-v-59df77e1],.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.page-header[data-v-59df77e1]{height:9em;background:#e10000}.page-header.has-subnav[data-v-59df77e1]{height:13em}.page-header.has-double-subnav[data-v-59df77e1]{height:17em}.page-header .wrap[data-v-59df77e1]{transition:transform .2s ease-in .3s;position:fixed;z-index:1000;top:0;left:0;right:0;background:#e10000}.page-header .wrap[data-v-59df77e1]::after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.branding[data-v-59df77e1]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;margin:-2.45em 0 0 -2.45em;width:4.9em}.page-header.home .branding[data-v-59df77e1]{margin:-1.25em 0 0 -8.5em;width:17em}.site-nav[data-v-59df77e1]{padding:0 2em;float:left}.site-nav li[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block}.site-nav .nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{padding:3.5rem 1.5rem 3.5rem 2rem}.site-nav .nav-item.iconArrowDown[data-v-59df77e1]{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:3.5rem}.site-nav .nav-item.iconArrowDown[data-v-59df77e1]:before{font-size:0.6em;left:auto;right:0;margin-top:-18px}.nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.25;color:#fffdea;display:block}.nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]:hover,.nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-59df77e1]{text-decoration:underline}.nav-item.active-drop[data-v-59df77e1]{background:#000;text-decoration:underline}.sub-nav[data-v-59df77e1]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#f2edc7;text-align:center}.sub-nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.5em;line-height:2rem;color:#e10000;display:inline-block;padding:1rem 2rem}.sub-nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]:hover,.sub-nav-item.router-link-active[data-v-59df77e1]{text-decoration:underline}.p-link[data-v-59df77e1]{color:#e10000}.p-link[data-v-59df77e1]:hover{color:#870000}.aside[data-v-59df77e1]{float:right;margin-right:2em;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.aside ul[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block;margin-right:3em}.aside li[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block}.aside .nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:5px;align-items:center;padding:3.5rem 0rem}.nav-dropdown[data-v-59df77e1]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#000}.nav-dropdown.collapsed[data-v-59df77e1]{display:none}.nav-dropdown .inner[data-v-59df77e1]{max-width:129em;margin:0 auto}.drop-box[data-v-59df77e1]{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:25%;box-sizing:border-box;padding:6em 3em}.drop-box .nav-item[data-v-59df77e1]{margin-bottom:2rem}.drop-box p[data-v-59df77e1]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6;color:#fff;margin-bottom:2rem}.drop-box p a[data-v-59df77e1]{color:#fffdea}.drop-box p a[data-v-59df77e1]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]{font-size:1.8em;line-height:1.33;color:#fffdea;display:block;margin-bottom:3rem}.drop-item[data-v-59df77e1]:hover,.drop-item.router-link-active[data-v-59df77e1]{text-decoration:underline}}.sticky-nav[data-v-59df77e1]{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.aside .mobile-submenu[data-v-59df77e1]{display:flex;position:absolute;background-color:white;left:0;min-width:100%;z-index:1;flex-direction:column;padding:3rem;gap:1rem;line-height:3rem;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);margin-top:-0.7rem;align-items:center;font-size:1.8rem}.aside .mobile-submenu a[data-v-59df77e1]:hover{color:#e10000}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.aside ul li[data-v-59df77e1]{position:relative}.aside ul li .submenu[data-v-59df77e1]{display:none;position:absolute;background-color:white;left:0;min-width:100%;z-index:1}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu[data-v-59df77e1]{min-width:200px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:3rem;gap:1rem;line-height:3rem;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu a[data-v-59df77e1]:hover{color:#e10000}} @media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){#app[data-scrolldir="up"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(0)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(-100%)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-13em)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-double-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-17em)}} .search-term[data-v-6047d25e]{position:relative;display:inline-block}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.5;color:#fff;padding:0.5rem 1rem;border:2px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;background:transparent}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]::placeholder{color:#fffdea;opacity:1}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]{position:absolute;left:initial;right:0;top:50%;margin-top:-2rem;color:#fffdea;background:none;border:0}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]:before{font-size:2em} .btn[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-left:1rem;text-align:center;line-height:2.4rem;border:0;background:none;padding:5px;display:inline-block;position:relative}.btn-share[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-size:1.6rem}.btn-share img[data-v-cef5d6ac]{color:#fffdea}.qty[data-v-cef5d6ac]{background-color:#fffdea;color:#e10000;font-size:1.4rem;padding:0 5px;border-radius:10px;margin-right:5px;position:absolute;top:5px;left:27px;coursor:pointer;line-height:2rem} .header[data-v-fa084d8a]{background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;padding:32px 20px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header[data-v-fa084d8a]{padding:64px 20px}}.title[data-v-fa084d8a]{font-size:24px;line-height:32px;font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-fa084d8a]{font-size:42px;line-height:normal}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title[data-v-fa084d8a]{font-size:56px}}.text[data-v-fa084d8a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;text-align:center;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text[data-v-fa084d8a]{font-size:16px;line-height:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text[data-v-fa084d8a]{flex-direction:row;text-align:left;gap:24px}}.text-group[data-v-fa084d8a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:0;width:90%;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text-group[data-v-fa084d8a]{gap:16px;width:678px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-group[data-v-fa084d8a]{max-width:489px}} .menu-section[data-v-6292e19e]{position:sticky;border-bottom:1px solid #B3AF93;margin-bottom:32px;overflow-x:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;z-index:99;top:56px;background-color:#fffdea}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.menu-section[data-v-6292e19e]{display:flex;top:90px}}.menu[data-v-6292e19e]{display:inline-flex;gap:2rem;background-color:#fffdea;margin:0 auto;overflow-x:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #B3AF93;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.menu[data-v-6292e19e]{width:1200px}}.menu[data-v-6292e19e]::-webkit-scrollbar,.menu-section[data-v-6292e19e]::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.section[data-v-6292e19e]{font-size:14px;font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;padding:12px 32px;width:max-content;cursor:pointer}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-6292e19e]{padding:20px 32px;font-size:18px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-6292e19e]{padding:20px 12px}}.selected[data-v-6292e19e]{font-weight:700;border-bottom:2px solid #e10000} .cards[data-v-d1eb5394]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;margin:52px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.cards[data-v-d1eb5394]{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.cards[data-v-d1eb5394]{max-width:1200px}}.card[data-v-d1eb5394]{background-color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-box;padding-top:30px;padding-left:22px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;width:90%;height:max-content;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.card[data-v-d1eb5394]{width:45%;padding-left:26px;gap:18px;height:296px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.card[data-v-d1eb5394]{padding-left:24px;width:288px;height:325px}}.images[data-v-d1eb5394]{display:flex;gap:6px}.image[data-v-d1eb5394]{width:53px;height:53px}.arrow[data-v-d1eb5394]{width:18px;height:10px;margin-top:3px}.title[data-v-d1eb5394]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;width:260px;cursor:pointer}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-d1eb5394]{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;width:initial}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title[data-v-d1eb5394]{height:48px}}.subsections[data-v-d1eb5394]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}.subsection[data-v-d1eb5394]{display:flex;gap:6px;align-items:start}.subsection p[data-v-d1eb5394]{font-size:14px;font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;cursor:pointer} .section[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:90%;margin:40px auto 24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-b11e13e8]{margin-top:72px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:1200px;margin:96px auto 12px}}.section-title[data-v-b11e13e8]{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title[data-v-b11e13e8]{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;flex-direction:row}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-title[data-v-b11e13e8]{align-items:start;width:998px;margin:0 auto}}.section-title p[data-v-b11e13e8]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#e10000;font-weight:700;font-size:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title p[data-v-b11e13e8]{font-size:32px}}.images[data-v-b11e13e8]{display:flex;gap:16px}.images-wheel[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:64px;height:64px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.images-wheel[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:97px;height:97px}}.images-education[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:64px;height:64px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.images-education[data-v-b11e13e8]{width:100px;height:100px}} .books-and-series-section[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;width:90%;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.books-and-series-section[data-v-d2412084]{gap:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.books-and-series-section[data-v-d2412084]{width:1200px;margin:-24px auto 24px}}.books[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.books[data-v-d2412084]{gap:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.books[data-v-d2412084]{width:998px;margin:0 auto}}.section-title[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title[data-v-d2412084]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.subsection[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.subsection-title[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.subsection-title[data-v-d2412084]{font-size:18px}}.text[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;gap:16px;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text[data-v-d2412084]{flex-direction:row}}.text p[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text p[data-v-d2412084]{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;flex:1}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text p[data-v-d2412084]{flex-direction:row}}.red[data-v-d2412084]{color:#e10000}.series-cards[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;margin-bottom:36px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.series-cards[data-v-d2412084]{flex-direction:row;width:90%;margin-bottom:12px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.series-cards[data-v-d2412084]{width:1200px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.series-cards-title[data-v-d2412084]{width:996px;margin:0 auto}}.ku-section[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.ku-section[data-v-d2412084]{width:998px;margin:0 auto 24px}}.ku-select[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;gap:16px;margin-top:-60px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.ku-select[data-v-d2412084]{flex-direction:row;gap:102px;margin-top:initial}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.ku-select[data-v-d2412084]{gap:116px}}.ku-select-about[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif}.ku-select-about__title[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase}.ku-select-about__text[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.ku-select-about__text[data-v-d2412084]{gap:20px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.ku-select-about__text[data-v-d2412084]{gap:24px;width:694px}}.ku-logo[data-v-d2412084]{width:48px;height:42px;align-self:flex-end}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.ku-logo[data-v-d2412084]{width:72px;height:72px;align-self:flex-start}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.ku-logo[data-v-d2412084]{width:85px;height:76px}}.book-list[data-v-d2412084]{width:100%;margin-top:40px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.book-list[data-v-d2412084]{margin-top:24px;width:1200px}}.book-list-title[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:2px}.sdg-related-oa-books[data-v-d2412084]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;margin:0 auto;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdg-related-oa-books[data-v-d2412084]{width:998px;margin:24px auto}}.sdg-related-oa-books__title[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase}.sdg-related-oa-books__text[data-v-d2412084]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdg-related-oa-books__text[data-v-d2412084]{width:694px}}.button[data-v-d2412084]{box-sizing:border-box;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;border:none;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;border-radius:4px;height:42px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;align-self:flex-start;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.button[data-v-d2412084]{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;height:52px}}[data-v-d2412084] .swiper-pagination-bullet,[data-v-d2412084] .books-list__header{display:none} .serie[data-v-085c3f96]{width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;border:1px solid var(--neutrals-medium, #B3AF93);padding-bottom:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.serie[data-v-085c3f96]{width:335px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.serie[data-v-085c3f96]{height:343px;width:592px;padding-bottom:50px;gap:22px}}.serie-cover[data-v-085c3f96]{object-fit:cover;height:76px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.serie-cover[data-v-085c3f96]{height:82px}}.serie-card[data-v-085c3f96]{padding-left:12px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.serie-card[data-v-085c3f96]{gap:24px;padding-left:28px}}.title[data-v-085c3f96]{color:#e10000;font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-size:21px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title[data-v-085c3f96]{font-size:36px}}.serie-info[data-v-085c3f96]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.serie-info[data-v-085c3f96]{width:475px}}.serie-doi-issn[data-v-085c3f96]{display:flex;gap:6px}.serie-stats[data-v-085c3f96]{display:flex;gap:4px}.serie-info__text[data-v-085c3f96]{font-size:10px;font-weight:700;margin-right:4px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;line-height:normal}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.serie-info__text[data-v-085c3f96]{line-height:24px;font-size:16px}}.regular-font[data-v-085c3f96]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;text-transform:lowercase}.editor[data-v-085c3f96]{display:flex;gap:20px;margin-top:12px}.editor-image[data-v-085c3f96]{width:80px;height:80px;border-radius:8px}.editor-info[data-v-085c3f96]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:center;gap:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-info[data-v-085c3f96]{gap:10px}}.editor-info p[data-v-085c3f96]:first-child{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-info p[data-v-085c3f96]:first-child{font-size:14px}}.editor-info__name[data-v-085c3f96]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-info__name[data-v-085c3f96]{font-size:24px}}.editor-info__institution[data-v-085c3f96]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;width:250px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-info__institution[data-v-085c3f96]{width:290px;font-size:16px}}.bull[data-v-085c3f96]{align-self:center;margin-left:4px} .books-list__header[data-v-1b1bb206]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;min-height:4rem}[data-v-1b1bb206] .swiper-container{padding:3rem 0 0}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){[data-v-1b1bb206] .swiper-container{padding:0rem 0 0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){[data-v-1b1bb206] .swiper-container{padding:5rem 3.7rem 0;margin-left:-3.7rem;margin-right:-3.7rem}}.nav-btns[data-v-1b1bb206]{position:absolute;top:calc(40% - 2.4rem);left:0;right:0;z-index:5;transform:translateY(-50%);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;pointer-events:none;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdgHubNavBtns[data-v-1b1bb206]{transform:translateY(0%);left:-10px;width:102%}}.swiper-button[data-v-1b1bb206]{box-sizing:border-box;width:4rem;height:4rem;background-color:#ffffff;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:4px;padding:1.2rem;cursor:pointer;background-size:2.4rem;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;pointer-events:auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.swiper-button[data-v-1b1bb206]{width:6.4rem;height:6.4rem}}.swiper-button--prev[data-v-1b1bb206]{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);transform:translateX(-50%)}.swiper-button--next[data-v-1b1bb206]{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);transform:rotate(180deg) translateX(-50%)}.swiper-button-disabled[data-v-1b1bb206]{visibility:hidden}.pages[data-v-1b1bb206]{margin-top:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.pages[data-v-1b1bb206]{margin-top:4rem}}.sdgPages[data-v-1b1bb206]{display:flex}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdgPages[data-v-1b1bb206]{display:none}}.title[data-v-1b1bb206]{flex:1;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-align:left;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}}.sdgHubStyle[data-v-1b1bb206]{color:#E10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;text-transform:none;margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:0rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.sdgHubStyle[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:2.8rem;line-height:2.1rem;margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdgHubStyle[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:3.2rem;line-height:2.4rem;margin-bottom:0rem;margin-top:3rem}}.book-item[data-v-1b1bb206],.chapter-item[data-v-1b1bb206]{margin:0 auto;width:100%}.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]{display:block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-align:center;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;color:#fffdea;padding:1rem 2.35rem;border-radius:4px;background:#e10000;cursor:pointer}.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]:hover{background:#870000}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}} .swiper-body[data-v-32859338]{position:relative}.pages[data-v-32859338]{display:flex;margin-right:2.4rem}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#FBB2B2;width:1.0rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#E10000}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}.pages-light[data-v-32859338]{display:flex;margin-right:2.4rem}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#F08080;width:1.0rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#FFFDEA}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem} .book-item[data-v-50c7af74]{position:relative;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.book-item__downloads[data-v-50c7af74]{display:flex;align-items:center;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:10;transform:translate(0%, -50%);font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.2rem;letter-spacing:1px;padding:1rem 0.3rem;background-color:#ffffff;box-shadow:0px 0.4rem 0.4rem rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.book-item__downloads img[data-v-50c7af74]{display:inline-block;height:1.4rem;width:1.4rem;margin-right:0.5rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.book-item__downloads[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;transform:translate(20%, -50%)}.book-item__downloads img[data-v-50c7af74]{height:2rem;width:2rem}}.cover-wrap[data-v-50c7af74]{max-width:21.4rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.title[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;color:#e10000;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0.8rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.edited[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-align:left}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.edited[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3em;line-height:1.69231em;color:#fffdea;padding:1px .76923em 0;background:#e10000;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-top:1.5rem}.tag[data-v-50c7af74]:hover{background:#b40000}.deadline[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;text-align:left;margin-bottom:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.deadline[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.deadline .highlight[data-v-50c7af74]{display:block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.deadline .highlight[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.deadline .strikethrough[data-v-50c7af74]{text-decoration:line-through}a.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{display:inline-block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;max-width:19.4rem;margin:0 auto 0 0;padding:0.8rem 1.7rem;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){a.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;padding:1.4rem 3.2rem}}.published-date[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;color:#807D69;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left;margin-top:0.8rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.published-date[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}} .cover-wrap[data-v-eb7322e6]{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden}.cover-wrap a[data-v-eb7322e6]{display:block}.cover-wrap[data-v-eb7322e6]:after{content:'';position:absolute;left:-1px;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;box-shadow:3px 0px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);z-index:10}.cover-wrap[data-v-eb7322e6]:before{content:'';position:absolute;left:3%;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-right:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.08);box-shadow:-1px 0px 2px rgba(255,255,255,0.3);z-index:10}.lazy-image[data-v-eb7322e6]{display:block;width:100%}.svg[data-v-eb7322e6]{position:absolute;top:50%;left:0;z-index:1;width:100%;transform:translateY(-50%)}.text[data-v-eb7322e6]{color:#fffad2;padding:0 2em;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:2;width:100%;white-space:normal}.text .book-topic[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1.3em;display:block;padding-bottom:0.25rem}.text .title[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1.8em;display:block}@media screen and (max-width: 30em){.text .title[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1.6em;margin-bottom:1rem}}.text .seven-thousand[data-v-eb7322e6]{margin-bottom:0}.text .sub-title[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1.1em;display:block}.text .tentative-title[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1.3em;display:block;padding-top:0.75rem}.text .editors[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:1em;font-style:italic;margin-top:1rem;display:block}.text .margin-small[data-v-eb7322e6]{margin-top:0.3rem}.cover-wrap.top .text[data-v-eb7322e6]{top:40%}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.cover-wrap.top .text[data-v-eb7322e6]{top:35%}}.cover-wrap.middle .text[data-v-eb7322e6]{top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}.caption[data-v-eb7322e6]{background-color:#ffffff;box-shadow:0px 4px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);position:absolute;top:10px;left:50%;z-index:10;transform:translateX(-25%);display:inline-flex;padding:5px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:124px;box-sizing:border-box}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.caption[data-v-eb7322e6]{transform:translateX(-15%);top:5px;width:167px;padding:8px}}.caption-text[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:10px;font-family:'FS Brabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;line-height:normal;text-transform:uppercase;font-variant:all-small-caps}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.caption-text[data-v-eb7322e6]{font-size:14px}}.nobel[data-v-eb7322e6]{gap:4px;width:142px;transform:translateX(-35%)}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.nobel[data-v-eb7322e6]{transform:translateX(-20%);width:196px}}.nobel img[data-v-eb7322e6]{width:17px;height:17px}.nobel p[data-v-eb7322e6]{text-align:center}.ku-logo[data-v-eb7322e6]{width:18px;height:18px;position:absolute;bottom:10%;left:50%;transform:translate(-25%, 0)} .lazy-image[data-v-c6fa12ae]{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;background-color:#fffcdd}.lazy-image.ar1[data-v-c6fa12ae]{padding-bottom:144.3%}.lazy-image.ar2[data-v-c6fa12ae]{padding-bottom:100%}.image[data-v-c6fa12ae]{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;width:100%;min-height:100%}.fade-enter-active[data-v-c6fa12ae],.fade-leave-active[data-v-c6fa12ae]{transition:opacity .5s ease-in}.fade-enter[data-v-c6fa12ae],.fade-leave-to[data-v-c6fa12ae]{transform:scale(1);opacity:0} .journals[data-v-5cccd0f0]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:90%;margin:40px auto;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journals[data-v-5cccd0f0]{gap:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.journals[data-v-5cccd0f0]{width:998px}}.journals-logo[data-v-5cccd0f0]{height:19px;align-self:flex-start}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journals-logo[data-v-5cccd0f0]{height:25.6px;width:226px}}.journals-title[data-v-5cccd0f0]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journals-title[data-v-5cccd0f0]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.journals-highlighted[data-v-5cccd0f0]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.5px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journals-highlighted[data-v-5cccd0f0]{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:1px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-5cccd0f0]{width:692px}}.link[data-v-5cccd0f0]{color:#e10000;text-decoration:underline}.link[data-v-5cccd0f0]:hover{color:#870000} .journal[data-v-162e0134]{width:90%;margin:72px auto 40px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journal[data-v-162e0134]{width:90%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);gap:24px 16px;margin-top:40px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.journal[data-v-162e0134]{width:1200px;margin-top:56px}}.journal-banner[data-v-162e0134]{width:100%;position:relative;height:260px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journal-banner[data-v-162e0134]{height:356px}}.journal-banner--background[data-v-162e0134]{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journal-banner--background[data-v-162e0134]{width:92%;right:0;left:initial}}.journal-banner--content[data-v-162e0134]{box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#105e58;color:#fffdea;width:90%;position:absolute;top:-40px;left:5%;padding:40px 24px 24px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:start;gap:40px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.journal-banner--content[data-v-162e0134]{left:0;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);height:312px;padding-top:28px;padding-left:26px;gap:70px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.journal-banner--content[data-v-162e0134]{justify-content:space-evenly;padding-top:38px;padding-left:42px;gap:54px}}.editor[data-v-162e0134]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}.editor-title[data-v-162e0134]{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Relative', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-title[data-v-162e0134]{font-size:16px}}.editor-name[data-v-162e0134]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-size:18px;font-style:italic}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-name[data-v-162e0134]{font-size:32px}}.editor-institution[data-v-162e0134]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:12px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.editor-institution[data-v-162e0134]{font-size:16px}} .article[data-v-aa6d5c02]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #b3af93}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.article[data-v-aa6d5c02]{height:330px;padding-bottom:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.article[data-v-aa6d5c02]{gap:24px;height:313px}}.article-type[data-v-aa6d5c02]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px}.article-type img[data-v-aa6d5c02]{width:20px;height:20px}.article-title[data-v-aa6d5c02]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;color:#105e58;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.article-title[data-v-aa6d5c02]{line-height:27px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.article-title[data-v-aa6d5c02]{font-size:24px;line-height:32px}}.article-author[data-v-aa6d5c02]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.article-author[data-v-aa6d5c02]{font-size:18px;line-height:25.2px}}.gray[data-v-aa6d5c02]{color:#807d69}.article-lg[data-v-aa6d5c02]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #b3af93}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.article-lg[data-v-aa6d5c02]{height:356px;padding-bottom:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.article-lg[data-v-aa6d5c02]{gap:24px}} .white-bg[data-v-08475490]{background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.white-bg[data-v-08475490]{margin-top:70px}}.content[data-v-08475490]{width:100%;margin:0 auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:32px 0 20px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.content[data-v-08475490]{width:1200px}}.text[data-v-08475490]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;padding:0 5%}.text-title[data-v-08475490]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text-title[data-v-08475490]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.text-about[data-v-08475490]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text-about[data-v-08475490]{font-size:16px;line-height:normal;width:512px}}.text-source[data-v-08475490]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:12px;line-height:16px}.image[data-v-08475490]{width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.image[data-v-08475490]{height:570px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.image[data-v-08475490]{height:626px;width:100%}}.news-slider__pagination[data-v-08475490]{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;z-index:10;width:90%;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.news-slider__pagination[data-v-08475490]{justify-content:end;align-items:center;margin-bottom:12px}}.pages[data-v-08475490]{margin-right:2.4rem;align-self:flex-end}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.pages[data-v-08475490]{align-self:center}}.pages[data-v-08475490] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#fbb2b2;width:1rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages[data-v-08475490] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#e10000}.pages[data-v-08475490] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}.nav-btn[data-v-08475490]{width:36px;height:36px;background-color:#e10000;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:2.25px;padding:1.2rem;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background-size:14px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.nav-btn[data-v-08475490]{width:6.4rem;height:6.4rem;background-size:24px}}.nav-btn[data-v-08475490]:hover{background-color:#870000}.nav-btn+.nav-btn[data-v-08475490]{margin-left:0.8rem}.inner[data-v-08475490]{width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:60px 0 48px;position:relative}.left[data-v-08475490]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:100px;margin-top:-20px;justify-content:end}.overview-content[data-v-08475490]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;width:344px}.overview-content-source[data-v-08475490]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:12px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){[data-v-08475490] .swiper-body{display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse;gap:44px;align-items:flex-end}}.white-bg-large[data-v-08475490]{margin-top:-20px;background:linear-gradient(to top, #fff 464px, transparent 50%)} .section-intro[data-v-05049310]{margin:40px auto 24px;width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-intro[data-v-05049310]{width:998px;margin-top:80px;flex-direction:row-reverse;justify-content:space-between;gap:94px}}.section-intro-images[data-v-05049310]{display:flex;gap:14px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-intro-images[data-v-05049310]{gap:16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-intro-images[data-v-05049310]{gap:14px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr)}}.section-intro-images img[data-v-05049310]{width:64px;height:64px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-intro-images img[data-v-05049310]{width:100px;height:100px}}.section-intro-text[data-v-05049310]{gap:24px;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-intro-text[data-v-05049310]{gap:48px}}.title[data-v-05049310]{color:#e10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:24px;line-height:36px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-05049310]{font-size:32px;line-height:normal}}.medium[data-v-05049310]{margin:64px auto 40px;width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}.medium-intro[data-v-05049310]{display:flex;gap:16px;justify-content:space-between}.intro-images[data-v-05049310]{display:flex;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.intro-images img[data-v-05049310]{width:72px;height:72px}} .open-science[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{width:90%;margin:0 auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.open-science[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{width:998px;margin:24px auto}}.open-science-title[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.open-science-title[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.webinars[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.webinars[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{flex-direction:row}}.learn-more-link[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{color:#e10000}.learn-more-link[data-v-d5f4cf0a]:hover{color:#870000}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{width:692px}}.pages[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{justify-content:end;margin-top:10px}.pages[data-v-d5f4cf0a] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#fbb2b2;width:1rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages[data-v-d5f4cf0a] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#e10000}.pages[data-v-d5f4cf0a] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}.button[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{box-sizing:border-box;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;border:none;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;border-radius:4px;height:42px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;align-self:flex-start;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.button[data-v-d5f4cf0a]{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;height:52px}} .webinar[data-v-2874bb21]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.webinar[data-v-2874bb21]{gap:12px}}.webinar-card[data-v-2874bb21]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:17px 21px 29px 18px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10.5px;color:#fffdea;height:156px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.webinar-card[data-v-2874bb21]{width:336px;height:156px}}.webinar-number[data-v-2874bb21]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:5.28px}.webinar-title[data-v-2874bb21]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px}.webinar-title__series[data-v-2874bb21]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}.webinar-title__name[data-v-2874bb21]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:4.4px;line-height:24px}.webinar-date[data-v-2874bb21]{display:flex;gap:8.5px;align-items:center}.webinar-date img[data-v-2874bb21]{height:13.7px;width:12.3px}.webinar-date p[data-v-2874bb21]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.04px;line-height:20.87px}.recording[data-v-2874bb21]{color:#e10000}.recording[data-v-2874bb21]:hover{color:#870000} .waiver-policy[data-v-7d40017c]{width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;margin:24px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.waiver-policy[data-v-7d40017c]{gap:24px;margin-bottom:8px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.waiver-policy[data-v-7d40017c]{width:998px;margin:48px auto}}.waiver-policy-button[data-v-7d40017c]{box-sizing:border-box;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;border:none;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;border-radius:4px;height:42px;width:200px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.waiver-policy-button[data-v-7d40017c]{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;height:52px;width:228px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-7d40017c]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-7d40017c]{width:692px}} .section[data-v-79fb8b9f]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;margin:24px auto;width:90%}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-79fb8b9f]{margin:0 auto 40px;gap:24px}}.title[data-v-79fb8b9f]{display:flex;gap:68px;justify-content:space-between}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-79fb8b9f]{align-items:flex-end}}.title img[data-v-79fb8b9f]{width:40px;height:40px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title img[data-v-79fb8b9f]{width:62px;height:62px}}.large[data-v-79fb8b9f]{width:998px;margin:48px auto 56px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:212px}.large img[data-v-79fb8b9f]{width:84px;height:84px}.text-section[data-v-79fb8b9f]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-79fb8b9f]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}} .section[data-v-584a49cb]{box-sizing:border-box;z-index:3;background-color:#ffffff;width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:36px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-584a49cb]{gap:16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-584a49cb]{margin:32px auto;width:1200px;padding:40px 0 70px 50px}}.about[data-v-584a49cb]{padding:24px 5%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.about[data-v-584a49cb]{flex-direction:row;padding-top:45px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.about[data-v-584a49cb]{gap:40px}}.about-text[data-v-584a49cb]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.about-text--content[data-v-584a49cb]{width:505px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.about-text--content[data-v-584a49cb]{width:initial}}.images[data-v-584a49cb]{display:flex;align-items:start;gap:6.5px;z-index:10}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.images[data-v-584a49cb]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);gap:6px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.images[data-v-584a49cb]{display:flex;gap:6.6px;align-self:center}}.image-fsc[data-v-584a49cb]{width:76.5px;height:110.6px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.image-fsc[data-v-584a49cb]{width:75px;height:108.5px}}.image-pefc[data-v-584a49cb]{width:71.4px;height:116.5px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.image-pefc[data-v-584a49cb]{width:70.2px;height:114.5px}}.image-ecolabel[data-v-584a49cb]{width:76.5px;height:92.5px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.image-ecolabel[data-v-584a49cb]{width:75px;height:90.7px}}.image-bronze[data-v-584a49cb]{width:76.3px;height:74.8px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.image-bronze[data-v-584a49cb]{width:70.5px;height:69.1px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-584a49cb]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}} .solutions-and-delivery[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.solutions-and-delivery[data-v-9e64fac6]{flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;gap:56px;margin-left:30px}}.delivery[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;width:100%;margin-top:-72px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.delivery[data-v-9e64fac6]{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;width:380px;gap:100px;margin-top:-140px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.delivery[data-v-9e64fac6]{flex-direction:column;align-items:end;gap:24px;margin-top:-120px}}.delivery-companies[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;width:90%}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.delivery-companies[data-v-9e64fac6]{gap:12px;width:300px;margin-bottom:120px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.delivery-companies[data-v-9e64fac6]{justify-content:start;width:380px;margin-bottom:0}}.package[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:464px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.package[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:453px;width:370px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.package[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:492px;width:380px}}.dhl[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:43.5px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.dhl[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:39px;width:170px}}.go-green[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:68px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.go-green[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:61px;width:111.5px}}.lines[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;height:300px}.lines img[data-v-9e64fac6]{position:absolute}.solutions[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.solutions-lg[data-v-9e64fac6]{height:360px;z-index:2;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);column-gap:10px;row-gap:10px;padding-left:20px;align-content:space-around;width:680px;position:relative}.lines-text[data-v-9e64fac6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:270px;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;gap:8px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.lines-text[data-v-9e64fac6]{position:initial}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.lines-text[data-v-9e64fac6]{width:237px}}.lines-text-title[data-v-9e64fac6]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:20%}.lines-text p[data-v-9e64fac6]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}.first[data-v-9e64fac6],.third[data-v-9e64fac6]{top:2%;left:12%;transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateY(0)}.second[data-v-9e64fac6]{bottom:5%;left:12%;transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateY(0)}.fourth[data-v-9e64fac6]{bottom:-4%;left:12%;transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateY(0)}.lines-lg[data-v-9e64fac6]{position:absolute}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.lines-lg[data-v-9e64fac6]{width:660px;top:6%}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.lines-lg[data-v-9e64fac6]{width:660px;top:initial}} .section[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:40px auto;width:90%;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-d11d85fe]{gap:48px;width:998px;margin:56px auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-d11d85fe]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.subtitle[data-v-d11d85fe]{width:550px}}.items[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.items[data-v-d11d85fe]{gap:32px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.items[data-v-d11d85fe]{flex-direction:row;gap:86px}}.first[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.first[data-v-d11d85fe]{gap:32px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.first[data-v-d11d85fe]{width:452px;gap:48px}}.second[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.second[data-v-d11d85fe]{width:452px;margin-top:-38px}}.item[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item[data-v-d11d85fe]{gap:24px}}.item-intro[data-v-d11d85fe]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.item-intro-r4l[data-v-d11d85fe]{align-items:flex-end}.item-intro-aid[data-v-d11d85fe]{align-items:flex-end}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.item-intro-aid[data-v-d11d85fe]{align-items:flex-start}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.item-about-aid[data-v-d11d85fe]{margin-top:-76px;width:600px}}.item-title[data-v-d11d85fe]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-title[data-v-d11d85fe]{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:2px}}.item-logo-r4l[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:40px;width:123px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-logo-r4l[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:52px;width:160px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.item-logo-r4l[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:50px;width:154px}}.item-logo-zendy[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:17.25px;width:88px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-logo-zendy[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:22px;width:112px}}.item-logo-book-aid[data-v-d11d85fe]{width:53px;height:84px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-logo-book-aid[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:91px;width:58px}}.two-women[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:86px;margin-bottom:5px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.two-women[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:185px;margin-top:8px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.two-women[data-v-d11d85fe]{height:122px}} .intro[data-v-54728878]{width:90%;margin:40px auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.intro[data-v-54728878]{margin-top:64px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.intro[data-v-54728878]{width:998px;margin:96px auto 48px}}.title-section[data-v-54728878]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}.title[data-v-54728878]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-54728878]{flex-direction:row-reverse;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title[data-v-54728878]{align-items:start}}.title p[data-v-54728878]{color:#e10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:24px;line-height:36px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title p[data-v-54728878]{font-size:32px;line-height:normal}}.title img[data-v-54728878]{width:64px;height:64px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title img[data-v-54728878]{width:72px;height:72px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.title img[data-v-54728878]{width:100px;height:100px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-54728878]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.subtitle[data-v-54728878]{margin-top:-48px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-54728878]{width:692px}}.link[data-v-54728878]{box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;border-radius:4px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:290px;height:42px;margin-top:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.link[data-v-54728878]{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;width:360px;height:52px;margin-top:40px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.link[data-v-54728878]{margin-top:24px}} .section[data-v-39db5b96]{width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:30px;margin:24px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-39db5b96]{margin-top:0;gap:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-39db5b96]{width:998px;margin:40px auto;flex-direction:row;align-items:center}}.kudos[data-v-39db5b96]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}.kudos-logo[data-v-39db5b96]{align-self:flex-start;height:26px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.kudos-logo[data-v-39db5b96]{height:34px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.kudos-text[data-v-39db5b96]{width:386px}}.kudos-text span[data-v-39db5b96]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-style:italic}.kudos-link[data-v-39db5b96]{box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;border-radius:4px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:220px;height:42px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.kudos-link[data-v-39db5b96]{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;height:52px;width:240px}}.tablet-img[data-v-39db5b96]{height:248px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.tablet-img[data-v-39db5b96]{height:494px;margin-left:-20px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.tablet-img[data-v-39db5b96]{height:460px;width:683px}} .content[data-v-156e80a6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:40px;width:90%;margin:24px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.content[data-v-156e80a6]{margin:40px auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.content[data-v-156e80a6]{width:794px;margin:36px auto;gap:48px}}.section[data-v-156e80a6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}.section-title[data-v-156e80a6]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title[data-v-156e80a6]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-156e80a6]{width:692px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.graph[data-v-156e80a6]{height:606px;width:794px;margin:0 auto}}.numbers[data-v-156e80a6]{margin-bottom:30px}.navigation[data-v-156e80a6]{display:flex;justify-content:end;margin-top:20px}[data-v-156e80a6] .swiper-body{width:90%}[data-v-156e80a6] .swiper-body .pages{align-self:center}[data-v-156e80a6] .swiper-body .pages /deep/ .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#fbb2b2;width:1rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}[data-v-156e80a6] .swiper-body .pages /deep/ .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#e10000}.ghg[data-v-156e80a6]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:14px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.subtitle[data-v-156e80a6]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}.mobile[data-v-156e80a6]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:30px} .section[data-v-620a6b2a]{margin:40px auto;width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section[data-v-620a6b2a]{margin:64px auto 16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-620a6b2a]{width:998px;margin:96px auto 48px;gap:32px}}.section-intro[data-v-620a6b2a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-intro[data-v-620a6b2a]{flex-direction:row-reverse}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-intro[data-v-620a6b2a]{gap:210px}}.section-intro--images[data-v-620a6b2a]{display:flex;gap:14px}.section-intro--images img[data-v-620a6b2a]{height:64px;width:64px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-intro--images img[data-v-620a6b2a]{width:69.6px;height:72px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-intro--images img[data-v-620a6b2a]{width:100px;height:100px}}.section-intro--title[data-v-620a6b2a]{color:#e10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:24px;line-height:36px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-intro--title[data-v-620a6b2a]{font-size:32px;line-height:normal}}.section-text[data-v-620a6b2a]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-text[data-v-620a6b2a]{font-size:16px;line-height:24px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section-text[data-v-620a6b2a]{width:690px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text-content[data-v-620a6b2a]{width:692px}} .reports[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;width:90%;margin:24px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.reports[data-v-4ec77443]{width:998px;gap:48px}}.report[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.report[data-v-4ec77443]{margin-top:16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.report[data-v-4ec77443]{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:48px}}.report-video[data-v-4ec77443]{height:200px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.report-video[data-v-4ec77443]{height:430px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.report-video[data-v-4ec77443]{height:350px;width:560px}}.report-about[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.report-about[data-v-4ec77443]{gap:24px}}.report-text[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.report-text[data-v-4ec77443]{width:390px}}.report-year[data-v-4ec77443]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.report-year[data-v-4ec77443]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.download[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;gap:16px;align-items:center}.download-link[data-v-4ec77443]{color:#e10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#e10000;font-size:14px;line-height:24px}.download-link[data-v-4ec77443]:hover{color:#870000}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.download-link[data-v-4ec77443]{font-size:16px}}.download-icon[data-v-4ec77443]{width:11px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.download-icon[data-v-4ec77443]{width:12px}}.swiper-button[data-v-4ec77443]{box-sizing:border-box;width:4rem;height:4rem;background-color:#e10000;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:2.25px;padding:1.2rem;cursor:pointer;background-size:14px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;pointer-events:auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.swiper-button[data-v-4ec77443]{width:6.4rem;height:6.4rem;background-size:24px}}.swiper-button--prev[data-v-4ec77443]{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)}.swiper-button--next[data-v-4ec77443]{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)}.swiper-button-disabled[data-v-4ec77443]{visibility:hidden}.pages[data-v-4ec77443]{margin-top:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.pages[data-v-4ec77443]{margin-top:4rem}}.nav-btns[data-v-4ec77443]{display:flex;gap:10px;justify-content:end;pointer-events:none} .intro[data-v-437f5120]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;width:90%;margin:40px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.intro[data-v-437f5120]{width:998px;margin:48px auto;gap:20px}}.intro-title[data-v-437f5120]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.intro-title[data-v-437f5120]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text[data-v-437f5120]{width:692px}} .content[data-v-76d196be]{width:90%;margin:24px auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.content[data-v-76d196be]{width:998px}}.employee-diversity[data-v-76d196be]{height:78px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.employee-diversity[data-v-76d196be]{height:113.5px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.employee-diversity[data-v-76d196be]{margin-bottom:24px}}.gender-equality[data-v-76d196be]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}.gender-equality--title[data-v-76d196be]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.gender-equality--title[data-v-76d196be]{font-size:16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.gender-equality--text[data-v-76d196be]{width:692px}}.management-board[data-v-76d196be]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.management-board[data-v-76d196be]{gap:48px}}.management-board img[data-v-76d196be]{width:150px;height:144px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.management-board img[data-v-76d196be]{height:245px;width:257px}}.management-board-text[data-v-76d196be]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.management-board-text[data-v-76d196be]{width:390px}}.management-board-text__title[data-v-76d196be]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-size:18px;font-style:italic}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.management-board-text__title[data-v-76d196be]{font-size:24px}}.women-in-science[data-v-76d196be]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.women-in-science[data-v-76d196be]{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:43px;width:1200px}}.women-in-science-text[data-v-76d196be]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.women-in-science-text[data-v-76d196be]{width:390px;overflow-x:visible}}.women-in-science-link[data-v-76d196be]{background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;height:42px;width:85%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.women-in-science-link[data-v-76d196be]{width:353px;height:52px}}.women-in-science img[data-v-76d196be]{height:255px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.women-in-science img[data-v-76d196be]{height:508px;margin-left:-16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.women-in-science img[data-v-76d196be]{width:683px;height:471px}}.text[data-v-76d196be]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text[data-v-76d196be]{line-height:24px;font-size:16px}}.border[data-v-76d196be]{height:1px;background-color:#ccc7a8;margin-top:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.border[data-v-76d196be]{width:1400px;margin-left:-100px}} .section[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:90%;margin:24px auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:998px}}.rising-stars[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:43px;width:1200px}}.rising-stars-text[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars-text[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:390px;overflow-x:visible}}.rising-stars-link[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;height:42px;width:85%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.rising-stars-link[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:353px;height:52px}}.rising-stars img[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{height:255px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.rising-stars img[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{height:508px;margin-left:-16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars img[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:683px;height:471px}}.border[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{height:1px;background-color:#ccc7a8;margin-top:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.border[data-v-7a2f1dcc]{width:1400px;margin-left:-100px}} .section[data-v-2c2d8462]{width:90%;margin:24px auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.section[data-v-2c2d8462]{width:998px}}.rising-stars[data-v-2c2d8462]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars[data-v-2c2d8462]{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:43px;width:1200px}}.rising-stars-text[data-v-2c2d8462]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars-text[data-v-2c2d8462]{width:390px;overflow-x:visible}}.rising-stars-link[data-v-2c2d8462]{background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:14px;line-height:23.75px;height:42px;width:85%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.rising-stars-link[data-v-2c2d8462]{width:353px;height:52px}}.rising-stars img[data-v-2c2d8462]{height:255px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.rising-stars img[data-v-2c2d8462]{height:508px;margin-left:-16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.rising-stars img[data-v-2c2d8462]{width:683px;height:471px}} .disability-and-work[data-v-5147797a]{width:90%;margin:40px auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.disability-and-work[data-v-5147797a]{width:998px;gap:48px}}.disability-and-work .title[data-v-5147797a]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.disability-and-work .title[data-v-5147797a]{font-size:24px;line-height:36px}}.programs[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.programs[data-v-5147797a]{flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;gap:88px}}.first[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.first[data-v-5147797a]{gap:40px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.second[data-v-5147797a]{margin-top:-20px}}.program[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.program[data-v-5147797a]{width:460px;gap:24px}}.program-title[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.program-title[data-v-5147797a]{align-items:end}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.program-title[data-v-5147797a]{align-items:start}}.program-title .subtitle[data-v-5147797a]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:1.5px;line-height:20px;width:204px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.program-title .subtitle[data-v-5147797a]{width:initial;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:2px}}.text[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.text[data-v-5147797a]{gap:0px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.fit-office[data-v-5147797a]{height:28px;width:160px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.fit-office[data-v-5147797a]{width:155px;height:27px}}.wings-for-life[data-v-5147797a]{width:82px;height:38px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.wings-for-life[data-v-5147797a]{height:67px;width:144px}}.world-run-images[data-v-5147797a]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.world-run[data-v-5147797a]{width:450px;height:276px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.wfl-title[data-v-5147797a]{align-items:end}} .highlights[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:90%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px;margin:48px auto}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.highlights[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:1200px;gap:48px;margin:64px auto 128px}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.highlights--title[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:998px;margin:0 auto}}.highlights--swiper[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:100%}.item[data-v-2ba06fbf]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:32px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.item[data-v-2ba06fbf]{flex-direction:row;gap:58px}}.item-img[data-v-2ba06fbf]{border:solid 1px black}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.item-img[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:550px;height:auto}}.item-data[data-v-2ba06fbf]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:20px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.item-data[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:584px;justify-content:space-between}}.item-data__date[data-v-2ba06fbf]{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:16px}.item-data__title[data-v-2ba06fbf]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:24px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-data__title[data-v-2ba06fbf]{font-size:32px}}.item-data__text[data-v-2ba06fbf]{font-size:16px;font-family:'FSBrabo', serif}.item-data__link[data-v-2ba06fbf]{font-size:14px;color:#fffdea;background-color:#e10000;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;align-self:flex-start;border-radius:4px;padding:10px 18px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.item-data__link[data-v-2ba06fbf]{font-size:16px;padding:20px 30px;margin-top:10px}}.news-slider__pagination[data-v-2ba06fbf]{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.news-slider__pagination[data-v-2ba06fbf]{align-items:center;margin-top:44px;margin-bottom:12px}}.pages[data-v-2ba06fbf]{margin-right:2.4rem;align-self:flex-end}.pages[data-v-2ba06fbf] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#fbb2b2;width:1rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages[data-v-2ba06fbf] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#e10000}.pages[data-v-2ba06fbf] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}.nav-btn[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:36px;height:36px;background-color:#e10000;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:2.25px;padding:1.2rem;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background-size:14px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.nav-btn[data-v-2ba06fbf]{width:6.4rem;height:6.4rem;background-size:24px}}.nav-btn[data-v-2ba06fbf]:hover{background-color:#870000}.nav-btn+.nav-btn[data-v-2ba06fbf]{margin-left:0.8rem} .footer[data-v-8693b6c8]{background:#000;color:#fffad2}.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:117em;margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 2em}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding:0 1.5em}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding:0 2em}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}.inner .main .inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:60em;margin:0 auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.inner .wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:table;width:100%}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;width:27em;padding-left:2em}.inner .aside .track[data-v-8693b6c8]{transition:top .2s ease-in .3s;transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:2rem}.inner .main[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}.inner .main .inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:68em;margin:0 auto}}.title[data-v-8693b6c8]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#fffdea;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.3;display:block;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.title[data-v-8693b6c8]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.link[data-v-8693b6c8]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#fffdea;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.6;display:block;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.link[data-v-8693b6c8]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.icr[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:inline-block;font-size:2em;left:0;margin-right:0.5rem;text-indent:initial}.icr[data-v-8693b6c8]:last-child{margin-right:0}.icr img[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:60%}.meta[data-v-8693b6c8],.address[data-v-8693b6c8]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.7;color:#fff}.address[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin:3rem 0 2rem}.meta[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-bottom:2rem}.search-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin:4rem 0}.search-term[data-v-8693b6c8] input{padding:0.8rem 4rem 0.8rem 1.5rem}.legal-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.85;padding:2rem 0;border-top:1px solid #666}.legal-nav li[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:inline-block}.legal-nav li a[data-v-8693b6c8]{color:#fffdea;padding:0 1rem;border-right:1px solid #666}.legal-nav li a[data-v-8693b6c8]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.legal-nav li:last-child a[data-v-8693b6c8]{border:none;padding-right:0}.copyright[data-v-8693b6c8]{color:#fff}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding-top:5rem}.link[data-v-8693b6c8]:not(.mail){display:none}.title[data-v-8693b6c8]{font-size:1.5em}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:50%;float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]:last-child{clear:both;width:100%}.social-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin:2rem 0 4rem;text-align:center}.icr[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-right:2rem}.address[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:50%;float:left;margin:0}.meta-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:50%;float:right;box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:2rem}.meta[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-bottom:1rem}.search-term[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:100%}.search-term[data-v-8693b6c8] input{font-size:2em;width:100%}.cta[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:block;margin-top:3rem}.legal-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{text-align:center}.legal-nav[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:30rem;margin:0 auto}.legal-nav li[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.legal-nav[data-v-8693b6c8]{float:right}.cta[data-v-8693b6c8]{float:right;width:25%}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding-top:6rem}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:calc(100% / 3);float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]:last-child{clear:both;width:100%;margin-top:5rem}.icr[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-right:0.3rem}.social-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:calc(100% / 3);float:right}.company-info-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:calc((100% / 3)*2);float:left}.address[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:50%;float:left;margin:0}.meta-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:50%;float:right}.search-wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin:5rem 0}.cta[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:calc(100% /3)}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding-top:8rem}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]{width:25%;float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]:first-of-type{padding-left:0}.nav-box[data-v-8693b6c8]:last-of-type{padding-right:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.icr[data-v-8693b6c8]{margin-right:2rem}} .sidebar-overlay[data-v-f9e5df86]{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);display:none;z-index:998}.show-sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block;overflow-y:scroll}.sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(45% - 20rem);height:100%;padding-top:9rem;padding:10rem 10rem;position:absolute;display:flex;flex-direction:column;top:0;right:-50%;background-color:#fffdea;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);transition:right 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:999}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(100% - 40px);right:0;padding:20px;padding-top:9rem}}.sidebar .primary[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:#e10000;background-color:transparent}.show-sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{right:0}.input[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:50px}.text-center[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;align-content:center}.content[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding-top:2rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:25px}.cart-title[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding-bottom:1rem}.author-price[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;justify-content:end;align-items:center;width:100%}.summary[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;justify-content:end;gap:2rem;align-items:center;width:100%}.summary .subtotal[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:var(--neutrals-black, #000);font-feature-settings:"clig" off, "liga" off;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal}.note[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:140%;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.contact[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:140%;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;vertical-align:middle}.contact a[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:#e10000}.button[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:100%}.mobile[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.mobile[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}}.desktop[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.desktop[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:none}}.close-btn[data-v-f9e5df86]{position:absolute;top:5rem;right:2rem;background:none;border:none;font-size:1.5rem;cursor:pointer;display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.close-btn[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}}.sale[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-color:red;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.info[data-v-f9e5df86]{margin-bottom:-2px}.tooltip[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper .v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--hidden[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important;background:#4d07ff;color:black;border-radius:6px;border:4px solid #ddd;box-shadow:0 6px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.login[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding:2rem;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;margin:2rem 0;box-shadow:0px 0px 36px 0px rgba(233,221,126,0.4)}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.login[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(100% - 4rem)}}table.price-brakedown[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:100%}table.price-brakedown td[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding:1rem 0px}table.price-brakedown td.summary[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:right}table.price-brakedown .border-b[data-v-f9e5df86]{border-bottom:0.5px solid #807d69} .items[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{padding-bottom:2rem;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:32px;border-bottom:0.5px solid #807d69;width:99%}.items .cover[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;align-content:center;gap:8px;width:150px;min-width:100px;text-align:center}.items .details[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;height:95%}.items .details .title[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{font-size:20px;line-height:30px}.items .details .controls[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;width:100%;align-items:end;margin-top:1rem}.items .details .controls .selector[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;width:50%;align-items:end;gap:1rem}.items .details .controls .selector .unit-price[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.items .details .controls .selector .product-quantity[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{min-width:75px}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.items .details .controls .selector .product-quantity[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{min-width:90px}}.items .details .total-price[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-end}.items .details input[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{max-width:4.5rem;margin:0;padding:1.07rem 0;text-align:center;border-top:1px solid grey;border-left:1px solid grey;border-bottom:1px solid grey;border-right:0;font-size:16px;font-family:"Relative Pro"}.items .details .quantity-selectors-container[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin:0;padding:0}.items .details .quantity-selectors[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:0;padding:0;margin-left:-0.5rem}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0;border-radius:0;border:1px solid grey;background-color:#fff;color:grey;font-size:14px}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]:first-child{border-bottom:0}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]:hover{cursor:pointer}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[disabled="disabled"][data-v-5ab9f6ad]{cursor:not-allowed}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[disabled="disabled"] span[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{opacity:0.5}.items .remove[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;align-content:center;justify-content:center;padding-top:1rem;cursor:pointer;color:#e10000;background-color:transparent}.sale[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-color:red;text-decoration-thickness:1px} .discount-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:2rem;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;margin:2rem 0;box-shadow:0px 0px 36px 0px rgba(233,221,126,0.4)}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.discount-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{width:calc(100% - 4rem)}}.discount-box .title-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:calc(100% - 2rem);justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem;align-items:center;cursor:pointer}.discount-box p[data-v-984dc9c8]{text-align:center;font-family:"Relative Pro", sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px}.discount-box .table-discounts[data-v-984dc9c8]{margin:2rem}.discount-box .table-discounts tr[data-v-984dc9c8]{font-family:"Relative Pro", sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;line-height:20px}.discount-box .table-discounts tr td[data-v-984dc9c8]{width:50%;padding:10px 0}.discount-box .primary[data-v-984dc9c8]{color:#e10000;background-color:transparent} .btn[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;box-sizing:border-box;background:none;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:4px}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#fffdea;background:#e10000;padding:2rem 4rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;padding:1rem 2.5rem}}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{background:#BE0000}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#FCE5E5;background:#FBB2BA;cursor:default !important}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#fffdea;background:#e10000;width:12rem;padding:1.4rem 3.4rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.4rem;padding:1rem 2.5rem;width:9.6rem}}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{background:#BE0000}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#FCE5E5;background:#FBB2BA;cursor:default !important}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]{color:#e10000;background:#fffdea !important;border:1px solid #e10000}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{color:#BE0000;border-color:#BE0000}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#F08080;background:#F08080;border-color:#F08080;cursor:default !important}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]{color:#000000;background:#fffdea;border:0}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover{background:#fffdea;color:#e10000}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#CCC7A8;background:none;cursor:default !important} </style></head> <body> <div id="app"> <div id="app" data-server-rendered="true"><div data-v-b51f6678><header id="page-header" class="page-header sticky-nav" data-v-59df77e1 data-v-b51f6678>  <div class="wrap" data-v-59df77e1><a href="/" class="router-link-active" data-v-59df77e1><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/logo.svg" alt="IntechOpen" class="branding" data-v-59df77e1></a> <nav class="site-nav" data-v-59df77e1><ul data-v-59df77e1><li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/books" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>Books</a></li> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/series" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>Book Series</a></li> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/journals" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>Journals</a></li> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/publish" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>Publish</a></li> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/about-intechopen" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>About</a> </li> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="/news" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>News</a> </li></ul></nav> <aside class="aside" data-v-59df77e1><ul data-v-59df77e1><li data-v-59df77e1><a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&env=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.intechopen.com" class="nav-item" style="padding-right: 10px;" data-v-59df77e1>Author Panel</a></li></ul> <ul data-v-59df77e1><li data-v-59df77e1><a class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-v-59df77e1><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 19.4845C15.5699 20.4417 13.8501 21 12 21C10.1499 21 8.43012 20.4417 7.00003 19.4845C7.00337 18.6301 7.28275 18.073 7.74856 17.7014C8.25409 17.2982 9.12203 17 10.5 17H13.5C14.878 17 15.7459 17.2982 16.2514 17.7014C16.7172 18.073 16.9966 18.6301 17 19.4845ZM18.7594 17.9424C18.5234 17.2407 18.1095 16.6251 17.4986 16.1379C16.5041 15.3447 15.122 15 13.5 15H10.5C8.87797 15 7.49591 15.3447 6.50144 16.1379C5.89055 16.6251 5.47658 17.2407 5.24057 17.9424C3.84587 16.3572 3 14.2774 3 12C3 7.02944 7.02944 3 12 3C16.9706 3 21 7.02944 21 12C21 14.2774 20.1541 16.3572 18.7594 17.9424ZM23 12C23 18.0751 18.0751 23 12 23C5.92487 23 1 18.0751 1 12C1 5.92487 5.92487 1 12 1C18.0751 1 23 5.92487 23 12ZM16 10C16 12.2091 14.2091 14 12 14C9.79086 14 8 12.2091 8 10C8 7.79086 9.79086 6 12 6C14.2091 6 16 7.79086 16 10ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" fill="#FFFDEA" data-v-59df77e1></path></svg> <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-v-59df77e1><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 6L7.998 10.998L12.996 6H3Z" fill="#FFFDEA" data-v-59df77e1></path> <mask id="mask0_8058_163998" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="6" width="10" height="5" style="mask-type:luminance" data-v-59df77e1><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 6L7.998 10.998L12.996 6H3Z" fill="white" data-v-59df77e1></path></mask> <g mask="url(#mask0_8058_163998)" data-v-59df77e1></g></svg></a> <ul class="submenu" data-v-59df77e1> <li data-v-59df77e1><a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=www&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fsdg-hub" class="relative-d5" data-v-59df77e1>Login</a></li>  </ul></li></ul> <form class="search-term" data-v-6047d25e data-v-59df77e1><input placeholder="Search" required="required" value="" data-v-6047d25e> <button type="submit" class="icr iconSearch" data-v-6047d25e>Submit</button></form> </aside> <div class="nav-dropdown collapsed" data-v-59df77e1><div class="inner" data-v-59df77e1><div class="drop-box" data-v-59df77e1><a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>What is Open Access?</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.</p></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-59df77e1><a href="/institutions" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>Authors, Editors and Institutions</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.</p></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-59df77e1><a href="/page/content-alerts" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>Content Alerts</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective</p> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>How it Works</a> <a href="#" class="nav-item" data-v-59df77e1>Manage preferences</a></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-59df77e1><a href="/page/contact-us" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>Contact</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>Want to get in touch? Contact our London head office or <a href="#" data-v-59df77e1>media team here</a></p> <a href="/page/careers-at-intechopen" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>Careers</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.</p></div></div></div></div></header> <div data-v-b51f6678><div class="header" data-v-fa084d8a><h1 class="title" data-v-fa084d8a>SDG Hub</h1> <div class="text" data-v-fa084d8a><div class="text-group" data-v-fa084d8a><p data-v-fa084d8a> As a signatory of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Publishers Compact, IntechOpen works proudly to accelerate progress towards achieving the SDGs by 2030. </p> <p data-v-fa084d8a> We are committed to playing a significant role in our network and community by publishing open access books and open science journals that will help inform, develop, and inspire sustainable practices toward achieving these goals. </p></div> <div class="text-group" data-v-fa084d8a><p data-v-fa084d8a> You are welcome to use our sustainability-related content and resources - all are available to read, share and download for free. The SDG Hub also covers company-related initiatives. </p> <p data-v-fa084d8a> IntechOpen encourages research in the area of sustainability and supports all 17 SDGs, and contributes specifically to SDG 4 - Quality education. </p></div></div></div> <div class="menu-section" data-v-6292e19e><div class="menu" data-v-6292e19e><p class="section" data-v-6292e19e> Publishing Program </p><p class="section" data-v-6292e19e> Responsible Publishing & Processes </p><p class="section" data-v-6292e19e> Climate Action </p><p class="section" data-v-6292e19e> Responsible Business and Organizational Principles </p></div></div> <div class="cards" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="card" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="images" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-quality-education.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/sdg-publishers-compact-wheel.png" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394></div> <p class="title" data-v-d1eb5394>Publishing Program</p> <div class="subsections" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Open Access Books & Series</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Open Science Journals</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Overview of the Content Published by Goal</p></div></div></div><div class="card" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="images" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-responsible-consumption.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-quality-education.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-reduced-inequalities.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394></div> <p class="title" data-v-d1eb5394>Responsible Publishing & Processes</p> <div class="subsections" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Open Science</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Waiver Policy</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Accessibility Online</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Print On Demand</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Initiatives</p></div></div></div><div class="card" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="images" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-climate-action.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394></div> <p class="title" data-v-d1eb5394>Climate Action</p> <div class="subsections" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Initiatives of the Publishing Industry</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Environmental Impact</p></div></div></div><div class="card" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="images" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-decent-work.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-gender-equality.jpg" class="image" data-v-d1eb5394></div> <p class="title" data-v-d1eb5394>Responsible Business and Organisational Culture Principles</p> <div class="subsections" data-v-d1eb5394><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Reports</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Diversity and Inclusions</p></div><div class="subsection" data-v-d1eb5394><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-right.svg" class="arrow" data-v-d1eb5394> <p data-v-d1eb5394>Highlights and Events</p></div></div></div></div> <div data-v-b11e13e8><section id="publishing-program" class="section" data-v-b11e13e8><div class="section-title" data-v-b11e13e8><p class="title" data-v-b11e13e8>Publishing Program</p> <div class="images" data-v-b11e13e8><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/sdg-publishers-compact-wheel.png" alt="intechopen sdg hub publishers-compact-wheel" class="images-wheel" data-v-b11e13e8> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-quality-education.jpg" alt="intechopen-sdg-hub-quality-education" class="images-education" data-v-b11e13e8></div></div></section> <div class="books-and-series-section" data-v-d2412084 data-v-b11e13e8><div class="books" data-v-d2412084><p id="open-access-books-and-series" class="section-title" data-v-d2412084>Open Access Books & Series</p> <div class="subsection" data-v-d2412084><p class="subsection-title" data-v-d2412084>Sdg-related book series</p> <div class="text" data-v-d2412084><p data-v-d2412084>In line with its values, IntechOpen launched a new open access Book Series on Sustainable Development in July 2022. Led by Series Editor Prof. Usha Iyer-Raniga from RMIT University, Australia, and with an international Editorial Board, the Series presents a topical structure that groups the 17 SDGs.</p> <p data-v-d2412084>The four topics of our Environmental Sciences book series, launched in 2022 - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They represent a relevant grouping of published works on these critical topics.</p></div></div></div> <div class="series-cards-title" data-v-d2412084><p class="section-title red" data-v-d2412084>IntechOpen Book Series</p></div> <div class="series-cards" data-v-d2412084><a href="/series/24" data-v-085c3f96 data-v-d2412084><div class="serie" data-v-085c3f96><img src="https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg" class="serie-cover" data-v-085c3f96> <div class="serie-card" data-v-085c3f96><p class="title" data-v-085c3f96>Sustainable Development</p> <div class="serie-info" data-v-085c3f96><div class="serie-doi-issn" data-v-085c3f96><p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96>Book Series Doi <span class="regular-font" data-v-085c3f96>10.5772/intechopen.100361</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96>Issn <span class="regular-font" data-v-085c3f96>2753-6580</span></p></div> <div class="serie-stats" data-v-085c3f96><p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>5</span> Topics <span class="bull" data-v-085c3f96>•</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>299</span> Works Published <span class="bull" data-v-085c3f96>•</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>28</span> Books Published</p></div></div> <div class="editor" data-v-085c3f96><img src="https://cdnintech.com/media/author/262440/1734011562/profile/image1.jpg" class="editor-image" data-v-085c3f96> <div class="editor-info" data-v-085c3f96><p data-v-085c3f96>Series Editor</p> <p class="editor-info__name" data-v-085c3f96>Usha Iyer-Raniga</p> <p class="editor-info__institution" data-v-085c3f96>RMIT University, Australia</p></div></div></div></div></a> <a href="/series/25" data-v-085c3f96 data-v-d2412084><div class="serie" data-v-085c3f96><img src="https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg" class="serie-cover" data-v-085c3f96> <div class="serie-card" data-v-085c3f96><p class="title" data-v-085c3f96>Environmental Sciences</p> <div class="serie-info" data-v-085c3f96><div class="serie-doi-issn" data-v-085c3f96><p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96>Book Series Doi <span class="regular-font" data-v-085c3f96>10.5772/intechopen.100362</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96>Issn <span class="regular-font" data-v-085c3f96>2754-6713</span></p></div> <div class="serie-stats" data-v-085c3f96><p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>4</span> Topics <span class="bull" data-v-085c3f96>•</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>249</span> Works Published <span class="bull" data-v-085c3f96>•</span></p> <p class="serie-info__text" data-v-085c3f96><span data-v-085c3f96>28</span> Books Published</p></div></div> <div class="editor" data-v-085c3f96><img src="https://cdnintech.com/media/author/197485/1604448294/profile/image1.jpg" class="editor-image" data-v-085c3f96> <div class="editor-info" data-v-085c3f96><p data-v-085c3f96>Series Editor</p> <p class="editor-info__name" data-v-085c3f96>J. Kevin Summers</p> <p class="editor-info__institution" data-v-085c3f96>Environmental Protection Agency, United States of America</p></div></div></div></div></a></div> <div class="ku-section" data-v-d2412084><p class="section-title" data-v-d2412084>Books</p> <div class="ku-select" data-v-d2412084><div class="ku-select-about" data-v-d2412084><p class="ku-select-about__title" data-v-d2412084>Sdg-related books from the ku select program</p> <div class="ku-select-about__text relative-d4" data-v-d2412084><p data-v-d2412084> Our partnership with Knowledge Unlatched, now in its sixth year, has led to the publication of 64 open access books in fields such as Social Sciences, Humanities, Climate Change, Global Health, Engineering, and Physics. </p> <p data-v-d2412084> Recently, Knowledge Unlatched has expanded its focus to include subjects related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which, as KU states, "are commonly agreed to provide a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for our planet." This ensures that our joint publications address topics of critical importance to society today. </p> <p data-v-d2412084> All books published in collaboration with KU, including those related to the SDGs, are permanently available in one centralised location. </p> <a href="/knowledge-unlatched-book-hub?programme=2024" class="button" data-v-d2412084> Explore KU Books </a></div></div> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-d2412084></div></div> <div class="book-list" data-v-d2412084><p class="book-list-title" data-v-d2412084>Selected titles</p> <div class="books-list" data-v-1b1bb206 data-v-d2412084><div class="books-list__header" data-v-1b1bb206><h3 class="title sdgHubStyle" data-v-1b1bb206></h3> </div> <div class="swiper-body" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12134" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Post-COVID Tourism" class="image cover-image-02b2" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-9319" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Post-COVID Tourism</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Tendencies and Management Approaches</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Rui Alexandre Castanho</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12134" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Post-COVID Tourism</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/215338" data-v-50c7af74>Rui Alexandre Castanho</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002950" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Burnout Syndrome" class="image cover-image-8f8a" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-dddb" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Burnout Syndrome</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Characteristics and Interventions</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Robert W. Motta</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002950" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Burnout Syndrome</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/262071" data-v-50c7af74>Robert W. Motta</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11433" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="The Changing Tide of Immigration and Emigration During the Last Three Centuries" class="image cover-image-3135" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-c87f" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>The Changing Tide of Immigration and Em...</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Ingrid Muenstermann</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11433" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>The Changing Tide of Immigration and Emigration During the Last Three Centuries</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/77112" data-v-50c7af74>Ingrid Muenstermann</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11487" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context" class="image cover-image-c086" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-8932" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Exploring Current and Emerging Drivers</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Tiago Miguel Ferreira</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11487" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/450075" data-v-50c7af74>Tiago Miguel Ferreira</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11573" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Current Topics in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19" class="image cover-image-db6b" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-eef6" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Current Topics in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Two Years After</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11573" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Current Topics in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/131400" data-v-50c7af74>Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11095" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Social Work" class="image cover-image-631a" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>   <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-eb7322e6> <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-417c" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Social Work</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Maria Wolmesjö</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11095" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Social Work</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/306136" data-v-50c7af74>Maria Wolmesjö</a> </span></p>   </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="swiper-pagination-6b7f" class="pages sdgPages" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div class="nav-btns sdgHubNavBtns" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206><div id="swiper-button-prev-6b7f" class="swiper-button swiper-button--prev" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div id="swiper-button-next-6b7f" class="swiper-button swiper-button--next" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="sdg-related-oa-books" data-v-d2412084><p class="sdg-related-oa-books__title" data-v-d2412084>Sdg-related open access books</p> <p class="sdg-related-oa-books__text" data-v-d2412084>As part of our continuous Edited Volumes publishing program, since joining the SDG Publishers Compact, we have published 252 books that aim at increasing awareness and promoting scientific research in support of the global United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, with more than 99 upcoming titles.</p></div> <div class="book-list" data-v-d2412084><p class="book-list-title" data-v-d2412084>Selected titles</p> <div class="books-list" data-v-1b1bb206 data-v-d2412084><div class="books-list__header" data-v-1b1bb206><h3 class="title sdgHubStyle" data-v-1b1bb206></h3> </div> <div class="swiper-body" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002911" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Climate Change and Risk Management" class="image cover-image-197c" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-5d25" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Climate Change and Risk Management</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Strategies, Analysis, and Adaptation</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Antonio Di Pietro</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002911" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Climate Change and Risk Management</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/284589" data-v-50c7af74>Antonio Di Pietro</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12793" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Current Topics in Zoonoses" class="image cover-image-938e" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-8d12" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Current Topics in Zoonoses</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12793" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Current Topics in Zoonoses</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/131400" data-v-50c7af74>Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12706" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Global Health Security" class="image cover-image-5ff9" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-383e" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Global Health Security</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Contemporary Considerations and Developments</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Allincia Michaud</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12706" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Global Health Security</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/514617" data-v-50c7af74>Allincia Michaud</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002532" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Social Activism" class="image cover-image-2425" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-2579" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Social Activism</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>New Challenges in a (Dis)connected World</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Sandro Serpa</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/1002532" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Social Activism</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/315030" data-v-50c7af74>Sandro Serpa</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12133" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Agricultural Value Chains" class="image cover-image-ab62" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-ce26" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Agricultural Value Chains</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Some Selected Issues</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by John Stanton</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/12133" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Agricultural Value Chains</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/497415" data-v-50c7af74>John Stanton</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11444" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Happiness and Wellness" class="image cover-image-4c6c" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-17e7" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Happiness and Wellness</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspecti...</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Floriana Irtelli</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/11444" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Happiness and Wellness</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/174641" data-v-50c7af74>Floriana Irtelli</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/10812" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Protective Forests as Ecosystem-based Solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)" class="image cover-image-bbd4" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-bf70" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Protective Forests as Ecosystem-based S...</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Michaela Teich</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/10812" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Protective Forests as Ecosystem-based Solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/428790" data-v-50c7af74>Michaela Teich</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/10754" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment" class="image cover-image-2e45" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 L-3.45070423e-05,1.37079225 C-3.45070423e-05,0.417880282 0.94908169,-0.243792254 1.84298662,0.08575 L18.3356275,6.16347535 C18.7472965,6.3151338 18.791638,6.87932394 18.4091275,7.09361268 M38.2955359,22.6833768 C38.178212,23.1238592 37.8226169,23.4794542 37.382307,23.5967782 C36.3688352,23.8671408 35.4695817,22.9675423 35.7401169,21.9540704 C35.8576134,21.5139331 36.2132085,21.158338 36.6536908,21.0411866 C37.6666451,20.7715141 38.565381,21.6704225 38.2955359,22.6833768 M48.0927754,30.247493 C47.5629197,30.0078415 46.9350641,30.1798592 46.5494479,30.614993 L46.5221873,30.6455317 C45.2633704,32.0789542 43.7110711,33.1881831 41.9971063,33.9233556 C41.9917577,33.9255986 41.9971063,22.341757 41.9971063,22.341757 C41.9971063,13.8637218 35.1127789,6.99078169 26.6345711,6.99078169 C24.2718739,6.99078169 21.8610394,7.48388732 19.7830254,8.63297183 C17.9817577,9.62901761 7.46211338,15.5312746 4.66255704,17.1022077 C4.23846549,17.3401338 3.97845493,17.7871725 3.97845493,18.2733768 L3.97845493,47.5848662 C3.97845493,48.5941972 5.06456408,49.230507 5.9451838,48.7372289 L19.0174866,41.4119014 C19.4345042,41.1781162 19.6927894,40.7374613 19.6927894,40.2593662 L19.6927894,17.7378275 C19.6927894,17.2512782 20.0211239,16.8006162 20.5000817,16.7141761 C21.1293176,16.6008204 21.6765993,17.0811585 21.6765993,17.6893451 L21.6765993,22.2984507 L21.6821204,22.287581 C21.6821204,22.2912042 21.6817754,22.2948275 21.6817754,22.2984507 C21.6817754,30.752331 28.5590289,37.6295845 37.0127366,37.6295845 C37.7863845,37.6295845 38.5527859,37.5676444 39.3076275,37.4532535 L39.3076275,47.5686479 C39.3076275,48.3079613 39.9071873,48.9076937 40.6466732,48.9076937 C41.3859866,48.9076937 41.9853739,48.3079613 41.9853739,47.5686479 L41.9853739,36.796757 C44.484719,35.9396021 46.7488986,34.4454472 48.5267014,32.4212641 L48.5669021,32.3755423 C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-6ec9" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigat...</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Stuart Harris</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/10754" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/12539" data-v-50c7af74>Stuart Harris</a> </span></p>   </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="swiper-pagination-26b0" class="pages sdgPages" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div class="nav-btns sdgHubNavBtns" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206><div id="swiper-button-prev-26b0" class="swiper-button swiper-button--prev" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div id="swiper-button-next-26b0" class="swiper-button swiper-button--next" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div data-v-5cccd0f0 data-v-b11e13e8><div id="open-science-journals" class="journals" data-v-5cccd0f0><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/journals-red.svg" class="journals-logo" data-v-5cccd0f0> <p class="journals-title" data-v-5cccd0f0>Open Science Journals</p> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-5cccd0f0>Our journals are new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work whilst embracing open science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work.</p> <p class="journals-highlighted text-content" data-v-5cccd0f0>Highlighted title - Green Energy and Environmental Technology (GEET) </p> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-5cccd0f0> GEET is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes work across biological and environmental sciences, showcasing research within these rapidly developing fields with a high impact on humankind and its environment. The papers published aim to support United Nations SDGs and have a strong technological component. To date, 70% of the works published have been specifically in support of the SDGs. <a href="/journals/news/green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105" class="link" data-v-5cccd0f0> Find out more </a></p> <p data-v-5cccd0f0></p></div> <div class="journal" data-v-162e0134 data-v-5cccd0f0><div class="journal-banner" data-v-162e0134><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/geet-bg.jpg" class="journal-banner--background" data-v-162e0134> <div class="journal-banner--content" data-v-162e0134><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/logo/geet-logo.svg" class="journal-logo" style="height:76px;" data-v-162e0134> <div class="editor" data-v-162e0134><p class="editor-title" data-v-162e0134>Editor in chief</p> <p class="editor-name" data-v-162e0134>Eduardo Jacob-Lopes</p> <p class="editor-institution" data-v-162e0134>Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil</p></div></div></div> <a href="/journals/7/articles/315" data-v-aa6d5c02 data-v-162e0134><div class="article-lg" data-v-aa6d5c02><div class="article-type" data-v-aa6d5c02><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-aa6d5c02> <p class="relative-d8 bold" data-v-aa6d5c02>Open access peer-reviewed article</p></div> <p class="article-title" data-v-aa6d5c02>Research on Ammonium Removal from Wastewater by Adsorption and Ozonation Processes</p> <p class="article-author" data-v-aa6d5c02>Ján Derco, Nikola Šoltýsová, Ronald Zakhar and Jakub Jurík</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>Special Issue: URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT LED BY PROFESSOR JAN DERCO AND RONALD ZAKHAR, PHD FROM SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>July 2024</p></div></a><a href="/journals/7/articles/414" data-v-aa6d5c02 data-v-162e0134><div class="article" data-v-aa6d5c02><div class="article-type" data-v-aa6d5c02><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-aa6d5c02> <p class="relative-d8 bold" data-v-aa6d5c02>Open access peer-reviewed article</p></div> <p class="article-title" data-v-aa6d5c02>Performance Assessment of Confined Tube Aerators in Parallel Configuration</p> <p class="article-author" data-v-aa6d5c02>Roohany Mahmud, Joseph Carpenter and David W. MacPhee</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>Section: Environmental Engineering/Green Technologies</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>September 2024</p></div></a><a href="/journals/7/articles/419" data-v-aa6d5c02 data-v-162e0134><div class="article" data-v-aa6d5c02><div class="article-type" data-v-aa6d5c02><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-aa6d5c02> <p class="relative-d8 bold" data-v-aa6d5c02>Open access peer-reviewed article</p></div> <p class="article-title" data-v-aa6d5c02>Development of Titanium Dioxide Coating for Self-Cleaning Photovoltaic Panels</p> <p class="article-author" data-v-aa6d5c02>Chau Pham, Chris Pung and Lihong (Heidi) Jiao</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>Section: Sustainable Energy Generation, Storage & Distribution</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>October 2024</p></div></a><a href="/journals/7/articles/424" data-v-aa6d5c02 data-v-162e0134><div class="article" data-v-aa6d5c02><div class="article-type" data-v-aa6d5c02><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-aa6d5c02> <p class="relative-d8 bold" data-v-aa6d5c02>Open access peer-reviewed article</p></div> <p class="article-title" data-v-aa6d5c02>The State of the Art in Hydrogen Storage</p> <p class="article-author" data-v-aa6d5c02>Jemma Reynolds, Dallia Ali, James Njuguna and Frances Amadhe</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>Section: Sustainable Energy Generation, Storage, and Distribution</p> <p class="relative-d8 bold gray" data-v-aa6d5c02>October 2024</p></div></a></div></div> <div data-v-08475490 data-v-b11e13e8><div class="white-bg-large" data-v-08475490><div id="overview-of-content" class="inner" data-v-08475490><div class="swiper-body swiper" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338> <div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-08475490><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/graphics/number-of-publications-by-category.png" class="image" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-08475490></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-08475490><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/graphics/number-of-publications-by-year.jpg" class="image" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-08475490></div></div></div> <div class="left" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490><div class="overview-content" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490><p class="relative-d3 bold" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490>Overview of the Content Published by Goal</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490>Since the beginning, we have published works that advocate for themes represented by the SDGs.</p> <p class="overview-content-source" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490>Source: Dimensions</p></div> <div class="news-slider__pagination" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490><div id="pagination-news" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490></div> <div class="controlls" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490><button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-arrow-left-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490></button> <button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-08475490></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <section id="responsible-publishing" data-v-05049310><div class="section-intro" data-v-05049310><div class="section-intro-images" data-v-05049310><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-responsible-consumption.jpg" alt="responsible consumption" data-v-05049310> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-quality-education.jpg" alt="quality education" data-v-05049310> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-reduced-inequalities.jpg" alt="reduced inequalities" data-v-05049310></div> <div class="section-intro-text" data-v-05049310><p class="title" data-v-05049310>Responsible Publishing & Processes</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-05049310>Our product dimension also includes the production process perspective, which is looked over through the value chain model, with product lifecycle, business porcesses and inclusive practices empasised. All the operations are oriented towards SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production.</p></div></div> <div class="open-science" data-v-d5f4cf0a data-v-05049310><p id="open-science" class="open-science-title" data-v-d5f4cf0a>Open Science - Supporting Reproducibility and Transparency</p> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-d5f4cf0a>Following the launch of our open science journal portfolio in 2022 and our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research, we organised an opening webinar, ‘Introduction to Open Science’, leading to our ‘Engaging with Open Science 2023’ webinar series in 2023. We discuss critical developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics.</p> <div class="webinars" data-v-d5f4cf0a><div class="webinar" data-v-2874bb21 data-v-d5f4cf0a><div class="webinar-card" style="background:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/webinar-bg.jpg');background-size:cover;" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-number" data-v-2874bb21>Webinar 1</p> <div class="webinar-title" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-title__series" data-v-2874bb21>Engaging with Open Science 2023:</p> <p class="webinar-title__name" data-v-2874bb21>Preprints</p></div> <div class="webinar-date" data-v-2874bb21><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/webinar/icons/calendar-white.svg" data-v-2874bb21> <p data-v-2874bb21>18 April 2023</p></div></div> <a href="/journals/open-science/webinars-2023/webinar-1" target="_blank" class="recording relative-d4" data-v-2874bb21>Watch the recording ></a></div><div class="webinar" data-v-2874bb21 data-v-d5f4cf0a><div class="webinar-card" style="background:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/webinar-bg.jpg');background-size:cover;" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-number" data-v-2874bb21>Webinar 2</p> <div class="webinar-title" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-title__series" data-v-2874bb21>Engaging with Open Science 2023:</p> <p class="webinar-title__name" data-v-2874bb21>Open Data</p></div> <div class="webinar-date" data-v-2874bb21><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/webinar/icons/calendar-white.svg" data-v-2874bb21> <p data-v-2874bb21>13 June 2023</p></div></div> <a href="/journals/open-science/webinars-2023/webinar-2" target="_blank" class="recording relative-d4" data-v-2874bb21>Watch the recording ></a></div><div class="webinar" data-v-2874bb21 data-v-d5f4cf0a><div class="webinar-card" style="background:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/webinar-bg.jpg');background-size:cover;" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-number" data-v-2874bb21>Webinar 3</p> <div class="webinar-title" data-v-2874bb21><p class="webinar-title__series" data-v-2874bb21>Engaging with Open Science 2023:</p> <p class="webinar-title__name" data-v-2874bb21>Open Peer Review</p></div> <div class="webinar-date" data-v-2874bb21><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/webinar/icons/calendar-white.svg" data-v-2874bb21> <p data-v-2874bb21>26 September 2023</p></div></div> <a href="/journals/open-science/webinars-2023/webinar-3" target="_blank" class="recording relative-d4" data-v-2874bb21>Watch the recording ></a></div></div> <a href="/open-science-hub" class="button" data-v-d5f4cf0a> Visit Open Science Hub </a></div> <div id="waiver-policy" class="waiver-policy" data-v-7d40017c data-v-05049310><p class="relative-d3 subtitle bold" data-v-7d40017c>Waiver Policy - Supporting Our Authors</p> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-7d40017c>While providing support and advice to all our international authors, waiver priority will be given to those authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an author might live.</p> <a href="/page/waiver-policy" class="waiver-policy-button" data-v-7d40017c> Visit Waiver Policy </a></div> <div id="accessibility-online" class="large" data-v-79fb8b9f data-v-05049310><div class="text-section" data-v-79fb8b9f><p class="relative-d3 subtitle bold" data-v-79fb8b9f>Accessibility Online - Supporting Our Readers</p> <div class="relative-d4" data-v-79fb8b9f><p data-v-79fb8b9f>For nearly two decades, IntechOpen has been supporting the dissemination of knowledge with its OA and OS publishing program. Our goal is to make scientific information accessible to everyone.</p> <p data-v-79fb8b9f>Our website and our open access platform are now also accessible to all and comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1, level AA, ADA and Section 508 standards compliant with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the ongoing commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals focusing on inclusion and equity.</p></div></div> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/body.svg" class="body" data-v-79fb8b9f></div> <div id="print-on-demand" class="section" data-v-584a49cb data-v-05049310><div class="about" data-v-584a49cb><div class="about-text" data-v-584a49cb><p class="relative-d3 bold subtitle" data-v-584a49cb>Print On Demand - Supporting the Environment</p> <p class="about-text--content relative-d4" data-v-584a49cb>Aside from free access online, all books can be ordered as hard copies. Sustainability and efficiency have been implemented since 2011. Currently, the solutions related to the print product include on-demand printing, sustainable printing paper, sustainable printing practices, sustainable packaging, and sustainable shipping.</p></div> <div class="images" data-v-584a49cb><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/fsc.jpg" alt="fsc.jpg" class="image-fsc" data-v-584a49cb><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/pefc.jpg" alt="pefc.jpg" class="image-pefc" data-v-584a49cb><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/ecolabel.jpg" alt="ecolabel.jpg" class="image-ecolabel" data-v-584a49cb><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/bronze.jpg" alt="bronze.jpg" class="image-bronze" data-v-584a49cb></div></div> <div class="solutions-and-delivery" data-v-9e64fac6 data-v-584a49cb><div class="solutions-lg" data-v-9e64fac6><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/lines-xlg.svg" class="lines-lg" data-v-9e64fac6> <div class="lines-text" data-v-9e64fac6><p class="lines-text-title" data-v-9e64fac6>Print-on-demand</p> <p data-v-9e64fac6>IntechOpen books are available online, and for its print products as of 2011, we offer only a print-on-demand option to avoid unnecessary waste.</p></div> <div class="lines-text" data-v-9e64fac6><p class="lines-text-title" data-v-9e64fac6>Sustainability from forest to paper</p> <p data-v-9e64fac6> The chosen paper and cardboard producers promote sustainable forestry by responsible sourcing of certified wood and paper. </p></div> <div class="lines-text" data-v-9e64fac6><p class="lines-text-title" data-v-9e64fac6> Sustainability-aware printing services</p> <p data-v-9e64fac6>IntechOpens printing partners are aligned with the following standards: FSC® CoC (Chain of Custody), ISO 14001:2004, and ISO 9001:2008. </p></div> <div class="lines-text" data-v-9e64fac6><p class="lines-text-title" data-v-9e64fac6> Responsible shipping</p> <p data-v-9e64fac6>IntechOpen is planning to switch to DHLs Go Green shipping service in the imminent future with the primary objective of reducing and avoiding the emission of greenhouse gasses and local air pollutants. </p></div></div> <div class="delivery" data-v-9e64fac6><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-package.jpg" class="package" data-v-9e64fac6> <div class="delivery-companies" data-v-9e64fac6><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/dhl.png" class="dhl" data-v-9e64fac6> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/go-green.png" class="go-green" data-v-9e64fac6></div></div></div></div> <div class="section" data-v-d11d85fe data-v-05049310><p id="initiatives" class="relative-d3 bold subtitle" data-v-d11d85fe> Initiatives That Promote Wide and Critical Dissemination of Content Globally </p> <div class="items" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="first" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="item" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="item-intro item-intro-r4l" data-v-d11d85fe><p class="item-title" data-v-d11d85fe>R4L</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/r4l.svg" class="item-logo-r4l" data-v-d11d85fe></div> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-d11d85fe> Since 2019, our collaboration with Research4Life has aimed to boost worldwide participation in research and scholarly communications, particularly from lower-income countries, thereby ensuring that all researchers have an equitable platform to harness knowledge, broaden publishing participation, and address societal challenges. </p></div> <div class="item" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="item-intro" data-v-d11d85fe><p class="item-title" data-v-d11d85fe>Zendy</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/zendy.svg" class="item-logo-zendy" data-v-d11d85fe></div> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-d11d85fe>IntechOpen partnered with Zendy, developed by Knowledge E, to boost the accessibility of open access content for developing countries, making our scholarly work more discoverable in the MENA region and other developing countries. As members of the SDG Publishers Compact, both Knowledge E and IntechOpen share the same commitment to increase awareness, publish and disseminate scientific research that supports the UN SDGs.</p></div></div> <div class="second" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="item" data-v-d11d85fe><div class="item-intro item-intro-aid" data-v-d11d85fe><p class="item-title" data-v-d11d85fe>Book Aid</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/book-aid.svg" class="item-logo-book-aid" data-v-d11d85fe></div> <p class="relative-d4 item-about-aid" data-v-d11d85fe> In 2022 and again in 2024, IntechOpen donated books to Book Aid International, reinforcing our commitment to advancing progress and equity in research and education. This initiative is a natural fit for IntechOpen, as it aligns with our mission to make knowledge accessible to all. Partnering with Book Aid International - an organization with a long history of using books to foster progress and promote equity - ensures that our publications reach researchers and professionals in regions with limited access to online resources. We look forward to continuing our support for Book Aid International in the future. </p> <figure data-v-d11d85fe><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-01.jpg" class="two-women" data-v-d11d85fe> <figcaption class="relative-d6" data-v-d11d85fe> Alison Tweed, CEO, Book Aid International, and Dr. Sara Uhac, CEO, IntechOpen, at the 2022 Frankfurt Book Fair. </figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div></section> <section id="climate-action" data-v-54728878><div class="intro" data-v-54728878><div class="title-section" data-v-54728878><div class="title" data-v-54728878><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-climate-action.jpg" alt="sdg-hub-climate-action" data-v-54728878> <p data-v-54728878>Climate Action</p></div> <p id="initiatives-of-publishing-industry" class="relative-d3 bold subtitle" data-v-54728878>Initiatives of the publishing industry</p></div> <div class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-54728878><p data-v-54728878>The publishing industry has united in calling for climate action as a priority, with the ambition to support SDG 13 - Climate Action. IntechOpen also prioritised SDG 13 in its sustainability approach through its publishing program and special initiatives in response to this global call. IntechOpen actively contributes to the topic by gathering relevant open access and open science research, broadening its understanding partnering with different initiatives (Kudos, Impact Science...), and accelerating its application towards a sustainable world.</p> <a href="/climate-change-hub" class="link" data-v-54728878>Visit Climate Change Hub</a></div></div> <div class="section" data-v-39db5b96 data-v-54728878><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/kudos-tablet.svg" class="tablet-img" data-v-39db5b96> <div class="kudos" data-v-39db5b96><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/kudos-logo.svg" class="kudos-logo" data-v-39db5b96> <p class="kudos-text relative-d4" data-v-39db5b96>A selection of articles from IntechOpen <span data-v-39db5b96>Journal Green Energy and Environmental Technology (GEET)</span> is now available through IntechOpen Climate Change Showcase at Kudos platform, with summaries explained in plain language by professional science writers. </p> <a href="https://www.growkudos.com/showcase/collections/climate-change-intechopen" target="_blank" class="kudos-link" data-v-39db5b96>Visit the Showcase</a></div></div> <div class="content" data-v-156e80a6 data-v-54728878><div id="environmental-impact" class="section" data-v-156e80a6><p class="relative-d3 bold subtitle" data-v-156e80a6>Environmental Impact</p> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-156e80a6> Special effort is made to reduce the business’ environmental footprint, and realisation measures have already been established and some implemented. We apply a dynamic process that ensures that emerging metrics, evolving industry dynamics, and new material topics are promptly identified and incorporated into the assessments. </p></div> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/graphics/env.svg" class="graph" data-v-156e80a6> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-156e80a6> Guided by transparency, accountability, and continuous learning principles, we apply a dynamic process that promptly identifies emerging metrics, evolving industry dynamics, and new material topics and incorporates them into the assessment and our reports. By proactively including recognised sustainability topics, we strive to ensure our practices remain relevant, comprehensive, and aligned with stakeholder expectations. </p></div></section> <section id="responsible-business" data-v-620a6b2a><div class="section" data-v-620a6b2a><div class="section-intro" data-v-620a6b2a><div class="section-intro--images" data-v-620a6b2a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-decent-work.jpg" alt="sdg-hub-decent-work" data-v-620a6b2a> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-gender-equality.jpg" alt="sdg-hub-gender-equality" data-v-620a6b2a></div> <p class="section-intro--title" data-v-620a6b2a>Responsible Bussines and Organisational Culture Principles</p></div> <p class="relative-d4 text-content" data-v-620a6b2a>The social perspective is considered through the company’s business philosophy and organisational culture principles - equality, inclusiveness, responsibility, and employees’ well-being, in support of SDG 5 and 8 - respectively, Gender Equality and Decent Work and Economic Growth.</p></div> <div class="reports" data-v-4ec77443 data-v-620a6b2a><div class="swiper-body swiper" data-v-32859338 data-v-4ec77443><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div id="reports" class="swiper-slide report" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><div class="report-text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="report-year" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>2023 ESG Report</p> <div class="report-about" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="relative-d4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>Our third annual ESG report showcases a continuation of our work through the years. By proactively including recognised sustainability topics in everything we do, we strive to ensure our practices remain relevant and comprehensive.</p> </div></div> <video controls="controls" class="report-video" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><source src="https://cdnintech.com/news/ESG-2023-video.mp4" type="video/mp4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443></video></div><div id="reports" class="swiper-slide report" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><div class="report-text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="report-year" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>2022 ESG Report</p> <div class="report-about" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="relative-d4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>As the world’s leading publisher of open access books, and a portfolio of open science journals, IntechOpen has embarked on a journey towards environmental, social, and governance(ESG) excellence. This second, annual ESG report builds on the insights and achievements of 2021. This brochure serves a dual purpose: to showcase the advancements made since the first report and to underscore IntechOpen’s commitment to continuous improvement in ESG practices</p> <a href="https://cdnintech.com/news/Whitepaper_2022_ESG_Due_Diligence_Report.pdf" class="download" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="download-link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>Download ESG report</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-down.svg" class="download-icon" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443></a></div></div> <video controls="controls" class="report-video" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><source src="https://cdnintech.com/news/ESG-2022-video.mp4" type="video/mp4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443></video></div><div id="reports" class="swiper-slide report" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><div class="report-text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="report-year" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>2021 ESG Report</p> <div class="report-about" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="relative-d4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>With our ongoing commitment to increase awareness and publish and promote scientific research in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, IntechOpen is actively implementing Environmental, Social, and Governance principles into its operations.</p> <a href="https://cdnintech.com/news/Whitepaper_2021_ESG_Due_Diligence_Report.pdf" class="download" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><p class="download-link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443>Download ESG report</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/icons/arrow-down.svg" class="download-icon" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443></a></div></div> <video controls="controls" class="report-video" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443><source src="https://cdnintech.com/news/ESG-2021.mp4" type="video/mp4" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-4ec77443></video></div> </div></div> <div id="swiper-pagination-esg" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-4ec77443></div> <div class="nav-btns" data-v-32859338 data-v-4ec77443><div id="swiper-button-prev" class="swiper-button swiper-button--prev" data-v-32859338 data-v-4ec77443></div> <div id="swiper-button-next" class="swiper-button swiper-button--next" data-v-32859338 data-v-4ec77443></div></div></div></div> <div id="diversity-and-inclusions" class="diversity-and-inclusion" data-v-437f5120 data-v-620a6b2a><div class="intro" data-v-437f5120><p class="intro-title" data-v-437f5120>Diversity and Inclusion</p> <p class="text relative-d4" data-v-437f5120>We at IntechOpen have formalised a set of commitments to fostering, cultivating and preserving a culture of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. This applies to a global statement on a company level and furthering our commitments across different editorial policies to support a more inclusive and diverse scholarly publishing community that we have always been proud of supporting and giving visibility and impact to.</p></div></div> <div class="content" data-v-76d196be data-v-620a6b2a><div class="gender-equality" data-v-76d196be><p class="gender-equality--title" data-v-76d196be>Gender Equality</p> <p class="gender-equality--text relative-d4" data-v-76d196be> IntechOpen is committed to fostering a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace that values and respects all individuals. A commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion is essential to our mission of promoting open access and open science and advancing the scientific community.</p></div> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/employee-diversity-lg.svg" class="employee-diversity" data-v-76d196be> <div class="management-board" data-v-76d196be><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/management-board.svg" data-v-76d196be> <div class="management-board-text" data-v-76d196be><p class="management-board-text__title" data-v-76d196be>Management Board</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-76d196be>At the board level, 33% female members. Among the 82 FTE employees, the majority (80%) were female.</p></div></div> <div class="women-in-science" data-v-76d196be><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/wis-tablet.png" data-v-76d196be> <div class="women-in-science-text" data-v-76d196be><p class="relative-d7 bold uppercase" data-v-76d196be>Initiatives that support diversity and inclusion - Women in Science</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-76d196be>For many years, IntechOpen has actively promoted the research of female scientists. Our Women in Science program builds on the previous WIS program's successful foundations, publishing the research of award-winning women from physics to robotics, medicine to environmental science.</p> <a href="/women-in-science" class="women-in-science-link" data-v-76d196be>Women in Science Initiatives Hub</a></div></div> <div class="border" data-v-76d196be></div></div> <div class="section" data-v-7a2f1dcc data-v-620a6b2a><div class="rising-stars" data-v-7a2f1dcc><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/rising-stars-tablet.png" data-v-7a2f1dcc> <div class="rising-stars-text" data-v-7a2f1dcc><p class="relative-d7 bold uppercase" data-v-7a2f1dcc>Rising Stars - a Hub for Young Scientists</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-7a2f1dcc>At IntechOpen, we understand the importance of nurturing the next generation of scientists. Our Rising Stars Hub serves as a dedicated platform to inspire young researchers, offering a collection of interviews with leading scientists and materials designed to motivate aspiring scientists to pursue their passions and join the global scholarly conversation.</p> <a href="/rising-stars" class="rising-stars-link" data-v-7a2f1dcc>Rising Stars - a Hub for Young Scientists</a></div></div> <div class="border" data-v-7a2f1dcc></div></div> <div class="section" data-v-2c2d8462 data-v-620a6b2a><div class="rising-stars" data-v-2c2d8462><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/open-science-hub.png" data-v-2c2d8462> <div class="rising-stars-text" data-v-2c2d8462><p class="relative-d7 bold uppercase" data-v-2c2d8462>Open science hub</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-2c2d8462> As part of our commitment to open access and open science, we have launched the Open Science Hub - a centralized platform dedicated to enhancing openness and accessibility in scientific research. This hub serves as a starting point for accessing open science resources, featuring webinars on open science practices, expert discussions across various disciplines, and curated materials to foster a more inclusive and equitable scientific ecosystem. </p> <a href="/open-science-hub" class="rising-stars-link" data-v-2c2d8462>Open Science Hub</a></div></div></div> <div class="disability-and-work" data-v-5147797a data-v-620a6b2a><p class="title" data-v-5147797a>Disability and work</p> <div class="programs" data-v-5147797a><div class="first" data-v-5147797a><div class="program" data-v-5147797a><div class="program-title" data-v-5147797a><p class="subtitle" data-v-5147797a>Daily Fit-Office Exercise Breaks</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/fit-office.svg" class="fit-office" data-v-5147797a></div> <div class="text" data-v-5147797a><p class="relative-d4" data-v-5147797a>Our goal is to improve health and a better quality of life at the workplace, and we have introduced a workplace exercise program adapted to the needs and capabilities of the team. Improving physical and mental health creates a productive and motivating work environment and raises employees' quality of life.</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-5147797a>Our partner in doing so is FitOffice, a socially responsible company that employs more than 50% of people with disabilities and is run by a paralympic athlete.</p></div></div> <div class="program" data-v-5147797a><div class="program-title" data-v-5147797a><p class="subtitle" data-v-5147797a>Socially-responsible Initiatives</p></div> <div class="text" data-v-5147797a><p class="relative-d4" data-v-5147797a>Every year our team takes part in socially-responsible Initiatives. After years of supporting zero hunger initiatives and SDG Goal 2, our employees have decided to donate to a children's home and support Goal 16.2 for Christmas 2022.</p> <p class="relative-d4" data-v-5147797a>The aim was to help a public social care institution that provides psychosocial assistance to children, young people and their families through a half-day stay program, professional advisory service and preventive activities.</p> <p class="relative-d4" style="margin-top: 8px;" data-v-5147797a>IntechOpen’s employees’ commitment for Christmas 2023 was to help the most vulnerable fellow citizens by providing food packages. The food was distributed through the a local volunteer organisation that provides food and essential items to help people in need.</p></div></div></div> <div class="second" data-v-5147797a><div class="program" data-v-5147797a><div class="program-title wfl-title" data-v-5147797a><p class="subtitle" data-v-5147797a>Wings for Life 2022 & 2023</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/wings-for-life.svg" class="wings-for-life" data-v-5147797a></div> <div class="text" data-v-5147797a><p class="relative-d4" data-v-5147797a>IntechOpen joins the rest of the world each year in the Wings for Life World run. The world's biggest running event, the Wings for Life World Run, is an international race in which donations help to support spinal cord injury research - 100% of entry fees go to spinal cord research and help to find a cure for spinal cord injury. </p></div> <div class="world-run-images" data-v-5147797a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-world-run-2022.jpg" class="world-run" data-v-5147797a> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intechopen-sdg-hub-world-run-2023.jpg" class="world-run" data-v-5147797a></div></div></div></div></div></section> <div id="highlights-and-events" class="highlights" data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="highlights--title" data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="relative-d3 bold" data-v-2ba06fbf>Highlights and Events</p></div> <div class="highlights-swiper" data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="swiper-body swiper" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/geet.png" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>05 November 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Nearly 70% of the journal's publications directly contribute to key SDGs, including Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11).</p> <a href="/news/green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/research4life.png" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>29 October 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>As a signatory of the United Nations SDG Publishers Compact and an open access publisher, IntechOpen proudly reaffirms its commitment to Research4Life, emphasising our shared mission to foster a diverse, inclusive, and equitable research ecosystem. We believe that equitable access to knowledge is essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and fostering global advancement.</p> <a href="/news/intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/open-science-hub.jpg" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>28 October 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>As a natural step forward in our commitment to open access and open science, we are introducing the Open Science Hub - a centralised platform dedicated to advancing openness and accessibility in scientific research.</p> <a href="/news/intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/ku.png" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>19 August 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>New Open Access Books from the Knowledge Unlatched Select Programme 2024</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Our fruitful partnership with Knowledge Unlatched is now entering its sixth year. During this time, with the support of libraries worldwide, we have published 64 books covering Social Sciences and Humanities, Climate Change, Global Health, Engineering, and Physics, among other fields. This collaboration has facilitated our authors in publishing their research as open access.</p> <a href="/news/new-open-access-books-from-the-knowledge-unlatched-select-programme-2024-20240819" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/rising-stars.jpg" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>18 July 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>We are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of todays leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.</p> <a href="/news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/book-aid.jpg" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>23 April 2024</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen Continues Partnership With Book Aid International, Making Books Available to Education-Disrupted Countries in Africa and Beyond</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen is proud to continue its partnership with Book Aid International and announce its latest book donation. This is our second contribution to the UK's leading book donation and library support charity that envisions a world where everyone can access books to enrich, improve and change their lives.</p> <a href="/news/intechopen-continues-partnership-with-book-aid-international-making-books-available-to-education-disrupted-countries-in-africa-and-beyond-20240423" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn More</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/intech-zendy.jpg" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>12 December 2023</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen and Zendy Joint Webinar on Equitable Access to Research for Sustainable Development</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>The webinar offers an opportunity to hear about a hands-on case study in the field of emerging technologies in energy engineering and sustainability, with a specific focus on the goals behind that research.</p> <a href="/webinars-2023" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Watch the recording</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><div class="item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/sdg-hub/charleston-conference.jpg" class="item-img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf> <div class="item-data" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf><p class="item-data__date" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>20 November 2023</p> <p class="item-data__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>IntechOpen at the Charleston Conference 2023</p> <p class="item-data__text" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>During the virtual conference week, IntechOpen is participating alongside experts from Digital Science, Nuremberg University, and the Open Syllabus Project in a round table titled "A Fresh Look at Open Access Book Publishing Post-Pandemic in an SDG-Focused World."</p> <a href="/news/intechopen-at-the-charleston-conference-2023-20231120" class="item-data__link" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-2ba06fbf>Learn more</a></div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="news-slider__pagination" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf><div id="pagination-highlights" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf></div> <div class="controlls" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf><button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-arrow-left-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf></button> <button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-2ba06fbf></button></div></div></div></div></div></div> <footer data-v-8693b6c8 data-v-b51f6678> <div class="footer" data-v-8693b6c8><div class="inner" data-v-8693b6c8><div class="footer-nav cf" data-v-8693b6c8><div class="nav-box" data-v-8693b6c8><a href="/" class="title router-link-active" data-v-8693b6c8>Home</a> <a href="/news" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>News</a> <a href="/contact-us" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>Contact</a> <a href="/page/careers-at-intechopen" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>Careers</a> <a href="/sdg-hub" aria-current="page" class="title router-link-exact-active router-link-active" data-v-8693b6c8>SDG Hub</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-8693b6c8> <a href="/about-intechopen" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>About</a> <a href="/institutions" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Authors, Editors and Institutions</a> <a href="/page/scientific-advisors" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Scientific Advisors</a> <a href="/page/team" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Team</a> <a href="/page/events" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Events</a> <a href="/advertising" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Advertising</a> <a href="/page/partnerships" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Memberships and Partnerships</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-8693b6c8><a href="/publish" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>Publish</a> <a href="/page/about-open-access" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>About Open Access</a> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>How it Works</a> <a href="/page/OA-publishing-fees" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>OA Publishing Fees</a> <a href="/open-access-funding" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Open Access Funding</a> <a href="/peer-reviewing" class="link" data-v-8693b6c8>Peer Review</a> <a href="/page/editorial-policies" class="title" data-v-8693b6c8>Editorial Policies</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-8693b6c8><div class="social-wrap" data-v-8693b6c8><a href="https://twitter.com/intechopen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-8693b6c8><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/x.svg" alt="Twitter" data-v-8693b6c8></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/IntechOpen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-8693b6c8><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook" data-v-8693b6c8></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/intechopen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-8693b6c8><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn" data-v-8693b6c8></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/intechopen/" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-8693b6c8><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/instagram.svg" alt="Instagram" data-v-8693b6c8></a></div> <div class="company-info-wrap cf" data-v-8693b6c8><p class="address" data-v-8693b6c8> IntechOpen Limited<br data-v-8693b6c8> 167-169 Great Portland Street,<br data-v-8693b6c8> London, W1W 5PF,<br data-v-8693b6c8> UNITED KINGDOM </p> <div class="meta-wrap" data-v-8693b6c8><p class="meta" data-v-8693b6c8>Phone: +44 20 8089 5702</p></div></div></div></div> <div class="search-wrap cf" data-v-8693b6c8><form class="search-term" data-v-6047d25e data-v-8693b6c8><input placeholder="Search" required="required" value="" data-v-6047d25e> <button type="submit" class="icr iconSearch" data-v-6047d25e>Submit</button></form> <a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&env=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.intechopen.com" target="_blank" class="cta button-type-1" data-v-8693b6c8>Author Panel Sign in</a></div> <div class="legal-wrap" data-v-8693b6c8><ul class="legal-nav" data-v-8693b6c8><li data-v-8693b6c8><a href="/page/terms-and-conditions" data-v-8693b6c8>Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li data-v-8693b6c8><a href="/privacy-policy" data-v-8693b6c8>Privacy Policy</a></li> <li data-v-8693b6c8><a href="/page/customer-complaints" data-v-8693b6c8>Customer Complaints</a></li></ul> <p class="copyright" data-v-8693b6c8>© 2025 IntechOpen. All rights reserved.</p></div></div></div></footer></div>  <div data-v-f9e5df86><div class="sidebar-overlay" data-v-f9e5df86><div class="sidebar" data-v-f9e5df86><button class="close-btn primary relative-d4 bold" data-v-f9e5df86>CLOSE X</button> <div class="login" data-v-f9e5df86><p class="relative-d4" data-v-f9e5df86><span class="relative-d4" data-v-f9e5df86> IntechOpen Author/Editor?</span> <br data-v-f9e5df86> To get your discount, <a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?ref=login&referer=www&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fsdg-hub" class="primary" data-v-f9e5df86>log in</a>. </p></div> <h3 class="relative-d3 bold cart-title" data-v-f9e5df86>Your cart</h3> <div class="content" data-v-5ab9f6ad data-v-f9e5df86></div> <div class="discount-box" data-v-984dc9c8 data-v-f9e5df86><div class="title-box" data-v-984dc9c8><p class="note" data-v-984dc9c8> Discounts available on purchase of multiple copies. <span class="primary" data-v-984dc9c8>View rates</span></p> <span data-v-984dc9c8><svg width="15" height="8" viewBox="0 0 15 8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="arrow-down" data-v-984dc9c8><path d="M1.82935 1L7.82935 7L13.8293 1" stroke="black" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" data-v-984dc9c8></path></svg></span></div> </div> <div class="author-price" data-v-f9e5df86><table class="price-brakedown" data-v-f9e5df86>   <tr data-v-f9e5df86><td data-v-f9e5df86><span class="relative-d3 bold subtotal" data-v-f9e5df86>Subtotal</span></td> <td class="summary" data-v-f9e5df86><strong class="relative-d3 bold" data-v-f9e5df86> £0.00 </strong></td></tr></table></div> <p class="note" data-v-f9e5df86> Local taxes (VAT) are calculated in later steps, if applicable. </p> <a href="/login" data-v-f9e5df86><button class="btn button btn--large " data-v-4e735fe2 data-v-f9e5df86> Checkout</button></a> <p class="contact" data-v-f9e5df86> Support: <a href="mailto:orders@intechopen.com" data-v-f9e5df86>orders@intechopen.com</a></p></div></div></div></div><script>window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"errorStatus":null,"errorStatus2":null,"topics":null,"windowContext":"large","lastViewed":[],"ofsBooksList":[],"ofsBooksListCount":null,"statistics":null,"intechStatistics":null,"globalStatistics":null,"regionStatistics":null,"featuredNews":null,"testimonials":null,"loader":false,"cachePageTTL":null,"home":{"featuredBooks":[],"featuredProfiles":[{"id":"4759","name":"Paul K.","surname":"Chu","fullName":"Paul K. Chu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F4759\u002F1743459194\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"paul-k.-chu"},{"id":"11981","name":"Hiroshi","surname":"Ishiguro","fullName":"Hiroshi Ishiguro","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F11981\u002F1743459122\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"hiroshi-ishiguro"},{"id":"14454","name":"Gérard","surname":"Mourou","fullName":"Gérard Mourou","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F14454\u002F1738307124\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"gerard-mourou"},{"id":"28886","name":"Harold","surname":"Kroto","fullName":"Harold Kroto","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F28886\u002F1743458836\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"harold-kroto"},{"id":"37703","name":"Elena","surname":"Aikawa","fullName":"Elena Aikawa","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F37703\u002F1737016528\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"elena-aikawa"},{"id":"50017","name":"Sylvie","surname":"Manguin","fullName":"Sylvie Manguin","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F50017\u002F1743459361\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"sylvie-manguin"},{"id":"63994","name":"Jamie","surname":"Davies","fullName":"Jamie Davies","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F63994\u002F1743459787\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"jamie-davies"},{"id":"115304","name":"Alyssa","surname":"Brewer","fullName":"Alyssa Brewer","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F115304\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"alyssa-brewer"},{"id":"115556","name":"Cheng-Xiang","surname":"Wang","fullName":"Cheng-Xiang Wang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","slug":"cheng-xiang-wang"},{"id":"141524","name":"Pamela","surname":"McCauley","fullName":"Pamela McCauley","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F141524\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"pamela-mccauley"},{"id":"219757","name":"Douglas","surname":"McNair","fullName":"Douglas McNair","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F219757\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"douglas-mcnair"},{"id":"235057","name":"Eva","surname":"Segelov","fullName":"Eva Segelov","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F235057\u002F1718799006\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"eva-segelov"},{"id":"259407","name":"Fabio","surname":"Gabrielli","fullName":"Fabio Gabrielli","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F259407\u002F1702635750\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"fabio-gabrielli"},{"id":"279275","name":"Bryan","surname":"Palaszewski","fullName":"Bryan Palaszewski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F279275\u002F1683608921\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"bryan-palaszewski"},{"id":"348921","name":"Gerard","surname":"’t Hooft","fullName":"Gerard ’t Hooft","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F348921\u002F1738222408\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"gerard-'t-hooft"}],"topics":[{"id":"1","title":"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology","slug":"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology","numberOfWosCitations":120949,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":75155,"numberOfBooks":3247,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":111116,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":235086,"numberOfSeries":7},{"id":"2","title":"Life Sciences","slug":"life-sciences","numberOfWosCitations":47606,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":41425,"numberOfBooks":1408,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":53258,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":124430,"numberOfSeries":6},{"id":"3","title":"Health Sciences","slug":"health-sciences","numberOfWosCitations":32902,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":64968,"numberOfBooks":2357,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":38076,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":83853,"numberOfSeries":9},{"id":"4","title":"Social Sciences and Humanities","slug":"social-sciences-and-humanities","numberOfWosCitations":3247,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":9374,"numberOfBooks":478,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":8255,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":15156,"numberOfSeries":4}],"selectedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"1591","title":"Infrared Spectroscopy","subtitle":"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4","slug":"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Theophile Theophanides","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F1591.jpg","numberOfDownloads":201311,"numberOfWosCitations":1650,"numberOfTotalCitations":4011,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":666,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":1695,"editors":[{"id":"37194","title":"Dr.","name":"Theophile","middleName":null,"surname":"Theophanides","slug":"theophile-theophanides","fullName":"Theophile Theophanides"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"3077","title":"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872","slug":"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Satoru Suzuki","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3077.jpg","numberOfDownloads":99355,"numberOfWosCitations":265,"numberOfTotalCitations":731,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":137,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":329,"editors":[{"id":"30519","title":"Dr.","name":"Satoru","middleName":null,"surname":"Suzuki","slug":"satoru-suzuki","fullName":"Satoru Suzuki"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"5787","title":"Cutting Edge Robotics","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"f5caeb19605b2ebe7260f03131c26a24","slug":"cutting_edge_robotics","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Vedran Kordic, Aleksandar Lazinica and Munir Merdan","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5787.jpg","numberOfDownloads":197469,"numberOfWosCitations":116,"numberOfTotalCitations":538,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":126,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":296,"editors":[{"id":"396","title":"Dr.","name":"Vedran","middleName":null,"surname":"Kordic","slug":"vedran-kordic","fullName":"Vedran Kordic"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"8427","title":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"0fdedc9bf6c23241235a0ae011c0304c","slug":"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8427.jpg","numberOfDownloads":30123,"numberOfWosCitations":39,"numberOfTotalCitations":321,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":88,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":194,"editors":[{"id":"179460","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Sahra","middleName":null,"surname":"Kırmusaoğlu","slug":"sahra-kirmusaoglu","fullName":"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"10445","title":"Preparation of Space Experiments","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"5bfa68c29ae5337ce970b83f7d8b9f03","slug":"preparation-of-space-experiments","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Vladimir Pletser","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10445.jpg","numberOfDownloads":12381,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":61,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":25,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":36,"editors":[{"id":"320503","title":"Dr.","name":"Vladimir","middleName":null,"surname":"Pletser","slug":"vladimir-pletser","fullName":"Vladimir Pletser"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"10674","title":"Topics on Quantum Information Science","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d","slug":"topics-on-quantum-information-science","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sergio Curilef and Angel Ricardo Plastino","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10674.jpg","numberOfDownloads":3402,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":13,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":5,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":8,"editors":[{"id":"125424","title":"Prof.","name":"Sergio","middleName":null,"surname":"Curilef","slug":"sergio-curilef","fullName":"Sergio Curilef"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"11220","title":"Congenital Heart Defects","subtitle":"Recent Advances","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"d6b7cce1ec751a5f0515283d83adb20e","slug":"congenital-heart-defects-recent-advances","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"P. Syamasundar Rao","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11220.jpg","numberOfDownloads":5835,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":13,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":3,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":10,"editors":[{"id":"68531","title":"Dr.","name":"P. Syamasundar","middleName":null,"surname":"Rao","slug":"p.-syamasundar-rao","fullName":"P. Syamasundar Rao"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003597","title":"Towards the Eradication of \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection","subtitle":"Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"ec8f1cefa934caf4aae4e70b7b39d9e4","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Liang Wang, Alfred Chin Yen Tay and Barry J. Marshall","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010M8cRQAS\u002F0015501_TrikoderCover%20%282023-05-18%2007%3A08%3A50%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":1288,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":2,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":1,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":1,"editors":[{"id":"510963","title":"Prof.","name":"Liang","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","slug":"liang-wang","fullName":"Liang Wang"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"12640","title":"Theriogenology","subtitle":"Recent Advances in the Field","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"4c94b8888d6a02241f62b70529e0c6e0","slug":"theriogenology-recent-advances-in-the-field","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Alexandre Rodrigues Silva, Alexsandra Fernandes Pereira and Dana Liana Pusta","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12640.jpg","numberOfDownloads":1744,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":16,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":6,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":10,"editors":[{"id":"90066","title":"Dr.","name":"Alexandre","middleName":"Rodrigues","surname":"Silva","slug":"alexandre-silva","fullName":"Alexandre Silva"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004168","title":"Advanced Ceramic Materials","subtitle":"Emerging Technologies","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"200e4fc307c8968c5ec8363a70d703c5","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Amparo Borrell Tomás and Rut Benavente Martínez","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000003OliUIAS\u002F0016072_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-13%2008%3A12%3A33%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":6040,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"editors":[{"id":"245662","title":"Dr.","name":"Amparo","middleName":null,"surname":"Borrell Tomás","slug":"amparo-borrell-tomas","fullName":"Amparo Borrell Tomás"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}}],"selectedChapters":[{"type":"chapter","id":"37067","title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres","slug":"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-natural-fibres","datePrePublished":null,"totalDimensionsCites":554,"isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"slug":"fourier-transform-materials-analysis","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F2270.jpg"},"signatures":"Mizi Fan, Dasong Dai and Biao Huang","authors":[{"id":"104647","title":"Prof.","name":"Mizi","middleName":null,"surname":"Fan","slug":"mizi-fan","fullName":"Mizi Fan"}]}],"selectedSeries":[{"type":"series","id":"6","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F6.jpg","title":"Infectious Diseases","numberOfOpenTopics":4,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":35,"numberOfPublishedChapters":310},{"type":"series","id":"7","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F7.jpg","title":"Biomedical Engineering","numberOfOpenTopics":3,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":27,"numberOfPublishedChapters":212},{"type":"series","id":"11","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F11.jpg","title":"Biochemistry","numberOfOpenTopics":4,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":61,"numberOfPublishedChapters":542},{"type":"series","id":"14","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F14.jpg","title":"Artificial Intelligence","numberOfOpenTopics":6,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":32,"numberOfPublishedChapters":262}],"featuredNews":[{"id":"585","slug":"researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325","title":"ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EAs part of our ongoing commitment to expanding the reach and visibility of open access research, we are excited to announce a new partnership with ResearchGate, the leading professional network for researchers. This collaboration will increase the reach and brand visibility of our journals through ResearchGate’s Journal Home platform.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EAs part of our ongoing commitment to expanding the reach and visibility of open access research, we are excited to announce a new partnership with ResearchGate, the leading professional network for researchers. This collaboration will increase the reach and brand visibility of our journals through ResearchGate’s Journal Home platform.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 25, 2025","mainMedia":{"id":"530","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F530"}},{"id":"530","slug":"intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708","title":"IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of today's leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"July 8, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"410","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F410"}},{"id":"464","slug":"intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607","title":"IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is now an official member of the UKSG, the UK's largest scholarly communications community. Founded almost half a century ago, it connects the knowledge community and encourages the exchange of ideas in scholarly communication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"June 7, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"405","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F405"}},{"id":"527","slug":"intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522","title":"IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of\u003Cem\u003E Helicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E-related research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of\u003Cem\u003E Helicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E-related research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"May 22, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"406","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F406"}},{"id":"514","slug":"intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311","title":"IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 11, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"402","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F402"}},{"id":"467","slug":"connecting-with-the-robotics-community-and-celebrating-open-science-the-intechopen-journals-highlights-from-icra-2023-20230626","title":"Connecting with the Robotics Community and Celebrating Open Science: The IntechOpen Journals Highlights from ICRA 2023","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThe IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EThe IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"June 26, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"386","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F386"}},{"id":"435","slug":"intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328","title":"IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 28, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"325","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F325"}},{"id":"416","slug":"intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217","title":"IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"February 17, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"357","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F357"}},{"id":"346","slug":"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915","title":"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, \u003Cstrong\u003Ealways open for submissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"September 15, 2021","mainMedia":{"id":"132","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F132"}},{"id":"444","slug":"intechopen-journals-presents-engaging-with-open-science-2023-webinar-series-20230407","title":"IntechOpen Journals Presents: 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' Webinar Series","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThis year, to continue to support our community, we are launching our 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' webinar series, where we will discuss key developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics. The webinars are organised in three sessions which tell you what you need to know about preprints, open data and open peer review.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"April 7, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"323","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F323"}}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,400","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"194,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":458108,"crossrefCitations":210516},"globalStatistics":{"yearsInPublishingExperience":"15","institutionsPublishedWithUs":"500","visitorsPerMonth":"3.3 MILLION","downloadsPerYear":"150000","wosCitations":"+184,650","chapterPublished":"54,000"}},"newsLanding":{"offset":0,"limit":4,"total":null,"newsList":[]},"news":{"item":{"slug":"intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311","title":"IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University","subtitle":null,"metaTitle":"IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University","metaDescription":"IntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.","metaKeywords":null,"publishedDatetime":"March 11, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EFounded in 1858, Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is the first coeducational land-grant institution in the United States. ISU has seven colleges: Agriculture and Life Sciences, Business, Design, Engineering, Human Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is a pioneer in the open access books movement, having published over 6,900 open access books, many from leading scholars in their field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EThe funding for this deal is provided by Iowa State University Library with the goals to both promote open access and openness for ISU’s research publications, and to support author choice by making open access publishing an affordable option. This multipayer cost-sharing model, and publisher discount is designed to enable Iowa State University Library to stretch its open access funds to help as many authors as possible and ensure that lack of research funds is not a barrier for authors who choose to publish in IntechOpen's Open Access Books and Journals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is proud to enter this agreement with Iowa State University to encourage open access publishing across all formats and fields of science. With a particular focus on open access books, IntechOpen and Iowa State University are also both supporting and actively involved with the OA Switchboard initiative for books and strive to provide a way for authors to access available funds for OA book initiatives and cover book and chapter publication costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EFor more information on the agreement details, visit the landing page\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Finstitution\u002F1528\\\"\u003E here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAbout Iowa State University\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) was founded in 1858 as the land-grant institution for the State of Iowa (the first coeducational land-grant institution in the United States). ISU is one of the three state-supported universities in Iowa administered by the State Board of Regents. ISU has seven colleges: Agriculture and Life Sciences, Business, Design, Engineering, Human Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EVisit the university's website at \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.iastate.edu\\\"\u003Ewww.iastate.edu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for more information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAbout IntechOpen\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EBorn from a desire to make publishing more relevant for the digital age, IntechOpen has grown to become the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books, specialising in science, technology and medicine. In 2022, IntechOpen introduced a portfolio of Open Science journals, representing a new publishing venue for academics in areas of rapid interdisciplinary growth at the cutting edge of technology, environmental sciences, and human health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is built on the belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration and is committed to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ELearn more at \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\\\"\u003Ewww.intechopen.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":{"caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F402"}},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFounded in 1858, Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is the first coeducational land-grant institution in the United States. ISU has seven colleges: Agriculture and Life Sciences, Business, Design, Engineering, Human Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is a pioneer in the open access books movement, having published over 6,900 open access books, many from leading scholars in their field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe funding for this deal is provided by Iowa State University Library with the goals to both promote open access and openness for ISU’s research publications, and to support author choice by making open access publishing an affordable option. This multipayer cost-sharing model, and publisher discount is designed to enable Iowa State University Library to stretch its open access funds to help as many authors as possible and ensure that lack of research funds is not a barrier for authors who choose to publish in IntechOpen's Open Access Books and Journals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is proud to enter this agreement with Iowa State University to encourage open access publishing across all formats and fields of science. With a particular focus on open access books, IntechOpen and Iowa State University are also both supporting and actively involved with the OA Switchboard initiative for books and strive to provide a way for authors to access available funds for OA book initiatives and cover book and chapter publication costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFor more information on the agreement details, visit the landing page\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Finstitution\u002F1528\"\u003E here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAbout Iowa State University\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) was founded in 1858 as the land-grant institution for the State of Iowa (the first coeducational land-grant institution in the United States). ISU is one of the three state-supported universities in Iowa administered by the State Board of Regents. ISU has seven colleges: Agriculture and Life Sciences, Business, Design, Engineering, Human Sciences, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EVisit the university's website at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.iastate.edu\"\u003Ewww.iastate.edu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for more information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAbout IntechOpen\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBorn from a desire to make publishing more relevant for the digital age, IntechOpen has grown to become the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books, specialising in science, technology and medicine. In 2022, IntechOpen introduced a portfolio of Open Science journals, representing a new publishing venue for academics in areas of rapid interdisciplinary growth at the cutting edge of technology, environmental sciences, and human health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is built on the belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration and is committed to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ELearn more at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\"\u003Ewww.intechopen.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325","title":"ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership"},{"slug":"new-intechopen-book-series-annual-volumes-published-in-2024-20250120","title":"New IntechOpen Book Series Annual Volumes Published in 2024"},{"slug":"third-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-report-published-20241230","title":"Third Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report Published"},{"slug":"intechopen-books-now-indexed-in-ebsco-s-open-access-collection-20241219","title":"IntechOpen Books Now Indexed in EBSCO’s Open Access Collection"},{"slug":"intechopen-journals-inaugural-best-reviewer-award-for-2024-20241217","title":"Inaugural Best Reviewer Award for 2024 - IntechOpen Journals"},{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals"},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment"},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"2241","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Biomedical Engineering - From Theory to Applications","title":"Biomedical Engineering","subtitle":"From Theory to Applications","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"In all different areas in biomedical engineering, the ultimate objectives in research and education are to improve the quality life, reduce the impact of disease on the everyday life of individuals, and provide an appropriate infrastructure to promote and enhance the interaction of biomedical engineering researchers. This book is prepared in two volumes to introduce a recent advances in different areas of biomedical engineering such as biomaterials, cellular engineering, biomedical devices, nanotechnology, and biomechanics. It is hoped that both of the volumes will bring more awareness about the biomedical engineering field and help in completing or establishing new research areas in biomedical engineering.","isbn":null,"printIsbn":"978-953-307-637-9","pdfIsbn":"978-953-51-4446-5","doi":"10.5772\u002F2629","price":139,"priceEur":155,"priceUsd":179,"priceCbs":125,"slug":"biomedical-engineering-from-theory-to-applications","numberOfPages":500,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":1,"isInBkci":true,"hash":"933a7a2f008c47fd232180ef1b3f0a8c","bookSignature":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","publishedDate":"August 29th 2011","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F2241.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2241\u002F1718269598-1414613505\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2241\u002F1718269598-1414613505\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":132414,"numberOfViews":13946,"numberOfWosCitations":293,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":165,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":26,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":382,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":33,"hasAltmetrics":1,"totalAltmetricsMentions":18,"numberOfTotalCitations":840,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"October 25th 2010","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"November 22nd 2010","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"March 29th 2011","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"April 28th 2011","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"June 27th 2011","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":null,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":true,"cbsWebsiteURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcbspd.com\u002Fproduct\u002Fbiomedical-engineering-form-theory-to-application-hb-2014","noAds":0,"editors":[{"id":"1995","title":"Dr.","name":"Reza","middleName":null,"surname":"Fazel-Rezai","slug":"reza-fazel-rezai","fullName":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F1995\u002F1743458823\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Reza Fazel-Rezai received his BSc. and M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering in 1990 and 1993, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada in 1999. From 2000 to 2002 he worked in industry as a senior research scientist and research team manager. Then he joined academia at Sharif University of Technology and later the University of Manitoba as Assistant Professor in 2002 and 2004, respectively. Currently he is Assistant Professor and the Director of Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, USA. His research interests include biomedical signal and image processing, brain computer interface, EEG signal processing, seizure detection and prediction, neurofeedback, and human performance evaluation based on EEG signals.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":0,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"5","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"4","institution":{"name":"University of North Dakota","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}},"countryString":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"692","title":"Biotechnology","slug":"engineering-biomedical-engineering-biotechnology"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":null,"subseries":null,"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"18621","title":"Biomedical Web, Collections and Meta-Analysis Literature Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002F18133","slug":"biomedical-web-collections-and-meta-analysis-literature-applications","totalDownloads":4047,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Layla Michán, Israel Muñoz-Velasco, Eduardo Alvarez and Lyssania Macías","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18621","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18621","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"30504","title":"Dr","name":"Layla","surname":"Michán","slug":"layla-michan","fullName":"Layla Michán"},{"id":"31668","title":"BSc","name":"Lyssania","surname":"Macías","slug":"lyssania-macias","fullName":"Lyssania Macías"},{"id":"85643","title":"BSc","name":"Israel","surname":"Muñoz-Velasco","slug":"israel-munoz-velasco","fullName":"Israel Muñoz-Velasco"},{"id":"85644","title":"MSc.","name":"Eduardo","surname":"Alvarez","slug":"eduardo-alvarez","fullName":"Eduardo Alvarez"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18622","title":"Biomedical HIV Prevention","doi":"10.5772\u002F19196","slug":"biomedical-hiv-prevention","totalDownloads":3320,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":1,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Gita Ramjee and Claire Whitaker","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18622","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18622","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"34017","title":"Prof.","name":"Gita","surname":"Ramjee","slug":"gita-ramjee","fullName":"Gita Ramjee"},{"id":"89311","title":"Dr.","name":"Claire","surname":"Whitaker","slug":"claire-whitaker","fullName":"Claire Whitaker"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18623","title":"Physiological Cybernetics: An Old-Novel Approach for Students in Biomedical Systems","doi":"10.5772\u002F22748","slug":"physiological-cybernetics-an-old-novel-approach-for-students-in-biomedical-systems","totalDownloads":3294,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Alberto Landi, Marco Laurino and Paolo Piaggi","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18623","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18623","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"48873","title":"Prof.","name":"Alberto","surname":"Landi","slug":"alberto-landi","fullName":"Alberto Landi"},{"id":"49050","title":"Dr.","name":"Paolo","surname":"Piaggi","slug":"paolo-piaggi","fullName":"Paolo Piaggi"},{"id":"49051","title":"Dr.","name":"Marco","surname":"Laurino","slug":"marco-laurino","fullName":"Marco Laurino"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18624","title":"Biomedical Signal Transceivers","doi":"10.5772\u002F22513","slug":"biomedical-signal-transceivers","totalDownloads":6523,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":1,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Reza Fazel-Rezai, Noah Root, Ahmed Rabbi, DuckHee Lee and Waqas Ahmad","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18624","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18624","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"1995","title":"Dr.","name":"Reza","surname":"Fazel-Rezai","slug":"reza-fazel-rezai","fullName":"Reza Fazel-Rezai"},{"id":"165329","title":"Mr.","name":"Ahmed","surname":"Rabbi","slug":"ahmed-rabbi","fullName":"Ahmed Rabbi"},{"id":"357864","title":"Dr.","name":"Noah","surname":"Root","slug":"noah-root","fullName":"Noah Root"},{"id":"357865","title":"Dr.","name":"DuckHee","surname":"Lee","slug":"duckhee-lee","fullName":"DuckHee Lee"},{"id":"357866","title":"Dr.","name":"Waqas","surname":"Ahmad","slug":"waqas-ahmad","fullName":"Waqas Ahmad"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18625","title":"Column Coupling Electrophoresis in Biomedical Analysis","doi":"10.5772\u002F21895","slug":"column-coupling-electrophoresis-in-biomedical-analysis","totalDownloads":2810,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":5,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Peter Mikuš and Katarína Marákova","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18625","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18625","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"45273","title":"Dr.","name":"Peter","surname":"Mikuš","slug":"peter-mikus","fullName":"Peter Mikuš"},{"id":"45348","title":"Dr.","name":"Katarina","surname":"Marakova","slug":"katarina-marakova","fullName":"Katarina Marakova"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18626","title":"Design Principles for Microfluidic Biomedical Diagnostics in Space","doi":"10.5772\u002F21669","slug":"design-principles-for-microfluidic-biomedical-diagnostics-in-space","totalDownloads":3845,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":7,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Emily S. Nelson","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18626","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18626","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"44178","title":"Dr.","name":"Emily","surname":"Nelson","slug":"emily-nelson","fullName":"Emily Nelson"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18627","title":"Biotika®: ISIFC’s Virtual Company or Biomedical pre Incubation Accelerated Process","doi":"10.5772\u002F19676","slug":"biotika-isifc-s-virtual-company-or-biomedical-pre-incubation-accelerated-process","totalDownloads":3197,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":7,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Butterlin Nadia, Soto Romero Georges, Guyon Florent and Pazart Lionel","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18627","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18627","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"35823","title":"Dr.","name":"Nadia","surname":"Butterlin","slug":"nadia-butterlin","fullName":"Nadia Butterlin"},{"id":"51178","title":"Dr.","name":"Georges","surname":"Soto Romero","slug":"georges-soto-romero","fullName":"Georges Soto Romero"},{"id":"51179","title":"Mr.","name":"Florent","surname":"Guyon","slug":"florent-guyon","fullName":"Florent Guyon"},{"id":"51180","title":"Dr.","name":"Lionel","surname":"Pazart","slug":"lionel-pazart","fullName":"Lionel Pazart"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18628","title":"Nano-Engineering of Complex Systems: Smart Nanocarriers for Biomedical Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002F22918","slug":"nano-engineering-of-complex-systems-smart-nanocarriers-for-biomedical-applications","totalDownloads":3291,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":8,"abstract":null,"signatures":"L.G. Guerrero-Ramírez and Issa Katime","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18628","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18628","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"49794","title":"Prof.","name":"Issa","surname":"Katime","slug":"issa-katime","fullName":"Issa Katime"},{"id":"51513","title":"Prof.","name":"Guillermo","surname":"Guerrero","slug":"guillermo-guerrero","fullName":"Guillermo Guerrero"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18629","title":"Targeted Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging and Therapy","doi":"10.5772\u002F22873","slug":"targeted-magnetic-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-for-tumor-imaging-and-therapy","totalDownloads":8561,"totalCrossrefCites":8,"totalDimensionsCites":14,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":9,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Xianghong Peng, Hongwei Chen, Jing Huang, Hui Mao and Dong M. Shin","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18629","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18629","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"35162","title":"Dr.","name":"Dong M.","surname":"Shin","slug":"dong-m.-shin","fullName":"Dong M. Shin"},{"id":"50225","title":"Prof.","name":"Xianghong","surname":"Peng","slug":"xianghong-peng","fullName":"Xianghong Peng"},{"id":"50226","title":"Dr.","name":"Hongwei","surname":"Chen","slug":"hongwei-chen","fullName":"Hongwei Chen"},{"id":"50227","title":"Prof.","name":"Hui","surname":"Mao","slug":"hui-mao","fullName":"Hui Mao"},{"id":"364015","title":"Dr.","name":"Jing","surname":"Huang","slug":"jing-huang","fullName":"Jing Huang"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18630","title":"An Ancient Model Organism to Test In Vivo Novel Functional Nanocrystals","doi":"10.5772\u002F21038","slug":"an-ancient-model-organism-to-test-in-vivo-novel-functional-nanocrystals","totalDownloads":3107,"totalCrossrefCites":3,"totalDimensionsCites":11,"hasAltmetrics":1,"orderNumber":10,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Claudia Tortiglione","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18630","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18630","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"41531","title":"Dr.","name":"Claudia","surname":"Tortiglione","slug":"claudia-tortiglione","fullName":"Claudia Tortiglione"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18652","title":"Nanocrystalline Thin Ceramic Films Synthesised by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Magnetron Sputtering on Metal Substrates for Medical Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002F20590","slug":"nanocrystalline-thin-ceramic-films-synthesised-by-pulsed-laser-deposition-and-magnetron-sputtering-o","totalDownloads":4479,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":6,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":11,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Adele Carradò, Hervé Pelletier and Thierry Roland","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18652","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18652","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"39620","title":"Prof.","name":"Adele","surname":"Carradò","slug":"adele-carrado","fullName":"Adele Carradò"},{"id":"48443","title":"Dr.","name":"Hervé","surname":"Pelletier","slug":"herve-pelletier","fullName":"Hervé Pelletier"},{"id":"48444","title":"Dr.","name":"Thierry","surname":"Roland","slug":"thierry-roland","fullName":"Thierry Roland"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18673","title":"Micro-Nano Technologies for Cell Manipulation and Subcellular Monitoring","doi":"10.5772\u002F20038","slug":"micro-nano-technologies-for-cell-manipulation-and-subcellular-monitoring","totalDownloads":4098,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":12,"abstract":null,"signatures":"M.J. Lopez-Martinez and E.M. Campo","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18673","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18673","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"37218","title":"Dr.","name":"Eva","surname":"Campo","slug":"eva-campo","fullName":"Eva Campo"},{"id":"100791","title":"Dr.","name":"Maria Jose","surname":"Lopez-Martinez","slug":"maria-jose-lopez-martinez","fullName":"Maria Jose Lopez-Martinez"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18654","title":"Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications and Their Safety Concerns","doi":"10.5772\u002F18452","slug":"nanoparticles-in-biomedical-applications-and-their-safety-concerns","totalDownloads":7236,"totalCrossrefCites":27,"totalDimensionsCites":56,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":13,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Jonghoon Choi and Nam Sun Wang","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18654","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18654","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"31538","title":"Dr.","name":"Jonghoon","surname":"Choi","slug":"jonghoon-choi","fullName":"Jonghoon Choi"},{"id":"44697","title":"Prof.","name":"Nam Sun","surname":"Wang","slug":"nam-sun-wang","fullName":"Nam Sun Wang"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18655","title":"Male Circumcision: An Appraisal of Current Instrumentation","doi":"10.5772\u002F18543","slug":"male-circumcision-an-appraisal-of-current-instrumentation","totalDownloads":7753,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":21,"hasAltmetrics":1,"orderNumber":14,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Brian J. Morris and Chris Eley","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18655","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18655","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"31804","title":"Prof.","name":"Brian","surname":"Morris","slug":"brian-morris","fullName":"Brian Morris"},{"id":"49708","title":"Mr","name":"Christopher","surname":"Eley","slug":"christopher-eley","fullName":"Christopher Eley"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18656","title":"Trends in Interdisciplinary Studies Revealing Porphyrinic Compounds Multivalency Towards Biomedical Application","doi":"10.5772\u002F22730","slug":"trends-in-interdisciplinary-studies-revealing-porphyrinic-compounds-multivalency-towards-biomedical-","totalDownloads":3653,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":5,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":15,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Radu Socoteanu, Rica Boscencu, Anca Hirtopeanu, Gina Manda, Anabela Sousa Oliveira, Mihaela Ilie and Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18656","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18656","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"48976","title":"Dr","name":"Rica","surname":"Boscencu","slug":"rica-boscencu","fullName":"Rica Boscencu"},{"id":"49018","title":"Dr.","name":"Radu","surname":"Socoteanu","slug":"radu-socoteanu","fullName":"Radu Socoteanu"},{"id":"49035","title":"Dr.","name":"Mihaela","surname":"Ilie","slug":"mihaela-ilie","fullName":"Mihaela Ilie"},{"id":"49037","title":"Dr.","name":"Gina","surname":"Manda","slug":"gina-manda","fullName":"Gina Manda"},{"id":"49038","title":"Prof.","name":"Anabela Sousa","surname":"Oliveira","slug":"anabela-sousa-oliveira","fullName":"Anabela Sousa Oliveira"},{"id":"49039","title":"Prof.","name":"Luis Filipe","surname":"Vieira Ferreira","slug":"luis-filipe-vieira-ferreira","fullName":"Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira"},{"id":"74670","title":"Dr","name":"Anca","surname":"Hirtopeanu","slug":"anca-hirtopeanu","fullName":"Anca Hirtopeanu"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18657","title":"The Potential of Genetically Engineered Magnetic Particles in Biomedical Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002F22750","slug":"the-potential-of-genetically-engineered-magnetic-particles-in-biomedical-applications","totalDownloads":3251,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":16,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Tomoko Yoshino, Yuka Kanetsuki and Tadashi Matsunaga","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18657","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18657","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"49049","title":"Dr.","name":"Tomoko","surname":"Yoshino","slug":"tomoko-yoshino","fullName":"Tomoko Yoshino"},{"id":"50378","title":"Prof.","name":"Tadashi","surname":"Matsunaga","slug":"tadashi-matsunaga","fullName":"Tadashi Matsunaga"},{"id":"101344","title":"Dr.","name":"Yuka","surname":"Kanetsuki","slug":"yuka-kanetsuki","fullName":"Yuka Kanetsuki"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18658","title":"Metals for Biomedical Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002F19033","slug":"metals-for-biomedical-applications","totalDownloads":50278,"totalCrossrefCites":106,"totalDimensionsCites":228,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":17,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Hendra Hermawan, Dadan Ramdan and Joy R. P. Djuansjah","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18658","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18658","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"33351","title":null,"name":"Hendra","surname":"Hermawan","slug":"hendra-hermawan","fullName":"Hendra Hermawan"},{"id":"61581","title":"Dr.","name":"Joy Rizki Pangestu","surname":"Djuansjah","slug":"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah","fullName":"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah"},{"id":"61582","title":"Dr.","name":"Dadan","surname":"Ramdan","slug":"dadan-ramdan","fullName":"Dadan Ramdan"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18659","title":"Orthopaedic Modular Implants Based on Shape Memory Alloys","doi":"10.5772\u002F18449","slug":"orthopaedic-modular-implants-based-on-shape-memory-alloys","totalDownloads":6244,"totalCrossrefCites":6,"totalDimensionsCites":8,"hasAltmetrics":1,"orderNumber":18,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Daniela Tarnita, Danut Tarnita and Dumitru Bolcu","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18659","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18659","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"31534","title":"Prof.","name":"Daniela","surname":"Tarnita","slug":"daniela-tarnita","fullName":"Daniela Tarnita"},{"id":"92867","title":"Dr.","name":"Dan","surname":"Tarnita","slug":"dan-tarnita","fullName":"Dan Tarnita"},{"id":"92868","title":"Prof.","name":"Dumitru","surname":"Bolcu","slug":"dumitru-bolcu","fullName":"Dumitru Bolcu"},{"id":"92875","title":"Mr.","name":"Cosmin","surname":"Berceanu","slug":"cosmin-berceanu","fullName":"Cosmin Berceanu"},{"id":"93110","title":"Prof.","name":"Dragos","surname":"Popa","slug":"dragos-popa","fullName":"Dragos Popa"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"18660","title":"A Mechanical Cell Model and Its Application to Cellular Biomechanics","doi":"10.5772\u002F19570","slug":"a-mechanical-cell-model-and-its-application-to-cellular-biomechanics","totalDownloads":3428,"totalCrossrefCites":4,"totalDimensionsCites":9,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":19,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Yoshihiro Ujihara, Masanori Nakamura and Shigeo Wada","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F18660","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F18660","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"35391","title":"Prof.","name":"Shigeo","surname":"Wada","slug":"shigeo-wada","fullName":"Shigeo Wada"},{"id":"48376","title":"Mr.","name":"Yoshihiro","surname":"Ujihara","slug":"yoshihiro-ujihara","fullName":"Yoshihiro Ujihara"},{"id":"48377","title":"Dr.","name":"Masanori","surname":"Nakamura","slug":"masanori-nakamura","fullName":"Masanori Nakamura"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0}]},"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"508","title":"Biomedical Engineering","subtitle":"Frontiers and Challenges","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"7f5bfc734fd607df80a0dc2fe965b313","slug":"biomedical-engineering-frontiers-and-challenges","bookSignature":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F508.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"1995","title":"Dr.","name":"Reza","surname":"Fazel-Rezai","slug":"reza-fazel-rezai","fullName":"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"3532","title":"Brain-Computer Interface Systems","subtitle":"Recent Progress and Future Prospects","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"5005164831ec70d92d9d69788277eb20","slug":"brain-computer-interface-systems-recent-progress-and-future-prospects","bookSignature":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3532.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"1995","title":"Dr.","name":"Reza","surname":"Fazel-Rezai","slug":"reza-fazel-rezai","fullName":"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"47","title":"Recent Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Systems","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":null,"slug":"recent-advances-in-brain-computer-interface-systems","bookSignature":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F47.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"1995","title":"Dr.","name":"Reza","surname":"Fazel-Rezai","slug":"reza-fazel-rezai","fullName":"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"509","title":"Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"eec1ae8717629372ed7f0c0499dee14c","slug":"biomedical-science-engineering-and-technology","bookSignature":"Dhanjoo N. Ghista","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F509.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"35845","title":"Prof.","name":"Dhanjoo N.","surname":"Ghista","slug":"dhanjoo-n.-ghista","fullName":"Dhanjoo N. Ghista"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"3652","title":"Advances in Haptics","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":null,"slug":"advances-in-haptics","bookSignature":"Mehrdad Hosseini Zadeh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3652.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"6239","title":"Dr.","name":"Mehrdad Hosseini","surname":"Zadeh","slug":"mehrdad-hosseini-zadeh","fullName":"Mehrdad Hosseini Zadeh"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"481","title":"Biomedical Engineering","subtitle":"Trends in Materials Science","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":null,"slug":"biomedical-engineering-trends-in-materials-science","bookSignature":"Anthony N. Laskovski","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F481.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"2205","title":"Dr.","name":"Anthony","surname":"Laskovski","slug":"anthony-laskovski","fullName":"Anthony Laskovski"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"482","title":"Biomedical Engineering","subtitle":"Trends, Research and Technologies","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"8ec55bcda429a187bb7ddb2920d2ddc0","slug":"biomedical-engineering-trends-research-and-technologies","bookSignature":"Malgorzata Anna Komorowska and Sylwia Olsztynska-Janus","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F482.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"58190","title":"Dr.","name":"Sylwia","surname":"Olsztynska","slug":"sylwia-olsztynska","fullName":"Sylwia Olsztynska"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"238","title":"Applied Biomedical Engineering","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"b85b6fd9a3e8bedfbc1592745a0dfba3","slug":"applied-biomedical-engineering","bookSignature":"Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F238.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"24082","title":"Dr.","name":"Gaetano","surname":"Gargiulo","slug":"gaetano-gargiulo","fullName":"Gaetano Gargiulo"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"16","title":"Biomedical Engineering, Trends in Electronics","subtitle":"Communications and Software","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"d76a5792507e65ca56715b9661e8a66e","slug":"biomedical-engineering-trends-in-electronics-communications-and-software","bookSignature":"Anthony N. Laskovski","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F16.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"2205","title":"Dr.","name":"Anthony","surname":"Laskovski","slug":"anthony-laskovski","fullName":"Anthony Laskovski"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"3185","title":"Biosensors","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"024d5c9c5c209691737a0729b92365ed","slug":"biosensors","bookSignature":"Pier Andrea Serra","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3185.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"6091","title":"Dr.","name":"Pier Andrea","surname":"Serra","slug":"pier-andrea-serra","fullName":"Pier Andrea Serra"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"ofsBooks":[]},"correction":{"item":{},"chapter":{},"book":{}},"ofsBook":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"1004530","leadTitle":null,"title":"Mobility, Study, and Cultural Conflicts of International Students","subtitle":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"\u003Cp\u003EThis book will provide an in-depth analysis of international student mobility, learning experiences, and the challenges of intercultural adaptation in the context of global education. We hope to provide an overview of global trends and contexts of international student mobility, enabling readers to clearly grasp the overall picture of international student mobility at the macro level. The aim is an in-depth discussion of the support service systems that have been put in place by different international education and universities to help students adapt to the learning environment, and scrutinize the various initiatives and their roles. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe book will also dig deeper into the problems international students face in their academic adaptation, including the language barriers they encounter in scenarios such as classroom lectures, essay writing, and academic communication; the differences in academic norms in different countries in terms of course assessment, essay formats, and citation norms; as well as the impact of cultural differences in teaching philosophies and ways of thinking, in an endeavour to show the complexity of the academic adaptation process. The book will also focus on the social and psychological adaptation of international students. In terms of socialization, it will deal with social dilemmas caused by culture shock, such as misunderstanding and discomfort brought about by different social etiquettes and interpersonal communication styles; confusion about one's sense of belonging under the collision of different cultures as a result of being in a foreign country; as well as mental health challenges that may be caused by prolonged confrontation with cross-cultural pressures, such as anxiety and loneliness, which will all be included in the discussion. In addition, the topic of international student mobility will be discussed in the book. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope to provide forward-looking predictions of future trends in international student mobility, including new modes of study abroad spawned by technological advances, such as cross-border learning and communication through virtual reality, online collaborative learning, and other technological tools; the impact of changes in the global education market on study abroad choices and the direction of study abroad for international students; and the emerging international education policy in terms of student visas, treatment of study abroad, and international education cooperation Changes. This book aims to create a comprehensive resource library for educators, policymakers, researchers, and international students themselves to help them understand and address the challenges of globalized education and to promote their personal values, study abroad success, and physical and mental well-being in a foreign country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","isbn":"978-1-83634-595-4","printIsbn":"978-1-83634-596-1","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83634-597-8","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006459","price":0,"priceEur":null,"priceUsd":null,"oapfPrice":1400,"slug":null,"numberOfPages":0,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"9003be169a308f92b71794969bde4fd9","bookSignature":"Associate Prof. Xinqiao Liu","publishedDate":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc0000091cKBIAY\u002F0016434_TrikoderCover%20%282024-07-30%2009%3A22%3A32%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004530\u002F1741181333-1974999753\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004530\u002F1741181333-1974999753\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004530\u002F1742454837-1787690220\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004530\u002F1742454837-1787690220\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","keywords":"Globalization of Education, Demand-Driven Talent, International Competitiveness, Global Trends, International Educational Institutions, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Academic Barriers, Intercultural Adaptation, Mental Health, International Cooperation, Digital Transformation, Globalization Trends","numberOfDownloads":null,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"March 12th 2025","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"April 14th 2025","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"June 11th 2025","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"August 30th 2025","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"October 29th 2025","dateConfirmationOfParticipation":"April 9th 2025","remainingDaysToSecondStep":"12 days","secondStepPassed":false,"areRegistrationsClosed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"editedByType":null,"kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"biosketch":"Dr. Liu plays a significant role in academia, serving as an associate editor or editorial board member for several high-impact journals, including Depression and Anxiety, Discover Education, etc. His scholarly contributions have garnered significant recognition, with more than ten papers being classified as ESI Highly Cited Papers (top 1%). Dr. Liu's current research interests encompass higher education, engineering education, student development, and the economics of education.","equalEditorOneBiosketch":null,"equalEditorTwoBiosketch":null,"equalEditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"hasEditors":true,"ofsPageFlags":null,"editors":[{"id":"558062","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Xinqiao","middleName":null,"surname":"Liu","slug":"xinqiao-liu","fullName":"Xinqiao Liu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F558062\u002F1736333331\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Xinqiao Liu is an associate professor at the School of Education, Tianjin University, China. He obtained his PhD from Peking University. Dr. Liu plays a significant role in academia, serving as an associate editor or editorial board member for several high-impact journals, including Depression and Anxiety, Discover Education, and others. His scholarly contributions have garnered significant recognition, with more than 10 papers classified as ESI Highly Cited Papers (top 1%). Dr. Liu’s current research interests encompass higher education, engineering education, student development, and the economics of education.","institutionString":null,"countryString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"2","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"2","institution":{"name":"Tianjin University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"265","title":"Education","slug":"social-sciences-education"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":{"id":"23","title":"Education and Human Development","issn":"2755-9513","editor":{"id":"280770","name":"Katherine","middleName":null,"surname":"Meltzoff","fullName":"Katherine Meltzoff","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F280770\u002F1734030921\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of California, Riverside","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}},"subseries":{"id":"89","series":{"id":"23","title":"Education and Human Development","issn":"2755-9513","editor":{"id":"280770","name":"Katherine","middleName":null,"surname":"Meltzoff","fullName":"Katherine Meltzoff","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F280770\u002F1734030921\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of California, Riverside","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}}},"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"205697","firstName":"Kristina","lastName":"Kardum Cvitan","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","imageUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fstorage\u002Fusers\u002F205697\u002Fimages\u002F5186_n.jpg","email":"kristina.k@intechopen.com","biography":"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,400","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"194,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":458108,"crossrefCitations":210516},"isFromSpain":false,"regionId":"","selectedRegionStatistics":null,"srcParam":"W-F-4-NW-TED-WPH","pageFlags":{"NW":1,"TED":1,"WPH":1}},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"11553","title":"Quantitative Operational Risk Management","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.83881","slug":"quantitative-operational-risk-management","body":"\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIn the last decade, risk management in the banking and insurance sectors has witnessed a rise in the importance of operational risk among other types of risks, rising from the position of »other risks« and placing itself alongside credit and market risks – the two risk categories deemed to be the most important in the industry, gaining most of the attention by risk managers in financial institutions and by regulators. The main reasons for such a change are a powerful growth of the financial markets, its increasing deregulation and globalization, the growing organizational complexity of these institutions, their corporate and capital partnerships, which increases their overall exposure to risk, as well as the intense development of financial services, which are becoming more accessible to a wider circle of investors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe development of a comprehensive operational risk management system is the basis for a comprehensive overall company-wide risk management model for any financial institution. The operational risk management system includes the following steps to the analysis of operational risk: the identification of operational risk factors and events, collecting data on operational risk events, the analysis of gathered data and the use of the analysis results in decision making throughout the institution. Historically, the financial institutions’ business environment has the upper hand in the development and implementation of risk management systems, including operational risk management, since risk management was first developed and incorporated. Fortunately, this does not mean that financial institutions hold the exclusive opportunity of using risk management tools to their advantage. As we will show later on, analogue operational risk management systems can also be developed for other industries, such as logistics, where business processes are mainly what operational risk management should focus on; also, high-technology or fast developing industries, such as telecommunications, software, hardware, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, where the development of new product and services solutions requires substantial financial investments, with patent protection offering substantial rewards and patent lawsuits threatening with substantial financial downfalls. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EAny operational risk management method allows a company to improve its opportunities in the business environment by identifying potential threats, by identifying potential losses or simply by turning the company’s attention to the processes within that company which in the past have caused or, in turn, experienced the most numerous or most financially burdening operational risk events. The different types of operational risk identification and measurement methods require a different involvement of the company; they also differ in their basic principle – being either qualitative or quantitative, their complexity and comprehensiveness and the width of the application of the data analysis’ results. Among different methods, the use of advanced measurement methods and the use of quantitative methods allow a company to quantify and manage this important type of risk in the widest possible way, but unfortunately, these methods require the most effort by the company – an extensive development, integration and knowledge for such a system to be efficiently used within the company’s overall risk management system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, the quality of any risk management system can only be determined by its use, by testing the quality of gathered data and of forecasts made on the basis of such data. This can be done by comparing the gathered data and forecasts them to actual data arising from continuing operations. Obviously, it is imperative that in such a data gathering operation all levels of business be included; this means that a consensus on all levels of management in the company is necessary and that all levels of operations in the company are aware of, and integrated into, the risk management system. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EOne of the other problems with such data analysis models, apart from the system setup effort, lies in extreme events, which are rare by nature and extreme by consequences – both quantitatively (e.g. financially) or qualitatively (e.g. loss of reputation). These events may have not yet occurred in the recent history of a financial institution, say in the last 10 years. A logical, albeit erroneous, conclusion one would make based on such data is that extreme events do not happen and will not happen in the future. Such a conclusion may cause the underestimation of minimal capital requirements or capital reserves for financial institutions or the underestimation of risk event provisions in other companies. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ETherefore, the development of an operational risk management model which takes into consideration and integrates data on extreme events is an important issue for companies with a short historical data background. This is the obvious situation for recently founded companies with a short business history or for companies which only recently developed an operational risk data gathering system. Such companies can be found in most fast developing industries, as well as in changing business environments due to changes in legislation, mode of operation, political or macroeconomic systems. Here, any data gathered in the past can be considered an unreliable base for the use within such a model.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIn the following sections of the chapter, we will continue by presenting the different risk management methods which will be followed by proposing, in our opinion, the most suitable method for operational risk management. We will then present an innovative approach in using such a method by adapting it to the poor data environment and showing how to use simulations to obtain additional data for analysis. We will illustrate the use of the method on an example and analyze the results of the model. In conclusion, we will show some possibilities for the integration of the method within the company’s risk management system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Risk Measurement Methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1. The Choice of a Suitable Method\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EOperational risk can be defined as the risk remaining after eliminating market, credit, interest and exchange risks (\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EAllen & Bali, 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision defines operational risk as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition includes legal risk, but excludes strategic and reputational risk (BIS, 2004; \u003Ca href=\"#B33\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EVan Greuning & Bratanovic, 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). It is in the New Basel Accord (BIS, 2004) that operational risk is given a greater consideration and the methods for its identification, measurement and management are explored. It is also in this document that operational risk is included in the calculation of minimum capital requirements for banks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe New Basel Accord allows financial institutions to choose one of the following proposed methods for the calculation of minimal capital requirements: the Basic Indicator Approach, the Standardized Approach or the Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA). All of the proposed methods can be somewhat modified to measure and manage operational risk, but the AMA is the one most suitable for operational risk events, as it allows the models to be implemented in companies other than financial institutions, i.e. companies which require such models for the calculation of capital adequacy or the calculation of provisions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWithin the AMA, a company has the possibility of developing its own specialized operational risk measuring model, with the premises that the model be comprehensive, transparent and systematic. The AMA includes the Internal Measurement Approach, the Scorecard Approach and the Loss Distribution Approach. With the LDA, the company creates a matrix of business processes and possible operational risk events and determines the probability of each combination of events and business processes as well as the severity of the loss. This is the basis for the determination of the loss distribution function of the total loss incurred in a year (or other period). The company then uses the loss distribution to calculate the VaR at a 99.9 % confidence level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al. (2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the advantages of using the LDA are its high sensitivity, the possibility of integrating both internal and external data into the loss distribution model, as well as expert estimates, and high reliability of results, provided that reliable data is used in the model. Some disadvantages of the method include VaR’s failure to meet the sub-additivity criteria in cases of fat-tailed distributions (Ne&scaron;lehova et al., 2006), the interdependence and correlation between model input variables, the lack of a diversification effect with extreme event distributions (\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al. 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EIbragimov, 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the questionable reliability of high-quantile statistical indicators such as VaR with extreme events \u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E(McNeil et al., 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), as well as the general problem of data gathering and data quality in an environment of scarce and extreme events, which are often well protected information (\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003Ede Fontnouvelle et al., 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Many of these disadvantages can be averted by applying a few modifications to the LDA which will be presented in the next section. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EA key issue in constructing such a model is the identification of the correct loss distribution function for the gathered data. By correctly choosing the loss distribution function a company can calculate the probability and total loss incurred by operational risk events and consequently maintain an adequate level of capital or provisions for operational risk losses. For the purpose of data analysis, the usage of classical statistical functions is quite adequate for data falling within the major part of the loss distribution, but may differ significantly in the tail of the data distribution, especially in the case of heavy-tailed data, where the use of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is much more suitable (\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMoscadelli, 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Due to the extreme nature, low frequency and high severity of operational loss events, which can cause significant losses to a financial institution, it is imperative to achieve a good fit in the tail of the distribution function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2. The Use of Value at Risk\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe principal method of estimating of the capital charge (or provisions) for operational risk within the LDA is the Value at Risk measure (VaR). From a market risk measure, VaR has become a much more versatile measure of risk (\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJorion, 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EManganelli & Engle, 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) thanks to actuarial methods of estimating the loss distribution functions based on historical data. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EVaR is, in a way, a further development of classical derivatives valuation models such as the Black-Scholes model and refers to the volatility of a portfolio \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF\u003Csub\u003Et\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E within a timeframe \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or on a target date:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E1\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eα\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EQ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eα\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn001.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EQ(F\u003Csub\u003Et,\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the quantile corresponding to the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E confidence level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EConsidering that the aggregate operational risk losses are distributed according to an actuarial model, \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EX\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E being the loss for a certain operational risk event and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EN\u003Csub\u003E t\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the number of risk loss events in a \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E period of time, e.g. one year, the cumulative losses occur according to the following stochastic process: \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E2\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mstyle displaystyle=\"true\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E∑\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mstyle\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn002.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eand the cumulative distribution function (CDF) can be written as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E3\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≤\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E{\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtable columnalign=\"left\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mstyle displaystyle=\"true\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E∑\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003E∞\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mstyle\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtable\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn003.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF\u003Csub\u003EX\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the distribution function of the stochastic variable \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EX\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, while\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn004.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003Edenotes the n-th convolution of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF\u003Csub\u003EX\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E with itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EClearly, such a distribution function is non-linear by \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EX\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EN\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and an analytical approach to determining its parameters is not viable. Instead, some of the alternative methods can be used (\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EKlugman et al., 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEnrique, 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), such as the kernel method (\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EButler & Schachter, 1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and the Monte Carlo simulation, which will be demonstrated in the following parts of the chapter in our example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWithin the actuarial models, the operational risk VaR can be calculated as follows (\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E):\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E4\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eα\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mstyle displaystyle=\"true\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E∑\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003E∞\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mstyle\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn005.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eor by using the inverse distribution function:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E5\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eα\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE5\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn006.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy keeping in mind some specifics when dealing with cumulative operational risk losses data within fat-tailed distribution, where the maximum observed value can significantly affect the cumulative loss \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ES\u003Csub\u003En\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (see \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al., 1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the fat-tailed distribution VaR can be calculated as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E6\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≈\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msubsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eα\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΕ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn007.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of the advantages of using VaR as a risk measure according to \u003Ca href=\"#B34\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EWilson (1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) include the possibility of comparing different types of risk and different subjects, i.e. different financial institutions or, in the case of expanding the method to non-financial sectors, the comparison of other companies in highly competitive industries. It can be used directly as a measure for creating provisions for risk events and the use of VaR can also be applied to certain financial analysis measures, such as ROE or RAROC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EPotentially, the use of VaR presents also a few problems (\u003Ca href=\"#B35\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EYamai & Yoshiba, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). These include the limitation of presenting only the 99.9-percentile loss and all higher losses lying to the right of the 99.9-percentile threshold, creating a potentially non-true picture of potential losses. It also fails to take into consideration the dependencies between risk factors and processes, which can significantly affect the total size of potential operational risk losses, by underestimating or overestimating the projected losses. The use of VaR enables companies to study operational loss data, but it cannot prevent high operational losses in itself. Therefore, the use of VaR must be integrated within an efficient and comprehensive risk management system. Finally, the sub-additivity criteria, which VaR fails to meet, is very important from a methodological point of view, as discussed by \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EArtzner et al. (1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChavez-Demoulin et al. (2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al. (2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EAs an alternative to VaR, some authors are proposing the use of Expected Shortfall (ES) or Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) (see \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al., 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). It can be calculated as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E7\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΕ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E|\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn008.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECVaR calculates the potential loss in the case an event in the right tail of the distribution beyond VaR should occur. Unlike VaR, which may fail the sub-additivity property, CVaR is a sub-additive measure of risk suitable for use in fat-tailed and extreme event distributions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3. The use of Extreme Value Theory (EVT)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EOperational loss data are typically right-skewed, leptokurtic (i.e. concentrated around the value 0) and fat-tailed on the positive (right) side of the distribution (see \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMoscadelli, 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EDe Fontnouvelle et al., 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The use of EVT methods is therefore recommended.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThere are two basic analytical methods of the EVT: the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eblock maxima model\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which studies the most severe losses within a time interval-based block-organized data, and the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Epeak-over-threshold model (POT)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which analyzes data above a high threshold. In our quantitative operational risk measurement model, we have chosen the use of the POT method as follows:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ELet \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E be a high threshold. \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF\u003Csub\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the distribution function of data above this threshold, also known as the conditional excess distribution function (\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E):\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E8\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≤\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E|\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn009.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eas shown in \u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage10.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EThe conditional excess distribution function above the high threshold u.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al. (1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) have shown that for high values of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the conditional excess distribution function\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E F\u003Csub\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E takes the shape of a two-parametric general Pareto distribution (GPD) with the following distribution function:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E9\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E{\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtable columnalign=\"left\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eβ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≠\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ee\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eβ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtable\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn010.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E10\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtable columnalign=\"left\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≥\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≥\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≤\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E≤\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eβ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E;\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mtable\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn011.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E being an individual operational risk loss above the threshold, \u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003E∞\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003E∞\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn012.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003Eis the location parameter, usually assumed to be 0, \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E>0 is the size parameter and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the distribution’s shape parameter. The GPD becomes interesting for operational risk event data when \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E>0, where it becomes fat-tailed. For \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E<1 it is possible to calculate the mean value, whereas the variance and standard deviation can only be calculated for values of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E<0.5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThere are several advantages of using the EVT in modeling operational risk event data\u003Cfn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe advantages and disatvantages of using EVT for high-quantile risk measures are also discussed in Diebold, Schuermann and Stroughair (1998), Embrechts (2000), Aragonés, Blanco and Dowd (2000), Fernandez (2003b), Chavez-Demoulin and Roehl (2004), Emmer, Klüppelberg and Trüstedt (1999) and Bensalah (2000).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ffn\u003E. The EVT describes the characteristics of the tail of a distribution function and is a direct tool for the analysis of high-severity-low-frequency extreme event data around and beyond a high threshold. By using the POT method one can analyze the catastrophic losses which lie beyond the high threshold, which clearly presents an advantage over other risk measures, such as VaR. By using the EVT, one can apply either computational theoretic methods for determining the parameters of the distribution function and, specifically, the tail of the distribution function, or use non-parametric measures, such as the Hill estimator, which possesses interesting asymptotic qualities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ENotwithstanding some of the shortcomings of using the EVT (the use of a limited number of observations, which can lead to inaccuracy in parameter estimates; the use of graphic methods; potentially long calculation times in large data samples and complex models; the focus on high-severity events and the potential underestimation of medium- and low-severity events), we feel that the advantages of EVT compared to VaR overweigh its weaknesses in the analysis of operational risk events, especially by applying the modifications of the method as described in the following section.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Adaptations and Simulation\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.1. Construction of the Model\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe operational risk measurement model presented hereby is based on the Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) of the New Basel Accord. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIt starts out as a bottom-up analysis of business processes, their classification, sorting and grouping into meaningful groups with common characteristics. This allows us to easily observe for operational risk events in practice and it facilitates the identification and further study of these events. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe bottom-up approach requires a detailed knowledge of business processes within the company which is where the help of the lowest management levels will provide a very useful feedback. The business processes are then evaluated and the most likely risk factors for the specific business processes are identified and input into the model.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe model of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E processes and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ER\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E risk factors is then a \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E x\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E R\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E matrix as shown in \u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We then continue by estimating the frequency of the loss event for each process-risk factor combination (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF()\u003Csub\u003EP\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and the probability distribution function of the loss severity (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF(a, s)\u003Csub\u003ER\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage14.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EThe building elements of the operational risk measurement model.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EAt this point, one must consider the potential hazard of using experts from within the company as they tend to overemphasize the importance of individual processes and are prone to offering too detailed analyses of their field of operation. The use of sound judgment is definitely called for when setting up the model, as the mapping of business processes and subsequent identification of risk factors should not be too specific in order to find some common ground between processes within the sub-segment and, on the other hand, in order to keep the size of the model manageable and cost-effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe following steps in implementing the model require several modifications of the LDA, which are illustrated in the following subsection. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.2. Modifications of Methodology\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFirstly, there is the digression from the Basel “operating territory” into the field of non-financial companies that we are proposing and will show later on by example. By selecting a company that operates in the field of high-technology such as software production, we are choosing on average a smaller company than a bank and at the same time an individual organization, thus keeping the model simple while encompassing a full range of business processes and risk factors. We believe that keeping the model manageable in size is one of the most important features that helps it be cost-effective and its results comprehendible, which is why in the case of analyzing a large company we propose that the company first be segmented into few larger divisions (e.g. production, sales, research etc.) and an individual operational risk measurement model be set up for each such division.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe high-technology and other fast growing industries and their companies, as well as companies from developing countries, posses a relatively short business history, being due to short-lived stable economic, capital market and legislative environment, or the novelty of their existence in itself, usually ranging from ten to twenty years in the “oldest” new industries or most developed fast-growing countries to none at all other in countries, where the capital market is only a few years old and still in the first phases of development. This is obviously even truer for the individual company. This lack of history, meaning a lack of operational risk event data, causes a significant problem for the consistency and validity of the proposed model, since a large database of consistent quality is the basis of the method (\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EDell'Aquila & Embrechts, 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEbnöther et al., 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The second proposed modification of the LDA method is aimed to solve this problem. Namely, we propose a widening of the database to include external data from the whole industry and the inclusion of subjective expert’s assessments and estimates on operational risk losses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIn collecting expert’s estimations, we adjust for the subjectivity of the estimations by instructing experts to base the estimations on historical data available, we adjust the estimates for differences in the companies’ sizes as well as correcting or eliminating historical data which are biased due to adjustment periods because of restructuring, reorganization, mergers, legislation changes (e.g. tax or capital markets regulation which is known to change often in developing countries) etc. within each company. By adding expert’s estimates of operational risk losses and adjusting historical data, we not only increase the quality and size of the database, creating an adequate base on which to build our model, but we also include the very important expectation or prediction factor of potential losses into the database, which significantly diminishes one of the problems of relying solely on historical data (\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003Ede Fontnouvelle et al., 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWithin this modification we propose another similar deviation from the LDA model, the inclusion of potential or opportunity losses of the company, including the ones occurring during the process of detecting a potential (or actual) loss events and eliminating its potential consequences before they reach a significant severity by analyzing its sources or risk factors and limiting their influence by adding several additional internal control mechanisms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThirdly, we solve the problem of VaR potentially failing the sub-additivity property of coherent risk measures. Instead of determining a 99.9-confidence level VaR for each of the element of the business process\u002Frisk factor matrix and subsequent summation of these VaRs, we use a simulation to obtain the yearly operational risk losses for the entire company. This is then used for a yearly VaR calculation. This way we eliminate not only the sub-additivity problem, but we also eliminate another potential threat: the overestimation of VaR, which can occur by simply adding together several VaR measures, as this method does not take into consideration the diversification effect (\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJorion, 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEmbrechts et al., 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The proposed modification also eliminates the task of including correlation parameters into the final VaR estimate (\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EBöcker & Klüppelberg, 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChavez-Demoulin et al., 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). By simulating total yearly operational risk losses, we obtain a loss distribution function consistent with the sum of the individual business process\u002Frisk factor loss distribution functions, while simultaneously simplifying the model and the analysis and reducing calculation time and costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe use of a simulation is indicated, since discreet events like operational risk loss events can be described by a Poisson process, which can be used for an elegant analysis of the frequencies of event occurrences, including the calculation of event occurrences in longer or shorter time periods and the estimation of event occurrences in two different business processes determined by two separate Poisson functions – the latter due to the sub-additivity property of the Poisson function (\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EBy using a Monte Carlo simulation where the event occurrences are determined by a stochastic Poisson process for each business process and with a yearly frequency of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E for each business process, we can create a time series with enough OR loss event data to include in the model. For the distribution function of the frequency of event occurrences, we use the available historic data and experts’ estimates of loss severity (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and the estimated span of the data determined by the standard deviation (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), obtaining a different distribution function for each business process\u002Frisk factor combination of the model matrix of varying shapes and sizes from normal distributions to asymmetric and skewed distributions like the log-normal distribution function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThis brings us to the core of the operational risk measurement model, the determination of the probability distribution function (PDF) of the losses. Here we use the EVT methods described in section 2 of the chapter. After successfully processing the data and determining the PDF, we can use the results for the estimation of potential losses using either VaR or CVaR, as described in section 2 of the chapter and, subsequently, determine the capital requirements or provisions that are necessary to protect the company from potential financial losses should an extreme operational risk event ever occur.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Analysis of Results\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.1. Business Process and Risk Factor Mapping\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe concept of analyzing and the realization of the importance of a company’s business processes have been known for decades, their management has strongly gained importance with \u003Ca href=\"#B32\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EPorter’s Value Chain (Porter, 1985\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EHarmon (2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJeston & Nellis (2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) emphasize the importance of system-oriented process management within the company, keeping in mind that they are inseparably linked within the company and all together contribute to the efficiency of the whole system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EA thorough business process analysis and business process mapping can identify weak or critical elements in a company’s value chain. By adding the information on risk factors that affect some or all business processes and by setting up additional control and safety mechanisms within the processes, a company can effectively manage those risks and thereby manage its overall business risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe bottom-up approach that we have chosen for business process mapping in our operational risk measuring model starts with a list of detailed business processes that are being executed throughout the company and are later combined with other processes into process groups with similar characteristics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ESince operational risk management is already widely spread in financial institutions, especially banks, and we have already stated that the logic behind operational risk management and the use of the proposed model can be generalized and widened to other industrial sectors as well, we will illustrate the construction of the model on a software making company, starting with mapping its business processes \u003Cfn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFor an example of the model use in financial institutions, see \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EBrdar Turk (2009).\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ffn\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIn mapping the business processes we have also analyzed the organizational structure, the supply, production and sales process and the products of the company. We have identified the following four business process groups and business processes: (1) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eresearch and product development\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (2) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eproduct and client support\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (3) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Emarketing and sales\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (4) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Egeneral administration\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe risk factors’ identification was based on the Basel Accord and subsequently modified to the specifics of our example company. We have identified the following seven risk factors: (1) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Einternal fraud and theft\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (2) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eexternal fraud and theft\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (3)\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E clients, services and practices\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (4) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EIT error or failure\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (5) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eemployment and work environment safety\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (6) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eexecution and management of processes\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and (7) \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ephysical damage to assets\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Note that all the risk factors are chosen and defined in such a way as to be relevant for all business segments, i.e. they occur in each of the four business segments in our example. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_10_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.2. Simulation \u003Cfn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThis whole step can be skipped if there is enough empirical data available for direct use in the model.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ffn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EBased on available company, industry and competitors’ loss event data, we next estimate the probability distribution type and most important parameters (average, standard deviation) for the size and frequency of loss events in each business segment that are caused by each risk factor (i.e. for 28 process-risk factor combinations).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWith this data, we use a simulation software package such as GoldSim, AnyLogic or MathLab to generate 1000 repetitions of a business year of our sample software company, thus creating a large data sample of loss event data. The sum of all loss events within one business year creates a composite Poisson distribution \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a sum of independent Poisson distributions of loss event data for individual business processes \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csub\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, each loss event being also independent from other loss events. Although in the real world loss events as well as business processes are correlated, this mathematical simplification eases the computation of model parameters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.3. Basic Data Analysis\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe generated (or gathered) data are first analyzed with elementary statistical methods, as shown in the example below. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage15.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EHistogram of loss event severity (shown in EUR) and frequency from example data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFrom the histogram alone the skewed nature and the extended right tail of the loss event data distribution is already visible, which is further confirmed by some descriptive statistics: the mean loss severity is slightly greater than the median, the kurtosis and skewness are less than 1, all indicating a right-side fat-tailed distribution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"62.8\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"162\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"80.9\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003EMean (EUR)\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E67.647,78\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003EMedian (EUR)\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E63.872,13\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003EStandard Deviation (EUR) \u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E41.424,74\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003ESample Variance\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E1.716.008.838,65\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003EKurtosis\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,62\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003ESkewness\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,76\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003E99th percentile (EUR)\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"bottom\" align=\"right\"\u003E207.005,48\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDescriptive statistics for example data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ESimilar analyses can be made for individual business process data or risk factors thus identifying the risk factor that causes the most frequent, smallest or most extreme losses from operational risk. This analysis can also provide the answer to the question which business process experiences the most loss events and which process’ losses differ most significantly from a normal distribution. These must be the point of focus in the subsequent operational risk management activities and when implementing additional safety mechanisms and controls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.4. Distribution Type and Parameter Estimation\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EBy using a statistical software package, such as R, Stata or SPSS, we fist establish that we are indeed dealing with an extreme value distribution and that it is appropriate to use EVT methods for parameter estimation. This is done with graphic methods, such as the mean excess plot, which is defined as the mean of all differences between the values of the data exceeding a high threshold \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E for different values of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E11\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ee\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΕ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E|\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn013.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of a fat-tailed distribution, the mean excess plot looks like a straight upward-sloping line (\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The mean excess plot in \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E clearly indicates that the example data is heavy-tailed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F4\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage17.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMean excess plot for simulated example data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWe then choose several empirical distributions and estimate the functions’ parameters. Among available distributions in EVT we have chosen the most commonly used and tested distributions (see \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMoscadelli, 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EEbnöther et al., 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChapelle et al., 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E): the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), Generalized Extreme Value distribution (GEV), the Gumbel and the Weibull distribution. GPD and GEV have been most frequently determined as fitting to extreme losses in financial institutions. Additionally, the Gumbel distribution is a special case of GEV with 0 as the shape parameter, making it easier to determine other function parameters. Both Gumbel’s and Weibul’s are thin-tailed distributions, which consequently results in underestimating extreme losses in the right tail of the distribution. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EAs noted before, we have chosen to analyze the data in the distribution’s right tail and according to EVT, we have chosen the POT method for parameter estimation. The first step is the selection of the high threshold \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. This can, in turn, affect the estimated parameters, it is therefore important to use additional diagnostic methods for the threshold determination. With GPD, we can use the Hill plot to determine the shape parameter \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), which stabilizes horizontally at the most suitable threshold \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E; the Hill function for each sample value \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is: \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E12\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mmultiscripts\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΗ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mprescripts\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mprescripts\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mover accent=\"true\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eξ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E^\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:none\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:none\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mmultiscripts\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mstyle displaystyle=\"true\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E∑\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munderover\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eln\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eln\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EX\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mstyle\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn014.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, we can use the plot of the shape parameter \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in regards to the value of the high threshold \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the appropriate threshold being the value where the plot horizontally stabilizes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F5\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage19.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 5.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EHill plot and Shape estimator plot for example data\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIn our example data, the Hill plot does not stabilize significantly at any threshold value, whereas the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E - \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E plot shows 150.000 EUR as the appropriate threshold, as can be seen from \u003Ca href=\"#F5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFor the estimation of the GPD parameters we have chosen the maximum likelihood estimate method (MLE) \u003Cfn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe use of the method in the distribution’s tail is shown by Nylund (2001).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ffn\u003E, which in our example data and with the value of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E at 150.000 EUR converges to a single solution. The GEV parameters were estimated using the block maxima method and MLE. The fitting of the Gumbel and Weibull distribution was done for the whole data sample (not only the right-tail), since these are thin-tailed distributions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe parameters of all fitted distributions are shown in \u003Ca href=\"#T2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"0\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"127.75\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"113.9\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"126.9\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" valign=\"center\"\u003EDistribution parameter\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" valign=\"center\"\u003EParameter value\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" valign=\"center\"\u003EStandard error of estimate\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003EGPD\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E26 . 370 ,00\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E2 . 752 , 17\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E-0,081\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,08 5\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003Eu ( high threshold )\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E150.000 ,00\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\"0\" border-bottom=\"0\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\"\u003En u ( number of values above u )\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E136\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\"0\" border-bottom=\"0\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003Ef <u ( density of data below u )\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,861\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\"0\" border-bottom=\"0\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003EGEV\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E94 . 296,74\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E1.031,12\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E34 . 047,64\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E940,28\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E-0,118\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\"0\" border-bottom=\"0\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,0190\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003EGumbel\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E93 . 463,22\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E1.816,19\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E32 . 427,01\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E1.048,58\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003EWeibull \u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E3,16\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"12.25\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,0712\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E12 . 387,20\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" height=\"11.75\" align=\"right\"\u003E878,03\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 2.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDistribution parameters estimated from example data\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.5. Goodness-of-fit Tests\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIt is important to test for goodness-of-fit for all fitted distributions in order to maximize the analytical power of the model and its potential use in risk management and extreme event prediction. The most common is the use of the quantile-quantile (QQ) plot which shows the empirical distribution quantile vs. actual data. The fit is adequate if the plot is close to the imaginary 45 diagonal line of the plot. The QQ plot can also be drawn for tail data only, which is important for GEV and GPD goodness-of-fit since they were only fitted to tail data. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F6\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage20.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 6.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EQQ plots for GEV for the whole sample (\u003Citalic\u003Egevr \u002F data\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E) and the tail of the distribution (\u003Citalic\u003Egevr1502 \u002F data 150\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe results of the graphic tests are shown in \u003Ca href=\"#F6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 6. They show an apparent adequate fit for GEV for the whole sample, whereas the fit for the tail is clearly inadequate. The plots in Figure 7 show an inadequate fit to Weibul and Gumbel distributions as well. The GPD QQ plot (Figure 8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) shows an adequate fit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F7\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage21.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 7.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EQQ plots for Gumbel (\u003Citalic\u003Egumbr\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E) and Weibull (\u003Citalic\u003Eweibullr\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E) distributions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F8\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage22.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 8.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EThe QQ plot for GPD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EGPD was additionally tested with the GPD density function and its inverse function plots and residual plots showing an adequate fit in the tail as well as no autocorrelation or heteroschedasticity in the residuals (\u003Ca href=\"#F9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), by which we can conclude that the example data are distributed according to the GPD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe goodness of fit can also be determined by using non-parametric methods such as the Pearson’s Chi-square test (\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003Esee D'Agostino & Stephens, 1986\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). There are two important shortcomings of the test: firstly, its dependency on the number of classes \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E into which the data are segmented, and secondly, the need for a large data sample for the asimptotic properties of the Chi-square function hypothesis to hold. This can also be seen from Chi-square test results in \u003Ca href=\"#T3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F9\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage23.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 9.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EGoodness of fit tests for GPD with estimated parameters \u003Citalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E = 28.027,00 and \u003Citalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E = -0,0781.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe second group of tests are empirical distribution function (EDF) based tests, which can be used for all distributions and use the vertical shift of the empirical distribution derived from the data compared to the theoretic distributions (see \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EAnderson & Darling, 1952\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ED'Agostino & Stephens, 1986\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EChernobai et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The most commonly used are the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS) and the Anderson-Darling test (AD). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ELet us denote the empirical distribution function as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF\u003Csub\u003En\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E(x)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and the theoretic distribution function as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EF(x)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. The KS test is defined as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E13\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EK\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Emax\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E{\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E}\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn015.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ED\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ED\u003Csup\u003E–\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are the maximum and minimum distance between the empiric and theoretic distribution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EBy the probability integration method, we get the following formula for sample data KS test estimation (D'Agostino in Stephens, 1986):\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E14\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EK\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ES\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Emax\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E{\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Esup\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Esup\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E}\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn016.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ez\u003Csub\u003E(j)\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the theoretic distribution value for the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sample value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe AD test is defined as: \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn017.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E15\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EA\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Esup\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E|\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EF\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E|\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn018.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhereas for sample data we have:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E16\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EA\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Emax\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E{\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Esup\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Esup\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:munder\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003En\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E−\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msqrt\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E}\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn019.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe KS test focuses mostly on the middle of the distribution and gives the values in this area a greater weight within the final result, whereas the AD test focuses more on the distribution tails, making it more suitable for fat-tailed distribution goodness-of-fit testing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"0\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"25.5\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"85.7\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"85.75\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"85.8\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"85.8\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\"\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003EGPD\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003EGEV\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003EGumbel\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003EWeibull\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E1 7 . 452 [0,18 9]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003Edoes not converge\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003Edoes not converge\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003Edoes not converge\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003EKS\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E0, 854 [0,8 22 ]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,027 [0, 398 ]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,517 [0,000]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,99 9 [0,000]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003EAD\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E48 , 259 [0,9 52 ]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E0,351 [0, 572 ]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E3 , 275 [0,000]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E2,9 89 [0,000]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 3.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGoodness-of-fit test results for example data\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe results of the KS and AD tests in \u003Ca href=\"#T3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show that GPD is indeed the most suitable distribution for the example data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_14_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.6. Use of Results\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe most obvious use of the analysis’ results is the determination of VaR for the company. We can see from \u003Ca href=\"#T1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1 that the 10th largest loss amounts to 207.005,48 EUR, which is the VaR at a 99% confidence level. This is the actual loss the company may suffer in the 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E% worst case scenario and should set aside provisions (or capital) of this amount to protect from financial distress should such a loss actually occur.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ETo illustrate the underestimation problem with VaR, we calculated VaR and CVaR from the distribution function fitted to the example data and compared them to the empirical VaR (derived directly from sorted example data). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T4\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"69.05\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"113.4\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"117\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003ECriteria\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" valign=\"center\" align=\"center\"\u003EValue (EUR)\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003EVaR - empirical data\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E207.005,48\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003EVaR ? from GPD\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E215.276,32\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\"\u003ECVaR ? from GPD\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\"0\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"right\"\u003E218.358,44\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 4.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EValue at Risk calculations from empirical data and from fitted GPD\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFrom the results shown in \u003Ca href=\"#T4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the following clearly holds:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E17\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ee\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EG\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EV\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EG\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ED\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn020.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Cp\u003Ewhich suggests that the most suitable criteria in view of non-underestimating potential losses for the assessment of capital adequacy or the creation of provisions for the protection from risk losses, is Conditional Value at Risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThere are other uses for the analysis’ results as well. One can focus on a single business sub-process or segment, identify the contribution of individual risk factors to the loss estimates of that segment and use the results to implement additional risk control and prevention mechanisms, significantly reducing the potential risk losses. Also, in times of increased overall risk due to changes in the organization itself or in the business environment, the company can reassess its risk losses estimates and temporarily increase its capital or provisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_15_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.7. Back testing\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe analysis and evaluation of the quality of the methods for capital adequacy determination itself (Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process - ICAAP) is one of the crucial elements of control and supervision as defined by the Basel Accord’s 2\u003Csup\u003End\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E Pillar. Its goal is to ensure that banks other financial institutions are providing an adequate capital structure for all the risks that the financial institution is exposed to and that they are constantly monitoring and improving risk management practices. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThis regulatory mechanism can be adapted in other companies as well, especially where advanced methods for risk management, such as the proposed model, are being used. One of the simplest methods for a model’s evaluation is back testing. It involves comparing predictions and analysis results to subsequently gathered data on loss events by comparing a certain percentile (e.g. 80%) of predicted losses to the actual number of loss events above the percentile threshold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ENaturally, in risk management, where companies deal with extreme and rare events, this may take significant time (e.g. a decade), but the evaluation of smaller and more frequent losses can be effective as well. The evaluation should be performed periodically and also following any major loss event or major changes in the organization or its business environment. With the discovery of discrepancies between the model’s predictions and actual data, a reevaluation of the input data should be performed, identifying potential new risk factors and eliminating those which may have become irrelevant to the company’s operations, reevaluating the frequency and severity of loss events for each business process \u002F risk factor element of the matrix, the integration of new empirical data into the model. Also, a reevaluation of the model’s fitted theoretical distribution should be performed, as it too may significantly affect the results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EA reevaluation and redesign of the model is sometimes not necessary, since the integration of new loss event data may significantly adjust the model’s results, making it unnecessary to radically change other inputs into the model, since this may be cost-inefficient and may cause the model to become more complex and harder to use and manage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Further Integration of Operational Risk Management\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EApart from using the proposed model’s results directly as a tool for the determination of capital requirements or provision formation, the model can be integrated into an overall risk management system devised by a company. The creation of an overall risk management system within a company starts with a risk management strategy (\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EAndersen, 1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMarshall, 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) which determines the way the company will deal with all the different risks that influence its operations. In this strategy, also called risk management framework or policy, the company must first define the different risks that it is subjected to and subsequently chose a methodology for their management, which includes identification, measurement, recording and analysis of risk event data, reporting, internal controls and risk management system support, the organization of these tasks and a clear definition of employees’ responsibilities and authorizations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F10\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage30.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 10.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EThe learning and development processes for risk management activities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe process of risk management is a continuing learning process as illustrated in Figure 10. The identification and prompt examination of loss events leads to an update of the risk event database and, if necessary, to the update of the underlying risk measurement model, all of which result in an evaluation of the overall risk the company is facing, enabling the management to take corrective and protective measures. An important part of the loop is the reporting process which needs to start in the lowest management levels and continue right to the top management level, where risk awareness is crucial for adequate executive decisions to be taken. A more passive approach to risk management may include loss event recording, analysis and reporting. The next step is a more defensive risk management policy, which includes also a more in-depth risk analysis and corrective measures proposals, which include damage control and additional protective mechanisms and controls within business processes. An active risk management framework, as the final stage of risk management, may include risk event prediction, the development of complex risk causal model, the use of securitization, provisions or insurance and the calculation of risk-adjusted performance measures, such as risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC), expected value added (EVA) and volatility of profits (\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECruz, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMarshall, 2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\n","keywords":null,"chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F11553.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F11553.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F11553\u002F1671805717\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F11553","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F11553","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F11553\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":4031,"totalViews":1194,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":0,"impactScorePercentile":11,"impactScoreQuartile":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":null,"dateReviewed":null,"datePrePublished":null,"datePublished":"August 17th 2010","dateFinished":null,"readingETA":"0","abstract":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F11553","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F11553","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"3673","type":"book","title":"Advances in Risk Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Advances in Risk Management","slug":"advances-in-risk-management","publishedDate":"August 17th 2010","bookSignature":"Giancarlo Nota","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3673.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1713434411-225076204\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1713434411-225076204\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718271346-160325696\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718271346-160325696\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718108304-1408336123\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718108304-1408336123\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":null,"price":119,"printIsbn":"978-953-307-138-1","pdfIsbn":"978-953-51-5946-9","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":11,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"10232","title":"Prof.","name":"Giancarlo","middleName":null,"surname":"Nota","slug":"giancarlo-nota","fullName":"Giancarlo Nota"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"807"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"11535","type":"chapter","title":"The Role of Standardization in Improving the Effectiveness of Integrated Risk Management","slug":"the-role-of-standardization-in-improving-the-effectiveness-of-integrated-risk-management","totalDownloads":4779,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Carmen Nadia Ciocoiu and Razvan Catalin Dobrea","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11552","type":"chapter","title":"A Model for Process Oriented Risk Managenent","slug":"a-model-for-process-oriented-risk-managenent","totalDownloads":3727,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Giancarlo Nota and Maria Pia Di Gregorio","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11554","type":"chapter","title":"Trends, Problems and Outlook in Process Industry Risk Assessment and Aspects of Personal and Process Safety Management","slug":"trends-problems-and-outlook-in-process-industry-risk-assessment-and-aspects-of-personal-and-process-","totalDownloads":3758,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Bruno Fabiano and Hans Pasman","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11555","type":"chapter","title":"Managing Requirements Risks: A Value-Based Process","slug":"managing-requirements-risks-a-value-based-process","totalDownloads":2829,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Naveed Ikram, Mohammad Usman, Javeria Samad and Abdul Basit","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11556","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management for Ag Families: An Outreach Education Model for Improving Family Business Success","slug":"risk-management-for-ag-families-an-outreach-education-model-for-improving-family-business-success","totalDownloads":2339,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Christopher Bastian, Amy Nagler, Randolph Weigel and John Hewlett","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11557","type":"chapter","title":"Improving Quality and Risk Management in Outpatient Surgery","slug":"improving-quality-and-risk-management-in-outpatient-surgery","totalDownloads":2697,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Hubert Le Hetet","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11558","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management in Acute Pulmonary Embolism","slug":"risk-management-in-acute-pulmonary-embolism","totalDownloads":3125,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Luca Masotti and Roberto Cappelli","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11559","type":"chapter","title":"Multi-Level Geosimulation of Zoonosis Propagation: a Multi-Agent and Climate Sensitive Tool for Risk Management in Public Health","slug":"multi-level-geosimulation-of-zoonosis-propagation-a-multi-agent-and-climate-sensitive-tool-for-risk-","totalDownloads":2331,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Mondher Bouden","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11560","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management of Water Resources in a Changing Climate","slug":"risk-management-of-water-resources-in-a-changing-climate","totalDownloads":2428,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Amnon Gonen and Naomi Zeitouni","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11571","type":"chapter","title":"Model for Geological Risk Management in the Building and Infrastructure Processes","slug":"model-for-geological-risk-management-in-the-building-and-infrastructure-processes","totalDownloads":4237,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Liber Galban","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11580","type":"chapter","title":"Transnational Collaboration in Natural Hazards and Risk Management in the Alpine Space - A Flexible Response Network","slug":"transnational-collaboration-in-natural-hazards-and-risk-management-in-the-alpine-space-a-flexible-re","totalDownloads":3158,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Andreas Paul Zischg","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11553","type":"chapter","title":"Quantitative Operational Risk Management","slug":"quantitative-operational-risk-management","totalDownloads":4031,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Aleksandra Brdar Turk","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]}]},"signatures":"Aleksandra Brdar Turk","authors":null,"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Risk Measurement Methods","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1. The Choice of a Suitable Method","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2. The Use of Value at Risk","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_4_2","title":"2.3. The use of Extreme Value Theory (EVT)","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_6","title":"3. Adaptations and Simulation","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_6_2","title":"3.1. Construction of the Model","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_7_2","title":"3.2. Modifications of Methodology","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_9","title":"4. Analysis of Results","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_9_2","title":"4.1. Business Process and Risk Factor Mapping","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_10_2","title":"4.2. Simulation \n\t\t\t\t\t\tThis whole step can be skipped if there is enough empirical data available for direct use in the model.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_11_2","title":"4.3. Basic Data Analysis","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_12_2","title":"4.4. Distribution Type and Parameter Estimation","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_13_2","title":"4.5. Goodness-of-fit Tests","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_14_2","title":"4.6. Use of Results","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_15_2","title":"4.7. Back testing","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_17","title":"5. Further Integration of Operational Risk Management","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EAndersen\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003EOperational risk and financial institutions\u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003E, Risk Books, \u003Cisbn\u003E1-89933-204-9\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EAnderson\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET. W.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDarling\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED. A.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1952\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Asymptotic Theory of Certain \"Goodness of Fit\" Criteria Based on Stochastic Processes. \u003Csource\u003EThe Annals of Mathematical Statistics,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cvolume\u003E23\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E2\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E June 1952, \u003Cfpage\u003E193\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E 212, \u003Cissn\u003E0003-48\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E51\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EAllen\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EL.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EBali\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET. G.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements. \u003Csource\u003EJournal of Banking & Finance\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E31\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E4\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E April 2007, \u003Cfpage\u003E1191\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E1235\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E0378-42\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E66\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EArtzner\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDelbaen\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EF.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEber\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHeath\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003ECoherent Measures Of Risk\u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003E. \u003Csource\u003EMathematical Finance\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E9\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E3\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E July 1999, \u003Cfpage\u003E203\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E228\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E0960-16\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E27\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B5","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B5\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EBöcker\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKlüppelberg\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Multivariate Models for Operational Risk (to be published). \u003Csource\u003EQuantitative Finance,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E February 2010, \u003Cissn\u003E1469-76\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cfpage\u003E1469\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E7696\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B6","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B6\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EBrdar\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ETurk. A.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E A Quantitative Operational Risk Management Model. \u003Csource\u003EWSEAS Transactions On Business And Economics\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E6\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E5\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E May 2009, \u003Cfpage\u003E241\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E253\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E1109-952\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E6.\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B7","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B7\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EButler\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ. S.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESchachter\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003EEstimating Value-At-Risk With A Precision Measure By Combining Kernel Estimation With Historical Simulation\u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003E. \u003Csource\u003EReview of Derivatives Research\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E1\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E4\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E Feabruary 1998, \u003Cfpage\u003E371\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E390\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E1380-66\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E45\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B8","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B8\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChapelle\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ECrama\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EY.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHübner\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EG.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPeters\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003E Measuring And Managing Operational Risk In The Financial Sector: An Integrated Framework\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Working paper, Ecole de Gestion de l’Université de Liege, Liege\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B9","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B9\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChavez-Demoulin\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ENešlehová\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003EQuantitative Models for Operational Risk: Extremes, Dependence and Aggregation\u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003E. \u003Csource\u003EJournal of Banking and Finance\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E30\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E10\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E October 2006, \u003Cfpage\u003E2635\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E2658\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E0378-42\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E66\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B10","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B10\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChernobai\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA. S.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ERachev\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES. T.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EFabozzi\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EF. J.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EOperational Risk. A Guide to Basel II Capital Requirements, Models and Analysis,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cisbn\u003E0-47178-051-0\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E Wiley & Sons, Hoboken\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ECruz\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM. G.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EModeling, Measuring and Hedging Operational\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Risk, John Wiley & Sons, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-47151-560-4\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ED’Agostino\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER. B.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EStephens\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM. A.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1986\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EGoodness-Of-Fit Techniques\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, Marcel-Dekker, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-82477-487-6\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E York\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDe Fontnouvelle\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDe Jesus-Rueff\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EJordan\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ERosengren\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EUsing Loss Data to Quantify Operational Risk\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDe Fontnouvelle\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDe Jesus-Rueff\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EJordan\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ERosengren\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003ECapital and Risk: New Evidence on Implications of Large Operational Losses\u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003E. \u003Csource\u003EJournal of Money\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, Credit & Banking, \u003Cvolume\u003E38\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E7\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E October 2006, \u003Cfpage\u003E1819\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E1846\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E0022-28\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E79\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDell’Aquila\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Extremes and robustness: a contradiction? \u003Csource\u003EFinancial Markets and Portfolio Management\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E20\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E1\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E March 2006, \u003Cfpage\u003E103\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E118\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E1555-49\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E61\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B16","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B16\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEbnöther\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EVanini\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMc Neil\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EAntolinez-Fehr\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EModelling Operational Risk\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Working Paper, Zurich Cantonal Bank, Zurich\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B17","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B17\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EFurrer\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKaufmann\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Different Kinds of Risk, In: \u003Csource\u003EHandbook of Financial Time Series,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Andersen, T. G. (Ed.), Springer, \u003Cisbn\u003E978-3-54071-296-1\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E Cambridge (MA)\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B18","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B18\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKlüppelberg\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMikosch\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EModeling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Springer-Verlag, \u003Cisbn\u003E978-3-54060-931-5\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E Berlin\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B19","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B19\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMc Neil\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EStraumann\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Correlation and dependence in risk management: Properties and pitfalls, In: \u003Csource\u003ERisk Management: Value at Risk and Beyond,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Dempster, M. A. H. (Ed.), \u003Cfpage\u003E176\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E223\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , Cambridge University Press, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-52178-180-9\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003EMA)\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B20","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B20\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEnrique\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EN.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Practical Calculation of Expected and Unexpected Losses in Operational Risk by Simulation Methods. \u003Csource\u003EBanca & Finanzas: Documentos de Trabajo\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E1\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E1\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E January 2007, \u003Cfpage\u003E1\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E12\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B21","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B21\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHarmon\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EBusiness Process Change, Second Edition: A Guide for Business Managers and BPM and Six Sigma Professionals,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, \u003Cisbn\u003E1-55860-758-7\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B22","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B22\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EIbragimov\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EPortfolio Diversification and Value At Risk Under Thick-Tailendness\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Working Paper \u003Cissue\u003E05-10\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cfpage\u003E05\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E10\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , Yale International Centre of Finance, New Haven\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B23","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B23\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccollab\u003EInternational Convergence of Capital Measurement\u003C\u002Fcollab\u003E Capital Standards. A Revised Framework. \u003Cyear\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Bank For International Settlements (BIS), Basel Comittee on Banking Supervision, Basel\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EJeston\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ENelis\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EManagement by Process: A Practical Road-map to sustainable Business Process Management\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elseviere, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-75068-761-4\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B25","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B25\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EJorion\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EValue at Risk. The New Benchmark for Managing Financial Risk\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Second Edition, McGraw Hill, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-07135-502-2\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E York\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKlugman\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES. A.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPanjer\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EH. H.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EWillmot\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EG. E.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003ELoss Models: From Data to Decision.\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-47121-577-5\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003ENJ)\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EManganelli\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEngle\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER. F.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Value At \u003Csource\u003ERisk Models In Finance.\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Working Paper, European Central Bank, Frankfurt a. M.\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B28","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B28\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMarshall\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC. L.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EMeasuring and Managing Operational Risks in Financial Institutions: Tools, Techniques, and other Resources\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Wiley & Sons, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-47184-595-7\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B29","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B29\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMc Neil\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA. J.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EFrey\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EQuantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques and Tools,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Princeton University Press, \u003Cisbn\u003E978-0-69112-255-7\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E Princeton (NJ)\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B30","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B30\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMoscadelli\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003EThe Modelling Of Operational Risk: Experience With The Analysis Of The Data Collected By The Basel Committee\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E. Economic Working Paper \u003Cissue\u003E517\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E Banca d’Italia, Rome\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B31","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B31\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ENešlehová\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEmbrechts\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChavez-Demoulin\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Infinite-mean Models and the LDA for Operational Risk.\u003Csource\u003E Journal of Operational Risk\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, \u003Cvolume\u003E1\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E1\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E Spring 2006, \u003Cfpage\u003E3\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E25\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E , \u003Cissn\u003E1744-67\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E40\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B32","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B32\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPorter\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM. E.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1985\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003ECompetitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E, Free Press, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-68484-146-0\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E York\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B33","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B33\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EVan Greuning\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EBrajnovic\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EBratanovic. S.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csource\u003E Analyzing and Managing Banking Risk. A Framework for Assessing Corporate Governance and Financial Risk.\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Second edition, World Bank, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-82135-418-3\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003ED.C.)\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B34","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B34\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EWilson\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Value At Risk, In: \u003Csource\u003ERisk Management and Analysis,\u003C\u002Fsource\u003E Measuring and Modelling Financial Risk, Alexander, C. (Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, \u003Cisbn\u003E0-47197-957-0\u003C\u002Fisbn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B35","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B35\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EYamai\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EY.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EYoshiba\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Carticle-title\u003EComparative Analyses of Expected Shortfall and Value-At-Risk: Their Validity under Market Stress. \u003C\u002Farticle-title\u003EMonetary and Economic Studies, \u003Cvolume\u003E20\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cissue\u003E3\u003C\u002Fissue\u003E October 2002, \u003Cissn\u003E0288-8432\u003C\u002Fissn\u003E, \u003Cfpage\u003E181\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E237\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[{"id":"fn1","explanation":"The advantages and disatvantages of using EVT for high-quantile risk measures are also discussed in Diebold, Schuermann and Stroughair (1998), Embrechts (2000), Aragonés, Blanco and Dowd (2000), Fernandez (2003b), Chavez-Demoulin and Roehl (2004), Emmer, Klüppelberg and Trüstedt (1999) and Bensalah (2000).","html":null},{"id":"fn2","explanation":"For an example of the model use in financial institutions, see Brdar Turk (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t","html":null},{"id":"fn3","explanation":"This whole step can be skipped if there is enough empirical data available for direct use in the model.","html":null},{"id":"fn4","explanation":"The use of the method in the distribution’s tail is shown by Nylund (2001).","html":null}],"contributors":[{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Aleksandra Brdar Turk","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","equal":null}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},"book":{"id":"3673","type":"book","title":"Advances in Risk Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Advances in Risk Management","slug":"advances-in-risk-management","publishedDate":"August 17th 2010","bookSignature":"Giancarlo Nota","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3673.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1713434411-225076204\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1713434411-225076204\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718271346-160325696\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718271346-160325696\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718108304-1408336123\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3673\u002F1718108304-1408336123\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":null,"price":119,"printIsbn":"978-953-307-138-1","pdfIsbn":"978-953-51-5946-9","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":11,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"10232","title":"Prof.","name":"Giancarlo","middleName":null,"surname":"Nota","slug":"giancarlo-nota","fullName":"Giancarlo Nota"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"807"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"11535","type":"chapter","title":"The Role of Standardization in Improving the Effectiveness of Integrated Risk Management","slug":"the-role-of-standardization-in-improving-the-effectiveness-of-integrated-risk-management","totalDownloads":4779,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Carmen Nadia Ciocoiu and Razvan Catalin Dobrea","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11552","type":"chapter","title":"A Model for Process Oriented Risk Managenent","slug":"a-model-for-process-oriented-risk-managenent","totalDownloads":3727,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Giancarlo Nota and Maria Pia Di Gregorio","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11554","type":"chapter","title":"Trends, Problems and Outlook in Process Industry Risk Assessment and Aspects of Personal and Process Safety Management","slug":"trends-problems-and-outlook-in-process-industry-risk-assessment-and-aspects-of-personal-and-process-","totalDownloads":3758,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Bruno Fabiano and Hans Pasman","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11555","type":"chapter","title":"Managing Requirements Risks: A Value-Based Process","slug":"managing-requirements-risks-a-value-based-process","totalDownloads":2829,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Naveed Ikram, Mohammad Usman, Javeria Samad and Abdul Basit","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11556","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management for Ag Families: An Outreach Education Model for Improving Family Business Success","slug":"risk-management-for-ag-families-an-outreach-education-model-for-improving-family-business-success","totalDownloads":2339,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Christopher Bastian, Amy Nagler, Randolph Weigel and John Hewlett","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11557","type":"chapter","title":"Improving Quality and Risk Management in Outpatient Surgery","slug":"improving-quality-and-risk-management-in-outpatient-surgery","totalDownloads":2697,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Hubert Le Hetet","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11558","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management in Acute Pulmonary Embolism","slug":"risk-management-in-acute-pulmonary-embolism","totalDownloads":3125,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Luca Masotti and Roberto Cappelli","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11559","type":"chapter","title":"Multi-Level Geosimulation of Zoonosis Propagation: a Multi-Agent and Climate Sensitive Tool for Risk Management in Public Health","slug":"multi-level-geosimulation-of-zoonosis-propagation-a-multi-agent-and-climate-sensitive-tool-for-risk-","totalDownloads":2331,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Mondher Bouden","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11560","type":"chapter","title":"Risk Management of Water Resources in a Changing Climate","slug":"risk-management-of-water-resources-in-a-changing-climate","totalDownloads":2428,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Amnon Gonen and Naomi Zeitouni","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11571","type":"chapter","title":"Model for Geological Risk Management in the Building and Infrastructure Processes","slug":"model-for-geological-risk-management-in-the-building-and-infrastructure-processes","totalDownloads":4237,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Liber Galban","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11580","type":"chapter","title":"Transnational Collaboration in Natural Hazards and Risk Management in the Alpine Space - A Flexible Response Network","slug":"transnational-collaboration-in-natural-hazards-and-risk-management-in-the-alpine-space-a-flexible-re","totalDownloads":3158,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Andreas Paul Zischg","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"11553","type":"chapter","title":"Quantitative Operational Risk Management","slug":"quantitative-operational-risk-management","totalDownloads":4031,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Aleksandra Brdar Turk","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]}]},"subseries":null,"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"146","title":"Risk Management Trends","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"b787e4bce18617fb8b4778d72d78e25b","slug":"risk-management-trends","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Giancarlo Nota","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F146.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"10232","title":"Prof.","name":"Giancarlo","surname":"Nota","slug":"giancarlo-nota","fullName":"Giancarlo Nota"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"17360","title":"Augmenting the Risk Management Process","slug":"augmenting-the-risk-management-process","signatures":"Jan Emblemsvåg","authors":[{"id":"26182","title":"Dr.","name":"Jan","middleName":null,"surname":"Emblemsvåg","fullName":"Jan Emblemsvåg","slug":"jan-emblemsvag"}]},{"id":"17361","title":"Soft Computing Based Risk Management","slug":"soft-computing-based-risk-management","signatures":"Marta Tаkács","authors":[{"id":"25856","title":"Prof.","name":"Marta","middleName":null,"surname":"Tаkács","fullName":"Marta Tаkács","slug":"marta-takacs"}]},{"id":"17362","title":"Selection of the Desirable Project Roadmap Scheme, Using the Overall Project Risk (OPR) Concept","slug":"selection-of-the-desirable-project-roadmap-scheme-using-the-overall-project-risk-opr-concept","signatures":"Mohammad Ali Hatefi, Mohammad Mehdi Vahhabi and Ghorban Ali Sobhi","authors":[{"id":"26117","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohammad Ali","middleName":null,"surname":"Hatefi","fullName":"Mohammad Ali Hatefi","slug":"mohammad-ali-hatefi"},{"id":"62577","title":"MSc","name":"Ghorban Ali","middleName":null,"surname":"Sobhi","fullName":"Ghorban Ali Sobhi","slug":"ghorban-ali-sobhi"},{"id":"79597","title":"MSc.","name":"Mohammad Mehdi","middleName":null,"surname":"Vahhabi","fullName":"Mohammad Mehdi Vahhabi","slug":"mohammad-mehdi-vahhabi"}]},{"id":"17363","title":"A New Non-Parametric Statistical Approach to Assess Risks Associated with Climate Change in Construction Projects Based on LOOCV Technique","slug":"a-new-non-parametric-statistical-approach-to-assess-risks-associated-with-climate-change-in-construc","signatures":"S. Mohammad H. Mojtahedi and S.M. Mousavi","authors":[{"id":"24395","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohammad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mojtahedi","fullName":"Mohammad Mojtahedi","slug":"mohammad-mojtahedi"},{"id":"34677","title":"Prof.","name":"S.M.","middleName":null,"surname":"Mousavi","fullName":"S.M. Mousavi","slug":"s.m.-mousavi"}]},{"id":"17364","title":"Towards Knowledge Based Risk Management Approach in Software Projects","slug":"towards-knowledge-based-risk-management-approach-in-software-projects","signatures":"Pasquale Ardimento, Nicola Boffoli, Danilo Caivano and Marta Cimitile","authors":[{"id":"10386","title":"Dr.","name":"Nicola","middleName":null,"surname":"Boffoli","fullName":"Nicola Boffoli","slug":"nicola-boffoli"},{"id":"11283","title":"Dr.","name":"Danilo","middleName":null,"surname":"Caivano","fullName":"Danilo Caivano","slug":"danilo-caivano"},{"id":"24889","title":"Prof.","name":"Pasquale","middleName":null,"surname":"Ardimento","fullName":"Pasquale Ardimento","slug":"pasquale-ardimento"},{"id":"32899","title":"Dr.","name":"Marta","middleName":null,"surname":"Cimitile","fullName":"Marta Cimitile","slug":"marta-cimitile"}]},{"id":"17365","title":"Portfolio Risk Management: Market Neutrality, Catastrophic Risk, and Fundamental Strength","slug":"portfolio-risk-management-market-neutrality-catastrophic-risk-and-fundamental-strength","signatures":"Chanaka Edirisinghe and Xin Zhang","authors":[{"id":"24551","title":"Prof.","name":"Chanaka","middleName":null,"surname":"Edirisinghe","fullName":"Chanaka Edirisinghe","slug":"chanaka-edirisinghe"},{"id":"85946","title":"Prof.","name":"Xin","middleName":null,"surname":"Zhang","fullName":"Xin Zhang","slug":"xin-zhang"}]},{"id":"17366","title":"Currency Trading Using the Fractal Market Hypothesis","slug":"currency-trading-using-the-fractal-market-hypothesis","signatures":"Jonathan Blackledge and Kieran Murphy","authors":[{"id":"24417","title":"Dr.","name":"Jonathan","middleName":null,"surname":"Blackledge","fullName":"Jonathan Blackledge","slug":"jonathan-blackledge"},{"id":"116919","title":"Mr.","name":"Kieran","middleName":null,"surname":"Murphy","fullName":"Kieran Murphy","slug":"kieran-murphy"}]},{"id":"17367","title":"Efficient Hedging as Risk-Management Methodology in Equity-Linked Life Insurance","slug":"efficient-hedging-as-risk-management-methodology-in-equity-linked-life-insurance","signatures":"Victoria Skornyakova and Alexander Melnikov","authors":[{"id":"28333","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander","middleName":null,"surname":"Melnikov","fullName":"Alexander Melnikov","slug":"alexander-melnikov"},{"id":"33744","title":"Dr.","name":"Victoria","middleName":null,"surname":"Skornyakova","fullName":"Victoria Skornyakova","slug":"victoria-skornyakova"}]},{"id":"17368","title":"Organizing for Internal Security and Safety in Norway","slug":"organizing-for-internal-security-and-safety-in-norway","signatures":"Peter Lango, Lise H. Rykkja and Per Lægreid","authors":[{"id":"30938","title":"Prof.","name":"Per","middleName":null,"surname":"Lægreid","fullName":"Per Lægreid","slug":"per-laegreid"},{"id":"87675","title":"PhD.","name":"Peter","middleName":null,"surname":"Lango","fullName":"Peter Lango","slug":"peter-lango"},{"id":"87677","title":"Dr.","name":"Lise H.","middleName":null,"surname":"Rykkja","fullName":"Lise H. Rykkja","slug":"lise-h.-rykkja"}]},{"id":"17369","title":"System Building For Safe Medication","slug":"system-building-for-safe-medication","signatures":"Hui-Po Wang, Jang-Feng Lian and Chun-Li Wang","authors":[{"id":"25056","title":"Prof.","name":"Hui-po","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","fullName":"Hui-po Wang","slug":"hui-po-wang"},{"id":"34431","title":"Mr.","name":"Jang-Feng","middleName":null,"surname":"Lian","fullName":"Jang-Feng Lian","slug":"jang-feng-lian"},{"id":"83378","title":"Mr.","name":"Chun-Li","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","fullName":"Chun-Li Wang","slug":"chun-li-wang"}]},{"id":"17370","title":"Mental Fatigue Measurement Using EEG","slug":"mental-fatigue-measurement-using-eeg","signatures":"Shyh-Yueh Cheng and Hong-Te Hsu","authors":[{"id":"24884","title":"Dr.","name":"Shyh-Yueh","middleName":null,"surname":"Cheng","fullName":"Shyh-Yueh Cheng","slug":"shyh-yueh-cheng"},{"id":"24893","title":"Dr.","name":"Hong-Te","middleName":null,"surname":"Hsu","fullName":"Hong-Te Hsu","slug":"hong-te-hsu"}]},{"id":"17371","title":"Risk Management in the Development of New Products in the Pharmaceutical Industry","slug":"risk-management-in-the-development-of-new-products-in-the-pharmaceutical-industry","signatures":"Ewa J. Kleczyk","authors":[{"id":"24388","title":"Dr.","name":"Ewa","middleName":"J","surname":"Kleczyk","fullName":"Ewa Kleczyk","slug":"ewa-kleczyk"}]},{"id":"17372","title":"Risk Management Plan and Pharmacovigilance System. Biopharmaceuticals: Biosimilars","slug":"risk-management-plan-and-pharmacovigilance-system-biopharmaceuticals-biosimilars","signatures":"Begoña Calvo and Leyre Zuñiga","authors":[{"id":"24393","title":"Prof.","name":"Begoña","middleName":null,"surname":"Calvo","fullName":"Begoña Calvo","slug":"begona-calvo"},{"id":"34705","title":"Dr.","name":"Leyre","middleName":null,"surname":"Zuñiga","fullName":"Leyre Zuñiga","slug":"leyre-zuniga"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"1192737","title":"Swallowing Disorders and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: A Multidisciplinary Perspective","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006496","slug":null,"body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EThe objectives of this chapter are to provide comprehensive assessments and integrated treatment options for patients with swallowing disorders (SD) and Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). Achieving these objectives requires collaboration among a diverse team of specialists, including otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, speech-language pathologists, audiologists, neuro-vestibular specialists, pulmonologists, cardiologists, ophthalmologists, dietitians\u002Fnutritionists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and psychologists. By working together, these professionals can ensure a holistic and multidisciplinary approach (MDA), ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This MDA addresses all aspects of ETD and SD, resulting in improved patient outcomes and quality of life [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EThe association between ETD and SD has significant impacts on health and quality of life. This chapter is about how they affect each other, the importance of an MDA, and how diagnostic and therapeutic methods have improved. It also discusses over the anatomy, physiology, and various diagnosis and treatment options for SD and ETD [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EThe Eustachian tube (ET) links the middle ear (ME) to the nasopharynx and controls middle ear pressure (MEP) and drainage. SD or dysphagia can make it hard for auditory function. Proper ET function is essential for ear health and hearing, and normal MEP is 0 daPa in both ears [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Swallowing activates the throat and soft palate muscles, which influences ET opening and closure. SD can affect MEP, resulting in problems such as barotrauma, otitis media (OM), and chronic ETD. ETD can worsen gastrointestinal (GI) disorders like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD), and nasopharyngeal reflux (NPR) by disrupting pressure equilibrium, inducing inflammation in the tissues surrounding the ET, and weakening swallowing muscles. Understanding these relationships is crucial for making appropriate diagnosis and treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Overview of swallowing disorders (SD)\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 Anatomy and physiology of swallowing\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003ESwallowing, or deglutition, has two stages: oropharyngeal and esophageal, with muscles regulating ET function [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Problems in these stages can affect ET function, leading to ear problems. The Tensor Veli Palatini muscle (mTVP) and Levator Veli Palatini muscle (mLVP) are essential for the key roles in ET function by opening the ET during swallowing, yawning, sneezing, and chewing (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This balance is crucial for MEP balance and proper drainage [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Swallowing involves both voluntary and involuntary brain activities. The cerebral cortex initiates voluntary actions, while the brainstem’s swallowing center coordinates involuntary actions. The cranial nerves, specifically the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII), play a vital role in delivering signals that regulate the muscles responsible for swallowing [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1192737\u002F1730302175-782613087\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EThe tensor veli palatini muscle begins at the cranial base and the lateral side of the auditory tube (Eustachian tube). This figure illustrates the origin of the tensor veli palatini muscle at the cartilaginous and membranous sections of the lateral auditory tube. Before it enters the soft palate, the muscle’s tendon wraps around the pterygoid hamulus. Insertion ratio: The insertion ratio is determined by dividing the length of the Eustachian tube cartilage engaged by the tensor veli palatini muscle at the auditory tube (line B) by the total length of the Eustachian tube (line A); this measurement spans from the nasopharyngeal end to the isthmus portion [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] (Figure adapted from the cited study).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 Classification of swallowing disorders (SD)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EDysphagia or SD can occur in the oropharyngeal or esophageal stages, or both, because of various factors impacting ear, nose, and throat functions [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.2.1 Oropharyngeal dysphagia\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003ECharacterized by difficulty initiating swallowing, which can often be triggered by neurological problems (such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease), muscular abnormalities, structural concerns, or head and neck tumors. Symptoms include coughing, choking, regurgitation, and the sensation of food stuck in the throat [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.2.2 Esophageal dysphagia\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EDefined by the sensation of food sticking in the chest or throat during swallowing. It can be caused by structural anomalies, muscle dysfunction, or disorders such as GERD, LPRD, NPR, and esophageal cancer. Symptoms include regurgitation, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3 Pathophysiological mechanisms: reciprocal relationship\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.3.1 Impact of SD on ET function\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003ESD can have a considerable impact on ET function due to anatomical and physiological connections to the ME. Impaired swallowing mechanics can produce active muscular ETD (ETD-M), in which the mTVP and mLVP do not operate efficiently, altering nasopharyngeal pressure dynamics and leading to ETD and negative MEP. This negative MEP draws pathogens into the ET and ME, causing inflammatory ETD (ETD-I) and diseases such as OM which may include persistent tympanic membrane (TM) retraction and conductive hearing loss. Proper MEP maintenance is required to avoid ETD-I and OM [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.3.2 Impact of ETD on swallowing function\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EThe mechanism for SD due to ETD can occur through two pathways:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EIndirect pathway\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. ETD can lead to GI disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. GERD, LPRD, and NPR can result in upper esophageal sphincter, laryngeal spasm, and inflammation as well as ETD-I, indirectly causing and exacerbating SD [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EDirect pathway\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. ETD-M involves muscle disorders around the ET that directly affect swallowing mechanics. Dysfunctional muscles that control the ET, such as the mTVP and mLVP, can disrupt the normal coordination required for swallowing, leading directly to SD [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.4 Clinical identification and individual variability\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EPatients with SD often experience dysphagia or difficulty swallowing, odynophagia or painful swallowing, throat discomfort, sore throat, and a globus sensation or a subjective sensation of a lump or having something stuck in the throat. The variability in symptom perception and expression complicates diagnosis and understanding. Individual differences, linguistic backgrounds, and physical sensations during swallowing necessitate a comprehensive evaluation for accurate diagnosis and treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Overview of Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.1 ETD: causes, symptoms, and hearing impact\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003EETD, which can be caused by allergies, colds, sinus infections, anatomical abnormalities, and reflux disorders such as GERD, LPRD, and NPR, has an impact on the ET’s ability to balance MEP and discharge ME secretions [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Symptoms include ear fullness, muffled hearing, popping sounds, itching, discomfort, pain, vertigo, and tinnitus among others. Persistent ETD can cause negative MEP, fluid buildup, and hearing loss, affecting daily activities and quality of life. Uneven MEP causes vertigo and damages the vestibular system [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. According to preliminary findings, ETD is a spectrum of disorders with unique pathophysiology [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Dr. Hee-Young Kim created novel Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) for ETD and proposed using MEP as a surrogate biomarker to increase diagnostic accuracy [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.2 Endotypes of Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003EUnderstanding the various endotypes of ETD is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1192737\u002F1730302175-782613087\u002Fmedia\u002FF2.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003EThe appearance of the left Eustachian tube (ET) nasopharyngeal orifice in four different patients, each representing a different endotype: normal ET function, inflammatory ET dysfunction (ETD-I), restrictive ETD (ETD-R), and muscular ETD (ETD-M). These endotypes are shown at various stages of swallowing: soft palate position at rest or onset of swallowing (T1), during the elevation of the soft palate (T1-2), at the peak of elevation (T2), and at the point of maximum lumen ET opening (T3) [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] (Figure adapted from the cited study).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p18\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENormal Eustachian tube function (ETF-N).\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Healthy ME, no significant OM history, clear ME, a neutral TM, and a Type A tympanogram [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A tympanogram detects changes in TM movement in response to air pressure. A Type A tympanogram, with a sharp peak within normal limits (WNL) around 0 daPa, indicates normal MEP and TM mobility. Other types include Type Ad (high TM compliance), Type As (reduced TM compliance), and Type C (negative MEP), aiding in diagnosing various ME conditions and ETD [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPatulous ETD (ETD-P):\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Constantly open ET, leading to autophony (hearing one’s own voice and breathing loudly), low or near-zero opening pressure, steady resistance [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ESemi-Patulous ETD (ETD-SP)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Intermittent ET patency, symptoms like ETD-P, occurring occasionally [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EStricture ETD (ETD-S)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Structural abnormalities causing difficulty opening ET, leading to chronic\u002Frecurrent OM, high opening pressure, and low pressure equilibration [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p22\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EActive muscular ETD (ETD-M)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Poor muscle function to open ET, normal passive properties but poor pressure equilibration [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERestrictive ETD (ETD-R)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Lymphoid\u002Fadenoid tissue impingement on ET orifice, restricting function [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EInflammatory ETD (ETD-I)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Chronic inflammation from nasal allergies, chronic rhinosinusitis, or GERD, like ETD-S, identified by endoscopic inflammation evidence [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p25\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EAdhesive ETD (ETD-A)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Difficulty separating ET lumen surfaces due to lack of surfactants\u002Fmolecular bonds between mucous layers, high opening pressure, and low steady resistance [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003ESD are linked to various ETD endotypes, affecting ET function and patency through muscular and structural impediments. SD often link to ETD endotypes involving muscular function and structural impediment [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.3 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003EA Type A tympanogram typically indicates normal MEP and ET function, but may not necessarily rule out ETD, especially in patients experiencing vertigo [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Normal MEP is defined as 0 daPa in both ears [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Comprehensive assessment, including Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and additional diagnostic testing, is crucial. Otolaryngologists may miss diagnoses like alternobaric vertigo (AV) and ground-level alternobaric vertigo (GLAV) [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], if relying solely on the term WNL as normal tympanometry readings can still present symptoms, indicating that WNL is not always sufficient [\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003EFurthermore, understanding the impact of factors like asymmetric MEP at the same altitude can be critical in diagnosing conditions such as AV and GLAV. In AV, on ascent or descent, the normal tube will not spontaneously, passively open—without the need to swallow and actively dilate the tube—to equalize the relative positive or negative pressure that develops in the ME as the ambient pressure becomes negative or positive. In GLAV, the patients cannot equalize the MEP, even if they attempt to swallow and actively dilate the tube at ground level. Diagnosing such disorders requires careful patient history, symptom correlation, and potentially extra testing beyond standard tympanometry [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003EThe Toynbee phenomenon, reported by Charles Bluestone, describes how nasal or postnasal obstruction impacts the ET during swallowing, exacerbating ETD symptoms such as vertigo. “Sniffing” can increase ETD symptoms by causing negative nasopharyngeal pressure, which impairs ET function [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The Toynbee Maneuver involves swallowing while holding both nostrils closed to open the ET and equalize MEP, while the Toynbee Test analyzes MEP changes and assesses ET function [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Toynbee maneuvers and tests provide critical information, but they should be performed cautiously, as incorrect performance might exacerbate symptoms no less than the Valsalva maneuver, particularly in severe ETD cases [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Individual responses can vary, reflecting the intricacies of ETD and related conditions such as GERD, LPRD, and NPR [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p30\"\u003EIn addition to non-invasive procedures such as the Toynbee Test, ETC is often employed for both diagnostic and therapeutic techniques [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_14_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.4 Eustachian tube catheterization (ETC) and traditional treatment\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003EETC is a traditional treatment involving the insertion of a catheter into the ET to diagnose and treat obstructions or dysfunctions [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. ETC measures ET patency and functionality, which is critical for recognizing and managing ETD. It aids in the diagnosis of mechanical obstructions and provides therapeutic benefits such as regulating MEP, restoring ambient MEP, reducing ME inflammation, cleaning effusions, and enhancing hearing. Proper ETC technique is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and avoiding complications [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003EResearch on ET function in individuals with ventilation tubes shows mixed results. These therapies can have an impact on ET mechanics and SD, enabling for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning with improved diagnostic methods such as videoendoscopy and sonotubometry [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. While some research indicates possible benefits, others contend that ventilation tubes may not significantly improve ET function [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In my experience, I concur with the viewpoint of the limited effectiveness of ventilation tubes; the benefits of ventilation tubes may be short-lived as they often self-dislodge after several months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Reflux-related conditions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.1 Definitions and symptoms of GERD, LPRD, and NPR\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p33\"\u003EGERD, LPRD, and NPR involve reflux affecting the esophagus, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx, respectively:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E A digestive disorder in which stomach contents often backflow into the esophagus, resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, and esophageal irritation, usually linked with lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ELaryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD).\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Gastric contents backflow into the hypopharynx and larynx; unlike GERD, it often lacks classic heartburn and is characterized by throat and voice symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, and throat clearing, indicating upper esophageal sphincter [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p36\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENPR (nasopharyngeal reflux).\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Involves the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the nasopharynx, affecting the upper airway and leading to various upper respiratory and otolaryngologic symptoms [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.2 Mechanisms by which GERD and LPRD influence ET function\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003EReflux can irritate and inflame the ET, disrupting its function and leading to conditions like reflux otitis media (ROM). The mechanisms include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EAcidic irritation.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Acid reflux into the nasopharynx can inflame tissues around the ET, causing swelling and dysfunction [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p39\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENeural reflexes.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E GERD and LPRD can induce reflexive throat clearing and coughing, disrupting normal ET function [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EInflammatory response.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Gastric contents in the upper aerodigestive tract increase inflammatory mediators, exacerbating ET inflammation and resulting in dysfunctions such as barotrauma or otitis media with effusion [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_18_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.3 Reflux otitis media (ROM)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p41\"\u003EROM is a ME disease in which nasopharyngeal secretions, including nasal mucoid, refluxed gastric contents, environmental allergens, respiratory pathogens, and other irritants, flow backward into the ME through the ET. Forceful nasal douching may contribute to ROM as well. This leads to inflammation, effusion, and infection in the ME, impairing its function. The ET typically balances air pressure across the eardrum and drains ME secretions, but in ROM, it allows reverse flow, introducing acidic gastric contents and causing irritation [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Additionally, the presence of these various secretions and irritants further exacerbates the inflammatory response and effusion within the ME.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p42\"\u003ESymptoms of ROM include ear pain, pressure, hearing loss, throat discomfort, or a feeling of fullness in the ear, especially after lying down following eating. Treatment involves addressing the underlying reflux with proton pump inhibitors or antacids, improving ET function, and reducing ME inflammation with ETC, steroids, or myringotomy with tympanostomy tubes in severe cases. Understanding NPR and its impact on ROM enables tailored diagnosis and treatment, leading to better patient outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_20\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Historical perspectives: James Yearsley and Peter Allen\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_20_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.1 Historical perspectives and James Yearsley\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p43\"\u003EJames Yearsley (1805–1869) was a pioneering British otolaryngologist and a significant figure in nineteenth-century medicine. He is renowned for his extensive research on the correlation between the condition of the throat and ears. His contributions established the fundamental basis for the contemporary comprehension and treatment of otological disorders. In 1847, Yearsley authored a book titled “Deafness Practically Illustrated,” which thoroughly explores the symptoms, origins, and treatments of ear disorders. His insights into the interconnectedness of ENT functions are integral to contemporary MDA in diagnosis and treatment for ENT conditions [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_20_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.1 Contributions for SD\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p44\"\u003EYearsley was also a pioneer in identifying the crucial role that swallowing mechanics play in ear, nose, and throat health. He observed the point, “In those cases where the enlarged glands have an extended base reaching from the vicinity of the Eustachian tubes to the bottom of the pharynx, and such cases I have frequently seen, we may look for defective speech, hearing, swallowing, and breathing altogether associated, more particularly if the uvula enters into the diseased condition of the parts.” This discovery highlighted the multifunctional importance of pharyngeal health, showing how oversized adenoids can simultaneously impact speech, hearing, swallowing, and breathing [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Recent studies demonstrated that adenoid tissue could obstruct the ET orifice, both statically and dynamically, impairing its function. This obstruction can lead to restrictive ETD (ETD-R) and active muscular ETD (ETD-M), emphasizing the need to evaluate peri-tubal tissues at rest and during swallowing. Comprehensive care often requires collaboration among otolaryngologists, speech therapists, and gastroenterologists to effectively treat disorders like SD [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_21_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.2 Modern interpretation of “stomach deafness”\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p45\"\u003EThe historical concept of “stomach deafness,” originally assumed to describe auditory symptoms caused by GI abnormalities, can now be understood through the lens of modern medicine as a type of ETD connected with NPR. In this disorder, gastric contents reflux into the nasopharynx impairing the ET. This condition resembles what was formerly known as “stomach deafness.” This reflux can cause inflammation and dysfunction of the ET, affecting hearing by disrupting pressure regulation and fluid drainage in the ME. Although the term “stomach deafness” is not used in modern terminology, his observations on the impact of throat and nasopharyngeal disorders on ear health set the groundwork for contemporary interpretations of ETD. Yearsley noted as follows: “DEAFNESS FROM of DERANGEMENT of THE STOMACH, (STOMACH DEAFNESS,) must plead guilty to the charge of having had their attention so concentrated on the ear alone in the study of its diseases, as to have left out of view the important relations these bear to the whole system, and the benefit derivable from a treatment embracing all the vital functions, which are so intimately blended and dependent, that none can afford to be put out of consideration even in the management of the most strictly local disease. Even in the writings of and Kramer, the best writers on the subject, not a page is devoted to the intimate connexion existing between the stomach and the ear.” This early concept foreshadowed a modern understanding of how systemic disorders can have far-reaching consequences on several body systems, including auditory circuits [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_22_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.3 Low-frequency hearing loss in ETD in Yearsley’s observations\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p46\"\u003EYearsley observed that patients with ETD could maintain conversations in high tones better than in low tones: “It will be found, that while deafness from tension of the membrane tympani continues, a conversation in a sharp tone is much more audible, than when the sounds are of a graver character. Hence it arises, that in real deafness of this kind, the patient can maintain a conversation with those who talk in a high, better than with others who speak in a low tone of voice.” This observation demonstrated the effect of ETD on hearing, as tension on the TM affected low-frequency sounds [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Modern research confirms that ETD can result in low-frequency hearing loss due to fluid buildup and MEP changes. Studies using cadaveric human samples showed that hypercontraction of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ethe\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E tensor tympani muscle should cause low-frequency hearing loss and a decrease in ME compliance. A proposal suggested that the distorted shape of the TM and ossicular chain impacts the effect of MEP on sound transmission for low frequencies [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_23_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.4 On the interconnection of body systems\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p47\"\u003EYearsley’s observations were essential in identifying the multiple links within the human body, particularly between the GI system and auditory function. He noted, “It is surprising how large a proportion of the deaf refer to the stomach as the source of the aural malady; but, on a close examination of the early symptoms, they almost invariably remember a troublesome condition of the throat as constituting an intermediate train of symptoms between the stomach and aural disorders.” This statement emphasizes Yearsley’s recognition of the intricate connections between unrelated symptoms and systems are intricately linked, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to diagnosis and treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_24_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.5 Focus of medical attention\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p48\"\u003E“Many writers on the Practice of Medicine have pointed out the stomach as the source of deafness, but none of them ever suspected the frequency of its occurrence. Unfortunately, [medical practitioners] has directed their attention too exclusively to the ear itself, to trace accurately the chain of causation by which the disease approaches the organ of their circumscribed studies.” This quote effectively conveys the difficulties and limitations of early medical efforts in diagnosis and treatment for auditory disorders. It criticizes the restricted focus on the ear and advocates for a more holistic understanding of how other body systems, particularly the GI system, might affect auditory function. This viewpoint is consistent with modern approaches to medicine, which emphasizes a more systemic and interdisciplinary technique [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_25_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.6 Emphasis on symptom complexity\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p49\"\u003E“In the congested state of the mucous membrane of the throat, Eustachian tube, and ear, there is itching and sometimes pain in the meatus, and the secretion of cerement is either diminished or depraved.\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003E”\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E James Yearsley’s statement emphasizes the complex symptoms of ETD, demonstrating how congestion and inflammation can cause a variety of ear and throat manifestations, including itching [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_26_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.7 On systemic treatment\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p50\"\u003E“While I would not for a moment unjustly depreciate the advantage and efficacy of local investigation and treatment, I maintain that some of the most obstinate cases of deafness yield to the continued application of judicious remedies to renovate the stomach and digestive organs; and this I have seen to happen, after having defied the whole range of local treatment in the most skillful hands.” This statement supports the concept of systemic treatment, which involves addressing broader health issues to resolve disorders that local treatment alone may not alleviate [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_27_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.8 Efficiency of ETC\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p51\"\u003EThis elegant line, written by James Yearsley, “It is in this stage of the disorder that catheterism is of the greatest service; the introduction of air breaking down the thick secretion, and occasioning its discharge from the Eustachian tubes, which, by admitting air freely into the tympanum, restores the hearing.” wonderfully illustrates the transformative effect of ETC—a treatment that dramatically improves patient outcomes by restoring hearing through rigorous medical intervention [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Those with substantial expertise with ETC appreciate the clarity and elegance of this statement. They recognize the significant relief and recovery it provides for patients, and consequently value the depth of ability and understanding required to accomplish such exceptional results. However, those unfamiliar with treating ETD using ETC, on the other hand, should approach this sentence with caution due to the technical and clinical complexities involved. To acknowledge the specialized nature of this medical process, it is advised to refrain from excessive criticism or praise without a thorough clinical experience and understanding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_28_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.9 The role of ETC\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p52\"\u003EJames Yearsley also advocated for the use of ETC to manage AF. He asserted, “Catheterism of the Eustachian passages is safe, painless, and efficient; and it is fortunate that it has such recommendations, inasmuch as, already said, it frequently cannot be dispensed with in the diagnosis and treatment of deafness.” Yearsley’s recommendation underscores the importance he placed on this method due to its safety, absence of discomfort, and success. He considered it as an essential tool in the otologist’s toolbox, particularly when other diagnosis and treatment techniques proved ineffective [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_29_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.1.10 Legacy and modern relevance\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p53\"\u003EYearsley made substantial contributions to otolaryngology with his early insights into the multisystemic implications of pharyngeal diseases. His research created the groundwork for understanding the interactions between speech, hearing, swallowing, and breathing. Today, his findings continue to inspire an MDA for complicated ENT problems, highlighting the value of holistic medical care [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_31_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.2 Historical perspectives and Peter Allen\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p54\"\u003EPeter Allen (1826–1874) made notable progress in the field of otolaryngology, particularly in comprehending and managing disorders associated with ET and ME. Allen expanded upon James Yearsley’s initial research as his assistant, highlighting the significance of thorough care and providing novel therapeutic methods. His efforts were crucial in promoting the field and establishing an integrated approach to treating otological disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_31_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.1 Allen’s perspective on intralabyrinthine pressure and vestibular symptoms\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p55\"\u003EPeter Allen suggested that vertigo, common in ETD, could be caused by increased pressure within the inner ear structures, also known as intralabyrinthine pressure. He proposed that increased pressure on the labyrinth fluid or the auditory nerve itself could cause severe vestibular symptoms such as vertigo and vomiting. Allen’s perspective was ahead of its time, introducing the idea that mechanical changes in the ME might cause severe disruptions in the delicate balance of the inner ear, affecting both hearing and equilibrium. He elaborated on this connection, stating, “While the severer symptoms of the same class, such as vomiting, and vertigo, &c, are to be associated with intra-auricular pressure (that is, pressure upon the labyrinth fluid, or on the auditory nerve-expansion itself), in a manner already explained.” This comment from his “Lectures on Aural Catarrh” emphasizes the severity of symptoms caused by such pressure fluctuations. His work remains to be a cornerstone in the study of otolaryngological disease, particularly those that affect vestibular function. Furthermore, Allen noted the predominance of tinnitus in chronic aural disorders, attributing it to this phenomenon: “Increased intra-auricular pressure, of course, causes most troublesome tinnitus; so that the almost universal occurrence of this symptom in chronic catarrh may be expected.” His findings link the common symptom of tinnitus to the mechanics of MEP management, further highlighting the importance of his contributions to understanding ear disorders (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1192737\u002F1730302175-782613087\u002Fmedia\u002FF3.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p56\"\u003EAn anatomical illustration depicting the middle ear, vestibular systems, and Eustachian tube, illustrating the relationships between exposure, surrogate biomarker, and outcome in the context of Eustachian tube dysfunction [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] (Figure adapted from the cited study). Note: E, exposure; S, surrogate biomarker; O, outcome.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_32_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.2 Empirical validation of Allen’s hypothesis\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p57\"\u003ERecent research confirms Peter Allen’s idea that intralabyrinthine pressure influences vestibular symptoms [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. These results validate Allen’s theoretical paradigm by showing that changes in MEP have a direct impact on intralabyrinthine pressure. This confirmation is significant because it connects historical observations to current scientific studies, enhancing our understanding of the physiological basis for vestibular symptoms associated with ETD. Failure to equalize \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Evia\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the ET in the ME space results in a pressure discrepancy between the outer and inner ears. During descent, the TM retracts, and blood or fluid may leak into the ME due to the vacuum formed. Depending on the fragility of TM and the rate and depth of descent, the TM may rupture. If the pressure is high enough or the inner ear membranes are unstable, the oval or round windows may burst, with the round window being the most common. This could result from the rapid movement of the stapes footplate combined with quick TM positional changes, or from increasing pressure gradients between the inner and ME spaces generated by a Valsalva maneuver during descending. A Valsalva maneuver generates an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and eventually raising inner ear pressure due to the connection between the two regions \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Evia\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the cochlear aqueduct [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_33_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.3 Low-frequency hearing loss in ETD in Allen’s insights\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p58\"\u003EThe phenomenon of low-frequency hearing loss was also covered by Peter Allen in his publications. He noted that individuals with auditory catarrh often struggle to hear low sounds as well as high ones, especially in noisy environments. In “Lectures on Aural Catarrh,” Allen’s observed “In testing patients’ hearing powers by means of the metronome (a most useful instrument, which I will show you after lecture), I find some are quite unable to distinguish the acute sound of the bell inside it when struck by the hammer, while others hear it more distinctly than I do myself. Such persons as the latter, however, cannot hear proportionately well the dull low sounds produced by the striking on the wood.” This statement illustrates how diseases such as auditory catarrh can affect the perception of low-frequency sounds [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In line with Allen’s findings, current research supports the idea that ETD may cause low-frequency hearing loss. These studies indicate that ETD can result in fluid buildup and pressure changes in the ME, impairing the transmission of low-frequency sounds [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_34_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.4 Focus on symptom complexity\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p59\"\u003EPeter Allen’s observations in “Lectures on Aural Catarrh” emphasize the systemic effects of ETD, notably on GI disorder. He stated, “A patient suffering from catarrh disease of the ear is commonly disordered in general health; especially are the digestive functions disturbed.” This shows that ETD, which is commonly referred to as ear catarrh, can have an impact on overall health, including the digestive system. Allen’s findings suggest that ETD can generate GI symptoms \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Evia\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E common neuronal connections or systemic inflammatory responses that affect both the ear and digestive tract [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. He referred to Yearsley’s concept of “stomach deafness,” emphasizing the relationship between GI issues and ear health [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Allen also stated that ETD can lead to GERD and vice versa, implying a complex bidirectional link. Allen argued for a treatment strategy that extends beyond local ear care, emphasizing the importance of using suitable medications to address both ear pathology and concomitant GI disorders. His thoughts highlight the need for a comprehensive management strategy that incorporates ENT and GI care to provide holistic treatment for ETD patients [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_35_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.5 Merica’s perspectives on ETD and GI disorders\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p60\"\u003EF. W. Merica’s thorough study on vertigo caused by ET obstruction highlights the importance of identifying and treating this often-looked condition. His study, which included 135 cases, demonstrated the effectiveness of mechanical expansion of the ETs as a treatment for vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, underscoring the significant relationship between ear, nose, and throat diseases and GI symptoms. Merica particularly emphasized the risk of overlooking cases with an insidious onset, where “the gastrointestinal symptoms are predominant, the patients are likely to be subjected to various types of treatment over long periods for diseases of the digestive system.” This insight stresses the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach that considers both GI and auditory symptoms to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_36_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.6 John A. Rutka’s insights into vestibular and GI interactions\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p61\"\u003EJohn A. Rutka has made substantial contributions to our understanding of the vestibular system, particularly how vestibular dysfunction can be mistaken for or contribute to GI symptoms. Rutka’s thorough descriptions of vestibular circuits and their effects on balance and spatial orientation shed light on why abnormalities in this system can have far-reaching systemic consequences, including those affecting the digestive system. Rutka’s insights support Allen’s observations by highlighting the intricate link between vestibular dysfunction and GI disturbances, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_37_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.7 Reciprocal causal relationship between GERD and ETD\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p62\"\u003EA recent study suggests a complex link between ETD and GERD, emphasizing the involvement of GI symptoms in the development of ETD and their impact on the vestibular system, as underlined by Rutka [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. ETD frequently develops insidiously, with GI symptoms preceding and dominating the clinical presentation. This gradual onset allows the vestibular system to respond to different sensory inputs, lowering the severity of vertigo symptoms. Despite this adaptability, the vestibular system’s connection with the brainstem’s emetic areas remains delicate. Even slight abnormalities in vestibular function can result in nausea and vomiting, while compensatory adjustments may make vertigo less severe [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Understanding this connection is crucial to detecting and treating GERD and ETD. Clinicians should be aware that prolonged GI symptoms in ETD patients might indicate an underlying reflux disease that needs to be addressed. This comprehensive approach can help in accurately diagnosing and effectively treating the interconnected symptoms of both conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_38_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.8 The role of muscles in swallowing and ET function\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p63\"\u003EPeter Allen highlighted the connection between the muscles involved in swallowing and the functioning of the ET. He stated, “There is a want of power over the muscles of deglutition, swallowing is therefore difficult, and accomplished with pain, which is aggravated by every motion of the throat; for it will be remembered that the muscles concerned in deglutition are also muscles of the Eustachian tube, and that their fibers interlace themselves among the glands and neighboring mucous surfaces of the soft palate.” He observed that inflammation and uncomfortable conditions render these muscles unable to perform the function of separating the walls of the ET during swallowing, yawning, sneezing, and chewing, which is essential for maintaining balance in MEP and drainage [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_39_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.2.9 Legacy and modern relevance\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p64\"\u003EPeter Allen made important contributions to modern otolaryngology, notably in terms of understanding intralabyrinthine pressure and its implications on vestibular symptoms. His studies on ETD and vertigo elucidated the relationship between ear function and balance. Allen advocated for the use of ETC to treat ETD, highlighting out how inflammation and pain can impair the muscles involved in swallowing and ET function, both of which are necessary for maintaining MEP balance. His work bridges historical concepts with contemporary practice, aiding in the development of contemporary diagnosis and treatment procedures [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_41_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.3 Comparison of James Yearsley and Peter Allen\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_41_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.3.1 Comparison of legacy\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p65\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#tab1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E provides a comprehensive comparison of the contributions made by James Yearsley and Peter Allen in the field of otolaryngology. It highlights their main contributions, key works, areas of focus, innovations in treatment, impact on modern medicine, legacy, primary conditions they focused on, impact on diagnosis, perspectives on SD and vertigo, acknowledgment of reciprocal influences, and notes on low-frequency hearing loss. Yearsley is recognized as a crucial figure in advancing ENT procedures and is considered the most influential person in the history of ETC. On the other hand, Allen is highly regarded as a prominent figure in modern otology. He is renowned for his groundbreaking research on intralabyrinthine pressure and for integrating historical ideas with current medical practice [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"tab1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\"\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EAspect\u002Ffactor\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EJames Yearsley\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EPeter Allen\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Fthead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EEra\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003E1805–1869\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003E1826–1874\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EMain Contributions\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EHighlighted the role of swallowing mechanics in ENT health and systemic connections.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EFurthered and applied Yearsley’s pioneering concepts in modern otology.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EKey Works\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003E“Deafness Practically Illustrated: Being an Exposition of the Nature, Causes and Treatment of Diseases of the Ear”\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003E“Lectures on Aural Catarrh: Or, the Commonest Forms of Deafness and Their Cure”\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EFocus Areas\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EMultisystemic effects of pharyngeal disorders on speech, hearing, swallowing, and breathing.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EIntralabyrinthine pressure, vestibular function, and mechanical changes in the ME.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ETreatment Innovations\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EInnovated in ETC; systemic treatment approaches involving GI and ENT care.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ESupported ETC and comprehensive therapeutic approaches integrating medication for ear and GI disorders.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EImpact on Modern Medicine\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EInfluenced holistic approaches in diagnosing and treating ENT disorders with GI involvement.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EGroundbreaking research on intralabyrinthine pressure, integrating historical ideas with current practice.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ELegacy\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ELaid the groundwork for understanding the interconnectedness of physiological systems.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EEnhanced and disseminated Yearsley’s innovative approaches, ensuring their adoption and further development.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ECausation Direction\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EGI and SD affecting auditory function.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EReinforced Yearsley’s theories on ETD’s influence on GI issues and vestibular symptoms.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EPrimary Condition\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EGI and swallowing issues leading to auditory issues.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EEchoed and expanded on Yearsley’s findings on auditory issues leading to GI and balance disorders.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EImpact on Diagnosis\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EConsidering GI and swallowing issues in diagnosing ETD.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EPromoted considering ETD as a potential cause of vertigo and GI symptoms, building on Yearsley’s work.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ESwallowing Disorders\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ESD affecting ET function and leading to ear issues.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ESupported the idea that ETD might contribute to or complicate SD, following Yearsley’s theories.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EVertigo\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EGI issues leading to “giddiness of the stomach,” but not linking vertigo specifically to ETD.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EIdentified vertigo as a symptom of ETD, possibly influencing GI function, as proposed by Yearsley.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EReciprocity Acknowledgment\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EInterdependence of swallowing, GI health, and auditory function.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EAffirmed the bidirectional influence between ETD and conditions affecting swallowing and balance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ELow-Frequency Hearing Loss\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EETD causing better hearing of high tones compared to low tones.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EObserved similar patterns of low-frequency hearing loss, reinforcing Yearsley’s findings.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EHistorical Significance\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003ECrucial figure in the progress of ENT procedures and influential in the history of ETC.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"\u003EProminent figure in modern otology, renowned for integrating historical ideas with current practice.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftbody\u003E\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p66\"\u003EComparison between the legacy of James Yearsley and Peter Allen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_42_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E5.3.2 Common ground\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p67\"\u003EThey underlined the link between swallowing mechanics, ET function, and ENT health, highlighting the importance of holistic care. They concluded that SD may compromise ET function, compromising swallowing and digestion. Both acknowledged the impact of ETD in contributing to these disorders and proposed ETC as a treatment to restore MEP balance and minimize symptoms. Their combined findings emphasized the importance of an MDA that includes otolaryngology, gastroenterology, and neuro-vestibular sciences, and which continues to influence modern otolaryngology [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_45\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E6. Clinical management and interdisciplinary treatment approaches\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_45_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.1 Management strategies\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p68\"\u003ETreatment of ETD, associated SD, and reflux-related diseases such as GERD, LPRD, and NPR requires an MDA [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p69\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMedical management.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Use of proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers to reduce acid production and alleviate reflux, along with corticosteroid nasal sprays and other decongestants to reduce inflammation and enhance ET function. Systemic pseudoephedrine did not improve gas bolus transfer through the ET during swallows [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p70\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EDietary and lifestyle modifications.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Recommendations include avoiding reflux-causing foods, eating smaller meals, avoiding recumbency after consuming water, medication, or meals, managing weight, and quitting smoking [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p71\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ESpeech and swallowing therapy.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Conducted by speech-language pathologists to improve swallowing mechanics and reduce aspiration risk [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p72\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ESurgical and procedural interventions.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Include anti-reflux surgery for severe cases [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Adenoidectomy removes hypertrophied adenoids that block the ET, making it advantageous for ETD, especially in children [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Radiation and chemotherapy can shrink tumors and improve ETD caused by tumor blockage or inflammation. However, these treatments can also produce mucositis and other inflammatory responses in the nasopharyngeal region, which can harm the ET and exacerbate ETD symptoms. The well-documented side effects of head and neck cancer treatments, such as mucositis, esophagitis, and xerostomia, can cause substantial discomfort and SD. To manage these challenges, supportive care measures, dietary modifications, and swallowing exercises are recommended [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Turbinectomy, which reduces the size of nasal turbinates to enhance airflow and reduce inflammation, can help relieve ETD [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p73\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EEustachian tube catheterization (ETC)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Used for both the diagnosis and treatment of ETD, ETC addresses blockages or ETD to stabilize MEP. It is particularly useful in cases of chronic ETD, persistent ear fullness, negative MEP, and when other treatments have failed [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_46_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.2 Role of interdisciplinary teams\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p74\"\u003ECollaboration among various specialists ensures comprehensive treatment for ETD and related conditions [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Interdisciplinary teams should incorporate a specialist for ETD to optimize patient outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p75\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EOtolaryngologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Diagnose and treat ENT disorders, including ETD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p76\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EGastroenterologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Manage GERD, LPRD, and NPR, which can worsen ETD and impair swallowing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p77\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENeurologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Address neurological problems that impact swallowing and balance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p78\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ESpeech-language pathologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Improve swallowing mechanics and treat speech disorders.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p79\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EAudiologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Assess hearing and balance to determine the impact of ETD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p80\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENeuro-vestibular specialists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Treat balance and vestibular function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p81\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPulmonologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Manage respiratory problems that influence or are influenced by ETD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p82\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ECardiologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Address cardiovascular symptoms like bradycardia caused by ETD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p83\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EOphthalmologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Treat visual disturbances such as oscillopsia and nystagmus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p84\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EDietitians\u002Fnutritionists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Offer dietary guidance to manage reflux disorders and enhance general health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p85\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPhysical therapists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Enhance muscle function related to swallowing and balance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p86\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EOccupational therapists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Assist with daily tasks affected by SD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p87\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPsychologists.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Support patients in managing anxiety and stress associated with chronic ETD and SD [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_47_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E6.3 Coordinated care approach\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p88\"\u003EA coordinated care approach, involving the collaboration of these specialists, is essential for effectively addressing complex symptoms of ETD and related conditions. This approach improves treatment outcomes but ensures a comprehensive evaluation of all patient health issues, enhancing patient satisfaction and quality of life [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_49\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E7. Case studies and practical applications\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_49_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E7.1 Presentation of case studies\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_49_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E7.1.1 Case study 1: treatment of chronic ETD with asymmetric ME pressures\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p89\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p90\"\u003EPatient background: A 45-year-old male with chronic sinusitis, recurrent ear fullness, occasional hearing loss, SD, and tinnitus. Whenever he experienced a sensation of fullness in his ears, it felt as though there was a constriction in the laryngeal area of his neck. Nasal obstruction led to frequent sniffing, worsening his symptoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p91\"\u003EDiagnostic findings: Irritated nasal mucosa, retracted TM, mild-to-moderate low-frequency hearing loss, asymmetrical MEP, and indications of LPRD including laryngoscopic findings such as erythema, edema of the laryngeal mucosa, and interarytenoid hypertrophy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p92\"\u003ETreatment strategy: Corticosteroid nasal sprays, nasal decongestants, LPR management, and ETC. Behavioral advice to reduce sniffing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p93\"\u003EOutcome: Significant reduction in ear fullness and improved hearing within 3 weeks. Long-term improvement with adherence to behavioral changes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_50_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E7.1.2 Case study 2: complex GERD, NPR, and ETD\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p94\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p95\"\u003EPatient background: A 55-year-old female with long-standing GERD, persistent SD, dizziness, sudden tinnitus, and vertigo. Symptoms worsened by taking medication with water before bed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p96\"\u003EDiagnostic findings: LPRD and NPR interfering with ET function, confirmed by nasopharyngoscopy showing refluxed gastric contents in the nasopharynx, erythema, and edema, and aggravated by bedtime medication habits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p97\"\u003ETreatment strategy: PPI therapy, dietary changes, altering medication habits, and ETC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p98\"\u003EOutcome: Notable improvement in GERD, LPRD, NPR, and auditory symptoms. Ceased vertigo bouts and significantly improved tinnitus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_52_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E7.2 Multidisciplinary approach (MDA) in clinical practice\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_52_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E7.2.1 Advantages of a solo MDA\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p99\"\u003EManaging complex problems alone necessitates a solid consciousness of numerous specializations, allowing for faster decision-making and personalized treatment strategies without extensive coordination among multiple specialists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_53_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E7.2.2 Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p100\"\u003EThese case studies demonstrate the significance of using an interdisciplinary approach, even in solo practice, to provide comprehensive treatment by considering all potential factors on a patient’s health for optimal management and satisfaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_56\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E8. Future directions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_56_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E8.1 Emerging research areas\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p101\"\u003EOngoing advances in otolaryngology, gastroenterology, and neuro-vestibular sciences promise to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of SD and ETD. Future studies should focus on these crucial areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_56_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E8.1.1 Functional restoration and maintenance\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p102\"\u003EThe focus is shifting to therapies that restore and maintain ET function, crucial for balancing MEP and promoting drainage. Treating SD, which frequently coexists with or worsens ETD, is critical. Researchers are exploring the relationship between swallowing mechanics and ET function to develop integrated treatments for both disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_57_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E8.1.2 Advanced diagnostic tools\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p103\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EBiomarker identification.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Biomarkers like MEP help in the early detection and monitoring of ETD and SD [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Salivary pepsin, detectable with non-invasive instruments, is a reliable biomarker for airway reflux and LPR [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], providing quick and accurate measurements of LPR severity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p104\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EEnhanced imaging techniques.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E High-resolution imaging and 3D CT scans produce exact images of the ET and surrounding structures, which are necessary for accurate diagnosis and simulation [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p105\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EWideband acoustic immittance.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E This emerging technology provides a comprehensive evaluation of ME function over a wide frequency range, enabling more accurate identification of ME disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_58_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E8.1.3 Multidisciplinary approach (MDA)\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p106\"\u003EEncouraging MDA involves gathering a variety of professionals to focus on interrelated systems, utilizing shared databases, and obtaining funding [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Creating integrated care models enhances patient outcomes by incorporating multidisciplinary teams, central care coordinators, shared EHRs, complete care plans, and regular treatment planning and outcome monitoring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_59_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E8.1.4 Innovative therapeutic approaches\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p107\"\u003EResearch into new minimally invasive procedures, such as Balloon Eustachian Tuboplasty, and Laser Eustachian Tuboplasty, as well as renewed interest in established ones, is advancing the field of ETD treatment [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_60_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E8.1.5 Rehabilitation and therapy\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p108\"\u003EDevelopment of advanced therapeutic techniques and devices to improve swallowing function and reduce the risk of aspiration in patients with SD is ongoing [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Examples include neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to stimulate swallowing muscles, customized swallowing exercises and maneuvers, adapted equipment such as specialized utensils and cups, and biofeedback therapy to improve swallowing techniques [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_62_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E8.2 Addressing current gaps\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p109\"\u003EFuture research should focus on these key areas to address current gaps:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p110\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EEarly detection.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Improved diagnostic tools and biomarkers can lead to earlier detection of ETD and SD, allowing for timely intervention [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p111\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPersonalized care.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Precision medicine approaches for more personalized and effective treatment plans, reducing trial-and-error in therapy [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p112\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPatient-centered care.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Telemedicine and digital health tools to empower patients improving adherence and outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p113\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EComprehensive management.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Interdisciplinary research and integrated care models to address all aspects of complex conditions, leading to better overall management and patient satisfaction [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_64\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E9. Contribution\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_64_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.1 Summary of key findings\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p114\"\u003EThis chapter investigates the intricate links between SD and ETD from a multidisciplinary perspective. The key findings include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p115\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EInterplay of swallowing and ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E SD have an impact on ET function, and SD can exacerbate ETD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p116\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EComprehensive management strategy.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Highlights the need of integrating otolaryngology, gastroenterology, and speech-language pathology for a complete diagnosis. Treatment options include ETC and medication adjustments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p117\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EEffectiveness of interdisciplinary teams.\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Emphasizes the significance of professional collaboration in developing comprehensive treatment programs for both swallowing and auditory issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_65_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.2 Key contributions\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p118\"\u003EOngoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for advancing our understanding and treatment of SD and ETD. Research enhances diagnostic tools and treatment options, and interdisciplinary collaboration promotes holistic care and innovation. This chapter addresses the relationship between SD and ETD, emphasizing the value of MDA, advanced diagnostics, telemedicine, digital health, and innovative treatments. Continued research and collaboration will lead to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_70\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EConflict of interest\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p119\"\u003EThe author declares no conflict of interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"swallowing disorders (SD),Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD),gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD),nasopharyngeal reflux (NPR)","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yJC6nQAG\u002Fa09Tc000000sxkfIAA\u002FFinal-Swallowing%20Disorders%20and%20Eustachian%20Tube%20Dysfuncti%20%282024-10-09%2013%3A19%3A27%29.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yJC6nQAG\u002Fa09Tc000000sxkfIAA\u002FFinal%20%28xml%29-Swallowing%20Disorders%20and%20Eustachian%20Tube%20Dysfuncti%20%282024-10-09%2013%3A19%3A29%29.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F1192737\u002F1730302175-782613087\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1192737","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1192737","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1192737\u002F1730302175-782613087\u002F","totalDownloads":26,"totalViews":0,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"dateSubmitted":"July 8th 2024","dateReviewed":"July 14th 2024","datePrePublished":"September 30th 2024","datePublished":null,"dateFinished":null,"readingETA":"0","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThis chapter examines the complex link between swallowing disorders and Eustachian tube dysfunction, highlighting their impact on health and quality of life. It explores the connections between swallowing disorders, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, and nasopharyngeal reflux. Evidence from both past and present studies suggests that gastrointestinal disorders and Eustachian tube dysfunction affect each other bidirectionally. The chapter emphasizes the role of modern diagnostic tools in improving patient monitoring and demonstrates how a multidisciplinary approach encompassing various medical fields enhances patient outcomes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F1192737","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F1192737","signatures":"Hee-Young Kim","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"1002653","type":"book","title":"Swallowing - Problems and Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Swallowing - Problems and Management","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"publishedDate":null,"bookSignature":"Dr. Hardip Singh Gendeh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yJC6nQAG\u002F0014557_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1713449273-634507773\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1713449273-634507773\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1739599899-858512943\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1739599899-858512943\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 4.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-022-3","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-023-0","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-024-7","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"445896","title":"Dr.","name":"Hardip Singh","middleName":null,"surname":"Gendeh","slug":"hardip-singh-gendeh","fullName":"Hardip Singh Gendeh"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"587848","title":"Dr.","name":"Hee-Young","middleName":null,"surname":"Kim","fullName":"Hee-Young Kim","slug":"hee-young-kim","email":"heeyoungkim9@outlook.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Overview of swallowing disorders (SD)","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1 Anatomy and physiology of swallowing","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2 Classification of swallowing disorders (SD)","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_3","title":"2.2.1 Oropharyngeal dysphagia","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_4_3","title":"2.2.2 Esophageal dysphagia","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_6_2","title":"2.3 Pathophysiological mechanisms: reciprocal relationship","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_6_3","title":"2.3.1 Impact of SD on ET function","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_7_3","title":"2.3.2 Impact of ETD on swallowing function","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_9_2","title":"2.4 Clinical identification and individual variability","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_11","title":"3. Overview of Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_11_2","title":"3.1 ETD: causes, symptoms, and hearing impact","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_12_2","title":"3.2 Endotypes of Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD)","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_13_2","title":"3.3 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_14_2","title":"3.4 Eustachian tube catheterization (ETC) and traditional treatment","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_16","title":"4. Reflux-related conditions","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_16_2","title":"4.1 Definitions and symptoms of GERD, LPRD, and NPR","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_17_2","title":"4.2 Mechanisms by which GERD and LPRD influence ET function","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_18_2","title":"4.3 Reflux otitis media (ROM)","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_20","title":"5. Historical perspectives: James Yearsley and Peter Allen","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_20_2","title":"5.1 Historical perspectives and James Yearsley","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_20_3","title":"5.1.1 Contributions for SD","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_21_3","title":"5.1.2 Modern interpretation of “stomach deafness”","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_22_3","title":"5.1.3 Low-frequency hearing loss in ETD in Yearsley’s observations","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_23_3","title":"5.1.4 On the interconnection of body systems","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_24_3","title":"5.1.5 Focus of medical attention","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_25_3","title":"5.1.6 Emphasis on symptom complexity","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_26_3","title":"5.1.7 On systemic treatment","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_27_3","title":"5.1.8 Efficiency of ETC","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_28_3","title":"5.1.9 The role of ETC","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_29_3","title":"5.1.10 Legacy and modern relevance","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_31_2","title":"5.2 Historical perspectives and Peter Allen","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_31_3","title":"5.2.1 Allen’s perspective on intralabyrinthine pressure and vestibular symptoms","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_32_3","title":"5.2.2 Empirical validation of Allen’s hypothesis","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_33_3","title":"5.2.3 Low-frequency hearing loss in ETD in Allen’s insights","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_34_3","title":"5.2.4 Focus on symptom complexity","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_35_3","title":"5.2.5 Merica’s perspectives on ETD and GI disorders","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_36_3","title":"5.2.6 John A. Rutka’s insights into vestibular and GI interactions","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_37_3","title":"5.2.7 Reciprocal causal relationship between GERD and ETD","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_38_3","title":"5.2.8 The role of muscles in swallowing and ET function","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_39_3","title":"5.2.9 Legacy and modern relevance","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_41_2","title":"5.3 Comparison of James Yearsley and Peter Allen","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_41_3","title":"Table 1.","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_42_3","title":"5.3.2 Common ground","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_45","title":"6. Clinical management and interdisciplinary treatment approaches","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_45_2","title":"6.1 Management strategies","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_46_2","title":"6.2 Role of interdisciplinary teams","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_47_2","title":"6.3 Coordinated care approach","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_49","title":"7. Case studies and practical applications","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_49_2","title":"7.1 Presentation of case studies","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_49_3","title":"7.1.1 Case study 1: treatment of chronic ETD with asymmetric ME pressures","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_50_3","title":"7.1.2 Case study 2: complex GERD, NPR, and ETD","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_52_2","title":"7.2 Multidisciplinary approach (MDA) in clinical practice","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_52_3","title":"7.2.1 Advantages of a solo MDA","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_53_3","title":"7.2.2 Conclusion","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_56","title":"8. Future directions","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_56_2","title":"8.1 Emerging research areas","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_56_3","title":"8.1.1 Functional restoration and maintenance","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_57_3","title":"8.1.2 Advanced diagnostic tools","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_58_3","title":"8.1.3 Multidisciplinary approach (MDA)","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_59_3","title":"8.1.4 Innovative therapeutic approaches","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_60_3","title":"8.1.5 Rehabilitation and therapy","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_62_2","title":"8.2 Addressing current gaps","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_64","title":"9. Contribution","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_64_2","title":"9.1 Summary of key findings","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_65_2","title":"9.2 Key contributions","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_70","title":"Conflict of interest","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAzer SA. Dysphagia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK559174\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK559174\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EHamrang-Yousefi S, Ng J, Andaloro C. Eustachian tube dysfunction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK555908\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK555908\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBluestone CD. Eustachian Tube: Structure, Function, and Role in Middle Ear Disease. 2nd ed. Raleigh, North Carolina: People Medical Publishing House USA; 2018\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ELlewellyn A, Norman G, Harden M, Coatesworth A, Kimberling D, Schilder A, et al. Interventions for adult Eustachian tube dysfunction: A systematic review. Health Technology Assessment. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E18\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(46):1-180\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B5","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B5\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EAlper CM, Luntz M, Takahashi H, Ghadiali SN, Swarts JD, Teixeira MS, et al. Panel 2: Anatomy (Eustachian tube, middle ear, and mastoid—Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis). Otolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery. 2017;\u003Cbold\u003E156\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4_suppl):S22-S40\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B6","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B6\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EAlper CM, Teixeira MS, Mandel EM, Swarts JD. Dissecting Eustachian tube dysfunction: From phenotypes to endotypes. PLoS ONE. 2023;\u003Cbold\u003E18\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4). DOI: 10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0283885\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B7","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B7\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. Validation of biomarkers and patient-reported outcome measures to improve the diagnosis and treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction. Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Journal. 2024;\u003Cbold\u003E10\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):27-38\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B8","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B8\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. Reciprocal causal relationship between nasopharyngeal reflux and Eustachian tube dysfunction. Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research. 2021;\u003Cbold\u003E13\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(3):46-47\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B9","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B9\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMerica FW. Vertigo due to obstruction of the Eustachian tubes. Journal of American Medical Association. 1942;\u003Cbold\u003E118\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(15):1282-1284\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B10","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B10\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. Alternobaric vertigo: Asymmetrical vestibular function due to asymmetrical middle ear pressures (iron man’s archenemy). ENT and Audiology News. 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.3dissue. net\u002F30176\u002F30070\u002F30342\u002F63730\u002Findex. html?page=42\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fcloud.3dissue. net\u002F30176\u002F30070\u002F30342\u002F63730\u002Findex. html?page=42\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EHeidsieck DSP, Smarius BJA, Oomen KPQ, Breugem CC. The role of the tensor veli palatini muscle in the development of cleft palate-associated middle ear problems. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E20\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(7):1389-1401. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F27153847\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F27153847\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ETeixeira MS. Understanding Eustachian tube function. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E86\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(5):523-524\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKim HY. Ground-level alternobaric vertigo: A contemporary perspective on Eustachian tube. In: Giourgos G, editor. Studies in Otorhinolaryngology. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2025. pp. 1-21. DOI: 10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1004951\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBluestone CD, Swarts JD, Forman JM, Yellon RF. Persistent alternobaric vertigo at ground level. The Laryngoscope. 2012;\u003Cbold\u003E122\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:868-872. DOI: 10.1002\u002F lary.22182\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. A case report on ground-level alternobaric vertigo due to Eustachian tube dysfunction with the assistance of conversational generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT). Cureus. 28 Mar 2023;\u003Cbold\u003E15\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(3). DOI: 10.7759\u002Fcureus.36830\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B16","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B16\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. Reevaluating “within normal limits” in tympanometry: Implications for alternobaric vertigo. Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research. 2024;\u003Cbold\u003E16\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):41-42. DOI: 10.15406\u002Fjoentr.2024.16.00546\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B17","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B17\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAmerican Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. GERD and LPR. ENT Health [Internet]. Alexandria (VA): American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation; 2018. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.enthealth.org\u002Fconditions\u002Fgerd-and-lpr\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.enthealth.org\u002Fconditions\u002Fgerd-and-lpr\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B18","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B18\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAntunes C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK441938\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fbooks\u002FNBK441938\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B19","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B19\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EJoshi AA, Chiplunkar B. Laryngopharyngeal reflux. International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery. 2022;\u003Cbold\u003E13\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):8-17\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B20","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B20\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBrunworth JD, Mahboubi H, Garg R, Johnson B, Brandon B, Djalilian HR. Nasopharyngeal acid reflux and Eustachian tube dysfunction in adults. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E123\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(6):415-419\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B21","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B21\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. Eustachian tube catheterization: Fundamental skill for competent otolaryngologists. Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E4\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:11. DOI: 10.15406\u002F joentr.2019.11.00401\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B22","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B22\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EYearsley J. Deafness Practically Illustrated: Being an Exposition of the Nature, Causes and Treatment of Diseases of the Ear. London: John Churchill; 1863\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B23","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B23\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAllen P. Lectures on Aural Catarrh: Or, the Commonest Forms of Deafness and their Cure. London: Churchill; 1871\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKim HY. From pioneers to modern medicine: Tracing the evolution of our understanding of the relationship between Eustachian tube dysfunction, alternobaric vertigo, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research. 2023;\u003Cbold\u003E12\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:23-24. DOI: 10.15406\u002F joentr.2023.15.00521\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B25","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B25\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMallen JR, Roberts DS. SCUBA medicine for otolaryngologists: Part I. Diving into SCUBA physiology and injury prevention. The Laryngoscope. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E130\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ERoland PS, Rutka JA. Physiology of the vestibular system. In: Rutka JA, editor. Ototoxicity. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: BC Decker Inc.; 2004. pp. 24-25\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBlanchard P, Lee AW, Carmel A, Ng WT, Ma J, Chan ATC, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in nasopharynx carcinoma (MAC-NPC): An update on 26 trials and 7080 patients. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology. 2022;\u003Cbold\u003E32\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:59-68\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B28","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B28\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EDettmar PW, Watson M, McGlashan J, et al. A multicentre study in UK voice clinics evaluating the non-invasive reflux diagnostic peptest in LPR patients. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E2\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:57-65. DOI: 10.1007\u002F s42399-019-00184-0\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B29","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B29\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ESchuon R, Schwarzensteiner J, Paasche G, Lenarz T, John S. Functional aspects of the Eustachian tube by means of 3D-modeling. PLoS ONE. 2021;\u003Cbold\u003E16\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(8). DOI: 10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0244909\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B30","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B30\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EShahnaz N, AlMakadma H, Sanford CA. The rise and fall of aural acoustic immittance assessment tools. Seminars in Hearing. 2023;\u003Cbold\u003E44\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(01):005-016\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B31","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B31\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EChan J, Najafi A, Baker M, Kinsman J, Mancl LR, Norton S, et al. Performing tympanometry using smartphones. Communications Medicine. 2022;\u003Cbold\u003E2\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-11. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43856-022-00120-9\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43856-022-00120-9\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[],"contributors":[{"corresp":"yes","contributorFullName":"Hee-Young Kim","address":"hee-young.kim-2022@ppcr.org","affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECenter for Executive and Continuing Professional Education, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","equal":null}],"corrections":null},"book":{"id":"1002653","type":"book","title":"Swallowing - Problems and Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Swallowing - Problems and Management","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"publishedDate":null,"bookSignature":"Dr. Hardip Singh Gendeh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yJC6nQAG\u002F0014557_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1713449273-634507773\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1713449273-634507773\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1739599899-858512943\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1002653\u002F1739599899-858512943\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 4.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-022-3","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-023-0","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-024-7","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"445896","title":"Dr.","name":"Hardip Singh","middleName":null,"surname":"Gendeh","slug":"hardip-singh-gendeh","fullName":"Hardip Singh Gendeh"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"subsereis":null,"subseries":null},"profile":{"item":{"id":"152349","title":"Ms.","name":"Hui-Zhen","middleName":null,"surname":"Fu","email":"huizhenfu@gmail.com","fullName":"Hui-Zhen Fu","slug":"hui-zhen-fu","position":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","totalCites":0,"totalChapterViews":"0","outsideEditionCount":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalEditedBooks":"0","personalWebsiteUrl":null,"twitterURL":null,"linkedinURL":null,"institution":{"name":"Peking University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}},"booksEdited":[],"chaptersAuthored":[{"id":"39511","title":"Bibliometric Analysis of Thermodynamic Research: A Science Citation Index Expanded-Based Analysis","slug":"bibliometric-analysis-of-thermodynamic-research-a-science-citation-index-expanded-based-analysis","abstract":null,"signatures":"Hui-Zhen Fu and Yuh-Shan Ho","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"142878","title":"Dr.","name":"Yuh-Shan","surname":"Ho","fullName":"Yuh-Shan Ho","slug":"yuh-shan-ho","email":"ysho@asia.edu.tw"},{"id":"152349","title":"Ms.","name":"Hui-Zhen","surname":"Fu","fullName":"Hui-Zhen Fu","slug":"hui-zhen-fu","email":"huizhenfu@gmail.com"}],"book":{"id":"2222","title":"Thermodynamics","slug":"thermodynamics-fundamentals-and-its-application-in-science","productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}}],"collaborators":[{"id":"140617","title":"Dr.","name":"Ronald","surname":"Bakker","slug":"ronald-bakker","fullName":"Ronald Bakker","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F140617\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Leoben","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Austria"}}},{"id":"141087","title":"Dr.","name":"Vasiliy","surname":"Fefelov","slug":"vasiliy-fefelov","fullName":"Vasiliy Fefelov","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Omsk State Technical University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Russia"}}},{"id":"142625","title":"Prof.","name":"Nong-Moon","surname":"Hwang","slug":"nong-moon-hwang","fullName":"Nong-Moon Hwang","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Seoul National University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Korea, South"}}},{"id":"142878","title":"Dr.","name":"Yuh-Shan","surname":"Ho","slug":"yuh-shan-ho","fullName":"Yuh-Shan Ho","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"144876","title":"Dr.","name":"Zdenka","surname":"Kolska","slug":"zdenka-kolska","fullName":"Zdenka Kolska","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Czech Republic"}}},{"id":"147095","title":"Dr.","name":"Milan","surname":"Zábranský","slug":"milan-zabransky","fullName":"Milan Zábranský","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Chemistry and Technology","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Czech Republic"}}},{"id":"147096","title":"Dr.","name":"Alena","surname":"Randová","slug":"alena-randova","fullName":"Alena Randová","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Chemistry and Technology","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Czech Republic"}}},{"id":"160086","title":"Dr.","name":"Vitaly","surname":"Gorbunov","slug":"vitaly-gorbunov","fullName":"Vitaly Gorbunov","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Omsk State Technical University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Russia"}}},{"id":"358922","title":"Dr.","name":"Jae-Soo","surname":"Jung","slug":"jae-soo-jung","fullName":"Jae-Soo Jung","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"358923","title":"Dr.","name":"Dong-Kwon","surname":"Lee","slug":"dong-kwon-lee","fullName":"Dong-Kwon Lee","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null}]},"generic":{"page":{"slug":"events","title":"IntechOpen Events","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel throughout the world to present our publications and support our Authors and Academic Editors. We attend international symposia, conferences, workshops, book fairs as well as business meetings with science, academic and publishing professionals. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ETake a look at the upcoming and past events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","metaTitle":"IntechOpen events","metaDescription":"In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel worldwide to present our publications, authors and editors at international symposia, conferences, and workshops, as well as attend business meetings with science, academia and publishing professionals. We are always happy to host our scientists in our office to discuss further collaborations. Take a look at where we’ve been, who we’ve met and where we’re going.","metaKeywords":null,"canonicalURL":"\u002Fpage\u002Fevents","contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUpcoming events\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fberlinstitute.org\u002Fape2025\u002F\\\"\u003EAPE 2025 - International Conference “Academic Publishing in Europe”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E14 - 15 January, Berlin, Germany\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.londonbookfair.co.uk\u002F\\\"\u003ELondon Book Fair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 13 March, London, UK\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fklibf.my\u002Fv2\u002F\\\"\u003EKuala Lumpur International Book Fair \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E23 May - 1 June, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bibf.net\u002Fen\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBeijing International Book Fair\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E18 - 22 June, Beijing, China\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oaspa.org\u002Fevents\u002Fannualconference\u002F\\\"\u003EOASPA Conference on Open Access Scholarly Publishing \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E22 - 24 September 2025, Irish College Leuven, Belgium\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPUBMET 2025  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 12 September, Zagreb, Croatia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerreviewweek.wordpress.com\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPeer Review Week 202\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E22 - 26 September, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOpen Science Week \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ESeptember, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openaccessweek.org\u002F\\\"\u003EInternational Open Access Week \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EOctober, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buchmesse.de\u002Fen\u002Fexhibit\u002Finformation-exhibitors\u002Fbook-fair-year\\\"\u003EFrankfurt Book Fair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E15 - 19 October, Frankfurt, Germany\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fil.com.mx\u002Fingles\u002F\\\"\u003EGuadalajara International Book Fair (FIL) \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E29 November - 7 December, Guadalajara, Mexico\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESTM Innovation & Integrity Days 2025 (formerly known as STM week)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ENo dates yet (December)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPast events\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.charleston-hub.com\u002F\\\"\u003ECharleston Conference \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 15 November, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stm-assoc.org\u002Fevents\u002Fstm-innovation-integrity-days-2024-trust-beyond-the-manuscript\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESTM’s Innovation & Integrity Days (formerly known as STM Week) \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E3 - 4 December, London\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openaccessweek.org\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInternational Open Access Week 2024\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E21 - 27 October, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmet2024.unizd.hr\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPUBMET 2024 \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E10 - 13 September, Zadar, Croatia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerreviewweek.wordpress.com\u002F\\\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPeer Review Week 2024\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E23 - 27, September, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]"},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUpcoming events\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fberlinstitute.org\u002Fape2025\u002F\"\u003EAPE 2025 - International Conference “Academic Publishing in Europe”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E14 - 15 January, Berlin, Germany\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.londonbookfair.co.uk\u002F\"\u003ELondon Book Fair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 13 March, London, UK\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fklibf.my\u002Fv2\u002F\"\u003EKuala Lumpur International Book Fair \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E23 May - 1 June, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bibf.net\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBeijing International Book Fair\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E18 - 22 June, Beijing, China\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oaspa.org\u002Fevents\u002Fannualconference\u002F\"\u003EOASPA Conference on Open Access Scholarly Publishing \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E22 - 24 September 2025, Irish College Leuven, Belgium\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPUBMET 2025  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 12 September, Zagreb, Croatia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerreviewweek.wordpress.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPeer Review Week 202\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E22 - 26 September, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOpen Science Week \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ESeptember, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openaccessweek.org\u002F\"\u003EInternational Open Access Week \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOctober, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buchmesse.de\u002Fen\u002Fexhibit\u002Finformation-exhibitors\u002Fbook-fair-year\"\u003EFrankfurt Book Fair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E15 - 19 October, Frankfurt, Germany\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fil.com.mx\u002Fingles\u002F\"\u003EGuadalajara International Book Fair (FIL) \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E29 November - 7 December, Guadalajara, Mexico\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESTM Innovation & Integrity Days 2025 (formerly known as STM week)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ENo dates yet (December)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPast events\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.charleston-hub.com\u002F\"\u003ECharleston Conference \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E11 - 15 November, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stm-assoc.org\u002Fevents\u002Fstm-innovation-integrity-days-2024-trust-beyond-the-manuscript\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESTM’s Innovation & Integrity Days (formerly known as STM Week) \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E3 - 4 December, London\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openaccessweek.org\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInternational Open Access Week 2024\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E21 - 27 October, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmet2024.unizd.hr\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPUBMET 2024 \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E10 - 13 September, Zadar, Croatia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerreviewweek.wordpress.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPeer Review Week 2024\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E23 - 27, September, Virtual\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}]},"successStories":{"items":[]},"authorsAndEditors":{"filterParams":{"sort":"featured,name"},"profiles":[],"filtersByRegion":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"chapterEmbeded":{"data":{}},"editorApplication":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"ofsBooks":{"filterParams":{},"books":[],"filtersByTopic":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"ofsBookV4":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[],"welcomeNews":[],"regionStatistics":[],"intechStatistics":{},"isFromSpain":false,"regionId":"","selectedRegionStatistics":null},"ofsBookEditor":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[],"intechStatistics":{}},"popularBooks":{"featuredBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"mostCitedBooks":{"mostCitedBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"publish":{},"publishingProposal":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"books":{"featuredBooks":[],"mostCitedBooks":[],"latestBooks":[]},"booksBecomeEditor":{"books":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"subject":{"topic":{"id":"165","title":"Geometry & Topology","slug":"geometry-and-topology","parent":{"id":"15","title":"Mathematics","slug":"mathematics"},"numberOfBooks":8,"numberOfSeries":0,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":89,"numberOfWosCitations":14,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":21,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":31,"videoUrl":null,"fallbackUrl":null,"description":null},"booksByTopicFilter":{"topicId":"165","sort":"-publishedDate","limit":12,"offset":0},"booksByTopicCollection":[{"type":"book","id":"1003931","title":"Recent Topics on Topology","subtitle":"From Classical to Modern Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"a7a2d0c0bbe636cb89c0fa2e6ac184d6","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN2YQAW\u002F0015835_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002429","title":"Topology","subtitle":"Recent Advances and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"7550ac358da2ef5911e62026c75d5531","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12401.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"12020","title":"Fixed Point Theory and Chaos","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"256aaeeb2cfa765c6a37c73e4fe7402f","slug":"fixed-point-theory-and-chaos","bookSignature":"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12020.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"237167","title":"Dr.","name":"Guillermo","middleName":null,"surname":"Huerta Cuellar","slug":"guillermo-huerta-cuellar","fullName":"Guillermo Huerta Cuellar"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"11502","title":"Manifolds III","subtitle":"Developments and Developments and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"eca1aa784f719310820d6bb2cf5a7b20","slug":"manifolds-iii-developments-and-applications","bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11502.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"10677","title":"Advanced Topics of Topology","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5","slug":"advanced-topics-of-topology","bookSignature":"Francisco Bulnes","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10677.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"92918","title":"Dr.","name":"Francisco","middleName":null,"surname":"Bulnes","slug":"francisco-bulnes","fullName":"Francisco Bulnes"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"8760","title":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02","slug":"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry","bookSignature":"Kamal Shah and Min Lei","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8760.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"231748","title":"Dr.","name":"Kamal","middleName":null,"surname":"Shah","slug":"kamal-shah","fullName":"Kamal Shah"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"7342","title":"Manifolds II","subtitle":"Theory and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"97f5bd89a6e5006ea10d90df5a6df5a5","slug":"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications","bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7342.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"5488","title":"Manifolds","subtitle":"Current Research Areas","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"e1193790ca2c8027d4ffc6911dd24365","slug":"manifolds-current-research-areas","bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5488.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"booksByTopicTotal":8,"childTopics":[{"id":"976","title":"Differential Geometry","slug":"differential-geometry","isLeaf":true,"numberOfBooks":1,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":15,"parent":{"id":"165"}}],"seriesByTopicCollection":[],"seriesByTopicTotal":0,"mostCitedChapters":[{"id":"63130","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79989","title":"Manifold Learning in Medical Imaging","slug":"manifold-learning-in-medical-imaging","totalDownloads":1366,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":7,"abstract":"Manifold learning theory has seen a surge of interest in the modeling of large and extensive datasets in medical imaging since they capture the essence of data in a way that fundamentally outperforms linear methodologies, the purpose of which is to essentially describe things that are flat. This problematic is particularly relevant with medical imaging data, where linear techniques are frequently unsuitable for capturing variations in anatomical structures. In many cases, there is enough structure in the data (CT, MRI, ultrasound) so a lower dimensional object can describe the degrees of freedom, such as in a manifold structure. Still, complex, multivariate distributions tend to demonstrate highly variable structural topologies that are impossible to capture with a single manifold learning algorithm. This chapter will present recent techniques developed in manifold theory for medical imaging analysis, to allow for statistical organ shape modeling, image segmentation and registration from the concept of navigation of manifolds, classification, as well as disease prediction models based on discriminant manifolds. We will present the theoretical basis of these works, with illustrative results on their applications from various organs and pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and spinal deformities.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"7342","slug":"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications","title":"Manifolds II","fullTitle":"Manifolds II - Theory and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Samuel Kadoury","authors":[{"id":"256922","title":"Prof.","name":"Samuel","middleName":null,"surname":"Kadoury","slug":"samuel-kadoury","fullName":"Samuel Kadoury"}]},{"id":"72127","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.92226","title":"Operator Topology for Logarithmic Infinitesimal Generators","slug":"operator-topology-for-logarithmic-infinitesimal-generators","totalDownloads":806,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"abstract":"Generally unbounded infinitesimal generators are studied in the context of operator topology. Beginning with the definition of seminorm, the concept of locally convex topological vector space is introduced as well as the concept of Fréchet space. These are the basis for defining operator topologies. Consequently, by associating the topological properties with the convergence of sequence, a suitable mathematical framework for obtaining the logarithmic representation of infinitesimal generators is presented.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"8760","slug":"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry","title":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","fullTitle":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Yoritaka Iwata","authors":[{"id":"313865","title":"Dr.","name":"Yoritaka","middleName":null,"surname":"Iwata","slug":"yoritaka-iwata","fullName":"Yoritaka Iwata"}]},{"id":"62804","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79383","title":"Recent Advances of Manifold Regularization","slug":"recent-advances-of-manifold-regularization","totalDownloads":1419,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"abstract":"Semi-supervised learning (SSL) that can make use of a small number of labeled data with a large number of unlabeled data to produce significant improvement in learning performance has been received considerable attention. Manifold regularization is one of the most popular works that exploits the geometry of the probability distribution that generates the data and incorporates them as regularization terms. There are many representative works of manifold regularization including Laplacian regularization (LapR), Hessian regularization (HesR) and p-Laplacian regularization (pLapR). Based on the manifold regularization framework, many extensions and applications have been reported. In the chapter, we review the LapR and HesR, and we introduce an approximation algorithm of graph p-Laplacian. We study several extensions of this framework for pairwise constraint, p-Laplacian learning, hypergraph learning, etc.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"7342","slug":"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications","title":"Manifolds II","fullTitle":"Manifolds II - Theory and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Xueqi Ma and Weifeng Liu","authors":[{"id":"255306","title":"Prof.","name":"Weifeng","middleName":null,"surname":"Liu","slug":"weifeng-liu","fullName":"Weifeng Liu"},{"id":"259739","title":"Ms.","name":"Xueqi","middleName":null,"surname":"Ma","slug":"xueqi-ma","fullName":"Xueqi Ma"}]},{"id":"52886","doi":"10.5772\u002F65903","title":"Head Pose Estimation via Manifold Learning","slug":"head-pose-estimation-via-manifold-learning","totalDownloads":2191,"totalCrossrefCites":4,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"abstract":"For the last decades, manifold learning has shown its advantage of efficient non-linear dimensionality reduction in data analysis. Based on the assumption that informative and discriminative representation of the data lies on a low-dimensional smooth manifold which implicitly embedded in the original high-dimensional space, manifold learning aims to learn the low-dimensional representation following some geometrical protocols, such as preserving piecewise local structure of the original data. Manifold learning also plays an important role in the applications of computer vision, i.e., face image analysis. According to the observations that many face-related research is benefitted by the head pose estimation, and the continuous variation of head pose can be modelled and interpreted as a low-dimensional smooth manifold, we will focus on the head pose estimation via manifold learning in this chapter. Generally, head pose is hard to directly explore from the high-dimensional space interpreted as face images, which is, however, can be efficiently represented in low-dimensional manifold. Therefore, in this chapter, classical manifold learning algorithms are introduced and the corresponding application on head pose estimation are elaborated. Several extensions of manifold learning algorithms which are developed especially for head pose estimation are also discussed and compared.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5488","slug":"manifolds-current-research-areas","title":"Manifolds","fullTitle":"Manifolds - Current Research Areas","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Chao Wang, Yuanhao Guo and Xubo Song","authors":[{"id":"190308","title":"Dr.","name":"Chao","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","slug":"chao-wang","fullName":"Chao Wang"},{"id":"190461","title":"Prof.","name":"Xubo","middleName":null,"surname":"Song","slug":"xubo-song","fullName":"Xubo Song"},{"id":"191562","title":"MSc.","name":"Yuanhao","middleName":null,"surname":"Guo","slug":"yuanhao-guo","fullName":"Yuanhao Guo"}]},{"id":"80455","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.102151","title":"4-Dimensional Canards with Brownian Motion","slug":"4-dimensional-canards-with-brownian-motion","totalDownloads":237,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"abstract":"Generally speaking, it is impossible to analyze slow-fast system with Brownian motion. If it becomes possible to do using a new approach, we can evaluate the rigidity of the original system. What kind of the behavior of such a system we have? Using non-standard analysis, on a“hyper finite time line” by Anderson, the Brownian motions are described by step functions. Then, the original differential equations are described by the difference equations due to using non-standard analysis. When constructing the difference equations, the corresponding measure is extended topologically. Because the interval of the difference is according to the hyper finite time line, the topological space is well defined. In this paper, we propose a two-region economic model with Brownian motions. This concrete example gives us new results.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"10677","slug":"advanced-topics-of-topology","title":"Advanced Topics of Topology","fullTitle":"Advanced Topics of Topology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Shuya Kanagawa and Kiyoyuki Tchizawa","authors":[{"id":"427472","title":"Prof.","name":"Shuya","middleName":null,"surname":"Kanagawa","slug":"shuya-kanagawa","fullName":"Shuya Kanagawa"},{"id":"427473","title":"Dr.","name":"Kiyoyuki","middleName":null,"surname":"Tchizawa","slug":"kiyoyuki-tchizawa","fullName":"Kiyoyuki Tchizawa"}]}],"mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days":[{"id":"72257","title":"Quasiconformal Reflections across Polygonal Lines","slug":"quasiconformal-reflections-across-polygonal-lines","totalDownloads":703,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"abstract":"An important open problem in geometric complex analysis is to establish algorithms for explicit determination of the basic curvelinear and analytic functionals intrinsically connected with conformal and quasiconformal maps, such as their Teichmüller and Grunsky norms, Fredholm eigenvalues and the quasireflection coefficient. This has not been solved even for convex polygons. This case has intrinsic interest in view of the connection of polygons with the geometry of the universal Teichmüller space and approximation theory. This survey extends our previous survey of 2005 and presents the new approaches and recent essential progress in this field of geometric complex analysis, having various important applications. Another new topic concerns quasireflections across finite collections of quasiintervals.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"8760","slug":"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry","title":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","fullTitle":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Samuel L. Krushkal","authors":[{"id":"316576","title":"Dr.","name":"Samuel","middleName":null,"surname":"Krushkal","slug":"samuel-krushkal","fullName":"Samuel Krushkal"}]},{"id":"86436","title":"Introductory Chapter: Fixed Points Theory and Chaos","slug":"introductory-chapter-fixed-points-theory-and-chaos","totalDownloads":222,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"abstract":null,"isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"12020","slug":"fixed-point-theory-and-chaos","title":"Fixed Point Theory and Chaos","fullTitle":"Fixed Point Theory and Chaos","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar and Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan","authors":[{"id":"237167","title":"Dr.","name":"Guillermo","middleName":null,"surname":"Huerta Cuellar","slug":"guillermo-huerta-cuellar","fullName":"Guillermo Huerta Cuellar"},{"id":"517734","title":"Dr.","name":"Hafiz Muhammad","middleName":null,"surname":"Zeeshan","slug":"hafiz-muhammad-zeeshan","fullName":"Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan"}]},{"id":"53552","title":"Sub-Manifolds of a Riemannian Manifold","slug":"sub-manifolds-of-a-riemannian-manifold","totalDownloads":2120,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"abstract":"In this chapter, we introduce the theory of sub-manifolds of a Riemannian manifold. The fundamental notations are given. The theory of sub-manifolds of an almost Riemannian product manifold is one of the most interesting topics in differential geometry. According to the behaviour of the tangent bundle of a sub-manifold, with respect to the action of almost Riemannian product structure of the ambient manifolds, we have three typical classes of sub-manifolds such as invariant sub-manifolds, anti-invariant sub-manifolds and semi-invariant sub-manifolds. In addition, slant, semi-slant and pseudo-slant sub-manifolds are introduced by many geometers.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5488","slug":"manifolds-current-research-areas","title":"Manifolds","fullTitle":"Manifolds - Current Research Areas","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mehmet Atçeken, Ümit Yıldırım and Süleyman Dirik","authors":[{"id":"191326","title":"Prof.","name":"Mehmet","middleName":null,"surname":"Atceken","slug":"mehmet-atceken","fullName":"Mehmet Atceken"},{"id":"196148","title":"Dr.","name":"Umit","middleName":null,"surname":"Yildirim","slug":"umit-yildirim","fullName":"Umit Yildirim"},{"id":"374181","title":"Dr.","name":"Süleyman","middleName":null,"surname":"Dirik","slug":"suleyman-dirik","fullName":"Süleyman Dirik"}]},{"id":"52596","title":"Symplectic Manifolds: Gromov-Witten Invariants on Symplectic and Almost Contact Metric Manifolds","slug":"symplectic-manifolds-gromov-witten-invariants-on-symplectic-and-almost-contact-metric-manifolds","totalDownloads":1778,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"abstract":"In this chapter, we introduce Gromov-Witten invariant, quantum cohomology, Gromov-Witten potential, and Floer cohomology on symplectic manifolds, and in connection with these, we describe Gromov-Witten type invariant, quantum type cohomology, Gromov-Witten type potential and Floer type cohomology on almost contact metric manifolds. On the product of a symplectic manifold and an almost contact metric manifold, we induce some relations between Gromov-Witten type invariant and quantum cohomology and quantum type invariant. We show that the quantum type cohomology is isomorphic to the Floer type cohomology.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5488","slug":"manifolds-current-research-areas","title":"Manifolds","fullTitle":"Manifolds - Current Research Areas","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Yong Seung Cho","authors":[{"id":"62522","title":"Prof.","name":"Yong Seung","middleName":null,"surname":"Cho","slug":"yong-seung-cho","fullName":"Yong Seung Cho"}]},{"id":"72794","title":"New Topology on Symmetrized Omega Algebra","slug":"new-topology-on-symmetrized-omega-algebra","totalDownloads":776,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to define a new topology called symmetrized omega algebra topology and discuss some of its topological properties. Two different examples from an ordered infinite set of symmetrized omega topology are introduced. Furthermore, we study the relationship between symmetrized omega topology and weaker kinds of normality.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"8760","slug":"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry","title":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","fullTitle":"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mesfer Alqahtani, Cenap Özel and Ibtesam Alshammari","authors":[{"id":"313608","title":"Dr.","name":"Cenap","middleName":null,"surname":"Özel","slug":"cenap-ozel","fullName":"Cenap Özel"},{"id":"313610","title":"MSc.","name":"Mesfer","middleName":null,"surname":"Al Qahtani","slug":"mesfer-al-qahtani","fullName":"Mesfer Al Qahtani"}]}],"onlineFirstChaptersFilter":{"topicId":"165","limit":6,"offset":0},"onlineFirstChaptersCollection":[],"onlineFirstChaptersTotal":0},"preDownload":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"subscriptionForm":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"aboutIntechopen":{},"privacyPolicy":{},"cookiePolicy":{},"recruitmentPrivacyNotice":{},"peerReviewing":{},"howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks":{},"sponsorshipBooks":{"sponsorshipBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":8,"total":null},"allSeries":{"pteSeriesList":[],"lsSeriesList":[],"hsSeriesList":[],"sshSeriesList":[],"testimonialsList":[]},"series":{"item":{"id":"7","title":"Biomedical Engineering","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.71985","issn":"2631-5343","scope":"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F7.jpg","latestPublicationDate":"March 19th, 2025","hasOnlineFirst":true,"numberOfPublishedBooks":27,"editor":{"id":"50150","title":"Prof.","name":"Robert","middleName":null,"surname":"Koprowski","slug":"robert-koprowski","fullName":"Robert Koprowski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F50150\u002F1734011523\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), Ph.D. (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.","orcid":"0000-0001-7015-7984","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Silesia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Poland"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null},"editorialBoard":[],"subseries":{"paginationCount":3,"paginationItems":[{"id":"7","title":"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F7.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"annualVolume":11403,"isSalesforceSubseries":false,"editor":{"id":"351533","title":null,"name":"Slawomir","middleName":null,"surname":"Wilczynski","slug":"slawomir-wilczynski","fullName":"Slawomir Wilczynski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F351533\u002F1734438176\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof. Dr. Sławomir Wilczyński is head of the Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. He is professionally involved in the field of bioengineering and bioinformatics. His scientific interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermal analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR, and hemispherical directional reflectance. He is the author of over 200 scientific papers, patents, and industrial designs. He is editor-in-chief of a professional journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology, Aesthetica, and editor of Advances in Therapy (Springer Nature). In his research, he utilizes bioengineering and bioinformatics methods to collaboratively develop innovative cosmetic products with Cosmetics Factory MG Evolution®.","orcid":"0000-0002-6066-3127","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Poland"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"351533","title":null,"name":"Slawomir","middleName":null,"surname":"Wilczynski","slug":"slawomir-wilczynski","fullName":"Slawomir Wilczynski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F351533\u002F1734438176\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof. Dr. Sławomir Wilczyński is head of the Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. He is professionally involved in the field of bioengineering and bioinformatics. His scientific interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermal analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR, and hemispherical directional reflectance. He is the author of over 200 scientific papers, patents, and industrial designs. He is editor-in-chief of a professional journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology, Aesthetica, and editor of Advances in Therapy (Springer Nature). In his research, he utilizes bioengineering and bioinformatics methods to collaboratively develop innovative cosmetic products with Cosmetics Factory MG Evolution®.","orcid":"0000-0002-6066-3127","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Poland"}}}],"_associateEditors":[]},{"id":"8","title":"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F8.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"annualVolume":11404,"isSalesforceSubseries":false,"editor":{"id":"144937","title":"Prof.","name":"Adriano","middleName":"De Oliveira","surname":"Andrade","slug":"adriano-andrade","fullName":"Adriano Andrade","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F144937\u002F1734438860\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June\u002F2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS\u002FUFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July\u002F2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.","orcid":"0000-0002-5689-6606","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Federal University of Uberlândia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"144937","title":"Prof.","name":"Adriano","middleName":"De Oliveira","surname":"Andrade","slug":"adriano-andrade","fullName":"Adriano Andrade","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F144937\u002F1734438860\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June\u002F2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS\u002FUFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July\u002F2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.","orcid":"0000-0002-5689-6606","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Federal University of Uberlândia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}}],"_associateEditors":[]},{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F9.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"annualVolume":11405,"isSalesforceSubseries":false,"editor":{"id":"126286","title":"Dr.","name":"Luis","middleName":null,"surname":"Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","slug":"luis-jesus-villarreal-gomez","fullName":"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F126286\u002F1734438892\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez is a research professor from the Faculty of Engineering and Technology Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor-in-chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas(Journal of Technological Sciences) (RECIT) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than 40 international papers and reviewed more than 171 manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.","orcid":"0000-0002-4666-1408","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Autonomous University of Baja California","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Mexico"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"126286","title":"Dr.","name":"Luis","middleName":null,"surname":"Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","slug":"luis-jesus-villarreal-gomez","fullName":"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F126286\u002F1734438892\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez is a research professor from the Faculty of Engineering and Technology Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor-in-chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas(Journal of Technological Sciences) (RECIT) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than 40 international papers and reviewed more than 171 manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.","orcid":"0000-0002-4666-1408","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Autonomous University of Baja California","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Mexico"}}}],"_associateEditors":[]}]},"overviewPageOFChapters":[],"overviewPagePublishedBooks":[],"openForSubmissionBooks":{"paginationCount":1,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1004926","title":"Molecular Docking in Biomedical Engineering and Computational Chemistry","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000Dsh0rIAB\u002F0016830_TrikoderCover%20%282025-01-27%2011%3A33%3A58%29.jpg","hash":"963f77dd714b7ac00322b98d1f75c227","secondStepPassed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"submissionDeadline":"April 27th 2025","isOpenForSubmission":true,"isPublished":false,"editors":[{"id":"436800","title":"Dr.","name":"Dr Rohit","surname":"Bhatia","slug":"dr-rohit-bhatia","fullName":"Dr Rohit Bhatia"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null}]},"onlineFirstChapters":{},"subseriesFiltersForOFChapters":[],"publishedBooks":{},"subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks":[],"publicationYearFilters":[],"authors":{}},"subseries":{"item":{"id":"96","type":"subseries","title":"Nanotechnology and Nanodevices","keywords":"Nanoscale, Nanomaterials, Nanodevices, Nanofabrication, Optoelectronics, Nanostructures, Nano Applications","scope":"\u003Cp\u003E\n\tNanotechnology refers to the manipulation and control of matter at the nanoscale, which involves materials and structures with dimensions typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. At this level, distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties emerge, enabling the creation of novel materials, devices, and systems with enhanced performance and functionality. Nanodevices, serving as the fundamental components of nanosystems, are designed and manufactured at the nanoscale to fulfill specific functions. These devices utilize the principles of nanotechnology to achieve heightened efficiency, sensitivity, and precision compared to their larger counterparts. Nanotechnology and nanodevices are used in various fields, including electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental science, demonstrating a wide range of applications. Continued research and development in these areas hold tremendous potential for future advancements and innovations. Nanotechnology and Nanodevices topic explores key concepts in the field and examines the potential impacts of nanotechnology and nanodevices in diverse areas. The chapters will discuss nanoscale materials, their properties, and the techniques employed for fabrication. Moreover, they will focus on the distinct characteristics and behaviors exhibited by materials at the nanoscale, highlighting their implications for designing and optimizing devices to achieve desired functionality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F96.jpg","hasOnlineFirst":true,"hasPublishedBooks":true,"annualVolume":96,"isSalesforceSubseries":true,"editor":{"id":"52613","title":"Prof.","name":"Sadia","middleName":null,"surname":"Ameen","slug":"sadia-ameen","fullName":"Sadia Ameen","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F52613\u002F1738336022\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Sadia Ameen works as an Associate Professor at the Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeongeup Campus, Jeonbuk National University, and as an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju,\nRepublic of Korea. Her current research focuses on Solar cells, Perovskite solar cells, Organic solar cells, Sensors, Catalysts, and other optoelectronic devices. She specializes in the synthesis and application of clean energy materials. She was awarded a Gold Medal for\nacademic achievement and several scientific honors, including the Excellence in Research Award, Outstanding Scientist Award, Asia’s Top-50 Scientist Award, Certificate of Excellence, Best Researcher Award, and she was selected in Stanford University\\'s list of the World’s Top\n2% scientists from 2019-2024. She has authored or co-authored more than 170 peer-reviewed papers in the fields of Solar cells, Catalysts, and Sensors, as well as contributed to book chapters and edited several books.","institutionString":"Jeonbuk National University","institution":null},"editorTwo":{"id":"218191","title":"Dr.","name":"M. Shaheer","middleName":null,"surname":"Akhtar","slug":"m.-shaheer-akhtar","fullName":"M. Shaheer Akhtar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F218191\u002F1738336024\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Professor Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, in 2008, from Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Presently, he is working as a Full Professor at Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea, and as a Visiting Professor at\nDepartment of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Australia. His research interest constitutes the photo-electrochemical characterizations of thin film semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes and electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, small molecules based organic solar\ncells, and photocatalytic reactions.","institutionString":"Jeonbuk National University","institution":null},"editorThree":{"id":"621405","title":"Dr.","name":"Ing","middleName":null,"surname":"Kong","slug":"ing-kong","fullName":"Ing Kong","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F621405\u002F1738224918\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ing Kong is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering at La Trobe University, Australia. She leads the Advanced Polymer and Composites Group on the Bendigo campus and has established expertise in additive manufacturing and the development of advanced materials, particularly functional polymer composites. She has authored over 120 publications and secured over $6 million in external grants. Throughout her career, she has fostered interdisciplinary and collaborative research with national and international universities, as well as industry partners such as Ceramic Oxide Fabricators, Ritchie Technology, and MoreDent. She also serves on the editorial boards of several international scientific journals and is a peer reviewer for numerous materials and composites journals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"La Trobe University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}},"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"series":{"id":"26","title":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.107191","issn":"3029-0538"},"editorialBoard":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"52613","title":"Prof.","name":"Sadia","middleName":null,"surname":"Ameen","slug":"sadia-ameen","fullName":"Sadia Ameen","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F52613\u002F1738336022\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Sadia Ameen works as an Associate Professor at the Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeongeup Campus, Jeonbuk National University, and as an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju,\nRepublic of Korea. Her current research focuses on Solar cells, Perovskite solar cells, Organic solar cells, Sensors, Catalysts, and other optoelectronic devices. She specializes in the synthesis and application of clean energy materials. She was awarded a Gold Medal for\nacademic achievement and several scientific honors, including the Excellence in Research Award, Outstanding Scientist Award, Asia’s Top-50 Scientist Award, Certificate of Excellence, Best Researcher Award, and she was selected in Stanford University\\'s list of the World’s Top\n2% scientists from 2019-2024. She has authored or co-authored more than 170 peer-reviewed papers in the fields of Solar cells, Catalysts, and Sensors, as well as contributed to book chapters and edited several books.","institutionString":"Jeonbuk National University","institution":null},{"id":"218191","title":"Dr.","name":"M. Shaheer","middleName":null,"surname":"Akhtar","slug":"m.-shaheer-akhtar","fullName":"M. Shaheer Akhtar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F218191\u002F1738336024\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Professor Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, in 2008, from Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Presently, he is working as a Full Professor at Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea, and as a Visiting Professor at\nDepartment of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Australia. His research interest constitutes the photo-electrochemical characterizations of thin film semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes and electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, small molecules based organic solar\ncells, and photocatalytic reactions.","institutionString":"Jeonbuk National University","institution":null},{"id":"621405","title":"Dr.","name":"Ing","middleName":null,"surname":"Kong","slug":"ing-kong","fullName":"Ing Kong","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F621405\u002F1738224918\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ing Kong is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering at La Trobe University, Australia. She leads the Advanced Polymer and Composites Group on the Bendigo campus and has established expertise in additive manufacturing and the development of advanced materials, particularly functional polymer composites. She has authored over 120 publications and secured over $6 million in external grants. Throughout her career, she has fostered interdisciplinary and collaborative research with national and international universities, as well as industry partners such as Ceramic Oxide Fabricators, Ritchie Technology, and MoreDent. She also serves on the editorial boards of several international scientific journals and is a peer reviewer for numerous materials and composites journals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"La Trobe University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}}],"_associateEditors":[]},"onlineFirstChapters":{"paginationCount":0,"paginationItems":[]},"publishedBooks":{"paginationCount":9,"paginationItems":[{"type":"book","id":"14230","title":"Human Physiology Annual Volume 2024","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14230.jpg","slug":"human-physiology-annual-volume-2024","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"September 11th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Kunihiro Sakuma and Kotomi Sakai","hash":null,"volumeInSeries":27,"fullTitle":"Human Physiology Annual Volume 2024","editors":[{"id":"195829","title":"Prof.","name":"Kunihiro","middleName":null,"surname":"Sakuma","slug":"kunihiro-sakuma","fullName":"Kunihiro Sakuma","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F195829\u002F1740651129\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":"0000-0003-1353-0150","institutionString":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution":{"name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Japan"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12844","title":"Dietary Carotenoids","subtitle":"Sources, Properties, and Role in Human Health","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12844.jpg","slug":"dietary-carotenoids-sources-properties-and-role-in-human-health","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"March 20th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Akkinapally Venketeshwer Rao and Leticia Rao","hash":"cdd43aedf050c344a6ba6a8b6118ed28","volumeInSeries":25,"fullTitle":"Dietary Carotenoids - Sources, Properties, and Role in Human Health","editors":[{"id":"82663","title":"Dr.","name":"Akkinapally","middleName":"Venketeshwer","surname":"Rao","slug":"akkinapally-rao","fullName":"Akkinapally Rao","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F82663\u002F1743459732\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":null,"institutionString":"University of Toronto","institution":{"name":"University of Toronto","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Canada"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12656","title":"Topics in Autonomic Nervous System","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12656.jpg","slug":"topics-in-autonomic-nervous-system","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 2nd 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"María Elena Hernández-Aguilar and Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu","hash":"cb0908a2fe34b5a4a0ce42bb1ddd34b2","volumeInSeries":22,"fullTitle":"Topics in Autonomic Nervous System","editors":[{"id":"186066","title":"Dr.","name":"María Elena","middleName":null,"surname":"Hernández Aguilar","slug":"maria-elena-hernandez-aguilar","fullName":"María Elena Hernández Aguilar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F186066\u002F1698872528\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":"0000-0002-1617-5636","institutionString":"University of Veracruzana","institution":{"name":"Universidad Veracruzana","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Mexico"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11676","title":"Recent Advances in Homeostasis","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11676.jpg","slug":"recent-advances-in-homeostasis","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 2nd 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman","hash":"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2","volumeInSeries":21,"fullTitle":"Recent Advances in Homeostasis","editors":[{"id":"203015","title":"M.D.","name":"Gaffar Sarwar","middleName":null,"surname":"Zaman","slug":"gaffar-sarwar-zaman","fullName":"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F203015\u002F1698915398\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":null,"institutionString":"King Khalid University, Abha","institution":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11675","title":"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11675.jpg","slug":"advances-in-skeletal-muscle-health-and-disease","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"March 15th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Fabio Arturo Iannotti","hash":"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e","volumeInSeries":18,"fullTitle":"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease","editors":[{"id":"281317","title":"Dr.","name":"Fabio","middleName":"Arturo","surname":"Iannotti","slug":"fabio-iannotti","fullName":"Fabio Iannotti","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F281317\u002F1734030924\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":"0000-0003-4480-8370","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Italy"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"10835","title":"Autonomic Nervous System","subtitle":"Special Interest Topics","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10835.jpg","slug":"autonomic-nervous-system-special-interest-topics","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"July 20th 2022","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Theodoros Aslanidis and Christos Nouris","hash":"48ac242dc6c5073b2590a509c44628e2","volumeInSeries":14,"fullTitle":"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics","editors":[{"id":"200252","title":"Dr.","name":"Theodoros","middleName":null,"surname":"Aslanidis","slug":"theodoros-aslanidis","fullName":"Theodoros Aslanidis","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F200252\u002F1742147860\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":"0000-0002-8325-8861","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Agios Pavlos General Hospital","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Greece"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"10794","title":"Potassium in Human Health","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10794.jpg","slug":"potassium-in-human-health","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"July 20th 2022","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Jie Tang","hash":"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab","volumeInSeries":12,"fullTitle":"Potassium in Human Health","editors":[{"id":"181267","title":"Dr.","name":"Jie","middleName":null,"surname":"Tang","slug":"jie-tang","fullName":"Jie Tang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F181267\u002F1717196162\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","orcid":null,"institutionString":"Brown University","institution":{"name":"Brown University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"8430","title":"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8430.jpg","slug":"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2019","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Michael Fitzgerald","hash":"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111","volumeInSeries":6,"fullTitle":"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder","editors":[{"id":"205005","title":"Dr.","name":"Michael","middleName":null,"surname":"Fitzgerald","slug":"michael-fitzgerald","fullName":"Michael Fitzgerald","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F205005\u002F1691062420\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":null,"institutionString":"Trinity College","institution":{"name":"Trinity College Dublin","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Ireland"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"8797","title":"Adipose Tissue","subtitle":"An Update","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8797.jpg","slug":"adipose-tissue-an-update","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 6th 2019","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Leszek Szablewski","hash":"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02","volumeInSeries":4,"fullTitle":"Adipose Tissue - An Update","editors":[{"id":"49739","title":"Dr.","name":"Leszek","middleName":null,"surname":"Szablewski","slug":"leszek-szablewski","fullName":"Leszek Szablewski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F49739\u002F1689838740\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","orcid":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Poland"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null}]},"testimonialsList":[{"id":"27","text":"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.","author":{"id":"175967","name":"Manuel","surname":"Gonzalez Ronquillo","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F175967\u002F1734443643\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo","institution":{"id":"6221","name":"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México","country":{"id":null,"name":"Mexico"}}}},{"id":"8","text":"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.","author":{"id":"202192","name":"Catrin","surname":"Sian Rutland","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F202192\u002F1732711297\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"catrin-sian-rutland","institution":{"id":"134","name":"University of Nottingham","country":{"id":null,"name":"United Kingdom"}}}},{"id":"18","text":"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.","author":{"id":"71579","name":"Berend","surname":"Olivier","institutionString":"Utrecht University","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F71579\u002F1717203971\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"berend-olivier","institution":{"id":"253","name":"Utrecht University","country":{"id":null,"name":"Netherlands"}}}}]},"submityourwork":{"pteSeriesList":[],"lsSeriesList":[],"hsSeriesList":[],"sshSeriesList":[],"subseriesList":[],"annualVolumeBook":{},"thematicCollection":[],"selectedSeries":null,"selectedSubseries":null},"seriesLanding":{"item":null,"publishedBooks":null,"onlineFirstChapters":null,"ofChaptersTotal":null,"ofChaptersOffset":0,"ofChaptersLimit":2},"libraryRecommendation":{"success":null,"errors":{},"institutions":[]},"climateChangeHub":{"climateChangeHubBooks":[],"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChapters":[],"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersTotal":null,"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersOffset":0,"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersLimit":6,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChapters":[],"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersOffset":0,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersLimit":6,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersTotal":null,"sustainableDevelopmentSeries":{},"environmentalSciencesSeries":{},"climateNews":{},"articlesAndIssues":[]},"sdgHub":{"sustainableDevelopmentSeries":{"id":"24","title":"Sustainable Development","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.100361","issn":"2753-6580","scope":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t1.       Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t2.       Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t3.       Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t4.       Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t5.       Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\t \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F24.jpg","latestPublicationDate":"March 31st, 2025","hasOnlineFirst":true,"numberOfPublishedBooks":28,"numberOfPublishedChapters":299,"numberOfOpenTopics":5,"editor":{"id":"262440","title":"Dr.","name":"Usha","middleName":null,"surname":"Iyer-Raniga","slug":"usha-iyer-raniga","fullName":"Usha Iyer-Raniga","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F262440\u002F1734011562\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"RMIT University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}}},"environmentalSciencesSeries":{"id":"25","title":"Environmental Sciences","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.100362","issn":"2754-6713","scope":"\u003Cp\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Relative Book',sans-serif; font-size: 1.6rem;\"\u003EScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cbr style=\"font-family: 'Relative Book',sans-serif; font-size: small;\" \u002F\u003E\r\n\t\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Relative Book',sans-serif; font-size: 1.6rem;\"\u003EThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics. \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F25.jpg","latestPublicationDate":"March 31st, 2025","hasOnlineFirst":true,"numberOfPublishedBooks":28,"numberOfPublishedChapters":249,"numberOfOpenTopics":4,"editor":{"id":"197485","title":"Dr.","name":"J. Kevin","middleName":null,"surname":"Summers","slug":"j.-kevin-summers","fullName":"J. Kevin Summers","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F197485\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology\u002FBiology.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}},"kuSelectBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"12134","title":"Post-COVID Tourism","subtitle":"Tendencies and Management Approaches","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3","slug":"post-covid-tourism-tendencies-and-management-approaches","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12134.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"March 24th 2023","editors":[{"id":"215338","name":"Rui Alexandre","surname":"Castanho","fullName":"Rui Alexandre Castanho"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002950","title":"Burnout Syndrome","subtitle":"Characteristics and Interventions","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"c22583b3d19a49c3bfaf2ff092b85384","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yuj6DQAQ\u002F0014854_TrikoderCover%20%282024-05-28%2011%3A03%3A25%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"May 24th 2023","editors":[{"id":"262071","name":"Robert W.","surname":"Motta","fullName":"Robert W. Motta"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"11433","title":"The Changing Tide of Immigration and Emigration During the Last Three Centuries","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8","slug":"the-changing-tide-of-immigration-and-emigration-during-the-last-three-centuries","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11433.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"July 13th 2022","editors":[{"id":"77112","name":"Ingrid","surname":"Muenstermann","fullName":"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"11487","title":"Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context","subtitle":"Exploring Current and Emerging Drivers","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"c829bdd1a2a84b4b2c31ce5eaab865e2","slug":"flood-risk-in-a-climate-change-context-exploring-current-and-emerging-drivers","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11487.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"April 13th 2022","editors":[{"id":"450075","name":"Tiago Miguel","surname":"Ferreira","fullName":"Tiago Miguel Ferreira"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"11573","title":"Current Topics in SARS-CoV-2\u002FCOVID-19","subtitle":"Two Years After","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"d0ffb5d8717a408890f7888f21d91713","slug":"current-topics-in-sars-cov-2-covid-19-two-years-after","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11573.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"March 9th 2022","editors":[{"id":"131400","name":"Alfonso J.","surname":"Rodriguez-Morales","fullName":"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"11095","title":"Social Work","subtitle":"Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"12dcddfd27f6a5e7b2359efc141424a8","slug":"social-work-perspectives-on-leadership-and-organisation","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11095.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"submissionDeadline":"March 1st 2022","editors":[{"id":"306136","name":"Maria","surname":"Wolmesjö","fullName":"Maria Wolmesjö"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}}],"sdgOpenAccessBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"1002911","title":"Climate Change and Risk Management","subtitle":"Strategies, Analysis, and Adaptation","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"6e5b35e660fc5d07c9ebe86a428a0e13","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12865.jpg","editedByType":null,"submissionDeadline":"March 13th 2024","editors":[{"id":"284589","name":"Antonio","surname":"Di Pietro","fullName":"Antonio Di Pietro"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"12793","title":"Current Topics in Zoonoses","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"88735a67c6dcaed84a515315c39230b2","slug":"current-topics-in-zoonoses","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12793.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"March 1st 2023","editors":[{"id":"131400","name":"Alfonso J.","surname":"Rodriguez-Morales","fullName":"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"12706","title":"Global Health Security","subtitle":"Contemporary Considerations and Developments","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"ec007edf918849ba5aad88e09e569c02","slug":"global-health-security-contemporary-considerations-and-developments","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12706.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"April 5th 2023","editors":[{"id":"514617","name":"Allincia","surname":"Michaud","fullName":"Allincia Michaud"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002532","title":"Social Activism","subtitle":"New Challenges in a (Dis)connected World","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"4425b2acd1dad0e048eaf2fc1bd3e1ef","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12612.jpg","editedByType":null,"submissionDeadline":"May 24th 2023","editors":[{"id":"315030","name":"Sandro","surname":"Serpa","fullName":"Sandro Serpa"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"12133","title":"Agricultural Value Chains","subtitle":"Some Selected Issues","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"0effe8b82285b2f3c30e809485a46802","slug":"agricultural-value-chains-some-selected-issues","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12133.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"September 29th 2022","editors":[{"id":"497415","name":"John","surname":"Stanton","fullName":"John Stanton"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"11444","title":"Happiness and Wellness","subtitle":"Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"fa84e7fc3611e5428e070239dcf5a93f","slug":"happiness-and-wellness-biopsychosocial-and-anthropological-perspectives","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11444.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"May 13th 2022","editors":[{"id":"174641","name":"Floriana","surname":"Irtelli","fullName":"Floriana Irtelli"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}},{"type":"book","id":"10812","title":"Protective Forests as Ecosystem-based Solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"f0e7fa1884763ef3ac90450feba23a60","slug":"protective-forests-as-ecosystem-based-solution-for-disaster-risk-reduction-eco-drr-","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10812.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"December 4th 2020","editors":[{"id":"428790","name":"Michaela","surname":"Teich","fullName":"Michaela Teich"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"3"}},{"type":"book","id":"10754","title":"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b","slug":"the-nature-causes-effects-and-mitigation-of-climate-change-on-the-environment","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10754.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"March 1st 2021","editors":[{"id":"12539","name":"Stuart","surname":"Harris","fullName":"Stuart Harris"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}}],"sdgArticles":[{"id":"315","title":"Research on Ammonium Removal from Wastewater by Adsorption and Ozonation Processes","section":"THE SPECIAL ISSUE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT LED BY PROFESSOR JAN DERCO AND RONALD ZAKHAR, PHD FROM SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA","datePublication":"July 4th 2024","writtenBy":"Ján Derco, Nikola Šoltýsová, Ronald Zakhar and Jakub Jurík","isSpecialIssue":true,"journal":{"id":"7"}},{"id":"414","title":"Performance Assessment of Confined Tube Aerators in Parallel Configuration","section":"Environmental Engineering\u002FGreen Technologies","datePublication":"September 19th 2024","writtenBy":"Roohany Mahmud, Joseph Carpenter and David W. MacPhee","isSpecialIssue":false,"journal":{"id":"7"}},{"id":"419","title":"Development of Titanium Dioxide Coating for Self-Cleaning Photovoltaic Panels","section":"Sustainable Energy Generation, Storage & Distribution","datePublication":"October 15th 2024","writtenBy":"Chau Pham, Chris Pung and Lihong (Heidi) Jiao","isSpecialIssue":false,"journal":{"id":"7"}},{"id":"424","title":"The State of the Art in Hydrogen Storage","section":"Sustainable Energy Generation, Storage, and Distribution","datePublication":"October 31st 2024","writtenBy":"Jemma Reynolds, Dallia Ali, James Njuguna and Frances Amadhe","isSpecialIssue":false,"journal":{"id":"7"}}],"sdgNews":[{"id":"492","slug":"intechopen-and-zendy-joint-webinar-on-equitable-access-to-research-for-sustainable-development-20231114","title":"IntechOpen and Zendy Joint Webinar on Equitable Access to Research for Sustainable Development","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen and Zendy are delighted to announce a joint webinar, “Emerging Technologies - Partnering for Accessibility, Discoverability and a Sustainable Future”. Co-hosting this event will build on our shared commitment to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals and openly sharing knowledge to drive progress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe webinar will take place on 21 November at 3pm GMT.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"November 14, 2023","mainMedia":null},{"id":"495","slug":"intechopen-at-the-charleston-conference-2023-20231120","title":"IntechOpen at the Charleston Conference 2023","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring the virtual conference week, IntechOpen is participating alongside experts from Digital Science, Nuremberg University, and the Open Syllabus Project in a round table titled 'A Fresh Look at Open Access Book Publishing Post-Pandemic in an SDG-Focused World.'\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"November 20, 2023","mainMedia":null}],"sdgStats":{"published":252,"willBePublished":99}},"womenInScience":{"womenInScienceBooks":[],"womenInScienceSeries":[],"openAccessBooks":[],"openAccessChapters":[],"editorialBoardMembers":[],"firstSixEditors":[],"otherSixEditors":[],"womenInScienceSpecialIssue":{},"acrtArticles":[],"geetArticles":[]},"userSession":{"userSessionRefresh":0,"userSession":{"email":null,"uid":null}},"test":{"test1":{}},"institution":{"institution":{"id":"4389","name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences"},"statistics":{"id":4389,"numberOfAuthors":1,"publishedWorks":1,"totalDownloads":2693,"dimensionCitations":3,"crossrefCitations":2},"books":[{"type":"book","id":"5376","title":"Applications of Laser Ablation","subtitle":"Thin Film Deposition, Nanomaterial Synthesis and Surface Modification","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"7ea5104a7037f15e68fcc05be277fa37","slug":"applications-of-laser-ablation-thin-film-deposition-nanomaterial-synthesis-and-surface-modification","isPublished":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5376.jpg","kuFlag":false,"editedByType":"Edited by","submissionDeadline":"April 5th 2016","editors":[{"id":"177814","name":"Dongfang","surname":"Yang","fullName":"Dongfang Yang"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1"}}],"articles":[],"mostDownloadedChapters":[{"id":"52260","title":"Laser Ablation Applications in Ablation-Resistance Characterization of Materials","slug":"laser-ablation-applications-in-ablation-resistance-characterization-of-materials","doi":"10.5772\u002F65108","abstract":"Owing to the rapid heating and large power intensity, the laser beams were successfully used to characterize the ablation-resistant performance of materials, which provided us more knowledge about the usability of materials in the ablation environment and developing protection against laser irradiation. In this chapter, we comparatively introduced some experimental methods for ablation-resistance characterization of materials. The fundamentals of laser-material interactions were discussed from the physical and chemical aspects to help understand the laser ablation mechanism. Finally, we presented some practical applications of laser ablation in ablation-resistance characterization of ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and ceramic matrix composites and discussed the laser ablation behavior and mechanism.","signatures":"Yonggang Tong, Xiubing Liang, Shuxin Bai and Qing H. Qin","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":2693,"totalCites":5,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"authors":[{"id":"186785","institution":null},{"id":"187185","institution":{"id":"4389"}},{"id":"187186","institution":{"id":"5542"}},{"id":"187187","institution":{"id":"1"}}],"book":{"id":"5376","title":"Applications of Laser Ablation","isPublished":true}}],"mostCitedChapters":[{"id":"52260","title":"Laser Ablation Applications in Ablation-Resistance Characterization of Materials","slug":"laser-ablation-applications-in-ablation-resistance-characterization-of-materials","doi":"10.5772\u002F65108","abstract":"Owing to the rapid heating and large power intensity, the laser beams were successfully used to characterize the ablation-resistant performance of materials, which provided us more knowledge about the usability of materials in the ablation environment and developing protection against laser irradiation. In this chapter, we comparatively introduced some experimental methods for ablation-resistance characterization of materials. The fundamentals of laser-material interactions were discussed from the physical and chemical aspects to help understand the laser ablation mechanism. Finally, we presented some practical applications of laser ablation in ablation-resistance characterization of ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and ceramic matrix composites and discussed the laser ablation behavior and mechanism.","signatures":"Yonggang Tong, Xiubing Liang, Shuxin Bai and Qing H. Qin","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":2693,"totalCites":5,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"authors":[{"id":"186785","institution":null},{"id":"187185","institution":{"id":"4389"}},{"id":"187186","institution":{"id":"5542"}},{"id":"187187","institution":{"id":"1"}}],"book":{"id":"5376","title":"Applications of Laser Ablation","isPublished":true}}],"latestChapters":[{"id":"52260","title":"Laser Ablation Applications in Ablation-Resistance Characterization of Materials","slug":"laser-ablation-applications-in-ablation-resistance-characterization-of-materials","doi":"10.5772\u002F65108","abstract":"Owing to the rapid heating and large power intensity, the laser beams were successfully used to characterize the ablation-resistant performance of materials, which provided us more knowledge about the usability of materials in the ablation environment and developing protection against laser irradiation. In this chapter, we comparatively introduced some experimental methods for ablation-resistance characterization of materials. The fundamentals of laser-material interactions were discussed from the physical and chemical aspects to help understand the laser ablation mechanism. Finally, we presented some practical applications of laser ablation in ablation-resistance characterization of ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and ceramic matrix composites and discussed the laser ablation behavior and mechanism.","signatures":"Yonggang Tong, Xiubing Liang, Shuxin Bai and Qing H. Qin","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"datePublished":"December 21st 2016","totalDownloads":2693,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"authors":[{"id":"186785","name":"Yonggang","surname":"Tong","institution":null},{"id":"187185","name":"Xiubing","surname":"Liang","institution":{"id":"4389"}},{"id":"187186","name":"Shuxin","surname":"Bai","institution":{"id":"5542"}},{"id":"187187","name":"Qing H","surname":"Qin","institution":{"id":"1"}}],"book":{"slug":"applications-of-laser-ablation-thin-film-deposition-nanomaterial-synthesis-and-surface-modification","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5376.jpg","title":"Applications of Laser Ablation","isPublished":true,"subseries":null}}],"authors":[{"id":"187185","title":"Prof.","name":"Xiubing","surname":"Liang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":{"id":"4389","name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","country":{"name":"China"}}}]},"institutionsIndexPage":{"institutions":[],"filterParams":{"page":1,"searchTerm":"","nameBeginWith":null},"total":null,"globalStats":{}},"institutionAuthorsAndEditors":{"institution":{"id":"6515","name":"Abderrahmane Mami Hospital"},"authorsAndEditors":[{"id":"95100","title":"Prof.","name":"Hamouda","surname":"Boussen","cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":{"id":"6515","name":"Abderrahmane Mami Hospital","country":{"name":"Tunisia"}}}],"offset":12,"limit":12,"total":1},"prominentAuthors":{"filterParams":{"sort":"","filterNobelAndClarivate":1,"page":1},"authors":[],"offset":0,"limit":30,"total":null,"globalStats":{}},"openScienceHub":{"openScienceBooks":[],"openScienceChapters":[],"openScienceArticles":[],"topics":[]},"kuHub":{"filterParams":{},"kuHubGroup":[],"featuredBooks":[],"kuBooks":[],"ofsBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"risingStars":{"ofsBooks":[],"topics":[]},"cart":{"showSidebar":false,"order_token":null,"validationErrors":{},"countries":[],"shippingCountries":[],"area_codes":[],"userProfileRefresh":0,"userProfile":{"name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","email":"","contributor":false},"order":{"contact":{"first_name":"","last_name":"","email":"","country":""},"billing":{"full_name":"","invoice":"name","institution":"","vat":"","street":"","address1":"","address2":"","city":"","zip":"","phone_country_code":"","phone_area_code":"","phone_number":""},"shipping":{"same_shipping_address":false,"full_name":"","street":"","address1":"","address2":"","city":"","zip":"","country":"","phone_country_code":"","phone_area_code":"","phone_number":""}},"items":[],"countryVat":0,"vat":0,"vatAmount":0,"discount":0,"discountAmount":0,"totalQuantity":0,"regularSubtotalAmount":0,"subtotalAmount":0,"totalAmount":0,"orderdata":{"items":[],"order_number":"","invoice":{"payment_method":"","invoice_number":"","proforma_invoice_number":"","vat":0,"vatAmount":0,"discount":0,"discountAmount":0,"subtotalAmount":0,"totalAmount":0},"contact":{"first_name":"","last_name":"","email":""},"shipping":{"same_shipping_address":false,"street":"","address1":"","address2":"","full_name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","city":"","country":"","zip":""},"billing":{"street":"","address1":"","address2":"","full_name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","city":"","zip":""},"order_status":"","status":"","promo_code":"","promo_code_discount":""}},"route":{"name":"sdgHub","path":"\u002Fsdg-hub","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"\u002Fsdg-hub","meta":{},"from":{"name":null,"path":"\u002F","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"\u002F","meta":{}}}};(function(){var s;(s=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(s);}());</script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/manifest.50de30fe28d18e934372.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/29.eb489ebe054e7aa436ef.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/1.6c56d63241dc74c9abe9.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/0.244315a613235195e0f9.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/vendors~app.b3d15560a0f1a5658c08.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.044/js/app.c8bcf7c14bc1301bc2fc.js" defer></script> </div> <script data-cookieconsent="preferences">(function(d){var s = d.createElement("script");s.setAttribute("data-account", "EYg6VAKWE6");s.setAttribute("src", "https://cdn.userway.org/widget.js");(d.body || d.head).appendChild(s);})(document)</script><noscript>Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of <a href="https://userway.org">website accessibility</a></noscript> </body> </html>