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For the Australian cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Frank_Thorn_(cricketer)" title="Frank Thorn (cricketer)">Frank Thorn (cricketer)</a>. For the American actress, see <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Thorn" title="Frankie Thorn">Frankie Thorn</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Frank Manly Thorn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg/220px-Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg/330px-Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg/440px-Frank_Thorn_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">Superintendent,<br />U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 1, 1885 – June 30, 1889</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Erasmus_Hilgard" title="Julius Erasmus Hilgard">Julius Erasmus Hilgard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1836-12-07</span>)</span>December 7, 1836<br /><a href="/wiki/Collins,_New_York" title="Collins, New York">Collins</a> (now <a href="/wiki/North_Collins,_New_York" title="North Collins, New York">North Collins</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 17, 1907<span style="display:none">(1907-04-17)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Park,_New_York" title="Orchard Park, New York">Orchard Park</a>, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Eola Smith Thorn<br />(1848-1923)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fredonia_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredonia Academy">Fredonia Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Manly Thorn</b> (December 7, 1836 – April 14, 1907) was an American <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, government official, <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essayist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">humorist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventor</a>. He served as the sixth Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>. The first non-scientist to hold that position, he guided the Coast and Geodetic Survey through a critical period of reform following the exposure of improprieties under his predecessor, and he defended it from being abolished or diminished by its critics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorn was born in <a href="/wiki/Collins,_New_York" title="Collins, New York">Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, on December 7, 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-birth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Abram Thorn and the former Phila M. Pratt; the portion of the town in which he was born later was split off from Collins in 1852 to become the town of <a href="/wiki/North_Collins,_New_York" title="North Collins, New York">North Collins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended local schools in <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County</a>, New York, and then enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Fredonia_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredonia Academy">Fredonia Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fredonia,_New_York" title="Fredonia, New York">Fredonia</a>, New York. He then attended <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, New York, and was admitted to the bar to practice law in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a>. From 1857 or 1858 (sources vary) to 1860, he was clerk of the Erie County, New York, <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate Court">Surrogate Court</a>. In 1860, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, where he spent seven years working in the new <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-appleton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_career">Writing career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1867, Thorn returned to Erie County, New York. He settled in East <a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_New_York" title="Hamburg, New York">Hamburg</a>, New York, where he established a successful <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> orchard and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> farm.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began writing sketches and essays and performing as a humorous lecturer and after-dinner speaker. The <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Express">Buffalo Express</a></i> newspaper of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, New York, began to publish his essays under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Hy Slocum," the first of which appeared on March 31, 1868, and discussed the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">presidential campaign of 1868</a>. The author Samuel Clemens, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, bought a one-third-interest in the <i>Express</i> in August 1869, and thereafter many readers began to assume incorrectly that "Hy Slocum"'s humorous columns actually were the work of Clemens. The last Slocum article appeared on October 2, 1870, but on November 12, 1870, an article by Thorn under the pseudonym "Carl Byng" was published in the <i>Express</i>, and additional "Byng" articles followed. Other American newspapers reprinted the "Slocum" and "Byng" articles, ascribing them to Clemens.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4-5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 7, 1871, the literary magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Every_Saturday" title="Every Saturday">Every Saturday</a></i> accused Clemens of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarizing</a> its material in a "Byng" article the <i>Express</i> had published on December 2, 1870. Deeply concerned that such mistaken charges of plagiarism would continue to follow him as long as "Slocum" or "Byng" published in the <i>Express</i>, Clemens asked the magazine to retract its accusation and banned "Slocum" and "Byng" from contributing to the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4-5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorn then began contributing articles to the <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Courier">Buffalo Courier</a></i>, a rival of the <i>Express</i>, under the pseudonym "Frank Clive." In November 1875, <i><a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Monthly" title="Scribner's Monthly">Scribner's Monthly</a></i> reprinted a "Frank Clive" poem that originally had appeared in the <i>Courier</i> on April 18, 1871. After his success in appearing in the prestigious <i>Scribnerʼs Monthly</i>, Thorn dropped his pseudonyms and began writing under his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4-5_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1870, Thorn was elected to the Erie County Board of Supervisors.<sup id="cite_ref-appleton_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking office in 1871, he served until 1875 and again from 1877 to 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-appleton_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, he campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in Cleveland's successful run to become <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>. Thorn again campaigned for Cleveland when Cleveland successfully ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>. Cleveland took office on March 4, 1885, and rewarded Thorn for his support by appointing him as Chief Clerk of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Bureau">Internal Revenue Bureau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Thorn arrived in Washington in late June 1885 and took up his duties on July 1.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4-5_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey">Coast and Geodetic Survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coast and Geodetic Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigating_improprieties">Investigating improprieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Investigating improprieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, a component at the time of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> agency responsible for conducting <a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">hydrographic surveys</a> of the coastal waters of the United States and generating maps and charts of those waters, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> work in the interior of the United States. As the premiere U.S. Government scientific agency at the time, it had been assigned numerous other scientific responsibilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, and also was responsible for employing its <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> expertise to improvements in <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>. When Thorn arrived in Washington, the Coast and Geodetic Survey had been caught up in the increased scrutiny of U.S. Government agencies by politicians seeking to reform governmental affairs by curbing the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> common among office holders of the time. At the Coast and Geodetic Survey, scientists who were not prone to following bureaucratic requirements related to the funding of their projects, and their lax financial practices, had led to charges of mismanagement of funds and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allison_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allison Commission (page does not exist)">Allison Commission</a> – a joint commission of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> – had convened in 1884 to investigate the scientific agencies of the U.S. Government, namely the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a> (responsible for studying and predicting weather at the time), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Hydrographic_Office" title="United States Hydrographic Office">United States Hydrographic Office</a>. The commission looked into three main issues: the role of <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> in the U.S. Government's scientific efforts and whether responsibility for inland geodetics should reside in the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey or the U.S. Geological Survey; whether the Coast and Geodetic Survey should be removed from the Department of the Treasury and placed under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a>, as it had been previously from 1834 to 1836; and whether weather services should reside in a military organization or in the civilian part of the government, raising the broader issue of whether U.S. government scientific agencies of all kinds should be under military or civilian control.<sup id="cite_ref-close2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Cleveland became president in 1885, James Q. Chenoweth became First Auditor of the Department of the Treasury, and he began to investigate improprieties at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_of_Fish_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries">United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries</a>, more commonly referred to as the U.S. Fish Commission. He had little impact on the Geological Survey or the Fish Commission, but at the Coast and Geodetic Survey he found many improprieties. Chenoweth found that the Coast and Geodetic Survey had failed to account for government equipment it had purchased, continued to pay retired personnel as a way of giving them a pension even though the law did not provide for a pension system, paid employees whether they worked or not, and misused <i><a href="/wiki/Per_diem" title="Per diem">per diem</a></i> money intended for the expenses of personnel in the field by paying <i>per diem</i> funds to employees who were not in the field as a way of augmenting their very low authorized wages and providing them with fair compensation. Chenoweth saw these practices as <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>. Chenoweth also suspected embezzlement in the Survey's practice of providing its employees with money in advance for large and expensive purchases when operating in remote areas because of the Survey's inability to verify that the expenses were legitimate. Moreover, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Erasmus_Hilgard" title="Julius Erasmus Hilgard">Julius Hilgard</a>, was exposed as a drunkard and forced to resign in disgrace along with four of his senior staff members at Survey headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, 1885, his first day as Chief Clerk of the Internal Revenue Bureau, Thorn became chairman of a three-man Department of the Treasury commission investigating the corruption Chenoweth believed he had uncovered in the Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centennial_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centennial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorn remained with the committee through July 22.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Survey's leadership in disgrace, Cleveland needed to find an outsider to reform its lax financial practices. He turned to Thorn, who already had met the Coast and Geodetic Survey staff during his three weeks of work on the Treasury committee investigating the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleveland made Thorn the Acting Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey on July 23, 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-close4_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only 22 days after be began work for the federal government, and appointed him as its permanent superintendent on September 1, 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superintendency">Superintendency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Superintendency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knowing of the management problems at the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Thorn at first approached its personnel with a degree of hostility, but during his three weeks on the Treasury investigative committee he determined that many of the accusations made against Survey personnel were petty or could not be substantiated, and concluded that in many cases the accusers were motivated by the potential for their own career advancement if they destroyed the careers of others. Upon assuming the superintendency, he quickly concluded that Coast and Geodetic Survey employees were largely innocent of wrongdoing and that he could manage the problems that did exist. He then set his mind to the issues of rebuilding the Survey's integrity and reputation and ensuring that it demonstrated its value to its critics. He knew that the Survey's improper financial and budgetary practices had to end and that increased scrutiny resulting from investigations into the Survey's operations would mean tight budgets in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorn was the first non-scientist to be appointed superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Cleveland placed him in the position primarily to reform the lax financial practices that had come to permeate the organization rather than to provide scientific leadership. Thorn knew that he lacked knowledge of Coast and Geodetic Survey operations and the scientific concepts behind them, so he chose as his assistant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_A._Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin A. Colonna (page does not exist)">Benjamin A. Colonna</a> (1843-1925), who had performed extensive field work for the Survey before suffering severe injuries in an <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Washington)" title="Mount Olympus (Washington)">Mount Olympus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a> state in 1884, leaving him unable to walk without a cane and restricting him to office work.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonna had experience in every scientific discipline undertaken in the Survey's operations <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he and Thorn formed an effective team, with Colonna handling day-to-day operations of the Survey and any expert testimony required before the Allison Commission<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Thorn dealt with the broader issues of restoring the Survey's credibility through sound accounting practices and scrupulously legal budgeting processes and by demonstrating practical value and efficiency in its operations. Thorn urged the agency's employees to set deadlines for maps and charts that they produced to ensure that production was timely, complete, and proceeded at a steady pace, and he urged even the Coast and Geodetic Survey's most noted scientists to publish their research in a timely manner. He also insisted that all people who had borrowed government-purchased equipment from the Coast and Geodetic Survey without legal authorization return it.<sup id="cite_ref-slotten_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slotten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorn championed the importance of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's inland geodetic work and how it supported, rather than duplicated, the work of the Geological Survey and was in any event an important component of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's hydrographic work along the coasts. He also advocated civilian control of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, pointing out to Cleveland and others that earlier experiments with placing it under U.S. Navy control had fared poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-close11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorn described the Coast and Geodetic Survey's essential mission as, in its simplest form, to produce "a perfect map,"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to this end he and Colonna championed the need for the Survey to focus on the broad range of geodetic disciplines Colonna identified as necessary for accurate chart- and mapmaking: <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical observations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levelling" title="Levelling">levelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal observations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_geodesy" title="Physical geodesy">physical geodesy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> observations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To those who advocated transfer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's work to the Navy Hydrographic Office, Thorn and Colonna replied that although the Navy could perform hydrography, it could not provide the full range of geodetic disciplines necessary for scientifically accurate surveying and mapping work. </p><p>With Thorn's emphasis on production of "a perfect map," the Coast and Geodetic Survey redoubled its cartographic efforts during his superintendency. It achieved some of the greatest precision in triangulation, and over the longest distances in history, during work related to the arc of the <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39th Parallel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">western United States</a>, as well as in secondary and tertiary triangulation work that followed around <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, that set new standards for precision in Coast and Geodetic Survey triangulation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Survey's astronomical observations and their relation to vertical geodesy gained worldwide respect.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidal observations related to levelling and aspects of <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a> allowed the Survey to gain greater understanding of the movement of water in tides and its effect on <a href="/wiki/Tidal_scour" title="Tidal scour">tidal scouring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> of waterways than ever before in such critical commercial areas as <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorn protected and defended <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Peirce" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Peirce">Charles S. Peirce</a>'s gravity research – dismissed as impractical science by Chenoweth, and the one area of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's work that even Colonna did not claim was essential to making "a perfect map" – and gravity research by the Coast and Geodetic Survey's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Darwin_Preston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Darwin Preston (page does not exist)">Erasmus Darwin Preston</a> under Thorn's superintendency allowed the Survey to expand and deepen its relationship and cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>'s Hawaiian Government Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Chenoweth's critique of the advance funding of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's field work necessitated restricted budgets for topographic work during Thorn's tenure, Thorn was able to manage funding such that the Survey actually managed to increase its topographic output with reduced budgets. A singular achievement of the Survey during Thorn's tenure was the promulgation of a document entitled "Instructions and Memoranda for Descriptive Reports to Accompany Original Sheets" which detailed a new requirement for Survey personnel to include in the results of their field work a narrative describing all important aspects of the landscape and seascape in the vicinity of charted areas so as to improve the usefulness and quality of the Survey's charts, <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Pilots" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Pilots">United States Coast Pilot</a></i> publications, and sailing instructions, a great step forward in the quality of the Survey's output.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Thorn, the Coast and Geodetic Survey made significant contributions to oceanography in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, especially in the design and employment of new equipment for recording the speed and direction of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> reliably at great depths.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In studying magnetism, the Survey made strides in the relatively new discipline of reconstructing the configurations of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in previous centuries and using these reconstructions to correlate historic <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuthal</a> bearings and correct them to <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these efforts had broader applications than just to mapmaking, but they nonetheless led to an increase in the number and quality of charts and maps. This led to Thorn and Colonna establishing a new Chart Division at Coast and Geodetic Survey headquarters in 1887. The new division brought together various chartmaking responsibilities that had been scattered throughout the agency and allowed central management of the updating and production of new maps and charts for the first time. Thorn also made changes in office procedures for producing charts that allowed more rapid production at less cost.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, the Allison Commission wrapped up its investigation and published its final report. Although it determined that all topographic responsibility outside of coastal areas would henceforth reside in the U.S. Geological Survey, it approved of the Coast and Geodetic Survey continuing its entire program of scientific research, and recommended that the Coast and Geodetic Survey remain under civilian control rather than be subordinated to the U.S. Navy. It was a victory for Thorn and Colonna.<sup id="cite_ref-close11_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another victory followed in 1887, when Thorn headed off a congressional attempt to subordinate the Survey to the Navy despite the Allison Commission's findings, providing Cleveland with information on the previous lack of success of such an arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-close11_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter of January 31, 1903, which in effect was the first memoir ever written by a superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Thorn wrote to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hilgard_Tittmann" title="Otto Hilgard Tittmann">Otto Hilgard Tittmann</a>, then superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, "I doubt if anybody but Colonna and myself knew how close to the wind the Survey sometimes sailed, or how desperately vicious, and even villainous, were some of the agencies employed to wreck it..."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion_of_superintendency">Conclusion of superintendency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conclusion of superintendency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cleveland lost the <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 presidential election</a>, and between <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> on November 6, 1888, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inauguration</a> of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, on March 4, 1889, Congress passed the Sundry Civil Bill, which included a new requirement regarding the superintendency of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Until Cleveland appointed Thorn in 1885, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> had always selected the superintendent; Cleveland's appointment of Thorn opened the door to greater congressional involvement in the selection process. In the Sundry Civil Bill, Congress stipulated that henceforth the president would select the superintendent with the consent of the U.S. Senate. Thorn had never received Senate confirmation, and support for returning to having a scientist as superintendent – considered necessary to the prestige of the Coast and Geodetic Survey – had grown over the years of his superintendency; moreover, Thorn lost presidential support for his superintendency when Cleveland left office. After Harrison took office, Thorn stayed on briefly pending the appointment and confirmation of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a>. With Mendenhall poised to replace him, Thorn resigned his post on June 30, 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorn's tenure was a controversial one; some contemporary observers and later historians criticized him as a non-scientist who favored bureaucratic procedure over science and whose agenda favored the transfer of power over the Coast and Geodetic Survey's spending and priorities to non-scientific Department of the Treasury officials and away from the pure scientists who had made those decisions previously;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coast and Geodetic Survey scientist Charles Peirce, for one, resigned in 1886, demoralized by Thorn's focus on what Peirce considered "red tape."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, toward the end of Thorn's superintendency, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> evaluated his tenure, saying in a headline "Not So Bad for Layman: Three Years’ Management of the Coast Survey; President Cleveland's Appointment of Superintendent Thorn Fully Justified by Results." The government report <i>Centennial Celebration of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</i>, published in 1916, described Thorn as "a man of sterling integrity," adding, "he had the courage to revise the report of his commission [i.e., the three-man Treasury commission investigating the Coast and Geodetic Survey which he had chaired for three weeks in July 1885 before becoming acting superintendent of the Survey] by innumerable additions and annotations, practically vindicating the men against whom charges had been made, most of which were merely technical. During the nearly four years of his administration he learned much about the methods and requirements of such a service as the Coast and Geodetic Survey of which in the beginning he had been totally ignorant...In spite of the unwholesome conditions existing in the beginning of Thorn's administration, the operations of the Survey were continued without serious interruption and much important work was accomplished."<sup id="cite_ref-centennial_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centennial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Thorn returned to his home in Orchard Park, New York, where he continued to operate his farm. On October 12, 1886, while still superintendent, he had applied for a patent for a <a href="/wiki/Potato_spinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato spinner">potato spinner</a> he invented, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Patent Office">United States Patent Office</a> had granted the <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> on July 5, 1887. After his return to Orchard Park, he filed for a patent for an improvement of the device on November 18, 1889, and was granted a patent on the improved version on September 30, 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorn also busied himself as a political activist and banquet speaker in Erie County, New York, and was a frequent contributor of essays to local newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorn married the former Eola Smith (1848–1923).<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a daughter, Gertrude (1868– ? ),<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three sons, Frank Bret (1871–1944),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channing C. (1873–1928),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ralph (1875–1949).<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorn eventually was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">progressive muscular atrophy</a>. After a lengthy illness, he died at his home in Orchard Park on April 14, 1907. He was buried at Friends Cemetery in Orchard Park.<sup id="cite_ref-hyslocum_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thorne_Bay,_Alaska" title="Thorne Bay, Alaska">Thorne Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> is named for Thorn. The name of the bay was misspelled when published in the original record, and the spelling was never corrected to match the spelling of Thorn's last name.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although all sources give Thorn's birth date as "1836," "December 1836," or "December 7, 1836," a photograph of the headstone at his gravesite at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/46142579">Find-A-Grave: Frank Manly Thorn</a> shows that the headstone gives his birth year as 1837, with no other date information.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWvhAAAAMAAJ&dq=Frank+Manly+Thorn+surrogate+court+Erie+County&pg=PA102">Wilson, James Grant, and John Fiske, <i>Appletonʼs Cyclopedia: Volume VI: Sunderland–Zurita</i>, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1889, p 102.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyslocum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyslocum_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/HySlocum.html">twainquotes.com "HY SLOCUM" IDENTIFIED</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717022359/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/Thornchapter.pdf">"<i>Sailing Close to the Wind: Superintendent Thorn Rescues the Coast and Geodetic Survey (1885-1889)</i>, p. 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/Thornchapter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sailing+Close+to+the+Wind%3A+Superintendent+Thorn+Rescues+the+Coast+and+Geodetic+Survey+%281885-1889%29%2C+p.+4.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.noaa.gov%2Fnoaainfo%2Fheritage%2Fcoastandgeodeticsurvey%2FThornchapter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Manly+Thorn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-close5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appleton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appleton_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleton_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleton_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">famousamericans.net "Frank Manly Thorn" from <i>Appletonʼs Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close4-5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-close4-5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4-5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4-5_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close4-5_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-close2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centennial-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centennial_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centennial_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/centennialceleb02survgoog/centennialceleb02survgoog_djvu.txt">Anonymous, <i>Centennial Celebration of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</i>, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916, p. 139.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 5, 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 5-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slotten-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slotten_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5V72iJADyEC&dq=%22Frank+Manly+Thorn%22+Coast+and+Geodetic&pg=PA176">Slotten, Hugh Richard, <i>Patronage, Practice, and the Culture of American Science: Alexander Dallas Bache and the U.S. Coast Survey</i></a>, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-433-95-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-433-95-9">0-521-433-95-9</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-close11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-close11_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close11_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-close11_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 14-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 15-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 19-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 24-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 27-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 33-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 11-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Slotten, p. 176, for a negative depiction of Thorn and his priorities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhDcLJEJhAEC&dq=%22Frank+Manly+Thorn%22+Coast+and+Geodetic&pg=PR26">Peirce, Charles S., <i>Writings of Charles S. Peirce</i></a>, Peirce Edition Project, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-37201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-37201-1">0-253-37201-1</a>, p. xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i>, pp. 42-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/46142565">Find-A-Grave Eola Smith Thorn (1848 - 1923)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Thorn&GSfn=Frank&GSmn=Bret&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=44100321&df=all&">Find-A-Grave: Frank Bret Thorn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Thorn&GSfn=Channing&GSby=1881&GSbyrel=before&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=44100320&df=all&">Find-a-Grave Channing C. Thorn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Thorn&GSfn=Ralph&GSby=1881&GSbyrel=before&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=104885398&df=all&">Find-A-Grave Ralph Thorn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seconference.org/thornebay">Southeast Conference: Thorne Bay</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Erasmus_Hilgard" title="Julius Erasmus Hilgard">Julius Erasmus Hilgard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">Superintendent, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> </b><br />1885–1889 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&oldid=1256447363">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Manly_Thorn&oldid=1256447363</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_births" title="Category:1836 births">1836 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1907_deaths" title="Category:1907 deaths">1907 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Erie_County,_New_York" title="Category:People from Erie County, New York">People from Erie County, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_University_of_New_York_at_Fredonia_alumni" title="Category:State University of New York at Fredonia alumni">State University of New York at Fredonia alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_lawyers" title="Category:American lawyers">American lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Journalists from New York (state)">Journalists from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_freelance_journalists" title="Category:American freelance journalists">American freelance journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists" title="Category:American male journalists">American male journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_journalists" title="Category:19th-century American journalists">19th-century American journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_humorists" title="Category:American humorists">American humorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_inventors" title="Category:19th-century American inventors">19th-century American inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American politicians">19th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_(state)_Democrats" title="Category:New York (state) Democrats">New York (state) Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_personnel" title="Category:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century American male writers">19th-century American male writers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 23:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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