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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 забон</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جماعة حيوية – арабӣ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои хуб"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosenoz" title="Biosenoz – озарбойҷонӣ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="озарбойҷонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біяцэноз – белорусӣ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяцэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – булғорӣ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="булғорӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – босниягӣ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – каталонӣ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Společenstvo – чехӣ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%B8nose" title="Biocønose – даниягӣ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biocønose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="даниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz%C3%B6nose" title="Biozönose – немисӣ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biozönose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis – Англисӣ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biocoenosis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Англисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenozo" title="Biocenozo – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biocenozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – испанӣ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biots%C3%B6noos" title="Biotsönoos – эстонӣ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi – баскӣ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biozenosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه زیستی – форсӣ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="форсӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6yhteis%C3%B6" title="Eliöyhteisö – финӣ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliöyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose – франсузӣ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biocénose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франсузӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – галисиягӣ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисиягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – хорватӣ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89letk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Életközösség – маҷорӣ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Életközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="маҷорӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ – арманӣ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арманӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoso" title="Biocenoso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biocenoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A9lag" title="Líffélag – исландӣ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – италиявӣ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиявӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოცენოზი – гурҷӣ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოცენოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гурҷӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – қазоқӣ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="қазоқӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – қирғизӣ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қирғизӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%97" title="Biocenozė – литвонӣ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoze" title="Biocenoze – латишӣ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biocenoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латишӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – мақдунӣ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="мақдунӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap – голландӣ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensgemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B2si" title="Biocenòsi – окситанӣ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biocenòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – лаҳистонӣ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="лаҳистонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – португалӣ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%83" title="Biocenoză – руминӣ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="руминӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – русӣ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B3za" title="Biocenóza – словакӣ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biocenóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – словенӣ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – албанӣ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – сербӣ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – тоторӣ" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="тоторӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біоценоз – украинӣ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotsenoz" title="Biotsenoz – ӯзбекӣ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ӯзбекӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_x%C3%A3_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Quần xã (sinh học) – ветнамӣ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần xã (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ветнамӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FoodWeb.svg/330px-FoodWeb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FoodWeb.svg/440px-FoodWeb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Биосеноз</b> (аз био… ва юн. koinos — умумӣ) — маҷмӯи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Организм">организмҳое</a>, ки дар муҳити шароиташ яксон ҳамроҳ зиндагӣ мекунанд (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Наботот">наботот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҳайвонот">ҳайвонот</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%C2%AD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D2%B3%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Микроорганизмҳо (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">микроорганизмҳо</a>). </p><p>Истилоҳи «биосеноз»-ро биологи олмонӣ К. Мёбиус (1877) кашф кардааст. Мафҳуми биосеноз олами зиндаи биогеотсенозро ифода менамояд. биосеноз ба фитотсеноз ва зоотсеноз ҷудо мешавад. Қисми зиндаи биосеноз бо қисми ғайризиндаи он ҳамеша дар алоқамандии моддию нерӯист. </p><p>Моддаҳои аввалини органикиро организмҳои автотрофӣ – рустаниҳои сабз дар ҷараёни фотосинтез ҳосил мекунанд. Ин гуна моддаҳоро дар ҷараёни реаксияҳои мубодилаи кимиёӣ (хемосинтез) баъзе микроорганизмҳо низ ба вуҷуд меоранд. Организмҳои гетеротрофӣ (ҳайвонот, занбӯруғ, баъзе бактерияву вирусҳо) моддаҳои органикиро дар рафти ғизогирӣ, нафаскашӣ, рушди тана ва ғ. дигаргун месозанд. Фаъолияти хоҷагии инсон метавонад биосенозро ба манфиати худ тағйир диҳад. Муносибати байни намудҳоеро, ки барои ду ва ё чанд намудҳои дигар шароити мусоид фароҳам меоранд, ёрии тарафайн меноманд. Масалан, рустаниҳое, ки бо ёрии ҳашарот гардолуд мешаванд, ба ҳашароте муҳтоҷанд, ки гарди як рустаниро ба рустании дигар бурда, боиси гардолудӣ мегарданд. Дар ҳолати дигар муносибати тарафайни намудҳо нисбат ба ҳам муқобиланд (мас., ҳамдигарро хӯрдани ҳайвонҳои даранда). Агар ду намуд аз шароити яксони муҳит ғизо гиранд ва ғизо тадриҷан кам гардад, он гоҳ муносибати байни намудҳо рақобати байни якдигар мешавад. Мас., рустаниҳо барои рӯшноӣ ва намакҳои минералии таркиби хок байни ҳам рақобат мекунанд, рустаниҳое, ки шоху пояашон инкишоф ёфтааст, рӯшноиро бештар гирифта, зуд месабзанд ва баръакс, рустаниҳое, ки дар зери сояи шоху барги онҳо мондаанд, нобуд мешаванд ё суст месабзанд. Дар байни ҳайвоноти даранда низ чунин рақобат вуҷуд дорад. Антибиози микробҳо низ яке аз шаклҳои ҳамин гуна рақобат аст. Мас., занбӯруғи пенитсиллиум ҳангоми дарёфти ғизо сабзишу афзоиши бисёр бактерияҳоро бозмедорад. Омӯзиши биосеноз аҳаммияти зиёд дорад. Мас., донистани қонунияти биосеноз ҳангоми ба шароити нав муқимӣ намудани ҳайвоноти серпашм, мубориза бо зараррасонҳои кишоварзӣ, истифодаи самарабахши замин, об ва ғ. муҳим аст. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эзоҳ"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B7.D0.BE.D2.B3"></span>Эзоҳ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Вироиши қисмат: Эзоҳ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Эзоҳ"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Адабиёт"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.91.D1.82"></span>Адабиёт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Вироиши қисмат: Адабиёт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Адабиёт"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Биологический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1986;</li> <li>Мамонтов С. Г., Захаров В. Б., Козлова Т. А. Биология. М., 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сарчашма"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.88.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Сарчашма</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Вироиши қисмат: Сарчашма" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Сарчашма"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFЭМТ2013">Биотсеноз // Асос — Боз. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Душанбе">Д</span>. : <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сарредаксияи илмии Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик">СИЭМТ</a>, 2013. — (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик">Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик</a> : <span class="nowrap">[<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232970">.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}@media(hover:none){.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText:not(.rt-commentedText){border-bottom:0;cursor:auto}}</style><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="То ҳол 11 ҷилд чоп шудааст, нашр идома дорад.">тахм. 25 ҷ.</span>]</span> / <span class="nowrap"> сармуҳаррир <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Нурмуҳаммад Амиршоҳӣ">Н. Амиршоҳӣ</a></span> ; 2011—2023, ҷ. 2). — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D2%B3%D0%BE/9789994733524" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-99947-33-52-4</a>.</span></li></ul> <p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Экосистема (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">Шаблон:Экосистема</a> </p><p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Ecology-stub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Ecology-stub (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">Шаблон:Ecology-stub</a> </p> <table style="background:none; text-align:left; padding:2px 0;" class="metadata"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81:P_biology.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шоҳпарак"><img alt="Шоҳпарак" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/48px-P_biology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/72px-P_biology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/P_biology.svg/96px-P_biology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Ин <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Википедиа:Мақолаи хурд">мақолаи хурд</a> дар бораи <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносӣ">зистшиносӣ</a> аст. 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