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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early allegations: Sturgis as one of the "three tramps"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_allegations:_Sturgis_as_one_of_the_"three_tramps"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sturgis_makes_his_own_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sturgis_makes_his_own_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sturgis makes his own allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sturgis_makes_his_own_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marita_Lorenz:_Sturgis_with_Oswald" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marita_Lorenz:_Sturgis_with_Oswald"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Marita Lorenz: Sturgis with Oswald</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marita_Lorenz:_Sturgis_with_Oswald-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_allegations:_Hunt's_"deathbed_confession"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_allegations:_Hunt's_"deathbed_confession""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Posthumous allegations: Hunt's "deathbed confession"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_allegations:_Hunt's_"deathbed_confession"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal,_1980:_Camarate_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal,_1980:_Camarate_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Portugal, 1980: Camarate Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal,_1980:_Camarate_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the five Watergate burglars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the president of the New York Stock Exchange from 1892–1894, see <a href="/wiki/Frank_K._Sturgis" title="Frank K. Sturgis">Frank K. Sturgis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frank Anthony Sturgis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sturgis_(various).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg/220px-Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg/330px-Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg/440px-Frank_Sturgis_%28various%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frank Angelo Fiorini</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-12-09</span>)</span>December 9, 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 4, 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-12-04)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Miami, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Military, espionage</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#233738;"><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Watergate scandal</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatergateFromAir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/250px-WatergateFromAir.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/375px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/500px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandwedge" title="Operation Sandwedge">Operation Sandwedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gemstone" title="Operation Gemstone">Operation Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Watergate burglars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Sturgis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">Master list of Nixon's political opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Babies" title="Watergate Babies">Watergate Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Seven" title="Watergate Seven">Watergate Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">CRP</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> (CRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_LaRue" title="Fred LaRue">Fred LaRue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart_Magruder" title="Jeb Stuart Magruder">Jeb Stuart Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mardian" title="Robert Mardian">Robert Mardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parkinson" title="Kenneth Parkinson">Kenneth Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sloan_Jr." title="Hugh W. Sloan Jr.">Hugh W. Sloan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">White House</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Strachan" title="Gordon C. Strachan">Gordon C. Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Journalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sussman" title="Barry Sussman">Barry Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Rosenfeld" title="Harry M. Rosenfeld">Harry M. Rosenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Intelligence community</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Congress</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Peter W. Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">U.S. Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wills_(security_guard)" title="Frank Wills (security guard)">Frank Wills (security guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Neal" title="James F. Neal">James F. Neal (prosecutor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men"><i>All the President's Men</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days" title="The Final Days"><i>The Final Days</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Ambition_(miniseries)" title="Blind Ambition (miniseries)"><i>Blind Ambition</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"><i>Mark Felt: The Man who Brought<br />Down the White House</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(podcast)" title="Slow Burn (podcast)">Slow Burn</a></i> (2020 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaslit_(TV_series)" title="Gaslit (TV series)">Gaslit</a></i> (2022 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i> (2023 miniseries)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watergate" title="Template:Watergate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watergate" title="Template talk:Watergate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Anthony Sturgis</b> (December 9, 1924 – December 4, 1993), born <b>Frank Angelo Fiorini</b>, was one of the five <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> burglars whose capture led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">presidency of Richard Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served in several branches of the United States military and in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> of 1958, worked as an undercover operative for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was alleged to be involved in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_military_service">Early life and military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When still a child, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania. On October 5, 1942, in his senior year of high school, 17-year-old Frank Angelo Fiorini joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> and served under Colonel "Red Mike" <a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Marine_Raider_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="First Marine Raider Battalion">First Marine Raider Battalion</a> in the Pacific Theater during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"On April 14, 1942, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William Donovan</a>, as Coordinator of Information (forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>), activated units charged with gathering intelligence, harassing the Japanese through <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla tactics">guerrilla actions</a>, identifying targets for the Army Air Force to bomb, and rescuing downed Allied airmen."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was what led to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Stilwell's</a> Chinese forces, <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Wingate's</a> Raiders, and <a href="/wiki/Merrill%27s_Marauders" title="Merrill's Marauders">Merrill's Marauders</a> involvement in the war,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Frank got trained in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla tactics">guerrilla tactics</a> and gathering intelligence, which became useful in his later events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Honorably discharged as a <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a> in 1945, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute">Virginia Polytechnic Institute</a> but left college and joined the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Police_Department" title="Norfolk Police Department">Norfolk Police Department</a> on June 5, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon discovered a corrupt payoff system and brought it to the attention of his superiors, who told him to overlook the illegal activities. On October 5, 1946, he had a confrontation with his sergeant and resigned the same day. For the next 18 months, he managed the Havana-Madrid tavern in Norfolk that catered to foreigners, mostly Cuban merchant seamen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 9, 1947, Fiorini joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> at the Norfolk Naval Air Station and learned to fly while still working at the tavern. He was honorably discharged on August 30, 1948, and joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> the next day. He was sent immediately to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> had closed the land routes during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a>, and he became a member of General <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius Clay</a>'s honor guard. Two weeks after the USSR reopened the land routes on May 11, 1949, Fiorini was honorably discharged. As a <a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Raider">Marine Raider</a>, Fiorini had worked behind enemy lines gathering intelligence, and during his Army tenure in Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, he had a top secret clearance and worked in an intelligence unit whose primary target was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Fiorini started to believe Russia was a threat, and he became a lifelong militant. Returning to Norfolk in 1952, he took a job managing the Cafe Society tavern, then partnered with its owner, Milton Bass, to co-purchase and manage The Top Hat Nightclub in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 23, 1952, Frank Fiorini filed a petition in the Circuit Court of the City of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, to change his name to Frank Anthony Sturgis, adopting the surname of his stepfather Ralph Sturgis, whom his mother had married in 1937. His new name closely resembled that of Hank Sturgis, the fictional hero of <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a>'s 1949 novel, <i>Bimini Run</i>, whose life parallels Frank Sturgis's life from 1942 to 1949 in certain salient respects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moves_to_Cuba,_joins_Castro_forces"><span id="Moves_to_Cuba.2C_joins_Castro_forces"></span>Moves to Cuba, joins Castro forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Moves to Cuba, joins Castro forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Sturgis moved to Cuba, and went to Mexico, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama and Honduras. Sturgis moved to Miami in 1957, where the Cuban wife of his uncle Angelo Vona introduced him to former Cuban president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo_Socarr%C3%A1s" title="Carlos Prío Socarrás">Carlos Prío</a>, who joined with other Cubans opposing dictator <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> to plot their return to power. Now Frank had gotten together with an old friend, Richard Sanderlin who was also a Norfolk, Virginia native. Once they had relocated to Miami, Florida, they began an arms and munition smuggling operation into Cuba, bound for the rebels of Fidel Castro. They were sending money to Mexico to support <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, whose July 26 Movement had arranged a meeting between CIA Inspector General <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Kirkpatrick" title="Lyman Kirkpatrick">Lyman Kirkpatrick</a> and their representatives in 1957 by Pepín Bosch, an executive of the <a href="/wiki/Bacardi" title="Bacardi">Bacardi Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prio asked Sturgis to go to Cuba to join up with Castro and to report back to the exiled powers in Miami, so he went down and met with Castro.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Richard Sanderlin traveled to the Sierra Maestra Mountains in Oriente Province Cuba, where he began training the Castro rebels, in military strategy, tactics, weapon handling, and hand to hand fighting. </p><p>In 1958, Frank made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) in Cuba at the US Consulate in Santiago. He worked as an informer for the agency with his control officer Sam Jenis. Sturgis also became involved running guns to Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with mobster <a href="/wiki/Santo_Trafficante_Jr." title="Santo Trafficante Jr.">Santo Trafficante</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not surprisingly was arrested for illegal possession of arms, but released without charge. In 1959, Sturgis had contact with casinos in Cuba and some say met Lewis McWillie, mobster Traficante's man in Cuba, and the manager of the <a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Club" title="Tropicana Club">Tropicana Casino</a> who by his own testimony<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a known acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturgis met up with Castro and his 400 rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> mountains. Sturgis offered to train Castro's troops in guerrilla warfare. Castro accepted the offer, but he also had an immediate need for guns and ammunition, so Sturgis became a gunrunner.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using money from anti-Batista Cuban exiles in Miami and some suspect the CIA, Sturgis purchased boatloads of weapons and ammunition from CIA weapons expert <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cummings" title="Samuel Cummings">Samuel Cummings</a>' <a href="/wiki/International_Armament_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Armament Corporation">International Armament Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>. Sturgis explained later that he chose to throw in with Castro rather than Prío because Fidel was a soldier, a man of action, whereas Prío was a politician, more a man of words.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In March 1958, Sturgis opened a training camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains, where he taught <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and other <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> rebel soldiers guerrilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Castro seized power, a rebel firing squad on <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill" title="San Juan Hill">San Juan Hill</a> executed 71 of their opponents on January 11, 1959, into an awaiting 40-foot (12.2 m) ditch that had been opened with a bulldozer. Although Sturgis did not take part in the execution, he was photographed afterwards holding a rifle on top of the covered mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sturgis_in_Cuba_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Frank_Sturgis_in_Cuba_1959.jpg/220px-Frank_Sturgis_in_Cuba_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/Frank_Sturgis_in_Cuba_1959.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Sturgis, with a July 26 Movement armband, stands on a mass grave of 71 Batista supporters at San Juan Hill on January 11, 1959.</figcaption></figure><p>His friend Richard Sanderlin, completed the training of Raul Castros Second Front, and led a guerrilla band into combat operations against the Cuban army of Batista. </p><p>Castro then appointed Sturgis gambling czar and director of security and intelligence for the air force, in addition to his position as a captain in July 26 Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sturgis went to Miami on June 2, 1959, with Alan McDonald while "supervising the investigation of several American gamblers with criminal records that operate casinos in Havana." They requested from Metropolitan Criminal Intelligence Supervisor Frank Kappel information on "<a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jake_Lansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jake Lansky (page does not exist)">Jake Lansky</a>, Joe Silesi aka Joe Rivers and Santos Trafficante," that was provided to them six days later after the Cuban government sent an official written request.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was introduced to two men that were transported to Cuba from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> to assist in the organization of the revolution and Frank saw they were clearly communist. He began to sound out those that he knew were anti-communist including <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Cienfuegos" title="Camilo Cienfuegos">Camilo Cienfuegos</a>, as he knew leaders like <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> and Che Guevara were communist, but he was unsure about Fidel Castro. Sturgis defected the following month with Revolutionary Air Force chief Commandant <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Luis_D%C3%ADaz_Lanz" title="Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz">Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they joined the anti-Castro exile opposition. </p><p>Sturgis participated with him a few months later in an anti-Castro leaflet-dropping raid over Cuba. Sturgis formed the Anti-Communist Brigade which Hans Tanner in his book "Counter-Revolutionary Agent", says the organization was "being financed by dispossessed hotel and gambling owners" from Cuba. The Border Patrol in Miami reported that Sturgis was involved in a CIA operation being financed by Sergio Rojas (former Cuban Ambassador to Great Britain) to overthrow Castro. It has been claimed, with little in the way of evidence, that Sturgis was involved in helping the CIA organize the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, for whose ultimate failure he blamed President Kennedy. Sturgis recruited 19 year old <a href="/wiki/Marita_Lorenz" title="Marita Lorenz">Marita Lorenz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was close to Fidel Castro, and she took CIA pills,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which she hid in her face cream, to poison Castro, but the plot failed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lorenz, she met Sturgis again before the Kennedy assassination in 1963 with others planning a big event.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorenz stated that she joined Sturgis traveling to Dallas after the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorenz later testified about this Kennedy assassination plot before the <a href="/wiki/House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" class="mw-redirect" title="House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> (HSCA).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturgis was claimed to be a member of <a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a>, a CIA-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> group composed of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jr._25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jr.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was formed to seize control of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban government">Cuban government</a> after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Palm_Beach_Post;_May_11,_1961_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Palm_Beach_Post;_May_11,_1961-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation was concentrating on Cuba and were operating out of Mexico. </p><p>Despite his claimed involvement in numerous CIA sponsored operations including the Bay of Pigs invasion, the 1975 <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_activities_within_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> succinctly states that "Frank Sturgis was not an employee or agent of the CIA either in 1963 or at any other time."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watergate_burglary_1972">Watergate burglary 1972</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Watergate burglary 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker,_1960_and_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg/220px-Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg/330px-Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg/440px-Frank_Sturgis_and_Bernard_Barker%2C_1960_and_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Frank Sturgis and Bernard Barker, 1960 (top) and 1972</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></div> <p>On June 17, 1972, Sturgis, <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James W. McCord, Jr.">James W. McCord, Jr.</a> were arrested while installing electronic listening devices in the national <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> campaign offices located at the <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> office complex in Washington. The White House office telephone number of CIA officer <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a> was found in address books of the burglars. Reporters were able to link the break-in to the White House. The burglars had successfully entered into the same location several weeks earlier, but returned to fix a malfunctioning device and to photograph more documents. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>, a reporter working for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> was told by a source (<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>) who was employed by the government that senior aides of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> had paid the burglars to obtain information about his political opponents. </p><p>Sturgis was portrayed in <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">All the President's Men</a></i>, the 1976 film retelling the events of the Watergate scandal, by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Hale" title="Ron Hale">Ron Hale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prison_and_later_investigations">Prison and later investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prison and later investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1973, Sturgis, Hunt, Gonzalez, Martinez, Barker, <a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a> and James W. McCord were convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping. </p><p> Sturgis was convicted in 1973 with Max Gonzalez and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Buchanan (page does not exist)">Jerry Buchanan</a> in a federal court in Miami (73-597-CR-CA) of transporting cars stolen in Texas into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) Acting Regional Director David W. Costa to send a letter to Judge C. Clyde Atkins on March 10, 1975, indicating that Sturgis had been covertly cooperating with the DEA.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sturgis served 14 months in the minimum security federal prison in <a href="/wiki/Eglin,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglin, Florida">Eglin, Florida</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sturgis_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Frank_Sturgis_1973.jpg/220px-Frank_Sturgis_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Frank_Sturgis_1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Sturgis leaves the Miami federal courthouse building in handcuffs after being convicted in 1973 of taking cars stolen in Texas to Mexico.</figcaption></figure><p> After leaving prison, Sturgis served as a Miami police informant and continued providing intelligence on the anti-Castro activities of Dr. Orlando Bosch.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. George's article was published in <i><a href="/wiki/True_(magazine)" title="True (magazine)">True</a></i> magazine in August 1974. Sturgis claims that the Watergate burglars had been instructed to find a particular document in the Democratic Party offices. This was a "secret memorandum from the Castro government" that included details of CIA covert actions. Sturgis said "that the Castro government suspected the CIA did not tell the whole truth about these operations even to American political leaders".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Sturgis' repeated braggadocio to the news media, the CIA issued a public statement on May 30, 1975, indicating that he had never been connected with them "in any way."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York <i>Daily News</i></a> reporter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Meskil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Meskil (page does not exist)">Paul Meskil</a> on June 20, 1975, Sturgis stated, "I was a spy. I was involved in assassination plots and conspiracies to overthrow several foreign governments including Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. I smuggled arms and men into Cuba for Castro and against Castro. I broke into intelligence files. I stole and photographed secret documents. That's what spies do." </p><p>Sturgis was denied a pardon by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_August_15,_1987_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_August_15,_1987-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JFK_conspiracy_allegations">JFK conspiracy allegations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: JFK conspiracy allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sturgis has been the subject of various allegations regarding the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>. He also made claims that other individuals were involved in the assassination of Kennedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_allegations:_Sturgis_as_one_of_the_"three_tramps""><span id="Early_allegations:_Sturgis_as_one_of_the_.22three_tramps.22"></span>Early allegations: Sturgis as one of the "three tramps"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early allegations: Sturgis as one of the "three tramps""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">Three tramps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Three_Tramps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Three_Tramps.jpg/220px-The_Three_Tramps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Three_Tramps.jpg/330px-The_Three_Tramps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Three_Tramps.jpg/440px-The_Three_Tramps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The Three Tramps, Sturgis allegedly the one in the middle</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Times_Herald" title="Dallas Times Herald">Dallas Times Herald</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram" title="Fort Worth Star-Telegram">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</a></i> photographed three transients under police escort near the <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> shortly after the assassination of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugliosi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugliosi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men later became known as the "three tramps".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Vincent Bugliosi</a>, allegations that these men were involved in a conspiracy originated from theorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sprague">Richard E. Sprague</a> who compiled the photographs in 1966 and 1967, and subsequently turned them over to <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garrison" title="Jim Garrison">Jim Garrison</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">investigation of Clay Shaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appearing before a nationwide audience on the December 31, 1968, episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show</a></i>, Garrison held up a photo of the three and suggested they were involved in the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1974, assassination researchers <a href="/wiki/A._J._Weberman" title="A. J. Weberman">Alan J. Weberman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Canfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Canfield">Michael Canfield</a> compared photographs of the men to people they believed to be suspects involved in a conspiracy and said that two of the men were Watergate burglars Hunt and Sturgis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comedian and civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a> helped bring national media attention to the allegations against Hunt and Sturgis in 1975 after obtaining the comparison photographs from Weberman and Canfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after obtaining the photographs, Gregory held a press conference that received considerable coverage and his charges were reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weberman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weberman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Commission">Rockefeller Commission</a> reported in 1975 that they investigated the allegation that Hunt and Sturgis, on behalf of the CIA, participated in the assassination of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-CCAUS-C19_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCAUS-C19-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final report of that commission stated that witnesses who testified that the "derelicts" bore a resemblance to Hunt or Sturgis "were not shown to have any qualification in photo identification beyond that possessed by an average layman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975256_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975256-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their report also stated that FBI Agent Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt, "a nationally-recognized expert in photoidentification and photoanalysis" with the FBI photographic laboratory, had concluded from photo comparison that none of the men were Hunt or Sturgis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975257_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975257-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that forensic anthropologists had again analyzed and compared the photographs of the "tramps" with those of Hunt and Sturgis, as well as with photographs of Thomas Vallee, Daniel Carswell, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Crisman" title="Fred Crisman">Fred Lee Chrisman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCSA-IB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCSA-IB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the committee, only Chrisman resembled any of the tramps but determined that he was not to be in Dealey Plaza on the day of the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-HCSA-IB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCSA-IB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_La_Fontaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary La Fontaine (page does not exist)">Mary La Fontaine</a> discovered the November 22, 1963, arrest records that the Dallas Police Department had released in 1989, which named the three men as Gus W. Abrams, Harold Doyle, and John F. Gedney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the arrest reports, the three men were "taken off a boxcar in the railroad yards right after President Kennedy was shot", detained as "investigative prisoners", described as unemployed and passing through Dallas, then released four days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sturgis_makes_his_own_allegations">Sturgis makes his own allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sturgis makes his own allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, Sturgis claimed that he was assigned to investigate any possible role that Cuban exiles may have played in the assassination of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that his investigation revealed that ten weeks prior to the assassination, Jack Ruby met with Fidel Castro in Havana, Cuba to discuss "the removal of the President" in order to neutralize the threat of invasion by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sturgis, others at the meeting included Raúl Castro, Che Guevara, <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Vald%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramiro Valdés">Ramiro Valdés</a> and "an Argentine woman who is believed to have been a Russian KGB agent".<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that Ruby had also made several trips to Havana in the months before the assassination in order to arrange deals in which arms would be sold to Cuba and in which illegal drugs from Cuba would be smuggled into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sturgis also claimed that <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> was involved in the conspiracy, and that other governments either were involved in the conspiracy or knew of the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that his investigation did not reveal that Cuban exiles were involved in the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturgis declined to specifically identify the sources of his information, but noted he said that they included members of the "anti-Castro Cuban underground."<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further claimed that associates of his involved in intelligence had independently confirmed his report.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sturgis, his report was made in early 1964 and that it was given to "certain American intelligence agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security">Senate Internal Security Committee</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that he did not know if it had been forwarded to the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Sturgis said that information about the 1964 reports had been provided to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States" title="United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>'s intelligence subcommittee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a>, but that he did not know if they received the actual reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturgis stated he was revealing that he made the reports in order to refute "the leftist element in the country" who claimed the CIA was involved in the assassination of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Delaware_County_Daily_Times;_July_10,_1976_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaware_County_Daily_Times;_July_10,_1976-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Ruby's brother, Earl, responded to the allegations as "outlandish," "ridiculous," and "absolutely false".<sup id="cite_ref-Florence_Times_Tri-Cities_Daily;_July_10,_1976_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florence_Times_Tri-Cities_Daily;_July_10,_1976-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Victoria_Advocate;_July_12,_1976_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Victoria_Advocate;_July_12,_1976-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1977 television interview conducted by <a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a>, Sturgis indicated that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a> had notable "associations" with CIA officials, associating himself with the position taken by <a href="/wiki/L._Fletcher_Prouty" title="L. Fletcher Prouty">L. Fletcher Prouty</a> who had made headlines nationwide with his allegation that Butterfield was operating on behalf of the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marita_Lorenz:_Sturgis_with_Oswald">Marita Lorenz: Sturgis with Oswald</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marita Lorenz: Sturgis with Oswald"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1977, Marita Lorenz told Paul Meskil of the <i>New York Daily News</i> that she met Oswald in the fall of 1963 at an Operation 40 <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Havana" title="Little Havana">Little Havana</a> section of Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lorenz, she met him again before the Kennedy assassination in 1963 in the house of Orlando Bosch, with Sturgis, Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz, and two other Cubans present.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She said the men studied Dallas street maps and that she suspected that they were planning on raiding an arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorenz stated that she joined the men traveling to Dallas in two cars and carrying "rifles and scopes", but flew back to Miami the day after they arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to her allegations, Sturgis said he did not recall ever meeting Oswald and reiterated his previous denials of being involved in a conspiracy to kill Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskil_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 31, 1977, Sturgis was arrested in Lorenz's apartment after Lorenz told police that Sturgis threatened her in an attempt to force her to change her testimony to federal investigators.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Steve_Dunleavy" title="Steve Dunleavy">Steve Dunleavy</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> shortly after he posted bail, Sturgis said that he believed communist agents had pressured Lorenz into making the accusations against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunleavy_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunleavy-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that week in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Criminal Court">Manhattan Criminal Court</a>, charges against Sturgis were dropped after the prosecutor told the judge that his office found no evidence of coercion or harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recapping the series of events, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Crouse" title="Timothy Crouse">Timothy Crouse</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> described Sturgis and Lorenz as "two of the most notoriously unreliable sources in America".<sup id="cite_ref-Crouse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_allegations:_Hunt's_"deathbed_confession""><span id="Posthumous_allegations:_Hunt.27s_.22deathbed_confession.22"></span>Posthumous allegations: Hunt's "deathbed confession"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Posthumous allegations: Hunt's "deathbed confession""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Hunt in 2007, John Hunt and David Hunt revealed that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hedegaard_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedegaard-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the April 5, 2007, issue of <i>Rolling Stone</i>, John Hunt detailed a number of individuals implicated by his father including Sturgis, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cord_Meyer" title="Cord Meyer">Cord Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_S%C3%A1nchez_Morales" title="David Sánchez Morales">David Sánchez Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Atlee_Phillips" title="David Atlee Phillips">David Atlee Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_King_Harvey" title="William King Harvey">William Harvey</a> and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll" who many presume was <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Sarti" title="Lucien Sarti">Lucien Sarti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedegaard_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedegaard-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAdams_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdams-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, <i>American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond</i>, to avoid possible perjury charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hunt's widow and other children, the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> said they examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal,_1980:_Camarate_Affair"><span id="Portugal.2C_1980:_Camarate_Affair"></span>Portugal, 1980: Camarate Affair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portugal, 1980: Camarate Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sturgis is also linked to the assassination, on December 4, 1980, of Portuguese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A1_Carneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Sá Carneiro">Francisco de Sá Carneiro</a> and 6 other people aboard a Cessna aircraft, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/1980_Camarate_air_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Camarate air crash">Camarate affair</a>. He was named by two of his alleged accomplices, Fernando Farinha Simões and José Esteves, in a written confession,<sup id="cite_ref-Carvalho_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carvalho-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the person who pressed the button of the detonator to activate the bomb on the plane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Sturgis traveled to <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to help rebels fighting the communist government, which was supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, and to teach guerrilla warfare. In 1981 he went to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> to train the US backed <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> who were fighting <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government, which was supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union; the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of El Salvador">Army of El Salvador</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honduras_death_squads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduras death squads (page does not exist)">Honduras death squads</a>. He made a second trip to Angola and trained rebels in the Angolan bush for <a href="/wiki/Holden_Roberto" title="Holden Roberto">Holden Roberto</a>. He interacted with Venezuelan terrorist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal" title="Carlos the Jackal">Carlos the Jackal</a>. In 1989 he visited <a href="/wiki/Yassir_Arafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yassir Arafat">Yassir Arafat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Arafat shared elements of his peace plan, and Sturgis was debriefed by the CIA on his return.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an obituary published December 5, 1993, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> quoted Sturgis' lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Rubin" title="Ellis Rubin">Ellis Rubin</a>, as saying that Sturgis died of cancer a week after he was admitted to a veterans' hospital in Miami, five days shy of his 69th birthday. It was reported that doctors diagnosed lung cancer that had spread to his kidneys, and that he was survived by a wife, Jan, and a daughter named Autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_December_5,_1993_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/05/obituaries/frank-a-sturgis-is-dead-at-68-a-burglar-in-the-watergate-affair.html">"Frank A. Sturgis, Is Dead at 68; A Burglar in the Watergate Affair"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. December 5, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409113832/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/05/obituaries/frank-a-sturgis-is-dead-at-68-a-burglar-in-the-watergate-affair.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+A.+Sturgis%2C+Is+Dead+at+68%3B+A+Burglar+in+the+Watergate+Affair&rft.date=1993-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F12%2F05%2Fobituaries%2Ffrank-a-sturgis-is-dead-at-68-a-burglar-in-the-watergate-affair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Cuba on My Mind: The Secret Lives of Watergate Burglar Frank Sturgis</i> (New York: A Forge Book, December 30, 2009, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch (2011). <i>Warrior</i>. New York: A Forge Book, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111914/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article07.html"><i>Behind Japanese Lines in Burma: The Stuff of Intelligence Legend (2001)</i></a>. Retrieved May 30, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Peers" title="William R. Peers">Peers, William R.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Brelis" title="Dean Brelis">Dean Brelis</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Burma_Road" title="Behind the Burma Road">Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America's Most Successful Guerrilla Force</a></i>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963, back cover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spartacus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spartacus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsturgis.htm">"Frank Fiorini (Sturgis)"</a>. Spartacus Educational. September 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317113258/http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsturgis.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Fiorini+%28Sturgis%29&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FJFKsturgis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Warrior</i> (New York: A Forge Book, May 2011), pp. 30–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 19 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_activities_within_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> report denied the suggestion that Sturgis took his present name from the Hunt character, or that the name change was associated in any way with Sturgis' knowing Hunt before 1971 or 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjelten2008" class="citation book cs1">Gjelten, Tom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BDH9FK6grMC&q=vilma+espin&pg=PA208"><i>Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: The Biography of a Cause</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670019786" title="Special:BookSources/9780670019786"><bdi>9780670019786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacardi+and+the+Long+Fight+for+Cuba%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Cause&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780670019786&rft.aulast=Gjelten&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BDH9FK6grMC%26q%3Dvilma%2Bespin%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Warrior</i> (New York: A Forge Book, May 2011), p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nsia-Hearing03-16-77Trafficante/nsia-Hearing03-16-77Trafficante/Hearing+Trafficante+28_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Hearing 03-16-77 Trafficante"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Hearing+03-16-77+Trafficante%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnsia-Hearing03-16-77Trafficante%2Fnsia-Hearing03-16-77Trafficante%2FHearing%2BTrafficante%2B28_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo2/jfk5/mcwill.htm">"TESTIMONY OF LEWIS McWILLIE, LAS VEGAS, NEV"</a>. <i>mcadams.posc.mu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122010620/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo2/jfk5/mcwill.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcadams.posc.mu.edu&rft.atitle=TESTIMONY+OF+LEWIS+McWILLIE%2C+LAS+VEGAS%2C+NEV.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Fruss%2Fjfkinfo2%2Fjfk5%2Fmcwill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riversong.wordpress.com/the-jack-ruby-connection/">"The Jack Ruby Connection"</a>. January 31, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101003009/https://riversong.wordpress.com/the-jack-ruby-connection/">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jack+Ruby+Connection&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friversong.wordpress.com%2Fthe-jack-ruby-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Warrior</i> (New York: A Forge Book, May 2011), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Warrior</i> (New York: A Forge Book, May 2011), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/Time-1-26-1959.pdf">Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001558/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/Time-1-26-1959.pdf">Archived</a> October 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch, <i>Warrior</i> (New York: A Forge Book, May 2011), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Fiorini-6-2-1959.pdf">Official document. Request</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826103724/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Fiorini-6-2-1959.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Fiorini-7-12-1959.pdf">Official document. Cuban revolt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826111020/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Fiorini-7-12-1959.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/03/marita-lorenz-fidel-castro-conspiracy-theories">"The Story of Marita Lorenz: Mistress, Mother, C.I.A. Informant, and Center of Swirling Conspiracy Theories"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. November 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605193147/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/03/marita-lorenz-fidel-castro-conspiracy-theories">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Marita+Lorenz%3A+Mistress%2C+Mother%2C+C.I.A.+Informant%2C+and+Center+of+Swirling+Conspiracy+Theories&rft.date=1993-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fculture%2F2016%2F03%2Fmarita-lorenz-fidel-castro-conspiracy-theories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2000" class="citation web cs1">Paterson, Tony (October 7, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/cuba/1369419/The-teenager-Castro-and-the-CIA-poison-plot.html">"The teenager, Castro and the CIA poison plot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093135/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/cuba/1369419/The-teenager-Castro-and-the-CIA-poison-plot.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+teenager%2C+Castro+and+the+CIA+poison+plot&rft.date=2000-10-07&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fcentralamericaandthecaribbean%2Fcuba%2F1369419%2FThe-teenager-Castro-and-the-CIA-poison-plot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1977" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Laurie (November 4, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/04/archives/police-studying-arrest-of-sturgis-who-denies-threatening-accuser.html">"Police Studying Arrest of Sturgis, Who Denies Threatening Accuser"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092821/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/04/archives/police-studying-arrest-of-sturgis-who-denies-threatening-accuser.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Police+Studying+Arrest+of+Sturgis%2C+Who+Denies+Threatening+Accuser&rft.date=1977-11-04&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Fpolice-studying-arrest-of-sturgis-who-denies-threatening-accuser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meskil-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meskil_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeskil1977" class="citation news cs1">Meskil, Paul (September 20, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lorenz%20Marita/Item%2011.pdf">"Ex-Spy Says She Drove To Dallas With Oswald & Kennedy 'Assassin Squad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. New York. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514013752/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lorenz%20Marita/Item%2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ex-Spy+Says+She+Drove+To+Dallas+With+Oswald+%26+Kennedy+%27Assassin+Squad%27&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1977-09-20&rft.aulast=Meskil&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWeisberg%2520Subject%2520Index%2520Files%2FL%2520Disk%2FLorenz%2520Marita%2FItem%252011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfk-online.com/lorenz.html">"JFK: Gaeton Fonzi on Marita Lorenz"</a>. <i>www.jfk-online.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127220230/https://www.jfk-online.com/lorenz.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jfk-online.com&rft.atitle=JFK%3A+Gaeton+Fonzi+on+Marita+Lorenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfk-online.com%2Florenz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Jr.-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jr._25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Jr.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Thomas_Smith_Jr." title="W. Thomas Smith Jr.">Smith, Jr., W. Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC&pg=PA104">"40, Operation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency"><i>Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency</i></a>. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438130187" title="Special:BookSources/9781438130187"><bdi>9781438130187</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203833/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=40%2C+Operation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781438130187&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=W.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Jc9wBsImOIC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Palm_Beach_Post;_May_11,_1961-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Palm_Beach_Post;_May_11,_1961_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1961" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bartlett_(journalist)" title="Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)">Bartlett, Charles</a> (May 11, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zfIiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1072%2C1852022">"Cuban Terror Unit Barred?"</a>. <i>The Palm Beach Post</i>. Palm Beach, Florida. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Cuban+Terror+Unit+Barred%3F&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1961-05-11&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DzfIiAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1072%252C1852022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hunt_sturgis.htm">Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829144724/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hunt_sturgis.htm">Archived</a> August 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-Appeal-1974.pdf">Appeal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826072924/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-Appeal-1974.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-DEA-1975.pdf">Letter to Judge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826082121/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-DEA-1975.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-Deposition-1978.pdf">Deposition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826080752/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-Deposition-1978.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Watergate/Watergate%20Items%2017131%20to%2017456/Watergate%2017132.pdf">Confessions of a Watergate Burglar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083835/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Watergate/Watergate%20Items%2017131%20to%2017456/Watergate%2017132.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> jfk.hood.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-CIA-denial-1975.pdf">CIA demial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826082957/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sturgis/Sturgis-CIA-denial-1975.pdf">Archived</a> August 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> latinamericanstudies.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_August_15,_1987-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_August_15,_1987_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/15/us/ehrlichman-seeks-a-pardon-for-watergate-crimes.html">"Ehrlichman Seeks a Pardon for Watergate Crimes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. AP. August 15, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524211653/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/15/us/ehrlichman-seeks-a-pardon-for-watergate-crimes.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ehrlichman+Seeks+a+Pardon+for+Watergate+Crimes&rft.date=1987-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F15%2Fus%2Fehrlichman-seeks-a-pardon-for-watergate-crimes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bugliosi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bugliosi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugliosi2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Bugliosi, Vincent</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reclaiminghistor00bugl/page/930"><i>Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reclaiminghistor00bugl/page/930">930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04525-3"><bdi>978-0-393-04525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+History%3A+The+Assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=930&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04525-3&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freclaiminghistor00bugl%2Fpage%2F930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007930_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBugliosi2007">Bugliosi 2007</a>, p. 930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007931_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBugliosi2007">Bugliosi 2007</a>, p. 931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weberman-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weberman_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebermanCanfield1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Weberman" title="A. J. Weberman">Weberman, Alan J</a>; Canfield, Michael (1992) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780932551108/page/7"><i>Coup D'Etat in America: The CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy</i></a> (Revised ed.). San Francisco: Quick American Archives. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780932551108/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932551108" title="Special:BookSources/9780932551108"><bdi>9780932551108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coup+D%27Etat+in+America%3A+The+CIA+and+the+Assassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Quick+American+Archives&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780932551108&rft.aulast=Weberman&rft.aufirst=Alan+J&rft.au=Canfield%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780932551108%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Magazines%20And%20Articles/Newsweek%2004-28-75/Item%2001.pdf">Dallas: new questions and answers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602171031/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Magazines%20And%20Articles/Newsweek%2004-28-75/Item%2001.pdf">Archived</a> June 2, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Newsweek, April 28, 1975, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCAUS-C19-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCAUS-C19_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?absPageId=71095">"Chapter 19: Allegations Concerning the Assassination of President Kennedy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=930&relPageId=1"><i>Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States</i></a>. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. June 1975. p. 251. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203756/https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=930#relPageId=3">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%3A+Allegations+Concerning+the+Assassination+of+President+Kennedy&rft.btitle=Report+to+the+President+by+Commission+on+CIA+Activities+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryferrell.org%2Fmffweb%2Farchive%2Fviewer%2FshowDoc.do%3FabsPageId%3D71095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975256-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975256_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975">Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975257-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975257_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_to_the_President_by_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_in_the_United_States,_Chapter_191975">Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCSA-IB-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCSA-IB_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCSA-IB_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport_of_the_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives,_Chapter_I,_Section_B1979" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html">"I.B. Scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy. Other scientific evidence does not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President. Scientific evidence negates some specific conspiracy allegations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/"><i>Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives</i></a>. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. pp. 91–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.B.+Scientific+acoustical+evidence+establishes+a+high+probability+that+two+gunmen+fired+at+President+John+F.+Kennedy.+Other+scientific+evidence+does+not+preclude+the+possibility+of+two+gunmen+firing+at+the+President.+Scientific+evidence+negates+some+specific+conspiracy+allegations&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Select+Committee+on+Assassinations+of+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Fselect-committee-report%2Fpart-1b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosi2007933_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBugliosi2007">Bugliosi 2007</a>, p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarasota_Herald-Tribune;_July_9,_1976_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19760708&id=7eQhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5545,3652347">"Sturgis Says He Gave Report Of Ruby Plotting With Castro"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>. Sarasota, Florida. UPI. July 9, 1976. p. 2E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203753/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19760708&id=7eQhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5545,3652347">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Sturgis+Says+He+Gave+Report+Of+Ruby+Plotting+With+Castro&rft.pages=2E&rft.date=1976-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1755%26dat%3D19760708%26id%3D7eQhAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5545%2C3652347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Journal-World;_July_10,_1976_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19760710&id=DyEyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6970,1402013">"Ex-operative says Ruby met with Castro"</a>. <i>Lawrence Journal-World</i>. Lawrence, Kansas. AP. July 10, 1976. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203835/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19760710&id=DyEyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6970,1402013">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World&rft.atitle=Ex-operative+says+Ruby+met+with+Castro&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1976-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2199%26dat%3D19760710%26id%3DDyEyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6970%2C1402013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaware_County_Daily_Times;_July_10,_1976-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delaware_County_Daily_Times;_July_10,_1976_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/19418265/">"Jack Ruby visited Castro"</a>. <i>Delaware County Daily Times</i>. Chester, Pennsylvania. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. July 10, 1976. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020215008/http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/19418265/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delaware+County+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Jack+Ruby+visited+Castro&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1976-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F19418265%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florence_Times_Tri-Cities_Daily;_July_10,_1976-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Florence_Times_Tri-Cities_Daily;_July_10,_1976_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19760708&id=yxosAAAAIBAJ&pg=4883,1722258">"Ruby's Brother Contradicts Story"</a>. <i>Florence Times Tri-Cities Daily</i>. Vol. 107, no. 190. Florence, Alabama. UPI. July 10, 1976. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203755/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19760708&id=yxosAAAAIBAJ&pg=4883,1722258">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florence+Times+Tri-Cities+Daily&rft.atitle=Ruby%27s+Brother+Contradicts+Story&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=190&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1976-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1842%26dat%3D19760708%26id%3DyxosAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4883%2C1722258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Victoria_Advocate;_July_12,_1976-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Victoria_Advocate;_July_12,_1976_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19760712&id=CBlZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6966,2057752">"Claim False; Brother of Ruby Says"</a>. <i>The Victoria Advocate</i>. Victoria, Texas. AP. July 12, 1976. p. 7A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Claim+False%3B+Brother+of+Ruby+Says&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1976-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D861%26dat%3D19760712%26id%3DCBlZAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6966%2C2057752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SMU Jones Film. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7-OBN6q0dk">"Bill O'Reilly Interviews Frank Sturgis 1977"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112230235/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7-OBN6q0dk">Archived</a> November 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (video interview). WFAA Collection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer-Reporter;_November_5,_1977_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19771105&id=5_ddAAAAIBAJ&pg=1220,803080">"Sturgis Charges Dropped"</a>. <i>Observer-Reporter</i>. Washington, Pennsylvania. AP. November 5, 1977. p. A-5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614203836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19771105&id=5_ddAAAAIBAJ&pg=1220,803080">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer-Reporter&rft.atitle=Sturgis+Charges+Dropped&rft.pages=A-5&rft.date=1977-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2519%26dat%3D19771105%26id%3D5_ddAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1220%2C803080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunleavy-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunleavy_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunleavy1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Dunleavy" title="Steve Dunleavy">Dunleavy, Steve</a> (November 3, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/S%20Disk/Sturgis%20Frank%20Fiorini/Item%2011.pdf">"Sturgis' Exclusive Story; Marita Pressured By Reds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Post</i>. New York. pp. 3, 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023734/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/S%20Disk/Sturgis%20Frank%20Fiorini/Item%2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Sturgis%27+Exclusive+Story%3B+Marita+Pressured+By+Reds&rft.pages=3%2C+14&rft.date=1977-11-03&rft.aulast=Dunleavy&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWeisberg%2520Subject%2520Index%2520Files%2FS%2520Disk%2FSturgis%2520Frank%2520Fiorini%2FItem%252011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouse-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouse_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouse1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Crouse" title="Timothy Crouse">Crouse, Timothy</a> (November 21, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19771121&id=_ABOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6366,3812556">"Crime and Punishment; Page One Hoax from a Cloak & Dagger Duo"</a>. <i>The Village Voice</i>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108200101/https://news.google.com/newspapers?dat=19771121&id=_ABOAAAAIBAJ&nid=1299&pg=6366%2C3812556">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Crime+and+Punishment%3B+Page+One+Hoax+from+a+Cloak+%26+Dagger+Duo&rft.date=1977-11-21&rft.aulast=Crouse&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1299%26dat%3D19771121%26id%3D_ABOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6366%2C3812556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Carol J. (March 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-mar-20-na-hunt20-story.html">"Watergate plotter may have a last tale"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Los Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714234227/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/20/nation/na-hunt20">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Watergate+plotter+may+have+a+last+tale&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-mar-20-na-hunt20-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedegaard-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hedegaard_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedegaard_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedegaard2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Hedegaard, Erik (April 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618150441/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/13893143/the_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt/1">"The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/13893143/the_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt/1">the original</a> on June 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Last+Confessions+of+E.+Howard+Hunt&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft.aulast=Hedegaard&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F13893143%2Fthe_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAdams-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAdams_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdams2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._McAdams" title="John C. McAdams">McAdams, John</a> (2011). "Too Much Evidence of Conspiracy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2OJeNytAOZkC"><i>JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy</i></a>. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597974899" title="Special:BookSources/9781597974899"><bdi>9781597974899</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Too+Much+Evidence+of+Conspiracy&rft.btitle=JFK+Assassination+Logic%3A+How+to+Think+About+Claims+of+Conspiracy&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781597974899&rft.aulast=McAdams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OJeNytAOZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carvalho-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carvalho_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2012" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Frederico Duarte (2012). <i>Camarate: Sá Carneiro e as armas para o Irão</i>. Lisbon: Editorial Planeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9896573430" title="Special:BookSources/978-9896573430"><bdi>978-9896573430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camarate%3A+S%C3%A1+Carneiro+e+as+armas+para+o+Ir%C3%A3o&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Editorial+Planeta&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9896573430&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Frederico+Duarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Sturgis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Hunt and Bob Risch (2011). <i>Warrior</i>. New York: A Forge Book, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Escalante, Fabián (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/FabianEscalanteSecretWarCubaCIA/Fabian%20Escalante%20Secret%20War%20Cuba%20CIA.pdf"><i>The Secret War: CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–62</i>.</a> Melbourne: Ocean Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875284869" title="Special:BookSources/1875284869">1875284869</a>. Translated by Maxine Shaw. Edited by Mirta Muñez.</li> <li>Hunt, Jim, and Bob Risch (2012). <i>Warrior: Frank Sturgis—The CIA's #1 Assassin-Spy, Who Nearly Killed Castro But Was Ambushed by Watergate </i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765328649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765328649">978-0765328649</a>.</li> <li>Othen, Christopher (2022). <i>The Men from Miami: American Rebels on Both Sides of Fidel Castro's Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/Biteback_Publishing" title="Biteback Publishing">Biteback Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785906862" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785906862">978-1785906862</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. (Jr.)</a> (1978). <a href="//archive.org/details/notesonrobertken00dani" class="extiw" title="iarchive:notesonrobertken00dani"><i>Robert Kennedy and His Times</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0233970851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0233970851">978-0233970851</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sturgis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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