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1kyco5u">.css-1kyco5u{font-family:"Avenir",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4375em;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;cursor:text;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;position:relative;border-radius:4px;padding-left:14px;}.css-1kyco5u.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);cursor:default;}.css-1kyco5u:hover .MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline{border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);}@media (hover: none){.css-1kyco5u:hover .MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline{border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23);}}.css-1kyco5u.Mui-focused .MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline{border-color:#000;border-width:2px;}.css-1kyco5u.Mui-error .MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline{border-color:#800000;}.css-1kyco5u.Mui-disabled .MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline{border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}</style> <div class="MuiInputBase-root MuiOutlinedInput-root MuiInputBase-colorPrimary MuiInputBase-fullWidth MuiInputBase-formControl MuiInputBase-adornedStart css-1kyco5u"> <style data-emotion="css 1mivseu">.css-1mivseu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:0.01em;max-height:2em;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;white-space:nowrap;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);margin-right:8px;margin-left:-0.25rem;}</style> <div class="MuiInputAdornment-root MuiInputAdornment-positionStart MuiInputAdornment-outlined MuiInputAdornment-sizeMedium css-1mivseu" color="primaryOnDark"> <span class="notranslate"></span><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiIconButton-root MuiIconButton-sizeMedium css-1yxmbwk" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Icona di ricerca"> <svg class="Search_SearchIconClose__WfoB0" width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g id="Group"> <path id="Vector" d="M21 21L14.656 14.656" stroke="white" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-linecap="square"></path> <path id="Vector_2" d="M9 17C13.4183 17 17 13.4183 17 9C17 4.58172 13.4183 1 9 1C4.58172 1 1 4.58172 1 9C1 13.4183 4.58172 17 9 17Z" stroke="white" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-linecap="square"></path> </g> </svg></button> </div> <style data-emotion="css 1ixds2g">.css-1ixds2g{font:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;color:currentColor;padding:4px 0 5px;border:0;box-sizing:content-box;background:none;height:1.4375em;margin:0;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;display:block;min-width:0;width:100%;-webkit-animation-name:mui-auto-fill-cancel;animation-name:mui-auto-fill-cancel;-webkit-animation-duration:10ms;animation-duration:10ms;padding:16.5px 14px;padding-left:0;}.css-1ixds2g::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:currentColor;opacity:0.42;-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;}.css-1ixds2g::-moz-placeholder{color:currentColor;opacity:0.42;-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;}.css-1ixds2g:-ms-input-placeholder{color:currentColor;opacity:0.42;-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;}.css-1ixds2g::-ms-input-placeholder{color:currentColor;opacity:0.42;-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:opacity 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;}.css-1ixds2g:focus{outline:0;}.css-1ixds2g:invalid{box-shadow:none;}.css-1ixds2g::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}label[data-shrink=false]+.MuiInputBase-formControl .css-1ixds2g::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0!important;}label[data-shrink=false]+.MuiInputBase-formControl .css-1ixds2g::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0!important;}label[data-shrink=false]+.MuiInputBase-formControl 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class="MuiInputBase-input MuiOutlinedInput-input search-input MuiInputBase-inputAdornedStart css-1ixds2g" value=""> <style data-emotion="css 19w1uun">.css-19w1uun{border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23);}</style> <style data-emotion="css igs3ac">.css-igs3ac{text-align:left;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;top:-5px;left:0;margin:0;padding:0 8px;pointer-events:none;border-radius:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;min-width:0%;border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23);}</style> <fieldset aria-hidden="true" class="MuiOutlinedInput-notchedOutline css-igs3ac"> <style data-emotion="css ihdtdm">.css-ihdtdm{float:unset;width:auto;overflow:hidden;padding:0;line-height:11px;-webkit-transition:width 150ms cubic-bezier(0.0, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:width 150ms cubic-bezier(0.0, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;}</style><legend class="css-ihdtdm"><span class="notranslate"></span></legend> </fieldset> </div> </div> <style data-emotion="css a0y2e3">.css-a0y2e3{height:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:height 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:height 300ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;visibility:hidden;}</style> <div class="MuiCollapse-root MuiCollapse-vertical MuiCollapse-hidden css-a0y2e3" style="min-height:0px"> <style data-emotion="css hboir5">.css-hboir5{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;}</style> <div class="MuiCollapse-wrapper MuiCollapse-vertical css-hboir5"> <style data-emotion="css 8atqhb">.css-8atqhb{width:100%;}</style> <div class="MuiCollapse-wrapperInner MuiCollapse-vertical css-8atqhb"> <style data-emotion="css 82g95e">.css-82g95e{position:relative;}.css-82g95e:after{max-height:25rem;position:absolute;content:"";bottom:0;width:100%;height:1.875rem;background:linear-gradient(0, white, transparent);pointer-events:none;}</style> <div class="MuiBox-root css-82g95e"> <style data-emotion="css 1ooienb">.css-1ooienb{margin:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);border-bottom-width:thin;margin-left:1.5rem;margin-right:1.5rem;}</style> <hr class="MuiDivider-root MuiDivider-fullWidth css-1ooienb"> <style data-emotion="css wfrk2u">.css-wfrk2u{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;overflow-y:auto;max-height:25rem;}</style> <div class="MuiStack-root css-wfrk2u"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style data-emotion="css 3cyuig">.css-3cyuig{z-index:1200;}@media (min-width:0px){.css-3cyuig{display:block;}}@media (min-width:992px){.css-3cyuig{display:none;}}.css-3cyuig .MuiDrawer-paper{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(3.75rem);backdrop-filter:blur(3.75rem);overflow:hidden;}</style> </div> </header> <div class="mainContent MuiBox-root css-0"> <div class="Term_termBox__DGxd6 MuiBox-root css-0"> <style data-emotion="css 1jcqrew">.css-1jcqrew{padding-bottom:2.5rem;background-color:#385153;}</style> <div class="HeroBase_heroCarousel__xHTNH MuiBox-root css-1jcqrew"> <style data-emotion="css sknu2o">.css-sknu2o{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:0.125rem;padding-right:0.125rem;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-sknu2o{padding-left:0.1875rem;padding-right:0.1875rem;}}@media (min-width:0px){.css-sknu2o{padding-left:1.6875rem;padding-right:1.6875rem;}}@media (min-width:1921px){.css-sknu2o{padding-left:4rem;padding-right:4rem;}}</style> <div class="MuiContainer-root HeroBase_heroCarouselSlide__ZupcZ css-sknu2o"> <style data-emotion="css 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n9ghht">.css-n9ghht{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-n9ghht{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:768px){.css-n9ghht{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:992px){.css-n9ghht{-webkit-flex-basis:83.333333%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:83.333333%;flex-basis:83.333333%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:83.333333%;}}@media 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0.0625rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-radius:1rem;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:2rem;margin-left:0rem;margin-right:0rem;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);}@media (min-width:992px){.css-1dwlpgj{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}@media (max-width:991.95px){.css-1dwlpgj{padding-bottom:0.25rem;}}.css-1dwlpgj a{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;font-size:0.75rem;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style> <style data-emotion="css zmi5yr">.css-zmi5yr{margin:0;font-family:"Avenir",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Avenir,sans-serif;letter-spacing:-2%;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1em;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);padding:0.375rem 1rem 0.0625rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-radius:1rem;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:2rem;margin-left:0rem;margin-right:0rem;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);}@media (min-width:992px){.css-zmi5yr{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}@media (max-width:991.95px){.css-zmi5yr{padding-bottom:0.25rem;}}.css-zmi5yr a{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;font-size:0.75rem;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style> <nav class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiBreadcrumbs-root css-zmi5yr" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <style data-emotion="css nhb8h9">.css-nhb8h9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none;}</style> <ol class="MuiBreadcrumbs-ol css-nhb8h9"> <li class="MuiBreadcrumbs-li"><style data-emotion="css 1npbk5i">.css-1npbk5i{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1npbk5i:hover{text-decoration-color:inherit;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1a0edoa">.css-1a0edoa{margin:0;font:inherit;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1a0edoa:hover{text-decoration-color:inherit;}</style><a class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-inherit MuiLink-root MuiLink-underlineAlways css-1a0edoa" href="https://www-treccani-it.translate.goog/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" aria-label="Treccani"><span> <svg width="16" height="13" viewbox="0 0 16 13" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M0 3.95203V3.10603C0 3.08504 0.0075 3.06403 0.024 3.05203C1.401 1.83704 3.273 0.998535 4.8375 0.998535C6.069 0.998535 7.107 1.52204 7.56 2.79404H7.581C8.031 1.52204 9.0705 0.998535 10.3005 0.998535C11.865 0.998535 13.7355 1.83704 15.114 3.05203C15.1305 3.06554 15.138 3.08504 15.138 3.10603V3.95203C15.138 3.97604 15.1125 3.98803 15.093 3.97604C13.851 3.10454 12.1095 2.40253 10.716 2.40253C9.4125 2.40253 8.412 3.01604 8.412 4.67503V12.8455H6.7275V4.67503C6.7275 3.01604 5.727 2.40253 4.4235 2.40253C3.03 2.40253 1.287 3.10454 0.0465 3.97604C0.0285 3.98954 0.0015 3.97604 0.0015 3.95203" fill="#fff"></path> </svg></span></a></li> </ol> </nav> <style data-emotion="css h5rga0">.css-h5rga0{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}</style> <div class="MuiBox-root css-h5rga0"> <style data-emotion="css t21enm">.css-t21enm{margin:0;font-weight:400;font-family:Imprint,Times New Roman;letter-spacing:-4%;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:2.5rem;line-height:2.5rem;padding-left:0rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;margin-bottom:0.625rem;color:#ffffff;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:-0.195rem;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;}@media (min-width:992px){.css-t21enm{font-size:4.875rem;line-height:4.875rem;}}</style> <h1 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h2 css-t21enm">Sciismo</h1> <style data-emotion="css 1m36rd1">.css-1m36rd1{margin:0;font-weight:700;font-family:Avenir,sans-serif;letter-spacing:-2%;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1.4375rem;line-height:2rem;padding-top:0.625rem;padding-bottom:1rem;color:#ffffff;}@media (min-width:992px){.css-1m36rd1{font-size:2.125rem;line-height:2.5rem;}}</style> <h5 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h5 HeroBase_leadP__0yoSv css-1m36rd1">Dizionario di Storia (2011)</h5> </div> </div> <style data-emotion="css 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1t9ge1w">.css-1t9ge1w{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:768px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:992px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:58.333333%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:58.333333%;flex-basis:58.333333%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:58.333333%;}}@media (min-width:1200px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:58.333333%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:58.333333%;flex-basis:58.333333%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:58.333333%;}}@media (min-width:1400px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:58.333333%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:58.333333%;flex-basis:58.333333%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:58.333333%;}}@media (min-width:1921px){.css-1t9ge1w{-webkit-flex-basis:58.333333%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:58.333333%;flex-basis:58.333333%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:58.333333%;}}</style> <div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-lg-7 Term_termContent__UHoTq term-content css-1t9ge1w"> <div class="paywall term-paragraph0 Term_elTermParagraph__jPdF6 MuiBox-root css-0"> <style data-emotion="css d8t48w">.css-d8t48w{margin:0;font-weight:300;font-family:Avenir,sans-serif;letter-spacing:-2%;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.75rem;}@media (min-width:992px){.css-d8t48w{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:2rem;}}.css-d8t48w:not(:last-of-type){margin-bottom:1.5rem;}</style> <p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-bodyL css-d8t48w"><span class="tc-title">sciismo </span></p> </div> <div class="paywall term-paragraph1 Term_elTermParagraph__jPdF6 MuiBox-root css-0"> <p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-bodyL css-d8t48w"><br> Denominazione generale (derivata dall’ar. <style data-emotion="css uehu9e">.css-uehu9e{margin:0;font-style:italic;font-size:inherit;}</style><em class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-italic css-uehu9e">shi‛a</em> «partito, fazione», sottinteso di ‛Ali e dei suoi discendenti) della componente minoritaria dell’islam, la cui origine risale alla guerra civile (<em class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-italic css-uehu9e">fitna</em>) che oppose ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib a Mu‛awiya, futuro califfo omayyade, fra il 657 e il 661. Lo s., che ha avuto a sua volta numerose scissioni e diramazioni nella storia, è attualmente diviso in tre nuclei principali: zaidismo (➔ ), che rappresenta l’indirizzo meno lontano dall’ortodossia sunnita sul terreno politico e giuridico; o batinismo, il gruppo dalla dottrina più esoterica; imamismo (➔ ) o s. duodecimano, il gruppo oggi più numeroso, maggioritario in Iran. La diversificazione fra le varie sette deriva principalmente dalla concezione dell’imamato, l’istituzione intermediaria fra Dio e gli uomini, che gli zaiditi derivano dal quinto imam, Zaid, gli ismailiti dal settimo, Isma‛il, gli imamiti dal dodicesimo, Muhammad al-Mahdi. Tutte accettano tuttavia che ‛Ali sia stato designato da Maometto, con testo (<em class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-italic css-uehu9e">nass</em>) esplicito, a succedergli, sicché i primi tre califfi ortodossi furono usurpatori; che l’imam designato sia impeccabile, infallibile, e unico interprete legittimo della legge religiosa; ismailiti e imamiti ritengono inoltre che l’imamato (ossia il califfato) non possa spettare se non a discendenti di ‛Ali e di sua moglie Fatima (➔ <a style="vertical-align:baseline;font-size:inherit;text-decoration:underline;color:#93282C" href="https://www-treccani-it.translate.goog/enciclopedia/ahl-al-bayt_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ahl al-bayt</a>), per cui il califfato omayyade e quello abbaside furono illegittimi, fatto sul quale concordano anche gli zayditi. Nella dogmatica, lo s. sostiene la creazione del <em class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-italic css-uehu9e">Corano</em> nel tempo e la cd. giustizia divina, che restituisce all’uomo il libero arbitrio rispetto alla scelta fra bene e male. Gli zaiditi fondarono Stati e dinastie propri nella storia; la principale dinastia fu quella degli imam di Sana’, nello Yemen (1591), al potere in modo discontinuo dal 1591 e ufficialmente deposta solo nel 1962. Gli ismailiti dettero vita al regno dei Fatimidi (Egitto e Africa settentrionale, 909-1171), e ai due Stati nizariti di Alamut nella Persia settentrionale (1090-1256) e in Siria (dalla fine del sec. 11° al 1273). L’imamismo divenne religione di Stato con l’avvento dei Safavidi in Persia (1502), ed è oggi la prima fonte d’ispirazione politica e legale della Repubblica islamica dell’Iran. La principale festività religiosa dello s. commemora il martirio di <a style="vertical-align:baseline;font-size:inherit;text-decoration:underline;color:#93282C" href="https://www-treccani-it.translate.goog/enciclopedia/husain-ibn-ali_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Husain ibn ‛Ali</a>, il cui sepolcro a Karbala’ in Iraq e quello del padre ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib rappresentano i principali luoghi di pellegrinaggio per tutti gli sciiti. Lo s. rappresenta, nel suo complesso, una percentuale compresa fra il 10-13% dei musulmani; di questi, i tre quarti vivono in Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan; poco meno di un quarto in Medio Oriente (Siria, Iraq, Penisola Arabica) e in Yemen.</p> </div> <div class="paywall term-paragraph2 Term_elTermParagraph__jPdF6 MuiBox-root css-0"> <table summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" class="sinottico"></table> </div> <style data-emotion="css fm1z82">.css-fm1z82{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:0.125rem;padding-right:0.125rem;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-fm1z82{padding-left:0.1875rem;padding-right:0.1875rem;}}@media (min-width:0px){.css-fm1z82{padding-left:1.6875rem;padding-right:1.6875rem;}}@media (min-width:1921px){.css-fm1z82{padding-left:4rem;padding-right:4rem;}}</style> <div class="MuiContainer-root css-fm1z82"> <style 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vl65zu">.css-vl65zu{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:768px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:992px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1200px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1400px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1921px){.css-vl65zu{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}</style> <div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 css-vl65zu"> <style data-emotion="css vcmafi">.css-vcmafi{margin:0;font-weight:300;font-family:Avenir,sans-serif;letter-spacing:-2%;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.75rem;}@media (min-width:992px){.css-vcmafi{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:2rem;}}</style> <p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-bodyL css-vcmafi">© Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani - Riproduzione riservata</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="MuiContainer-root css-sknu2o"> <div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-container css-k6ilad"> <div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 css-vl65zu"> <div class="gmp MuiBox-root css-0" id="gmp-native"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style data-emotion="css 1drq9ro">.css-1drq9ro{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;}@media (min-width:576px){.css-1drq9ro{-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;max-width:100%;}}@media 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type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"data":{"published_images":[],"titolo4url":"sciismo","voc_matches":[{"query":"sciismo1","url":"https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/sciismo1","section":"vocabolario","title":"scïismo¹","abstract":" sciismo1 \n \nscïismo1 s. m. [der. di sci], non com. – La pratica dello sci nel suo aspetto tecnico, e come diporto e sport; il complesso di tutto ciò che appartiene o si riferisce a tale pratica.\n \n","opera":""},{"query":"sciismo2","url":"https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/sciismo2","section":"vocabolario","title":"scïismo²","abstract":" sciismo2 \n \nscïismo2 s. m. [der. di sciita]. – Complesso delle dottrine e delle pratiche religiose degli sciiti musulmani, diffuso spec. in Iran e in Iraq, secondo cui solo al califfo Alì, genero di Maometto, e ai suoi discendenti, spetta ...","opera":""}],"content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tc-title\"\u003esciismo \u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\nDenominazione generale (derivata dall’ar. \u003ci\u003eshi‛a\u003c/i\u003e «partito, fazione», sottinteso di ‛Ali e dei suoi discendenti) della componente minoritaria dell’islam, la cui origine risale alla guerra civile (\u003ci\u003efitna\u003c/i\u003e) che oppose ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib a Mu‛awiya, futuro califfo omayyade, fra il 657 e il 661. Lo s., che ha avuto a sua volta numerose scissioni e diramazioni nella storia, è attualmente diviso in tre nuclei principali: zaidismo (➔ ), che rappresenta l’indirizzo meno lontano dall’ortodossia sunnita sul terreno politico e giuridico; o batinismo, il gruppo dalla dottrina più esoterica; imamismo (➔ ) o s. duodecimano, il gruppo oggi più numeroso, maggioritario in Iran. La diversificazione fra le varie sette deriva principalmente dalla concezione dell’imamato, l’istituzione intermediaria fra Dio e gli uomini, che gli zaiditi derivano dal quinto imam, Zaid, gli ismailiti dal settimo, Isma‛il, gli imamiti dal dodicesimo, Muhammad al-Mahdi. Tutte accettano tuttavia che ‛Ali sia stato designato da Maometto, con testo (\u003ci\u003enass\u003c/i\u003e) esplicito, a succedergli, sicché i primi tre califfi ortodossi furono usurpatori; che l’imam designato sia impeccabile, infallibile, e unico interprete legittimo della legge religiosa; ismailiti e imamiti ritengono inoltre che l’imamato (ossia il califfato) non possa spettare se non a discendenti di ‛Ali e di sua moglie Fatima (➔ \u003ca href=\"/enciclopedia/ahl-al-bayt_(Dizionario-di-Storia)\"\u003eAhl al-bayt\u003c/a\u003e), per cui il califfato omayyade e quello abbaside furono illegittimi, fatto sul quale concordano anche gli zayditi. Nella dogmatica, lo s. sostiene la creazione del \u003ci\u003eCorano\u003c/i\u003e nel tempo e la cd. giustizia divina, che restituisce all’uomo il libero arbitrio rispetto alla scelta fra bene e male. Gli zaiditi fondarono Stati e dinastie propri nella storia; la principale dinastia fu quella degli imam di Sana’, nello Yemen (1591), al potere in modo discontinuo dal 1591 e ufficialmente deposta solo nel 1962. Gli ismailiti dettero vita al regno dei Fatimidi (Egitto e Africa settentrionale, 909-1171), e ai due Stati nizariti di Alamut nella Persia settentrionale (1090-1256) e in Siria (dalla fine del sec. 11° al 1273). L’imamismo divenne religione di Stato con l’avvento dei Safavidi in Persia (1502), ed è oggi la prima fonte d’ispirazione politica e legale della Repubblica islamica dell’Iran. La principale festività religiosa dello s. commemora il martirio di \u003ca href=\"/enciclopedia/husain-ibn-ali_(Dizionario-di-Storia)\"\u003eHusain ibn ‛Ali\u003c/a\u003e, il cui sepolcro a Karbala’ in Iraq e quello del padre ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib rappresentano i principali luoghi di pellegrinaggio per tutti gli sciiti. Lo s. rappresenta, nel suo complesso, una percentuale compresa fra il 10-13% dei musulmani; di questi, i tre quarti vivono in Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan; poco meno di un quarto in Medio Oriente (Siria, Iraq, Penisola Arabica) e in Yemen.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"sinottico\" style=\"\" summary=\"Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto\"\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c!-- DEBUG --\u003e\n \u003c!-- 8d0bf496-c046-11e1-bb7e-d5ce3506d72e --\u003e\n \u003c!-- /sites/default/BancaDati/Dizionario_di_Storia/VOL03/storia_vol3_001423_VOL3_013900.xml --\u003e","categories":[{"cat3_label":"dottrine teorie concetti","cat2":"religioni","cat3":"dottrine_teorie_concetti","cat1":"scienze_sociali_e_storia","section":"enciclopedia","cat1_label":"scienze sociali e storia","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/scienze_sociali_e_storia/religioni/dottrine_teorie_concetti","cat2_label":"religioni"}],"author":"","opera":"Dizionario di Storia (2011)","meta":{"html":{"title":"sciismo in \"Dizionario di Storia\"","description":"sciismo \n\nDenominazione generale (derivata dall’ar. shi‛a «partito, fazione», sottinteso di ‛Ali e dei suoi discendenti) della componente minoritaria dell’islam, la cui origine risale alla guerra civile (fitna) che oppose ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib a Mu‛awiya, futuro califfo omayyade, fra il 657 e il 661. Lo s., che ha avuto a sua volta numerose scissioni e diramazioni nella storia, è attualmente diviso in tre nuclei principali: zaidismo (➔ ), che rappresenta l’indirizzo meno lontano dall’ortodossia sun"},"twitter":{"card":"summary","site":"@Treccani","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sciismo_(Dizionario-di-Storia)","title":"sciismo","description":"sciismo \n\nDenominazione generale (derivata dall’ar. shi‛a «partito, fazione», sottinteso di ‛Ali e dei suoi discendenti) della componente minoritaria dell’islam, la cui origine risale alla guerra civile (fitna) che oppose ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib a Mu‛awiya, futuro califfo omayyade, fra il 657 e il 661. Lo s., che ha avuto a sua volta numerose scissioni e diramazioni nella storia, è attualmente diviso in tre nuclei principali: zaidismo (➔ ), che rappresenta l’indirizzo meno lontano dall’ortodossia sun","image":"https://images.treccani.it/enc/media/images/social-120x120.jpg"},"facebook":{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sciismo_(Dizionario-di-Storia)","type":"website","title":"sciismo","description":"sciismo \n\nDenominazione generale (derivata dall’ar. shi‛a «partito, fazione», sottinteso di ‛Ali e dei suoi discendenti) della componente minoritaria dell’islam, la cui origine risale alla guerra civile (fitna) che oppose ‛Ali ibn Abi Talib a Mu‛awiya, futuro califfo omayyade, fra il 657 e il 661. Lo s., che ha avuto a sua volta numerose scissioni e diramazioni nella storia, è attualmente diviso in tre nuclei principali: zaidismo (➔ ), che rappresenta l’indirizzo meno lontano dall’ortodossia sun","image":"https://images.treccani.it/enc/media/images/social=200x200.jpg"}},"tags":[],"related":[{"query":"sunniti","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://fe.stage.istella.it/treccani/vc/img/categories/religion.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sunniti","abstract":"Seguaci ortodossi dell'islamismo, di cui costituiscono la maggioranza; sin dalla metà del 1° sec. dell'egira, i sunniti assunsero tale nome per affermare che essi soltanto erano i seguaci della vera tradizione o sunna di Maometto (mentre gli sciiti seguono anche quella dei suoi discendenti). La prima ...","title":"sunniti","treccani_id":"ea84f3a3-9bf0-11dc-9284-0016357eee51"},{"query":"imam","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://fe.stage.istella.it/treccani/vc/img/categories/religion.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imam","abstract":"imām Nell’islamismo, il sovrano della monarchia universale, musulmana, ossia il califfo dei musulmani ortodossi o sunniti. Per gli sciiti sono invece imam soltanto quelli che essi considerano come legittimi monarchi per diritto divino, cioè Alī (➔ Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib) e i suoi discendenti in linea retta ...","title":"im\u0026#x101;m","treccani_id":"84f28c39-ba67-11df-9cd8-d5ce3506d72e"},{"query":"ali-ibn-abi-talib","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.png/30px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ali-ibn-abi-talib","abstract":"῾Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib. - Cugino, genero e quarto successore di Maometto come capo della comunità musulmana (Mecca forse 600 - Kūfa 661). Fu tra i primi seguaci dell'Islām, e sposò la figlia del Profeta, Fāṭima. Alla morte di Maometto aspirò invano al califfato, cui pervenne solo nel 656, all'uccisione di ...","title":"\u0026#x1FFE;Al\u0026#x12B; ibn Ab\u0026#x12B; \u0026#x1E6C;\u0026#x101;lib","treccani_id":"219fc62e-86d4-11dc-9a1b-0016357eee51"},{"query":"ismailismo","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://fe.stage.istella.it/treccani/vc/img/categories/religion.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ismailismo","abstract":"Dottrina della setta sciita degli ismailiti. Questi individuano nel settimo imam, Isma‚il (8° sec. d.C.) o suo figlio Muhammad, l''imam nascosto', cioè il capo religioso destinato a riapparire per far trionfare la vera fede. Gli ismailiti, che fondarono (dal 9° sec. d.C.) vari Stati indipendenti in Medio ...","title":"ismailismo","treccani_id":"53f50209-91c6-11dc-a78c-0016357eee51"},{"query":"fatimidi","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FatimidCaliphate969.png/30px-FatimidCaliphate969.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fatimidi","abstract":"Fatìmidi (o Fatìmiti). - Dinastia musulmana sciita, che dominò su gran parte dell'Africa settentr., dell'Egitto e della Siria, dal sec. 10º al 12º. Sorse in Tunisia per opera di un emissario del movimento ismailita, ‛Ubaidallāh, che si presentò quale Mahdī discendente da Fāṭima e riuscì a fondare il ...","title":"Fat\u0026#xEC;midi","treccani_id":"1c256b9e-86d6-11dc-9a1b-0016357eee51"},{"query":"safavidi","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SafavidGreenExtent.png/30px-SafavidGreenExtent.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/safavidi","abstract":"Ṣafàvidi (o Ṣafàwidi). - Dinastia musulmana sciita, che regnò in Persia nei secc. 16º-18º d. C. Suo fondatore fu Ismā῾īl (1483-1524), discendente dello shaikh Ṣafī ad-dīn di Ardabīl, eponimo della dinastia (Ṣàfawiyya, o Ṣàfawī, relativo-gentilizio di Ṣafī divenuto nelle fonti occidentali Sofi o Sophi). ...","title":"\u0026#x1E62;af\u0026#xE0;vidi","treccani_id":"08ef2e44-86d9-11dc-9a1b-0016357eee51"},{"query":"karbala","section":"enciclopedia","opera":"Enciclopedie on line","image":"http://fe.stage.istella.it/treccani/vc/img/categories/religion.png","url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/karbala","abstract":"(arabo Kerbelā’) Città dell’Iraq centrale (475.000 ab. nel 2003), a O del fiume Eufrate, a S di Baghdad. Sin dall’antichità la sua posizione geografica ne ha fatto uno dei massimi centri del traffico commerciale. 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