CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1140409510" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="107031532675062" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="40BA1B879066C83CDFCA374CA4B490C3" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Articles Archives - Engineers Garage</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Articles Archives" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Engineers Garage" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@EngineersGarage" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/","name":"Articles Archives - Engineers Garage","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Articles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","name":"Engineers Garage","description":"Electronic Projects, Electrical Engineering Resources, Makers Articles and Product News","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization","name":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","width":372,"height":52,"caption":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage","https://x.com/EngineersGarage","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0VITh11JSYk-UW7toLebUw"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Comments Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Articles Category Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-blocks-style-css-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/style-blocks.build.css?ver=1720775798' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-wtwh-amplifying-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/style.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_main_style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/main.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='megamenu-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=44ec18' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ea-style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/css/main.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-social-icons-font-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-icons/css/style.css?ver=3.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.4.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-tabs-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-tabs/assets/css/style.css?ver=0.9.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} via @EngineersGarage" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/0db18eb627.js?ver=6.7" id="wtwh_prestitial_fontAwesome_js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/14" /> <script> var contentHash = '816ff661576bd7986f9946de3399fb87'; var cat_target='816ff661576bd7986f9946de3399fb87, article_page, ros'; </script> <style> #category-posts-2-internal ul {padding: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {max-width: initial; max-height: initial; margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-author {margin-bottom: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {margin: 5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:before {content: ""; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-excerpt-more {display: inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item {list-style: none; margin: 3px 0 10px; padding: 3px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-current .cat-post-title {font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] {font-size: 0.85em;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] * {display:inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item .cat-post-title {overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;white-space: initial;display: -webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp: 4;-webkit-box-orient: vertical;padding-bottom: 0 !important;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {display:block; float:left; margin:5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-crop {overflow:hidden;display:block;} #category-posts-2-internal p {margin:5px 0 0 0} #category-posts-2-internal li > div {margin:5px 0 0 0; clear:both;} #category-posts-2-internal .dashicons {vertical-align:middle;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {height: 95px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {width: 150px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {object-fit: cover; max-width: 100%; display: block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop-not-supported img {width: 100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {max-width:100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark img {padding-bottom: 0 !important; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; -moz-transition: all 0.3s ease; -ms-transition: all 0.3s ease; -o-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark:hover img {-webkit-filter: brightness(75%); -moz-filter: brightness(75%); -ms-filter: brightness(75%); -o-filter: brightness(75%); filter: brightness(75%);} </style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NJMRR6Z');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-eg-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_storeribbon',[[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_storeribbon').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NJMRR6Z');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-eg-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamflex', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamprelude', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_storeribbon',[[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_storeribbon').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*body > div.site-container > div.site-inner > div > div > main > article > div > p > a { color: #D2232A; }*/ .entry-content a { font-weight: bold; } .site-header .title-area { width: 350px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1152px) { .site-header .title-area { width: 230px; } } .wtwhSpecial { display: none !important; } article > div > p > a { font-weight: bold; color:#337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /*RSS FEED FIX*/ #rss-3 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-3 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-3 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-2 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #recent-posts-2 > .widget-wrap > ul { padding-left: 30px; } .video-carousel .video-popup:before { background: none !important; } .video-carousel .video-popup:after { color: red !important; } .entry-categories a { font-weight: normal;} .entry-tags a{font-weight: normal;} .entry-categories { font-weight: bold;} .entry-tags {font-weight: bold;} .bawmrp a { font-weight: 400; } #digital > span { font-size: 16px !important; font-weight: 400 !important; } xmp { white-space:normal; } .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide img { max-height:240px; object-fit:cover; } .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide img { object-fit:cover; max-height:500px; } /*EE Classrooms*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; width: 270px; height: 60px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: #313131; color: white; border-bottom: 4px solid #1f427e; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } /*Fix for Categories/home page article display*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) { .content .entry .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-header { /* width: 100% !important;*/ /*padding-left: 0px !important; float: none !important;*/ } /* .content .entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; }*/ /* .entry-content p { float: none !important; }*/ .entry-content img { text-align: center !important; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry { display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry > .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; } /*.archive-entry .entry-image-link img { width: 100% !important; }*/ } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .archive.category .entry-content p { display: none !important } .blog .entry-content p { display: none !important; } } .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h4, .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px black; background: none !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px !important; -webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent !important; } .nav-previous{ float:left; margin-bottom:50px } .nav-next{ float:right; margin-bottom:50px } .dropbtn { background-color: #04AA6D; color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} .dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;} /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } /*Overlapping Header article Title fix*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 780px) { .site-container { margin-top: 40px !important; } } p.must-log-in a, p.logged-in-as a { color: #23527c !important; font-weight: bold; } article li a { color: #337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } @media only screen and (min-width: 988px) { .search .content { width: 66% !important; float: left; } .search .sidebar { width: 30%; float: right; } } </style> <style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: fs **/</style> </head> <body class="archive category category-article_page category-14 mega-menu-primary header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden">  <div id="prestitial" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"> <div class="prestitial-logo"> <div class="title-area"> <h1 class="site-title"> <a href="#"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/eg-logo.png"></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="close-cta"> Continue to Site <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </div> <div id="prestitial-banner"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="body-wrapper" style="opacity: 0;"> <div class="site-container"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/">Engineers Garage</a></p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id='div-gpt-eg-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg-header'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> </div><div class="mobile-toggles"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a><a href="#" class="mobile-menu-toggle"><i class="icon-menu"></i></a></div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main"><div class="wrap"><div id="mega-menu-wrap-primary" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-right"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-0' id='mega-toggle-block-0'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span> </span> </button></div></div></div><ul id="mega-menu-primary" class="mega-menu max-mega-menu mega-menu-horizontal mega-no-js" data-event="hover_intent" data-effect="fade_up" data-effect-speed="200" data-effect-mobile="disabled" data-effect-speed-mobile="0" data-mobile-force-width="false" data-second-click="go" data-document-click="collapse" data-vertical-behaviour="standard" data-breakpoint="768" data-unbind="true" data-mobile-state="collapse_all" data-mobile-direction="vertical" data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-61908' id='mega-menu-item-61908'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Electronics Projects and Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-39808' id='mega-menu-item-39808'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/" aria-expanded="false">Electronic Projects<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-81272' id='mega-menu-item-81272'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-81273' id='mega-menu-item-81273'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/">AVR</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80793' id='mega-menu-item-80793'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78430' id='mega-menu-item-78430'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78434' id='mega-menu-item-78434'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80794' id='mega-menu-item-80794'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-55864' id='mega-menu-item-55864'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80795' id='mega-menu-item-80795'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-60239' id='mega-menu-item-60239'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-7268' id='mega-menu-item-7268'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/" aria-expanded="false">Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78818' id='mega-menu-item-78818'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78819' id='mega-menu-item-78819'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78820' id='mega-menu-item-78820'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78833' id='mega-menu-item-78833'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78822' id='mega-menu-item-78822'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78823' id='mega-menu-item-78823'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78826' id='mega-menu-item-78826'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80151' id='mega-menu-item-80151'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78835' id='mega-menu-item-78835'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78829' id='mega-menu-item-78829'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78830' id='mega-menu-item-78830'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/">USB</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78832' id='mega-menu-item-78832'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-56096' id='mega-menu-item-56096'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62725' id='mega-menu-item-62725'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-7269' id='mega-menu-item-7269'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-current-menu-item mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-39810' id='mega-menu-item-39810'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" aria-expanded="false" aria-current="page" tabindex="0">Articles<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-63122' id='mega-menu-item-63122'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13371' id='mega-menu-item-13371'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13399' id='mega-menu-item-13399'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13326' id='mega-menu-item-13326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-59366' id='mega-menu-item-59366'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-1863' id='mega-menu-item-1863'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">News<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-39809' id='mega-menu-item-39809'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77696' id='mega-menu-item-77696'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77697' id='mega-menu-item-77697'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14489' id='mega-menu-item-14489'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14287' id='mega-menu-item-14287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55871' id='mega-menu-item-55871'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Forums<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55870' id='mega-menu-item-55870'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55869' id='mega-menu-item-55869'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-1851' id='mega-menu-item-1851'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-1868' id='mega-menu-item-1868'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">DigiKey Store<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1869' id='mega-menu-item-1869'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1870' id='mega-menu-item-1870'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1871' id='mega-menu-item-1871'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1872' id='mega-menu-item-1872'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1873' id='mega-menu-item-1873'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1874' id='mega-menu-item-1874'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1875' id='mega-menu-item-1875'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1876' id='mega-menu-item-1876'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1877' id='mega-menu-item-1877'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1878' id='mega-menu-item-1878'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1879' id='mega-menu-item-1879'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1880' id='mega-menu-item-1880'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1881' id='mega-menu-item-1881'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1882' id='mega-menu-item-1882'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1883' id='mega-menu-item-1883'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1884' id='mega-menu-item-1884'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1885' id='mega-menu-item-1885'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-56062' id='mega-menu-item-56062'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Learn<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80114' id='mega-menu-item-80114'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-76567' id='mega-menu-item-76567'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77221' id='mega-menu-item-77221'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-81739' id='mega-menu-item-81739'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80113' id='mega-menu-item-80113'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55895' id='mega-menu-item-55895'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Resources<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77693' id='mega-menu-item-77693'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77694' id='mega-menu-item-77694'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55899' id='mega-menu-item-55899'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77695' id='mega-menu-item-77695'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77375' id='mega-menu-item-77375'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55898' id='mega-menu-item-55898'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62203' id='mega-menu-item-62203'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55896' id='mega-menu-item-55896'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80115' id='mega-menu-item-80115'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" tabindex="0">Subscribe</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80423' id='mega-menu-item-80423'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/" tabindex="0">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li><li class="menu-item search"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div id='div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'); }); </script> </div> </div><div class="archive-intro"><div class="wrap"><h1 class="archive-title"><span>Articles</span></h1></div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="wrap"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="The Apollo missions — humanity’s giant leap to the moon"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/nikhil-agnihotri/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Nikhil Agnihotri</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">August 30, 2023</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/the-apollo-missions-humanitys-giant-leap-to-the-moon/">The Apollo missions — humanity’s giant leap to the moon</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/the-apollo-missions-humanitys-giant-leap-to-the-moon/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="210" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/TCH113-01-Ralph-Morse-The-LIFE-Picture-Collection-Shutterstock-210x170.jpeg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-79416" alt="" decoding="async" /></a><p>Recently, the Indian space agency ISRO successfully soft-landed a spacecraft on the lunar south pole. This makes India the first country to land a spacecraft on the challenging southern region of the moon, where there is a high probability of finding ice and resources for future human spaceflight missions to deep space. India aspires to…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="What to expect at Embedded World 2023"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/nikhil-agnihotri/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Nikhil Agnihotri</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 27, 2023</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/embedded-world-2023-nuremberg-march/">What to expect at Embedded World 2023</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/embedded-world-2023-nuremberg-march/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-78223" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator-268x170.png 268w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator-300x190.png 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator-768x487.png 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator-368x233.png 368w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Embedded-World-2023-rotator.png 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px" /></a><p>Embedded World 2023, the 21st edition of the annual exhibition and conference, is set for Nuremberg, Germany, from March 14th to 16th. The trade fair provides a global platform for professionals working in embedded systems technologies, including developers, product managers, system architects, industrial associations, and start-ups. The exhibition offers insight into the embedded systems industry,…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Biotechnology"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/rdangi/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ritu Dangi</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 24, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/biotechnology/">Biotechnology</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/biotechnology/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/A-Representational-Image-Biotechnology-268x170.gif" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-48923" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The fusion of technology with knowledge creates what the world once assumed as miracles and biotechnology can be considered as a perfect example where the knowledge of biology when blended with technology is making the world a better place by enhancing the quality of life and alleviating the human sufferings. ‘Biotechnology’, the term was coined by a Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky and is defined as per the UN convention on biological diversity as, “Any technological application that uses biological system or living organisms to make or modify the process or products for specific use.”  Biotechnology has touched almost every aspect of human life and has carved its niche too. Biotechnology dealing with medical and health care is termed as Red biotechnology. It is Green biotechnology, when it concerns about agricultural processes and White biotechnology when comes to industrial processes.   </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="The Google Driverless Car"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/spravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 2, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/the-google-driverless-car/">The Google Driverless Car</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/the-google-driverless-car/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Lexus-Rx450H-Google-Driverless-Car-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-55631" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>We know them as the most popular search engine in the World Wide Web. They are much more than that. They pioneer in inspiring innovation in the field of technology which is beyond their time. The google driverless car is a project by google which involves the development of technology to make a car self-dependent. The software that google use to automate cars is known as the “Google Chauffeur”. They do not produce a separate car but install the required equipment onto a regular car. The project is currently being led by google engineer Sebastian Thurin under the aegis of Google X. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How a driverless car sees the road"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/vprakash/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Vatsal Prakash</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 2, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-a-driverless-car-sees-the-road/">How a driverless car sees the road</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-a-driverless-car-sees-the-road/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Graphical-Diagram-Driverless-Car-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-53771" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In the near future if you are if you’re late for work and you don’t have time for breakfast your car will be there for your rescue. You will sit back, relax and enjoy your breakfast while your car safely drives you to your destination. No, this is not a sci-fi movie scene I’m talking about. This is soon going to be a reality!Google has been working on driverless cars since 2009. Automakers are currently working on new technology that will allow the cars to drive themselves. The technology uses a Chauffeur system called LIDAR (light detection and ranging). They’re also modifying the existing technologies such as self-parking and pre-safe systems to make the driving safe.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Google Glass: See More Than What You Can See"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/vpravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">V. Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 2, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/google-glass-see-more-than-what-you-can-see/">Google Glass: See More Than What You Can See</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/google-glass-see-more-than-what-you-can-see/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-A-Google-Glass-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-53394" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>We had all imagined what the future would be like in our childhood, picturing pretty intense technology like flying cars, houses floating in the air, holographic telephones, etc. But we look at the world now and see those ideas actually come to life. One of such devices is Google’s latest project, “Google Glass”. What is Google Glass? What does it promise to do? What are its salient features? We will find out all this and more as we go further.In simple terms, google glass is a computer which you can wear on your head the same way as in you would wear a set of spectacles, which comes with an Optical Head Mounted Display (OHMD) working on a class of technology called “Augmented Reality”.  </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="SMS Gateway"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/athakur/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Anshul Thakur</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 1, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/sms-gateway/">SMS Gateway</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/sms-gateway/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Showing-Classification-Pc-Based-Sms-Technology-268x170.gif" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-50766" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p> After the invention of video games, ‘Short Message Service’ is by far the best thing that could have happened to the youth of the world. Short Message Service or lovingly shortened as SMS, has been one of the most significant means of exchanging information in the modern era of thumb twiddling youth. They are fast…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="MP3 format : An Overview"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/bparikh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Bijal Parikh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 1, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/mp3-format-an-overview/">MP3 format : An Overview</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/mp3-format-an-overview/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Figure-Showing-Working-Mp3-Format-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-49976" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The MP3 format is a compression tool to reduce the size of the song of without noticeably affecting the quality of the sound. Every day hundreds and thousands of MP3 file are shared and downloaded.With this format a 32 mega byte song is compressed to about 3MB which allows fast downloads and storage of hundreds of songs on our computers hard disk. It has changed the traditional ways which people used to find, listen and store music.Do you know if we stretch out all the data stored on a single compact disc in the straight line it would be over 4 miles long. Surprised! Ok let’s do the math to understand better. Music in a CD is sampled at 44,100 times per second. The samples are 2 bytes (16 bits) long.   </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Wearable Circuits – Monitoring Life, Health & Habits"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/adanovich/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Alex Danovich</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 1, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wearable-circuits-monitoring-life-health-habits/">Wearable Circuits – Monitoring Life, Health & Habits</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wearable-circuits-monitoring-life-health-habits/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-Smart-Skin-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-53481" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Flexible printed circuit boards are at the forefront of the new wave of electronics found in healthcare, military, and consumer markets.Researchers are continuing to push the limits of possibilities for flexible PCBs, expecting the industry to grow five-fold in the next 10 years.New materials, such as polyimide, allow a thinner, lighter product with the ability to move more freely.Conductive ink printing allows the elimination of connectors and cables, improving connectivity and assembly costs.The traditional process for manufacturing PCBs requires as many as 6 steps. New knowledge has shortened the process of manufacturing flexible PCBs to as little as 3 steps </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Android versions and their features"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/vsoni/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Vishal Soni</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 27, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/android-versions-and-their-features/">Android versions and their features</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/android-versions-and-their-features/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Android-Founders-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-27022" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Andy Rubin, Nick Sears, Rich Miner, and Chris White founded Android Inc. in October 2003. Firstly, Andy Rubin developed Android OS for digital cameras but he realized that the market for digital camera operating systems perhaps was not all that big. In 2005, Android wasbought by Google and Andy Rubin along with other co-founders continued working under new owners. In 29 June 2007,iPhone was released by Apple Inc with iOS, which was the first OS in the mobile market.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Fuel Cells- Simplifying Energy"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/spravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 27, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/fuel-cells-simplifying-energy/">Fuel Cells- Simplifying Energy</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/fuel-cells-simplifying-energy/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Simple-Labelled-Diagram-Showing-Fuel-Cell-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-53744" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The first law of thermodynamics states, “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another”. The first part of this law tells us that there is a fixed amount of energy in the universe whereas, the second part gives a sneak peak into how we can utilize the available energy to alter it into a form which is useful to us. The ideal case would be that the entire portion of the source energy be converted to the form of our choice.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Alcubierre Warp Drive – Faster Than Light Propulsion"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/spravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 27, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/alcubierre-warp-drive-faster-than-light-propulsion/">Alcubierre Warp Drive – Faster Than Light Propulsion</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/alcubierre-warp-drive-faster-than-light-propulsion/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-the-Alcubierre-Warp-Drive-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-51151" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Our theoretical description of space is the entire observable universe which extends to 13.8 Billion Lightyears (because the universe is 13.8 Billion Years old) through whichever direction we look at it (and is the same from any point of observation in the universe, since the universe is infinite). But, how much have we explored? The furthest distance reached by a machine, the voyager I, is the outskirts of our solar which is a few light hours from earth which it took 35 years to sail in empty space going at an astonishing speed of 1100 Km/sec. Humans, on the other hand have not gone further than the moon (360,000 km away from earth) and are soon planning a trip to mars.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Comparing JFETs, MOSFETs, and HFETs"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/sjayachandran/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Swetha Jayachandran</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 27, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/comparisons-of-jfet-mosfet-hfet/">Comparing JFETs, MOSFETs, and HFETs</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/comparisons-of-jfet-mosfet-hfet/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Diagram-Showing-Various-Layers-of-JFET-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-51073" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>A device which controls the current flowing into the channel on application of low-power electrical signal is called a transistor. Roughly, transistors can be classified as Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Field Effect Transistors (FETs). In BJTs, a small amount of current is used to control the current flowing into the channel and hence BJTs are also known as current controlled devices. In FETs, a small voltage is used to control the current flowing and hence called as voltage controlled devices. This article briefs about the various types of FETs with a comparison chart. Let’s get started.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="VLSI technology: An overview"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/athakur/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Anshul Thakur</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 12, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/vlsi-technology-an-overview/">VLSI technology: An overview</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/vlsi-technology-an-overview/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/A-Representational-Image-Vlsi-Technology-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-48653" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Gone are the days when huge computers made of vacuum tubes sat humming in entire dedicated rooms and could do about 360 multiplications of 10 digit numbers in a second. Though they were heralded as the fastest computing machines of that time, they surely don’t stand a chance when compared to the modern day machines.Since the invention of the first IC in the form of a Flip Flop by Jack Kilby in 1958, our ability to pack more and more transistors onto a single chip has doubled roughly every 18 months, in accordance with the Moore’s Law. The development of microelectronics spans a time which is even lesser than the average life expectancy of a human, and yet it has seen as many as four generations.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="What is cognitive radio?"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/spravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 12, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/cognitive-radio/">What is cognitive radio?</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/cognitive-radio/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CR_0-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-18998" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The electromagnetic radio spectrum is a natural resource which is licensed and allocated by the government for the use of transmitters and receivers. A spectrum is a collection of wavelengths of radio frequency waves which are available for wireless communication services. These wavelengths are broken down and brackets of these (called ‘Bands’) are allocated for various purposes such as GSM/HSPA, 3G, 4G, TV, Wi-Fi, defense communication, radio broadcasting, mobile satellites, aeronautical satellites, etc. The electromagnetic spectrum is a resource which cannot be depleted but can be over crowded in some bands more than the others due to this static allocation.  </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Field Emission Display"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/bharti/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Bharti</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 10, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/field-emission-display/">Field Emission Display</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/field-emission-display/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/An-Image-Showing-Quality-Comparison-Bewteen-60P-Lcd-And-60P-Fed-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-55413" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Field emission display (FED) is a type of Flat Panel Display which is thinner, brighter, energy-efficient and cheaper display than liquid crystal display (LCD). FED also named as Nano Emissive Display (NED) consist of millions of accelerated electrons charged by very less voltage, compared with high voltage for large-screen, HD LCDs. These electron emitters are controlled by cold cathodes to generate colored light and are emitted towards phosphor plate and this phenomenon creates moving images. FED has a wide viewing angle and provides brightest color among plasma and other latest displays. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Dynamic power management in IoT devices"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/usman-ali-butt/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Usman ali Butt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 13, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/dynamic-power-management-in-iot-devices/">Dynamic power management in IoT devices</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/dynamic-power-management-in-iot-devices/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/EG-IoT-projecgts-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-61244" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In recent decades, the increase in demand for low power solutions required the development of new algorithms and clever techniques, which could save energy and guarantee a long-lasting shelf life of a standalone solution powered by batteries. Three key parameters and components of a general electronic solution are the semiconductor, software, and power for operation.…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Hyperloop – Fast, Cheap, Clean"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/spravas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Shalem Pravas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 12, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/hyperloop-fast-cheap-clean/">Hyperloop – Fast, Cheap, Clean</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/hyperloop-fast-cheap-clean/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-61247" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop-268x170.jpg 268w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop-300x191.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop-768x490.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop-368x235.jpg 368w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hyperloop.jpg 784w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px" /></a><p>The economic success of a nation depends prominently on its evolution in communication and transportation. Communication is steadily growing its speed, while the same cannot be matched by transportation. There are currently 5 modes of transportation; road, rail, air and sea. Out of these road and sea are quite slow, air is fast but expensive and rail is not as fast as it needs to be. Therefore there is a need to bridge the technological as well as an economical gap between a cheap mode of transportation (say, land) and a fast mode of transportation (like air). </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Advent of the smart refrigerator"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/vishal-duggal/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Vishal Duggal</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 18, 2019</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/advent-of-the-smart-refrigerator/">Advent of the smart refrigerator</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/advent-of-the-smart-refrigerator/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Smart-Fridge-featured-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-56114" alt="smart refrigerator" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Electronic home appliances with multimedia capability are meant to simplify our lives. A smart home is incomplete without an intelligent or smart refrigerator module that can help you with grocery shopping and dinner ideas, keep track of what you have in your fridge, and serve as a message center for the entire family. We are…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="LG Electronics India plans to boost B2B sector in 2019"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/eileen-singh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Eileen Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 17, 2019</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/lg-electronics-india-plans-to-boost-b2b-sector-2019/">LG Electronics India plans to boost B2B sector in 2019</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/lg-electronics-india-plans-to-boost-b2b-sector-2019/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/featured-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-56098" alt="LG Electronics India" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Consumer electronics manufacturer from South Korea, LG is anticipating a Rs 2,000-crore business below its business-to-business (B2B) segment this year while maintaining a 30 percent year-on-year growth, a company official stated. LG Electronics India’s B2B sector, which has been reinstated as Business Solutions, now contributes approximately 10 percent to the company’s total profit. The Business…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><div class="archive-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/page/2/" class="button">Next ></a></div></div></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar"><section id="search-2" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div align="center"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-20" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE TECH TOOLBOX</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EE-TechToolbox-T_and_M_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Test & Measurement</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> Everything needs testing and testing needs measurement. This Tech Toolbox covers measurement fundamentals, accuracy, precision, and resolution. A look at the Smith chart, a handy tool for RF engineers, is also reviewed. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-14" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE Learning Center</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></a> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">BROWSE CLASSROOMS</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/model-based-systems-engineering-classroom" target="_blank">Model-Based System Engineering</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/transformers-ii-classroom" target="_blank">Transformers II</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/automotive-connectivity-classroom" target="_blank">Automotive Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/capacitators-classroom" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/programmable-power-classroom" target="_blank">Programmable Power</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/inductors" target="_blank">Inductors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/classroom-fpga" target="_blank">FPGA</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/silicon-carbide-classroom" target="_blank">Silicon Carbide</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/adas-classroom" target="_blank">ADAS</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/classroom-high-voltage" target="_blank">High Voltage Power</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/emi-rfi-classroom" target="_blank">Electromagnetic & Radio Frequency Interference</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/testing-radio-frequency-classroom" target="_blank">Testing Basics Radio Frequency</a> </div> </div></div> </center> <center> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; padding-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">Browse Design Guides</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa6026/?p=w_defa6026" target="_blank">USB-Based Oscilloscopes</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3554/" target="_blank">Connectors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3475/" target="_blank">5G Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3454/" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_rene01/" target="_blank">Bluetooth & Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa2728/" target="_blank">WiFi & the IOT</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://dw-resources.designworldonline.com/free/w_defa2978/" target="_blank">Linear Position Sensors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3337/" target="_blank">Relays</a> </div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-19" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EG-300x100-1.jpg" alt=“engineers garage newsletter”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-15" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">HAVE A QUESTION?</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id="digital" style="padding: 0 15px 10px 15px;"> <span style="font-size: 12px;font-weight:bold"> Have a technical question about an article or other engineering questions? Check out our engineering forums <a href="https://www.edaboard.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">EDABoard.com</a> and <a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">Electro-Tech-Online.com</a> where you can get those questions asked and answered by your peers! </span> <br /> <br /> <div align="Center"> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">EDA Board</button></a></div> <br /> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">Electro-Tech-Online</button></a></div> </div> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABOARD.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/restoring-a-wards-airline-radio-model-93br-1201-wards-airline-radio-model-93br-1201.413102/'>Restoring A WARDS AIRLINE RADIO MODEL 93BR-1201 WARDS AIRLINE RADIO MODEL 93BR-1201</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/all-black-screen-after-booting-zorin-os-16-on-hp-notebook-with-11th-gen-intel-cpu.413069/'>All black Screen After Booting Zorin OS 16 on HP Notebook with 11th Gen Intel CPU</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/how-parallel-patterns-are-pulsed-during-shift.413158/'>How parallel patterns are pulsed during shift?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/relative-phase-compensation-technique.413067/'>Relative phase compensation technique</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/buck-boost-inductor-design-calculation.413149/'>Buck-Boost Inductor design calculation</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/pic-basic-finger-print-scanner-as608.166942/'>Pic basic finger print scanner AS608</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/filtering-for-a-signal-level-detector.166547/'>Filtering for a signal level detector</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/help-put-switch-back-together-on-cookerhood.166879/'>Help! Put switch back together on cookerhood</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/display-tft-st7789-oshonsoft-basic.166219/'>Display TFT ST7789 (OshonSoft Basic).</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/varying-voltage-in-a-circuit.166946/'>Varying voltage in a circuit</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="category-posts-2" class="widget cat-post-widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Featured Series -Iot Tutorials (48 Part series)</h4> <ul id="category-posts-2-internal" class="category-posts-internal"> <li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/secure-client-server-communication-over-tls-security-protocol-using-mosquitto-broker-iot-part-42/" title="Secure client server communication over TLS security protocol using Mosquitto Broker: IOT Part 42"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52222 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker.jpg 588w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker-300x123.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker-368x151.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/secure-client-server-communication-over-tls-security-protocol-using-mosquitto-broker-iot-part-42/" rel="bookmark">Secure client server communication over TLS security protocol using Mosquitto Broker: IOT Part 42</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/application-of-ftp-protocol-in-internet-of-things-iot-part-43/" title="Application of FTP Protocol in Internet of Things – IOT Part 43"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52475 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol.jpg 633w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol-300x201.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol-355x238.jpg 355w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/application-of-ftp-protocol-in-internet-of-things-iot-part-43/" rel="bookmark">Application of FTP Protocol in Internet of Things – IOT Part 43</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/automatic-software-update-by-iot-device-over-ftp-protocol-iot-part-44/" title="Automatic Software Update by IoT Device over FTP Protocol – IOT Part 44"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52286 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client.jpg 1200w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-300x180.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-768x460.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-1024x613.jpg 1024w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-368x220.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/automatic-software-update-by-iot-device-over-ftp-protocol-iot-part-44/" rel="bookmark">Automatic Software Update by IoT Device over FTP Protocol – IOT Part 44</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ssh-file-transfer-protocol-iot-part-45/" title="SSH File Transfer Protocol – IOT Part 45"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-54321 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP.jpg 465w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-300x234.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-306x238.jpg 306w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-216x168.jpg 216w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ssh-file-transfer-protocol-iot-part-45/" rel="bookmark">SSH File Transfer Protocol – IOT Part 45</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-server-based-hotel-restaurant-order-management-system-on-iot-iot-part-46/" title="Raspberry Pi Server based Hotel/Restaurant Order Management System on IoT – IOT Part 46"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-63002 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured.jpg 770w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-300x195.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-768x499.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-368x238.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-server-based-hotel-restaurant-order-management-system-on-iot-iot-part-46/" rel="bookmark">Raspberry Pi Server based Hotel/Restaurant Order Management System on IoT – IOT Part 46</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/imap-protocol-iot-part-47-2/" title="IMAP Protocol- IOT Part 47"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52474 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm.jpg 473w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm-184x300.jpg 184w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm-146x238.jpg 146w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/imap-protocol-iot-part-47-2/" rel="bookmark">IMAP Protocol- IOT Part 47</a></h6></div></li></ul> </div></section> <section id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries"><div class="widget-wrap"> <h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Recent Articles</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/top-spy-gadgets-you-can-actually-own/">What are the most practical and useful modern spy gadgets?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/st-releases-radio-enabled-mcus-with-15-year-battery-life/">ST releases radio-enabled MCUs with 15+ year battery life</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/infineons-space-grade-512-mbit-flash-memory-supports-data-rates-up-to-133-mhz-for-fpga-boot/">Infineon’s space-grade 512 Mbit Flash memory supports data rates up to 133 MHz for FPGA Boot</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/same-sky-expands-usb-portfolio-with-5-9-mm-type-c-series/">Same Sky expands USB portfolio with 5.9 mm Type-C series</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/renesas-ddr5-chipset-reaches-12800-mt-s-transfer-speed/">Renesas DDR5 chipset reaches 12,800 MT/s transfer speed</a> </li> </ul> </div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-18" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE ENGINEERING TRAINING DAYS</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-17" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Submit a Guest Post</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <a href="/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/guest-post-banner.jpg" alt="submit a guest post"> </a> </center></div></div></section> </aside></div></div></div><div class="footer-socials"><div class="wrap"><label style="color:#ffffff">Connect with Engineers Garage</label> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/EngineersGarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-youtube"></i></a></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="row"><div class="footer-logo"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com">Engineers Garage</a></div><div class="footer-menu"><div class="menu-footer-nav-container"><ul id="menu-footer-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-55876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.analogictips.com/">Analog IC TIps</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.connectortips.com/">Connector Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80507" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/">Battery Power Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.DesignFast.com/">DesignFast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com">EE World Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79699" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.evengineeringonline.com/">EV Engineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.microcontrollertips.com/">Microcontroller Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.powerelectronictips.com/">Power Electronic Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sensortips.com/">Sensor Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/">Test and Measurement Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60429" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/">5G Technology World</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79962" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55885" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55886" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55887" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/">Advertise</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer-copyright"><p>Copyright © 2024 WTWH Media LLC. All Rights Reserved. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media<br /> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </p></div></div></div></footer></div><div class="site-search"><div class="wrap"><div class="search-inner"><h2>Search Engineers Garage</h2><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-2" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></div></div>  </div> <script> var GAMaccountID = 5272491; var GAMnetworkName = 'ee_network'; var GAMadUnitName = 'eg_prestitial'; googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function genesisBlocksShare( url, title, w, h ){ var left = ( window.innerWidth / 2 )-( w / 2 ); var top = ( window.innerHeight / 2 )-( h / 2 ); return window.open(url, title, 'toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=600, height=600, top='+top+', left='+left); } </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NJMRR6Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <div id="sidr-mobile-menu" class="sidr right"><a class="sidr-menu-close" href="#"><i class="icon-close"></i></a><div class="menu-main-nav-container"><ul id="menu-main-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-61908" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/">Electronics Projects and Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39808" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/">Electronic Projects</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-81272" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81273" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/">AVR</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80793" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78430" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78434" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80794" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55864" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80795" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60239" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7268" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/">Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78818" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78819" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78820" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78822" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78823" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78826" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80151" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78829" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78830" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/">USB</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78832" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56096" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62725" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7269" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-39810" class="menu-item current-menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" aria-current="page">Articles</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-63122" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13371" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13399" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13326" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li> <li id="menu-item-59366" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1863" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39809" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77696" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77697" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14489" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14287" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55871" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Forums</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-55870" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55869" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1851" class="menu-item"><a href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1868" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">DigiKey Store</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1869" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1870" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1871" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1882" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1883" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1884" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1885" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56062" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learn</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-80114" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76567" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77221" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81739" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80113" class="menu-item"><a href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55895" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-77693" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77694" class="menu-item"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55899" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77695" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77375" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55898" class="menu-item"><a href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62203" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55896" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-80115" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80423" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><style type="text/css" media="screen"></style><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/js/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.0" id="wtwh_prestitial_core_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/assets/js/dismiss.js?ver=1720775797" id="genesis-blocks-dismiss-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/js/global-min.js?ver=1629218360" id="ea-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.4" id="megamenu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".ui-tabs").tabs(); });</script> <script>"undefined"!=typeof jQuery&&jQuery(document).ready(function(){"objectFit"in document.documentElement.style==!1&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").removeClass("cat-post-crop"),jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").addClass("cat-post-crop-not-supported")),(document.documentMode||/Edge/.test(navigator.userAgent))&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("+=1"),window.setTimeout(function(){jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("-=1")},0))});</script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined') { var cat_posts_namespace = window.cat_posts_namespace || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = { preWrap : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ var _that = jQuery(this); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass('cpwp-wrap-text'); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('div').wrap('<div class="cpwp-wrap-text-stage"></div>'); }); return; }, add : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this); if (_that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').height() < _that.find('.cat-post-thumbnail').height()) { _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); }else{ _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).find('img').width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).find('img').one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); }); } return; }, setClass : function (widget) { // var _widget = jQuery(widget); jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = { replace : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this), resp_w = _that.width(), resp_h = _that.height(), orig_w = _that.data('cat-posts-width'), orig_h = _that.data('cat-posts-height'); if( resp_w < orig_w ){ _that.height( resp_w * orig_h / orig_w ); } else { _that.height( '' ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); }); } return; }, setHeight : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item img').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } let widget = jQuery('#category-posts-2-internal'); jQuery( document ).ready(function () { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); jQuery(window).on('load resize', function() { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); // low-end mobile cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.preWrap(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); } </script> </body></html>