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On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ZAL 62 (2015)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ahmad Al-Jallad" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/20913515/Al_Jallad_2015_On_the_Voiceless_Reflex_of_%E1%B9%A3_and_%E1%B9%AF_in_pre_Hilalian_Maghrebian_Arabic" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Al-Jallad. 2015. On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/20176/738530/53292906/s200_ahmad.al-jallad.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/20913515/Al_Jallad_2015_On_the_Voiceless_Reflex_of_%E1%B9%A3_and_%E1%B9%AF_in_pre_Hilalian_Maghrebian_Arabic" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Al-Jallad. 2015. On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AhmadAlJallad" /> <meta name="description" content="This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the" /> <title>(PDF) Voiceless Reflexes in Maghrebian Arabic</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/20913515/Al_Jallad_2015_On_the_Voiceless_Reflex_of_%E1%B9%A3_and_%E1%B9%AF_in_pre_Hilalian_Maghrebian_Arabic" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '76fc599fe9ec1fff2969df94a387714e0e55b182'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740162377000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740162377000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the pre-Islamic period, and so pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic may continue the original situation. The voiced reflexes, more common in other modern Arabic dialects and in the conventional pronunciation of Classical Arabic, are then interpreted as a later development.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ahmad Al-Jallad","url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AhmadAlJallad"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-01-27","headline":"Al-Jallad. 2015. 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":20913515,"created_at":"2016-01-27T03:09:11.221-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T21:31:12.748-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the pre-Islamic period, and so pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic may continue the original situation. The voiced reflexes, more common in other modern Arabic dialects and in the conventional pronunciation of Classical Arabic, are then interpreted as a later development.","event_date":null,"ai_title_tag":"Voiceless Reflexes in Maghrebian Arabic","journal_name":"ZAL 62 (2015)","publication_date":null,"conference_end_date":null,"conference_start_date":null},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Al-Jallad. 2015. On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [20176]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":41624122,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Al-Jallad. 2015. On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/41624122/mini_magick20180817-12937-1jg6sn0.png?1534554229" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Al-Jallad. 2015. On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20176" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AhmadAlJallad"><img alt="Profile image of Ahmad Al-Jallad" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/20176/738530/53292906/s65_ahmad.al-jallad.jpeg" />Ahmad Al-Jallad</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 20913515; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=20913515"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper argues that the voiceless reflex of the emphatics *ṣ́ (ḍād) and *ṯ ̣ (ẓāʾ) in some pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic dialects is in fact an archaism. These phonemes were voiceless in Old Arabic, as proven by Greek transcriptions from the pre-Islamic period, and so pre‑Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic may continue the original situation. The voiced reflexes, more common in other modern Arabic dialects and in the conventional pronunciation of Classical Arabic, are then interpreted as a later development.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":41624122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/20913515/Al_Jallad_2015_On_the_Voiceless_Reflex_of_%E1%B9%A3_and_%E1%B9%AF_in_pre_Hilalian_Maghrebian_Arabic"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":41624122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/20913515/Al_Jallad_2015_On_the_Voiceless_Reflex_of_%E1%B9%A3_and_%E1%B9%AF_in_pre_Hilalian_Maghrebian_Arabic"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In seeking to define the term ‘emphatic’, since emphatics are realised in some Semitic languages as ejectives, and in others as ‘pharyngealised’, or ‘backed’, the phonetic aspects of both are investigated. I present acoustic analyses of Tigrinya and Arabic (Peninsula Arabian and Iraqi) emphatics, paying particular attention to perceptual salience. Firstly, the notions of ‘noise-lag’ and ‘stop-lag’ are discussed and exemplified in relation to ejectives; secondly, I present and evaluate analyses of VOT in Arabic, showing that there is dialectal variation in the voicing series (i.e. two-way vs three-way). Further to this, I discuss the phonological composition of the various emphatics and gutturals, proposing structural representations broadly within an element-theoretic framework. I then take a diachronic angle, looking at Proto-Semitic and the development of the sound systems of the Semitic languages, in particular the Semitic triads, and the development of ‘backed’ emphatics as a product of changing sound systems. I argue that Proto-Semitic laterals were not part of the ‘triad’ system and that the voiced lateral fricative was ‘backed’. The emphatic trajectory hypothesis is evaluated and theoretically contextualised, and I show that dialectal variation in the voicing series of Arabic is relevant to the variant phonological systems of the dialect types discussed. A preliminary comparative investigation into Arabic dialect sound systems is then presented. I discuss dialect classification and detail a set of key variables for each dialect group. The thesis then discusses the issue of ‘emphasis spread’, analysing data from four different dialect types. The data is discussed in terms of sound systems, and the traditional analysis of ‘emphasis spread’ is disputed. I show how the various sound systems of Arabic are characterised by resonance patterns, which are a crucial part of what is normally taken to be ‘emphasis spread’, and that there is an active process of ‘fronting’ (im¢ala) which is crucial to an analysis of ‘emphasis’ (tafx³m). The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the research, stressing the need for systematic and consistent cross-dialectal analyses of both the phonetics and the phonology of Semitic emphatics. I outline how this can be used in future work to develop a comprehensive comparative typology, towards which this thesis is a preliminary contribution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards a Comparative Typology of Emphatics: Across Semitic and into Arabic Dialect Phonology","attachmentId":3970270,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/561708/Towards_a_Comparative_Typology_of_Emphatics_Across_Semitic_and_into_Arabic_Dialect_Phonology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/561708/Towards_a_Comparative_Typology_of_Emphatics_Across_Semitic_and_into_Arabic_Dialect_Phonology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="24938389" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24938389/Al_Jallad_2017_The_Arabic_of_the_Islamic_Conquests_Notes_on_Phonology_and_Morphology_based_on_the_Greek_Transcriptions_from_the_First_Islamic_Century">Al-Jallad. 2017. The Arabic of the Islamic Conquests: Notes on Phonology and Morphology based on the Greek Transcriptions from the First Islamic Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20176" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AhmadAlJallad">Ahmad Al-Jallad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BSOAS, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper attempts to reconstruct aspects of the phonology and morphology of the Arabic of the Islamic conquests on the basis of Greek transcriptions in papyri of the first Islamic century. The discussion includes phonemic and allophonic variation in consonants and vowels, and nominal morphology. The essay concludes with a discussion on possible Aramaic and South Arabian influences in the material, followed by a short appendix with remarks on select Arabic terms from the pre-Islamic papyri.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Al-Jallad. 2017. The Arabic of the Islamic Conquests: Notes on Phonology and Morphology based on the Greek Transcriptions from the First Islamic Century","attachmentId":54995565,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24938389/Al_Jallad_2017_The_Arabic_of_the_Islamic_Conquests_Notes_on_Phonology_and_Morphology_based_on_the_Greek_Transcriptions_from_the_First_Islamic_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24938389/Al_Jallad_2017_The_Arabic_of_the_Islamic_Conquests_Notes_on_Phonology_and_Morphology_based_on_the_Greek_Transcriptions_from_the_First_Islamic_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="22300128" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22300128/Zviadi_Tskhvediani_2016_al_i%C5%A1b%C4%81_in_Ancient_and_Modern_Arabic_Dialects_George_Grigore_and_Gabriel_Bi%C8%9Bun%C4%83_eds_Arabic_varieties_Far_and_Wide_Proceedings_of_the_11th_International_Conference_of_AIDA_Bucharest_2015_Bucharest_Editura_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Bucure%C8%99ti_545_548">Zviadi Tskhvediani. 2016. "al-’išbā‛ in Ancient and Modern Arabic Dialects", George Grigore and Gabriel Bițună (eds.), Arabic varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA - Bucharest, 2015. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București. 545-548.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5653894" href="https://atsu-ge.academia.edu/ZviadTskhvediani">Zviad Tskhvediani</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43974313" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdituraUniversitatiidinBucuresti">Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zviadi Tskhvediani. 2016. \"al-’išbā‛ in Ancient and Modern Arabic Dialects\", George Grigore and Gabriel Bițună (eds.), Arabic varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA - Bucharest, 2015. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București. 545-548.","attachmentId":42942055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22300128/Zviadi_Tskhvediani_2016_al_i%C5%A1b%C4%81_in_Ancient_and_Modern_Arabic_Dialects_George_Grigore_and_Gabriel_Bi%C8%9Bun%C4%83_eds_Arabic_varieties_Far_and_Wide_Proceedings_of_the_11th_International_Conference_of_AIDA_Bucharest_2015_Bucharest_Editura_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Bucure%C8%99ti_545_548","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22300128/Zviadi_Tskhvediani_2016_al_i%C5%A1b%C4%81_in_Ancient_and_Modern_Arabic_Dialects_George_Grigore_and_Gabriel_Bi%C8%9Bun%C4%83_eds_Arabic_varieties_Far_and_Wide_Proceedings_of_the_11th_International_Conference_of_AIDA_Bucharest_2015_Bucharest_Editura_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Bucure%C8%99ti_545_548"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="1198975" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1198975/Review_of_Kees_Versteegh_ed_Encyclopedia_of_Arabic_Language_and_Linguistcs_vol_I_A_Ed_Leiden_2006_in_Diachronica_25_2008_143_149">Review of Kees Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistcs, vol. I: A-Ed (Leiden, 2006), in Diachronica 25 (2008): 143–149</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="704222" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/GRubio">Gonzalo Rubio</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Kees Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistcs, vol. I: A-Ed (Leiden, 2006), in Diachronica 25 (2008): 143–149","attachmentId":39192449,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1198975/Review_of_Kees_Versteegh_ed_Encyclopedia_of_Arabic_Language_and_Linguistcs_vol_I_A_Ed_Leiden_2006_in_Diachronica_25_2008_143_149","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1198975/Review_of_Kees_Versteegh_ed_Encyclopedia_of_Arabic_Language_and_Linguistcs_vol_I_A_Ed_Leiden_2006_in_Diachronica_25_2008_143_149"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="107190549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107190549/Appendix_to_Arabic_and_the_case_against_linearity_in_historical_linguistics">Appendix to: Arabic and the case against linearity in historical linguistics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6928691" href="https://uni-bayreuth.academia.edu/jonathanowens">jonathan owens</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Interpretations of Arabic language history have been dominated by a linear conception beginning with its early transition from Semitic prehistory to pre-Islamic Arabic and then to the Classical language. Thereafter comes, "neo-Arabic, " in the history of western scholarship usually relegated to the status of dialectology. Expanding on a linguistic history of Arabic (OUP 2006/9), this book advocates a multiple pathways approach. Arabic has multifarious evidential sources: relations to other Semitic languages, epigraphic and papyrological traditions, a linguistically original classical Arabic linguistic tradition, a widely dispersed array of contemporary spoken varieties representing necessary components for reconstructing Arabic language history itself. These diverse sources meld to characterize a holistic but not necessarily linear Arabic language history. From a general linguistic perspective, Arabic in its wide geographical and chronological expanse provides fertile ground for a critical invocation of new perspectives and methodologies in historical linguistics: sociolinguistics, typology and grammaticalization theory, corpus linguistics, and attendant statistical treatment. This is demonstrated via more than 20 individual case studies covering over 1,500 years of documented and reconstructed history. An historical object more complex than traditional accounts emerges. Embedding the study in a wider comparative account, a comparison of the historical morphology of three languages documented over roughly the same period of interval time ca. AD 500-AD 2022, Icelandic, English, and Arabic is undertaken. Arabic contrasts with the linearity of English; it shares aspects of alinearity with Icelandic, but also contains within it elements of multilinearity spread across many individual historical speech communities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Appendix to: Arabic and the case against linearity in historical linguistics","attachmentId":105935819,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107190549/Appendix_to_Arabic_and_the_case_against_linearity_in_historical_linguistics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107190549/Appendix_to_Arabic_and_the_case_against_linearity_in_historical_linguistics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="24711222" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24711222/Phonetic_adaptation_of_Arabic_loanwords_in_Argenti_s_Ottoman_Turkish_1533_Part_2_Vowels">Phonetic adaptation of Arabic loanwords in Argenti’s Ottoman Turkish (1533). Part 2. Vowels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1142055" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/KamilStachowski">Kamil Stachowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oriental Studies and Arts. Contributions dedicated to Professor Tadeusz Majda on His 85th Birthday, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phonetic adaptation of Arabic loanwords in Argenti’s Ottoman Turkish (1533). Part 2. Vowels","attachmentId":45041222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24711222/Phonetic_adaptation_of_Arabic_loanwords_in_Argenti_s_Ottoman_Turkish_1533_Part_2_Vowels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24711222/Phonetic_adaptation_of_Arabic_loanwords_in_Argenti_s_Ottoman_Turkish_1533_Part_2_Vowels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="36577738" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36577738/Arabic_Emphatics_Phonetic_and_Phonological_Remarks">Arabic Emphatics: Phonetic and Phonological Remarks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57952365" href="https://kau.academia.edu/MajedAlSolami">Majed Al Solami</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Arabic has a set of complex coronals, /s/, /d/, /ð/ and /t/, which are the emphatic sounds of their plain counterparts /s/, /d/, /ð/, and /t/. These emphatic sounds in Arabic are problematic both phonetically and phonologically. Phonetically, the secondary articulation of these sounds is disputed. Phonologically, they are grouped with the rest of Arabic guttural class in some studies while excluded by others. This paper touches on these arguments and argues that phonologically, these sounds are not part of the Arabic guttural class.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Arabic Emphatics: Phonetic and Phonological Remarks","attachmentId":56504278,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36577738/Arabic_Emphatics_Phonetic_and_Phonological_Remarks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36577738/Arabic_Emphatics_Phonetic_and_Phonological_Remarks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="36391807" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36391807/Arabic_Vocalisation_in_Judaeo_Arabic_Grammars_of_Classical_Arabic">Arabic Vocalisation in Judaeo-Arabic Grammars of Classical Arabic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2530166" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/NadiaVidro">Nadia Vidro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studies in Semitic Linguistics and Manuscripts: A Liber Discipulorum in Honour of Professor Geoffrey Khan, ed. Nadia Vidro, Ronny Vollandt, Esther-Miriam Wagner and Judith Olszowy-Schlanger, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article looks at the Arabic vocalisation found in grammars of Classical Arabic copied in Hebrew characters. The article consists of an edition of a Genizah fragment consistently vocalised with Arabic signs, accompanied by a study of its spelling and vocalisation in the context of linguistic features reflected in other Judaeo-Arabic grammars of Classical Arabic and vocalised Judaeo-Arabic texts. It is suggested that the fragment is a vocalisation exercise performed by a learner of Classical Arabic language and grammar.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Arabic Vocalisation in Judaeo-Arabic Grammars of Classical Arabic","attachmentId":56302164,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36391807/Arabic_Vocalisation_in_Judaeo_Arabic_Grammars_of_Classical_Arabic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36391807/Arabic_Vocalisation_in_Judaeo_Arabic_Grammars_of_Classical_Arabic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="114032417" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114032417/The_Prefix_Vowels_of_the_Prefix_Conjugation_in_the_Jewish_Arabic_Dialect_of_%CB%81%C4%80na_A_Chain_of_Innovations">The Prefix Vowels of the Prefix-Conjugation in the Jewish Arabic Dialect of ˁĀna: A Chain of Innovations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6999511" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/AssafBarMoshe">Assaf Bar-Moshe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Folia Orientalia, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Jewish dialect of ˁĀna exhibits three synchronic vowel qualities for the prefix vowel in the prefix-conjugation of the first stem: a, ǝ, and u. While the latter vowel is an allophone of ǝ, the former two are independent phonemes. The existence of two phonemic prefix vowels, especially the vowel a, is intriguing in regional context since the reconstructed prefix vowel in qǝltu dialects is assumed to be *i. Therefore, this paper aims to outline the historical developments that led to this synchronic reality. It will argue that the prefix vowel a was borrowed from surrounding Bedouin dialects. As for the vowel ǝ, two hypotheses will be suggested to explain its existence: it either developed from the prefix vowel a in analogy to other cases of vowel raising, or it is simply a reflection of the older qǝltu prefix vowel. Regardless of which hypothesis we choose to follow, the assumed historical development has clearly not been finalised, resulting in synchronic free variation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Prefix Vowels of the Prefix-Conjugation in the Jewish Arabic Dialect of ˁĀna: A Chain of Innovations","attachmentId":110837337,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114032417/The_Prefix_Vowels_of_the_Prefix_Conjugation_in_the_Jewish_Arabic_Dialect_of_%CB%81%C4%80na_A_Chain_of_Innovations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114032417/The_Prefix_Vowels_of_the_Prefix_Conjugation_in_the_Jewish_Arabic_Dialect_of_%CB%81%C4%80na_A_Chain_of_Innovations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16821824" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16821824/Some_speculations_on_the_vowel_system_of_Classical_Arabic">Some speculations on the vowel system of Classical Arabic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5045258" href="https://leeds.academia.edu/JamesDickins">James Dickins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Some speculations on the vowel system of Classical Arabic","attachmentId":39200966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16821824/Some_speculations_on_the_vowel_system_of_Classical_Arabic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16821824/Some_speculations_on_the_vowel_system_of_Classical_Arabic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":41624122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":41624122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_41624122" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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