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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatisme" title="Sarmatisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sarmatisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарматызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сарматызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismus" title="Sarmatismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarmatismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismus" title="Sarmatismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarmatismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismo" title="Sarmatismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarmatismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سرمتی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرمتی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatisme" title="Sarmatisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarmatisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сæрмæтизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæрмæтизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismo" title="Sarmatismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarmatismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatisms" title="Sarmatisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarmatisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatizmas" title="Sarmatizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sarmatizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarmatizmus" title="Szarmatizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarmatizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatisme" title="Sarmatisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarmatisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="サルマティズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルマティズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatyzm" title="Sarmatyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarmatyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismo" title="Sarmatismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarmatismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarmatism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарматизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарматизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сарматизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сарматизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatismi" title="Sarmatismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarmatismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarmatism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatizm" title="Sarmatizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarmatizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарматизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарматизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="萨尔马提亚主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨尔马提亚主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1366558#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_(1652_1654-1710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg/200px-Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg/300px-Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg/400px-Stanislaw_Antoni_Szczuka_%281652_1654-1710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Antoni_Szczuka" title="Stanisław Antoni Szczuka">Stanisław Antoni Szczuka</a> in Sarmatian attire, wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">kontusz</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Sarmatii_1517_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png/220px-2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png/330px-2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png/440px-2_Sarmatii_1517_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>"<a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">Treatise</a> about two <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> Asian and European and about their composition"</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Miechowita" title="Maciej Miechowita">Maciej Miechowita</a> (1517)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karacena.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karacena.JPG/200px-Karacena.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karacena.JPG/300px-Karacena.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karacena.JPG/400px-Karacena.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Sarmatian-style <i>Karacena</i> armor</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sarmatism</b> (or <b>Sarmatianism</b>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Sarmatyzm</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Sarmatizmas</i>) was an ethno-cultural identity within the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrsar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the dominant <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque</a> culture and ideology of the nobility (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i></span>) that existed in times of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrsar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>", it formed a central aspect of the Commonwealth social elites’ culture and society. At its core was the unifying belief that the people of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth descended from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, the legendary invaders of contemporary Polish lands in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term and culture were reflected primarily in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a>'s memoirs<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the poems of <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Potocki" title="Wacław Potocki">Wacław Potocki</a>. The Polish gentry wore a long coat, called <i><a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">kontusz</a></i>, knee-high boots, and carried a <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szabla" title="Szabla">szabla</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a>), usually a <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Karabela" title="Karabela">karabela</a></i></span>. Moustaches were also popular, as well as decorative feathers in men's headgear. Poland's "Sarmatians" strove to achieve martial skill on horseback, believed in equality among themselves, and in invincibility in the face of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmatism lauded past victories of the Polish military, and required Polish noblemen to cultivate the tradition. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Sarmacja</i>) was a semi-legendary, poetic <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">name for Poland</a> that was fashionable into the 18th century, and which designated qualities associated with the literate citizenry of the vast Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sarmatism greatly affected the culture, lifestyle and ideology of the Polish nobility. It was unique for its cultural mix of Oriental, Western and native traditions. Criticized during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Enlightenment" title="Polish Enlightenment">Polish Enlightenment</a>, Sarmatism was rehabilitated by the generations that embraced <a href="/wiki/Polish_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Romanticism">Polish Romanticism</a>. Having survived the <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a> of Poland's "<a href="/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">Positivist</a>" period, Sarmatism made a comeback with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trilogy" title="The Trilogy">The Trilogy</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, Poland's first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureate</a> in literature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_origin_and_its_general_idea">Concept origin and its general idea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept origin and its general idea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Sarmatism</i> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> in his 15th century work on the history of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Długosz was also responsible for linking the Sarmatians to the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Poland">prehistory of Poland</a> and this idea was continued by other chroniclers and historians such as <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Orzechowski" title="Stanisław Orzechowski">Stanisław Orzechowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Bielski" title="Marcin Bielski">Marcin Bielski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kromer" title="Marcin Kromer">Marcin Kromer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Miechowita" title="Maciej Miechowita">Maciej Miechowita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miechowita's <i>Tractatus de Duabus Sarmatiis</i> became influential abroad, where for some time it was one of the most widely used reference works on the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea appeared due to the humanists' romantic admiration of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> and an attempt to return an outdated <a href="/wiki/Onomastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomastic">onomastics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrsar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> was considered to be territory of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> and consisted of Asian and European parts divided by the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrsar_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a geographical term, Sarmatia was always indistinct, but very stable.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrsar_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presumed ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, were a confederacy of predominantly <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> tribes living north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. In the 5th century BC Herodotus wrote that these tribes were descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>. The Sarmatians were infiltrated by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and others in the 2nd century AD, and may have had some strong and direct links to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of Polish descent from Sarmatians stuck and grew until most of those within the Commonwealth, and many abroad, believed that many Polish nobles were descendants of the Sarmatians (Sauromates).<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tradition came to surmise that the Sarmatians themselves were descended from <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/200px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/300px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/400px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, westernmost of the Iranic peoples.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some holding to <i>Sarmatism</i> tended to believe that their ancestors had conquered and enserfed the local Slavs and, like the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> in Bulgaria or <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who conquered Gaul (France), eventually adopted the local language. Such nobility might believe that they belonged (at least figuratively) to a different people than the Slavs whom they ruled. "Roman maps, fashioned during the Renaissance, had the name of <i>Sarmatia</i> written over most of the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thus 'justified' interest in 'Sarmatian roots'."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries later, modern scholarship discovered evidence showing that the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, a late Sarmatian people speaking an Iranian idiom, did invade Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe before the sixth century, and that these "Sarmatians evidently formed the area's ruling class, which was gradually Slavicized."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their direct political connection to Poland, however, would remain somewhat uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1970 publication <i>The Sarmatians</i> (in the series "Ancient Peoples and Places") <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Tadeusz Sulimirski</a> (1898–1983), an Anglo-Polish historian, archaeologist, and researcher on the ancient Sarmatians, discusses the abundant evidence of the ancient Sarmatian presence in Eastern Europe, e.g., the finds of various grave goods such as pottery, weapons, and jewelry. Possible ethnological and social influences on the Polish szlachta would include <a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">tamga</a>-inspired heraldry, social organization, military practices, and burial customs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarmatism was used to integrate the ethnically different Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobles into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and also elevated <a href="/wiki/Cossacks#Ukrainian_Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Ukrainian Cossacks</a> as part of this identity despite their non-noble status.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Karin_Friedrich" title="Karin Friedrich">Karin Friedrich</a> points out, from the writings of Commonwealth scholars <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hartknoch" title="Christoph Hartknoch">Christoph Hartknoch</a> and Thomas Clagius, that the German-speaking Protestant burghers of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> also identified themselves with the ideology of Sarmatism, in particular, with its values of liberty, which they contrasted with Swedish or Imperial (German) identities which they associated with tyranny. Hartknoch claimed that "one European Sarmatia, as one common mother, nurtured the Poles and Lithuanians and Prussians," while Clagius wrote of many nations "diverse in customs, but all by origin from [Sarmatia]."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poles tracing their descent to the Sarmatians was part of wider tendency evident all over Europe, of various peoples tracing their descent to an ancient people who had lived in their country in Roman times: the Dutch taking up the <a href="/wiki/Batavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavians">Batavians</a> as their forebears, the French—the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, the Portuguese—the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, the Scots—the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>, the Swiss—the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, the Romanians—the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, the Bulgarians—the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, the Albanians—the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, the Slovenes—the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, the Hungarians—the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sarmatism##" title="Talk:Sarmatism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sarmatian belief and customs became an important part of szlachta culture, penetrating all aspects of life. Sarmatism enshrined equality among all szlachta, and celebrated their life style and traditions, including horseback riding, provincial village life, peace and relative pacifism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg/225px-Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg/338px-Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg/450px-Silvestre_El%C5%BCbieta_Helena_Sieniawska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Politically influential <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Sieniawska" title="Elżbieta Sieniawska">Elżbieta Sieniawska</a>, in Sarmatist pose and male <i><a href="/wiki/Delia_(clothing)" title="Delia (clothing)">delia</a></i> coat</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarmatists strongly valued social and family ties.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were treated with honour and gallantry.<sup id="cite_ref-rethink_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rethink-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversation was one of the favourite preoccupations. Guests were always welcomed – relatives, friends, even strangers, especially from abroad. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was widely spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumptuous feasts with large amounts of alcohol were organised.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male quarrels and fighting during such events was quite common. At their parties the <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">polonaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">mazurka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberek" title="Oberek">oberek</a> were the most popular dances. Honour was of prime relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-rethink_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rethink-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage was described as 'deep friendship'. Men often travelled a lot (to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">Sejmiki</a>, indulgences, law courts, or common movements). Women stayed at home and took care of the property, livestock and children. Girls and boys were brought up separately, either in the company of women or men. Suing, even for relatively irrelevant matters, was common,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in most cases a compromise was reached. </p><p>Funeral ceremonies in Sarmatist Poland were very elaborate, with some distinctive features compared to other parts of Europe. They were carefully planned events, full of ceremony and splendour. Elaborate preparations were made in the period between a nobleman's death and his funeral, which employed a large number of craftsmen, architects, decorators, servants and cooks. Sometimes many months passed before all the preparations were completed. Before the burial, the coffin with the corpse was placed in a church amid the elaborate architecture of the <i><a href="/wiki/Castrum_doloris" title="Castrum doloris">castrum doloris</a></i> ("castle of mourning"). <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic shield">Heraldic shields</a>, which were placed on the sides of the coffin, and a tin sheet with an epitaph served a supplementary role and provided information about the deceased person. Religious celebrations were usually preceded by a procession which ended in the church. It was led by a horseman who played the role of the deceased nobleman and wore his armour. This horseman would enter the church and fall off his horse with a tremendous bang and clank, showing in this way the triumph of death over earthly might and knightly valour. Some funeral ceremonies lasted for as long as four days, ending with a wake which had little to do with the seriousness of the situation, and could easily turn into sheer revelry. Occasionally an army of clergy took part in the burial (in the 18th century, 10 <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, 60 canons and 1705 <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> took part in the funeral of one Polish nobleman).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion">Fashion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Polish nobles felt that their supposed Sarmatian ancestors were a Turkic people and accordingly viewed their Turkish and Tatar enemies as peers, albeit ones who were unredeemed because they were not Christians. During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> era in Poland, the art and furnishings of the Persians and the Chinese, as well as the Ottomans, were admired and displayed in separate chambers or rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarmatism popularised Ottoman-styled clothing and attire for men, such as the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBupan" title="Żupan">żupan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">kontusz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukmana" title="Sukmana">sukmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pas_kontuszowy" title="Pas kontuszowy">pas kontuszowy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delia_(clothing)" title="Delia (clothing)">delia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Szabla" title="Szabla">szabla</a>. Thereby, it served to integrate the multiethnic nobility by creating an almost <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's political <a href="/wiki/Golden_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Freedoms">Golden Freedoms</a>. It also differentiated the Polish szlachta from nobility in Western Europe. </p><p>In accordance with their views on their supposed Turkic origins,<sup id="cite_ref-turkism_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkism-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmatists' costume stood out from that worn by the noblemen of other European countries, and had its roots in <a href="/wiki/The_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orient">the Orient</a>. It was long, dignified, rich and colourful. One of its most characteristic elements was the <a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">kontusz</a>, which was worn with the decorative <a href="/wiki/Pas_kontuszowy" title="Pas kontuszowy">kontusz belt</a>. Underneath, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBupan" title="Żupan">żupan</a> was worn, and over the żupan the <a href="/wiki/Delia_(clothing)" title="Delia (clothing)">delia</a>. Clothes for the mightiest families were <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">scarlet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sharovary" title="Sharovary">szarawary</a> were typical lower-body clothing, and the <a href="/wiki/Calpack" class="mw-redirect" title="Calpack">calpac</a>, decorated with heron's feathers, was worn on the head. French fashions, however, also contributed to the Sarmatian look in Polish attire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The żupan was derived from the Turkish long garment dżubbah, the outer garment Kontusz from the Turkish kontosz, the Kołpak, a hat with a brooch, came from the Turkish kalpak and the high leather boots Baczmagi was derived from the Turkish Baczmak. The oriental-patterned Kontusz sash, which originally had to be imported from the Ottomans and Persia, became the most distinctive element of 17th century Polish clothing. Noblemen always wore a curved sabre, which was based on Ottoman-style sabres, while military commanders carried a baton or mace with a turquoise-encrusted gold or silver head (bulawa or buzdygan, based on the Turkish bozdogan), which was considered lucky in the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_thought_and_institutions">Political thought and institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political thought and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Freedom">Golden Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajducy.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hajducy.PNG/220px-Hajducy.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hajducy.PNG/330px-Hajducy.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hajducy.PNG/440px-Hajducy.PNG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Polish nobleman and two <a href="/wiki/Hajduk_(Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth)" title="Hajduk (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)">hajduk</a> guards.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_(165375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg/170px-Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg/255px-Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg/340px-Konstanty_Aleksandrowicz_-_Portrait_of_Karol_Stanislaw_Radziwill_-_MNK_I-220_%28165375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karol_Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Panie_Kochanku%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł">Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł</a>, the most prominent nobleman of his times and a representative of Sarmatism.</figcaption></figure> <p>Adherents of Sarmatism acknowledged the vital importance of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> since it was considered an oasis of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a> for Polish nobility, otherwise surrounded by antagonistic realms with <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> governments. They also viewed Poland as the bulwark of true <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, almost surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Ottoman Empire, and by the errant Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Russians and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Germans and Swedes. </p><p>What contemporary Polish historians consider to be one of the most essential features of this tradition is not Sarmatist ideology, but the manner in which the <i><a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">Rzeczpospolita</a></i> was governed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The democratic concepts of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-government</a> and elective offices constituted an inseparable part of Sarmatism. Yet it was democracy only for the few. The king, though elected, still held the central position in the state, but his power was limited by various <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legal acts</a> and requirements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, only the nobles were given political rights, namely the vote in the <a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">Sejmik</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>. Every <i>poseł</i> (or member of the Sejm), had the right to exercise a so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">liberum veto</a></i>, which could block the passage of a proposed new resolution or law. Finally, in the event that the king failed to abide by the laws of the state, or tried to limit or question nobles' privileges, they had the right to refuse the king's commands, and to oppose him by force of arms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although thus avoiding <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> rule, unfortunately the central state power became precarious, and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> of the <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> was regarded by the nobility as the best in the world, and the Polish Sejm as (factually<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the oldest. The system was frequently compared to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican Rome</a> and to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> – though each of these eventually surrendered to imperial rule or to <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a> were considered to be the foundation of the system. Every attempt to infringe on these laws was treated as a great crime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yet despite fruits of <i>golden age</i> Poland and the Sarmatist culture, the country would enter a period of national decline; it brought in a narrow cultural conformity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, a crippling political anarchy came to reign, due to cynical use of the <a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">free veto</a> by individual <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or to the acts of unpatriotic kings.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late eighteenth century, the woeful state of the polity resulted in the three <a href="/wiki/Polish_Partitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Partitions">Polish Partitions</a> by neighboring military powers. </p> <blockquote><p>"Was the Sarmatian way of life worth preserving? Some aspects of it, no doubt. But because the gentry insisted on jealously guarding its privileges, preventing their extension to other social groups, it doomed the structure of the Commonwealth to atrophy and to the revenge of the lower orders. ... Sarmatism was an ideological shield against the historical realities which contradicted it at every turn."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since its original popularity among the former szlachta, Sarmatism itself went into political decline. It has since seen revision and revival, followed by eclipse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg/260px-Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg/390px-Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg/520px-Akt_Konfederacji_Warszawskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Original act of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> 1573, the second act of religious freedom in Europe, after the 1568 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Torda" title="Edict of Torda">Edict of Torda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"Certainly, the wording and substance of the declaration of the Confederation of Warsaw of 28 January 1573 were extraordinary with regard to prevailing conditions elsewhere in Europe, and they governed the principles of religious life in the Republic for over two hundred years" – <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland has a long tradition of religious freedom. The right to worship freely was a basic right given to all inhabitants of the Commonwealth throughout the 15th and early 16th centuries, and complete freedom of religion was officially recognized in Poland in 1573 during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a>. Poland maintained its religious freedom laws during an era when religious persecution was an everyday occurrence in the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commonwealth of Poland was a place where the most radical religious sects, trying to escape persecution in other countries of the Christian world, sought refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-portal.unesco.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portal.unesco.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"This country became a place of shelter for heretics" – <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Hosius" title="Stanislaus Hosius">Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius</a>, papal legate to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-portal.unesco.org_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portal.unesco.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the sphere of religion, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> was the dominant faith and heavily emphasized because it was seen as differentiating the Polish Sarmatists from their Turkish and Tatar peers. Providence and the grace of God were often emphasized. All earthly matters were perceived as a means to a final goal – Heaven. Penance was stressed as a means of saving oneself from eternal punishment. It was believed that God watches over everything and everything has its meaning. People willingly took part in religious life: <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>. Special devotion was paid to <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Saint Mary</a>, the saints and the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a>. </p><p>Muslim Tatar nobles within the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were also integrated into the same Sarmatian ideology but with a different pedigree; they were seen as parts of the Sarmatian 'nation' but rather than being descended from Sarmatians, they were regarded as descendants of the related Scythians, another ancient steppe warrior culture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarmatist_art_and_writings">Sarmatist art and writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sarmatist art and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg/250px-Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg/375px-Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg/500px-Polonez_Pod_Go%C5%82ym_Niebem_-_Korneli_Szlegel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Poles dance the <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">Polonaise</a> (painting by Kornelli Szlegel)</figcaption></figure> <p>Art was treated by Sarmatists as propagandistic in function: its role was to immortalise a good name for the family, extolling the virtues of ancestors and their great deeds. Consequently, personal or family portraits were in great demand. Their characteristic features were <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, variety of colour and rich symbolism (<a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>, military accessories). People were usually depicted against a subdued, dark background, in a three-quarter view. </p><p>Sarmatist culture was portrayed especially by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Potocki" title="Wacław Potocki">Wacław Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wespazjan_Kochowski" title="Wespazjan Kochowski">Wespazjan Kochowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Zbylitowski" title="Andrzej Zbylitowski">Andrzej Zbylitowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Morsztyn" title="Hieronim Morsztyn">Hieronim Morsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Andrzej_Morsztyn" title="Jan Andrzej Morsztyn">Jan Andrzej Morsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Naborowski" title="Daniel Naborowski">Daniel Naborowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Ludwik_Decjusz" title="Justus Ludwik Decjusz">Justus Ludwik Decjusz</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was very popular and often mixed with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macaronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronic">macaronic</a> writings and in speech. Knowing at least some Latin was an obligation for any <i>szlachcic</i>. </p><p>In the 19th century the Sarmatist culture of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was portrayed and popularised by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ogniem_i_Mieczem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogniem i Mieczem">Ogniem i Mieczem</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(novel)" title="The Deluge (novel)">Potop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Wolodyjowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Wolodyjowski">Pan Wolodyjowski</a></i>). In the 20th century, Sienkiewicz's trilogy was filmed, and Sarmatist culture became the subject of many modern books (by <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Komuda" title="Jacek Komuda">Jacek Komuda</a> and others), songs (like that of <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Kaczmarski" title="Jacek Kaczmarski">Jacek Kaczmarski</a>) and even <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">role-playing games</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dzikie_Pola_(role-playing_game)" title="Dzikie Pola (role-playing game)">Dzikie Pola</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg/200px-Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg/300px-Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg/400px-Coffin_portrait_of_Barbara_Lubomirska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Coffin portrait of <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lubomirska_(17th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Lubomirska (17th century)">Barbara Lubomirska</a>, 1676.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most distinctive art forms of the Sarmatists were the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_portrait" title="Coffin portrait">coffin portraits</a>, a form of portraiture characteristic of Polish Baroque painting, not to be found anywhere else in Europe. The octagonal or hexagonal portraits were fixed to the headpiece of the coffin so that the deceased person, being a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> with an immortal soul, was always represented as alive and capable of holding a dialogue with mourners during lavish funeral celebrations. Such portraits were props which evoked the illusion of the dead person's presence, and also a ritual medium that provided a link between the living and those departing for eternity. The few surviving portraits, often painted during a person's lifetime, are a dependable source of information about 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish nobility</a>. The dead were depicted either in their official clothes or in travelling garb, since death was believed to be a journey into the unknown. The oldest known coffin portrait in Poland is that depicting <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a>, dating from the end of the 16th century. </p><p>Many of the szlachta residences were provincial mansions, with a <a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">mansard roof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous palaces and churches were built in Sarmatist Poland. There was a trend towards native architectural solutions which were characterised by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic forms</a> and unique <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> ornamentation of vaults. <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Gravestones</a> and epitaphs were erected in churches for those who had rendered considerable services for the <a href="/wiki/Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherland">motherland</a>. Tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Dw%C3%B3r_(manor_house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwór (manor house)">manor houses</a> were built across the Commonwealth. At the entrance there was a porch or a <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a>. The central place where visitors were received was a large entrance hall. In the manor house there was an intimate part for women, and a more public one for men. Manor houses often had corner annexes. Walls were adorned with portraits of ancestors, mementos and spoils. Few of the manor houses from the Old Polish period have survived, but their tradition was continued in the 19th and 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hairstyle_and_moustache">Hairstyle and moustache</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hairstyle and moustache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg/220px-Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg/330px-Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg/440px-Ostatni_z_Nieczuj%C3%B3w_na_pielgrzymce-Juliusz_Kossak_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Pilgrimage of the Last of Nieczujas, 1887. The nobleman has the characteristic <i><a href="/wiki/Czupryna" title="Czupryna">czupryna</a></i> haircut</figcaption></figure> <p>The writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej" title="Mikołaj Rej">Mikołaj Rej</a> (Nicholas Rey) recounts that "some people shave their beards and wear a moustache, some trim their beards in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> style, others trim in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> style. There is also a difference around the moustache, some men are stroking it down, other men are brushing up. The nobility of the Sarmatian era did not have a beard and instead preferred a moustache, which became an indispensable attribute of a knightly face. Those who wore beards were said to be German". <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> shaved their heads around, leaving a high tuft of hair above their forehead. This tuft was reportedly introduced in Poland by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_%C5%81aszcz" title="Samuel Łaszcz">Samuel Łaszcz</a>, who was the first to wear such a hairstyle. Only elderly senators had to wear a sumptuous beard, which was an expression of their high dignity or wisdom, as was the case in most European countries. The hairstyles and facial hair of the Polish nobility were also explicitly described by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Commendone" title="Giovanni Francesco Commendone">Giovanni Francesco Commendone</a> who wrote that "some Poles have their heads shaved, others have clean-cut hair, many have hair, some have long beards, others are shaved apart from moustaches.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish Sarmatian custom of <a href="/wiki/Czupryna" title="Czupryna">shaving their heads except for a small wisp of hair on the scalp</a> was derived from Turkic-Tatar custom.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary Polish, the word "Sarmatian" (Polish: <i>Sarmata</i>- when used as noun, <i>sarmacki</i>- when used as adjective) is a form of ironic self-identification, and is sometimes used as a synonym for the Polish character. </p><p>A scholarly journal on Poland, central and eastern Europe, was launched by Polish-Americans, published at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> and called the <i><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuanians and Ruthenians living within the Commonwealth also adopted certain aspects of Sarmatism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Lithuanian historians of that time claimed that their people were descended from Scythians who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, which had become the home of their pagan high priest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarmatism, which evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Renaissance">Polish Renaissance</a> and entrenched itself during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish baroque">Polish baroque</a>, found itself opposed to the ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Enlightenment" title="Polish Enlightenment">Polish Enlightenment</a>. By the late 18th century the word 'Sarmatism' had gained negative associations<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the concept was frequently criticized and ridiculed in political publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(Polish_newspaper)" title="Monitor (Polish newspaper)">Monitor</a></i>, where it became a synonym for uneducated and unenlightened ideas and a derogatory term for those who opposed the reforms of the 'progressives' such as the king, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideology of Sarmatism became a target for ridicule, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Zab%C5%82ocki" title="Franciszek Zabłocki">Franciszek Zabłocki</a>'s play "Sarmatism" (<i>Sarmatyzm</i>, 1785).<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a certain degree the process was reversed during the period of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Romanticism">Polish Romanticism</a>, when after the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> memory of the old <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a> rehabilitated old traditions to a certain extent.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, when the genre of <i><a href="/wiki/Gaw%C4%99da_szlachecka" title="Gawęda szlachecka">gawęda szlachecka</a></i> ("a nobleman's tale"), shaped by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Rzewuski" title="Henryk Rzewuski">Henryk Rzewuski</a>, gained popularity, Sarmatism was often portrayed positively in literature.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such treatment of the concept can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland#Messianism" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish messianism</a> and in works of great Polish poets like <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Zygmunt Krasiński</a>, as well as writers (<a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> and his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trilogy" title="The Trilogy">Trylogia</a></i>), as well as others.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This close connection between Polish Romanticism and Polish history became one of the defining qualities of this literary period, differentiating it from other contemporary literature, which did not suffer from a lack of national statehood as was the case with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth#Culture" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth § Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta#Szlachta_culture" title="Szlachta">Szlachta § Szlachta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Cossack_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Cossack ancestry">Khazarism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ukrsar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ukrsar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukrsar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukrsar_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukrsar_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukrsar_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kresin, O. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130854/http://www.ukrhistory.narod.ru/texts/kresin-2.htm">Sarmatism Ukrainian</a></i>. Ukrainian History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Tadeusz Sulimirski</a>, <i>The Sarmatians</i> (New York: Praeger Publishers 1970) at 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. M. Barford, <i>The Early Slavs</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University 2001) at 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pamiętniki Jana Chryzostoma Paska</i> [1690s] (Poznan 1836), translated by C. S. Leach as <i>Memoirs of the Polish Baroque. The Writings of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a></i> (University of California 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>, <i>Landscape and Memory</i> Vintage, New York, 1995:38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarmatian_review-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarmatian_review_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrzej Wasko, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/497/wasko.html">Sarmatism or the Enlightenment</a>: The Dilemma of Polish Culture, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a></i> XVII.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Sulimirski, <i>The Sarmatians</i> (New York: Praeger 1970) at 166–167, 194, 196 (Sarmatian-Polish links). See below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Colin Kidd</a>, <i>British Identities before Nationalism; Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800,</i> Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, <i>Poland. An illustrated history</i> (New York: Hippocrene 2003) at 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Sulimirski, <i>The Sarmatians</i> (1970) at 26, 196. Sulimirski (at 196n11, 212) footnotes to G. Vernadsky and others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., <a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">George Vernadsky</a>, <i>Ancient Russia</i> (New Haven: Yale University 1943) at 78–90, 129–137. "[T]he <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> struck deeper roots in Russia, and entered into closer cooperation with the natives—especially with the Slavs—than any other migratory tribe. It was, as we know, by the Alanic clans that the Slavic tribes of the Antes were organized." Vernadsky (1943) at 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Sulimirski, <i>The Sarmatians</i> (1970) at 151–155 (<a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">Tamghas</a>); at 166–167 (pottery, spear heads, other grave goods; tamgha-inspired heraldry), at 194–196 (jewelry, tribal authority).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhy2001" class="citation book cs1">Serhii Plokhy (2001). <i>The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191554438" title="Special:BookSources/9780191554438"><bdi>9780191554438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cossacks+and+Religion+in+Early+Modern+Ukraine&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191554438&rft.au=Serhii+Plokhy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarin_Friedrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Karin Friedrich (2006). <i>The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027755" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027755"><bdi>9780521027755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Prussia%3A+Royal+Prussia%2C+Poland+and+Liberty%2C+1569-1772&rft.pages=103-106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027755&rft.au=Karin+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth A. Drummond <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=8473">Review of the book by Karin Friedrich, <i>The Other Prussia</i></a>, December, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> resisted and vetoed most royal proposals for war; for some examples and discussion, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. <i>The northern wars: war, state and society in northeastern Europe, 1558–1721</i>. Harlow, England; New York: Longman's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+northern+wars%3A+war%2C+state+and+society+in+northeastern+Europe%2C+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longman%27s&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span> 2000. Especially Pp. 9–11, 114, 181, 323. See also <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">democratic peace theory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongina_Jakubowska2016" class="citation book cs1">Longina Jakubowska (2016). <i>Patrons of History: Nobility, Capital and Political Transitions in Poland</i>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317083115" title="Special:BookSources/9781317083115"><bdi>9781317083115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrons+of+History%3A+Nobility%2C+Capital+and+Political+Transitions+in+Poland&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317083115&rft.au=Longina+Jakubowska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rethink-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rethink_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rethink_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergey_V._Lebedev,_Makhsat_A._Alpysbes,_Danara_S._Yergaliyeva,_Galina_N._Lebedeva,_Serhii_F._Pyvovar,_Anton_V._Naboka,_Oleh_Samoilenko2021" class="citation book cs1">Sergey V. Lebedev, Makhsat A. Alpysbes, Danara S. Yergaliyeva, Galina N. Lebedeva, Serhii F. Pyvovar, Anton V. Naboka, Oleh Samoilenko (2021). <i>Rethinking of history: conflict of facts and hypotheses: Collection of Scientific Articles. European Scientific e-Journal, 7 (13)</i>. Anisiia Tomanek OSVČ. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788090835313" title="Special:BookSources/9788090835313"><bdi>9788090835313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+of+history%3A+conflict+of+facts+and+hypotheses%3A+Collection+of+Scientific+Articles.+European+Scientific+e-Journal%2C+7+%2813%29&rft.pages=18-20&rft.pub=Anisiia+Tomanek+OSV%C4%8C&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788090835313&rft.au=Sergey+V.+Lebedev%2C+Makhsat+A.+Alpysbes%2C+Danara+S.+Yergaliyeva%2C+Galina+N.+Lebedeva%2C+Serhii+F.+Pyvovar%2C+Anton+V.+Naboka%2C+Oleh+Samoilenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Z._Stone2014" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Z. Stone (2014). <i>The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295803623" title="Special:BookSources/9780295803623"><bdi>9780295803623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+State%2C+1386-1795&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780295803623&rft.au=Daniel+Z.+Stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Hailwood,_Deborah_Toner2015" class="citation book cs1">Mark Hailwood, Deborah Toner (2015). <i>Biographies of Drink: A Case Study Approach to our Historical Relationship with Alcohol</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 153–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443875035" title="Special:BookSources/9781443875035"><bdi>9781443875035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Drink%3A+A+Case+Study+Approach+to+our+Historical+Relationship+with+Alcohol&rft.pages=153-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781443875035&rft.au=Mark+Hailwood%2C+Deborah+Toner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzeslaw_Milosz1983" class="citation book cs1">Czeslaw Milosz (1983). <i>The History of Polish Literature</i> (illustrated, Updated ed.). University of California Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520044777" title="Special:BookSources/9780520044777"><bdi>9780520044777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Polish+Literature&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+Updated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520044777&rft.au=Czeslaw+Milosz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Zamoyski, <i>The Polish Way</i> (New York: Hippocrene 1987) at 163–164 (Black Sea frontier), 187 (1683 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>), 196 (weapons, tactics, insignia); at 198 (the Baroque arts).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkism-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turkism_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan D.Y. Shapira. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/1980138237_shapira.pdf">"Turkism", Polish Sarmatism and Jewish Szlachta Some reflections on a cultural context of the Polish-Lithuanian Karaites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320193215/http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/1980138237_shapira.pdf">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Karadeniz Arastirmalari</i> pp. 29–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. S. Leach, "Introduction" at xliii–xliv, in <i>Memoirs of the Polish Baroque</i> (Berkeley: University of California 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_MILEWSKA-WAŹBIŃSKA2019" class="citation journal cs1">Barbara MILEWSKA-WAŹBIŃSKA (2019). "The Attitude towards the Turks in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Reign of Jan III Sobieski". <i>Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Attitude+towards+the+Turks+in+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+under+the+Reign+of+Jan+III+Sobieski&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=221&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Barbara+MILEWSKA-WA%C5%B9BI%C5%83SKA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the urgent reforms then required in Poland were "a stable government, well ordered finances, and an army comparable with that of her neighbors." Oscar Halecki, <i>A History of Poland</i> (New York: Roy 1942; 9th ed., New York: David McKay 1976) at 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Halecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Halecki">Oscar Halecki</a>, <i>A History of Poland</i> (New York: Roy 1942; 9th ed., New York: David McKay 1976) at 183–184 (Protestant disabilities).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>A History of Poland. Volume I. The Origins to 1795</i> (New York: Columbia University 1984) at 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Jasienica, <i>The Commonwealth of Both Nations</i> (New York: Hippocrene 1987) at 335, 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine S. Leach, "Introduction" xxvii–lxiv, at xlvii, in <i>Memoirs of the Polish Baroque. The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, a Squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania</i> (Berkeley: University of California 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>God's Playground. A History of Poland</i>, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925339-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925339-0">0-19-925339-0</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4">0-19-925340-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamoyski, Adam. The Polish Way. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portal.unesco.org-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portal.unesco.org_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-portal.unesco.org_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805041322/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23126&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"The Confederation of Warsaw of 28th of January 1573"</a>. <i>portal.unesco.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23126&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=The+Confederation+of+Warsaw+of+28th+of+January+1573&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fci%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D23126%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Połczyński2015" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Połczyński (2015). "Seljuks on the Baltic: Polish-Lithuanian Muslim Pilgrims in the Court of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman I". <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>19</b>: 1–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Seljuks+on+the+Baltic%3A+Polish-Lithuanian+Muslim+Pilgrims+in+the+Court+of+Ottoman+Sultan+S%C3%BCleyman+I&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Michael+Po%C5%82czy%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Houses_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses in Poland">houses in Poland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustKleinWeller2019" class="citation book cs1">Aust, Cornelia; Klein, Denise; Weller, Thomas (2019). <i>European History Yearbook</i>. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110632040" title="Special:BookSources/9783110632040"><bdi>9783110632040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+History+Yearbook&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783110632040&rft.aulast=Aust&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=Klein%2C+Denise&rft.au=Weller%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Prazmowska2017" class="citation book cs1">Anita Prazmowska (2017). <i>A History of Poland</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230344129" title="Special:BookSources/9780230344129"><bdi>9780230344129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780230344129&rft.au=Anita+Prazmowska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrice_M._Dabrowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Patrice M. Dabrowski (2014). <i>Poland: The First Thousand Years</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. 186–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501757402" title="Special:BookSources/9781501757402"><bdi>9781501757402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=186-7&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781501757402&rft.au=Patrice+M.+Dabrowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKresin2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kresin, Aleksei (7 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zarusskiy.org/history/2008/07/07/13299/">"Украинский сарматизм"</a> [Ukrainian Sarmatism]. <i>Zarusskiy.Org</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>САРМАТИЗМ УКРАИНСКИЙ – концепция происхождения украинцев от сарматов.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zarusskiy.Org&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.aulast=Kresin&rft.aufirst=Aleksei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzarusskiy.org%2Fhistory%2F2008%2F07%2F07%2F13299%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarmatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Friedrich, Karin, <i>The other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and liberty, 1569–1772,</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tadeusz Sulimirski, "The Sarmatians (Ancient peoples and places)", Thames and Hudson, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02071-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02071-X">0-500-02071-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/">The Sarmatian Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/497/wasko.html">Sarmatism or the Enlightenment – The Dilemma of Polish Culture by Andrzej Wasko, Sarmatian Review, April 1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3100623037/pravaporgbela-21?ref_quid=sr_2_25_1">Martin Pollack. Sarmatische Landschaften: Nachrichten aus Litauen, Belarus, der Ukraine, Polen und Deutschland</a> (a book of short stories with modern views on Sarmatia, published in 2006 in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/sarmatism_and_european_culture.html">Sarmatism and European Culture</a> at the Wilanów Palace Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/the_foundations_of_sarmatism_aurea_libertas_and_mores_maiorum.html">The Foundations of Sarmatism. Aurea Libertas and Mores Maiorum</a> at the Wilanów Palace Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/the-elegant-downfall-of-the-polish-sarmatians">The Elegant Downfall of the Polish Sarmatians</a> by Wojciech Zembaty on Culture.pl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/the-original-sarmatians-the-men-who-fought-attila-the-hun">The Original Sarmatians: The Men Who Fought Attila the Hun</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_heraldry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Template:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_heraldry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_heraldry" title="Polish heraldry">Polish heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/75px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/113px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/150px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Coat of arms of Białystok">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Bydgoszcz (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Coat of arms of Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Gdynia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Gdynia (page does not exist)">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Coat of arms of Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Katowice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Katowice (page does not exist)">Katowice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_and_flag_of_Kielce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms and flag of Kielce (page does not exist)">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lublin" title="Coat of arms of Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Łódź">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Opole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Opole (page does not exist)">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Olsztyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Olsztyn (page does not exist)">Olsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Coat of arms of Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_and_flag_of_Rzesz%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms and flag of Rzeszów (page does not exist)">Rzeszów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Sopot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Sopot (page does not exist)">Sopot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Szczecin" title="Coat of arms of Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Toruń (page does not exist)">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Zielona Góra (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Poland" title="Armorial of Poland">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Świętokrzyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_August%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Augustów Voivodeship">Augustów Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of the Chełmno Voivodeship (page does not exist)">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Central Lithuania">Central Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Congress_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Dragon">Duchy of Czersk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kalisz_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship (page does not exist)">Kalisz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kashubia" title="Coat of arms of Kashubia">Kashubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kociewie" title="Coat of arms of Kociewie">Kociewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sandomierz_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Sandomierz Voivodeship">Sandomierz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pomerania" title="Coat of arms of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia" title="Coat of arms of Prussia">Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noble<br />heraldry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_clan" title="Heraldic clan">Heraldic clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_adoption" title="Heraldic adoption">Heraldic adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indygenat" title="Indygenat">Indygenat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_of_Nobility" title="Test of Nobility">Test of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skartabellat" title="Skartabellat">Skartabellat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Polish_nobility" title="Armorial of Polish nobility">Armorial of Polish nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_coats_of_arms" title="Category:Polish coats of arms">Polish coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_heraldists" title="Category:Polish heraldists">Polish heraldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Szlachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_titled_nobility" title="List of Polish titled nobility">List of Polish titled nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_landed_gentry" title="Polish landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_names" title="Polish names">Polish names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political 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