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R. Ellis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جورج إيليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج إيليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جرج الیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج الیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George F. R. Ellis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جرج الیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج الیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George F. R. Ellis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="조지 엘리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 엘리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Ջորջ Էլլիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Էլլիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George F. R. Ellis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جورج ايليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ايليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ジョージ・エリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・エリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Эллис, Джордж Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эллис, Джордж Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis" title="George Ellis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Ellis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஜார்ஜ் எல்லிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George F R Ellis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Ellis_0040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/George_Ellis_0040.jpg/220px-George_Ellis_0040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/George_Ellis_0040.jpg/330px-George_Ellis_0040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/George_Ellis_0040.jpg/440px-George_Ellis_0040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Francis Rayner Ellis</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1939-08-11</span>) </span>11 August 1939<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 85)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michaelhouse" title="Michaelhouse">Michaelhouse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Theoretical physical cosmology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> 2004<br /><a href="/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Prix Georges Lemaître">Prix Georges Lemaître</a> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SISSA" class="mw-redirect" title="SISSA">SISSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sciama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Sciama">Dennis W. Sciama</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion <b>·</b> Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components <b>·</b> Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">Photons</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Baryons" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryons">Baryons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy<br />Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave<br />background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Francis Rayner Ellis</b>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, Hon. <a href="/wiki/FRSSAf" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSSAf">FRSSAf</a> (born 11 August 1939), is the emeritus distinguished professor of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a> in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. He co-authored <i><a href="/wiki/The_Large_Scale_Structure_of_Space-Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time">The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, published in 1973, and is considered one of the world's leading theorists in <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1989 to 1992 he served as president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_on_General_Relativity_and_Gravitation" title="International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation">International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation</a>. He is a past president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Science_and_Religion" title="International Society for Science and Religion">International Society for Science and Religion</a>. He is an A-rated researcher with the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">NRF</a>. </p><p>Ellis, an active <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a vocal opponent of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> during the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> reign in the 1970s and 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is during this period that Ellis's research focused on the more philosophical aspects of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, for which he won the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_South_Africa" title="Order of the Star of South Africa">Order of the Star of South Africa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1999.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 18 May 2007, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1939 to George Rayner Ellis, a newspaper editor, and Gwendoline Hilda MacRobert Ellis in Johannesburg, George Francis Rayner Ellis attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, where he graduated with honours in 1960 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics with distinction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He represented the university in fencing, rowing and flying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While a student at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, where he received a PhD in applied maths and theoretical physics in 1964, he was on college rowing teams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At Cambridge, Ellis served as a research fellow from 1965 to 1967, was assistant lecturer in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Applied_Mathematics_and_Theoretical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics">Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics</a> until 1970, and was then appointed university lecturer, serving until 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ellis became a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Institute" title="Enrico Fermi Institute">Enrico Fermi Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1970, a lecturer at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cargese_Summer_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cargese Summer School (page does not exist)">Cargese Summer School</a> in Corsica in 1971 and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erice_Summer_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erice Summer School (page does not exist)">Erice Summer School</a> in Sicily in 1972, and a visiting H3 professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>, also in 1972. </p><p>The following year, Ellis co-wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Large_Scale_Structure_of_Space-Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time">The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, debuting at a strategic moment in the development of <a href="/wiki/General_Relativity_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General Relativity Theory">General Relativity Theory</a>. </p><p>In the following year, Ellis returned to South Africa to accept an appointment as professor of applied mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, a position he held until his retirement in 2005. </p><p>In 2005 Ellis appeared as a guest speaker at the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Conference" title="Nobel Conference">Nobel Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Minnesota" title="St. Peter, Minnesota">St. Peter, Minnesota</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Ellis has worked for many decades on <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a> cosmologies (<a href="/wiki/Bianchi_classification" title="Bianchi classification">Bianchi models</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology" title="Inhomogeneous cosmology">inhomogeneous universes</a>, and on the philosophy of cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis20061183–1285_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis20061183–1285-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is currently writing on the emergence of complexity, and the way this is enabled by top-down causation in the hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisMaartensMacCallum2012126–140_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisMaartensMacCallum2012126–140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently Ellis has also collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Teppo_Felin" title="Teppo Felin">Teppo Felin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Noble" title="Denis Noble">Denis Noble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Koenderink" title="Jan Koenderink">Jan Koenderink</a> on a set of articles published in the journal <i>Genome Biology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, Ellis is a <a href="/wiki/Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonist">Platonist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2004a607–636_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004a607–636-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllisHawking1973" class="citation book cs1">——; Hawking, S.W. (1973). <a href="/wiki/The_Large_Scale_Structure_of_Space-Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time"><i>The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20016-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20016-5"><bdi>978-0-521-20016-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Large+Scale+Structure+of+Space-Time&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20016-5&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Hawking%2C+S.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Markus1976_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markus1976-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisDewar1979" class="citation book cs1">——; Dewar, David (1979). <i>Low Income Housing Policy in South Africa</i>. Urban Problems Research Unit, <a href="/wiki/UCT" class="mw-redirect" title="UCT">UCT</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low+Income+Housing+Policy+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Urban+Problems+Research+Unit%2C+UCT&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Dewar%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisWilliams1988" class="citation book cs1">——; Williams, Ruth (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flatcurvedspacet0000elli"><i>Flat and Curved Space Times</i></a></span> (2000 revised ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flat+and+Curved+Space+Times&rft.edition=2000+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflatcurvedspacet0000elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation book cs1">—— (1993). <i>Before the Beginning: Cosmology Explained</i>. Bowerdean/Marion Boyars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Beginning%3A+Cosmology+Explained&rft.pub=Bowerdean%2FMarion+Boyars&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisLanzaMiller1993" class="citation book cs1">——; Lanza, A.; Miller, J. (1993). <i>The Renaissance of General Relativity and Cosmology</i> (2005 paperback ed.). Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+of+General+Relativity+and+Cosmology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2005+paperback&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Lanza%2C+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1994" class="citation book cs1">—— (1994). <i>Science Research Policy in South Africa</i>. Royal Society of South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Research+Policy+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMurphy1996" class="citation book cs1">——; <a href="/wiki/Nancey_Murphy" title="Nancey Murphy">Murphy, Nancey</a> (1996). <i>On The Moral Nature of the universe: Cosmology, Theology, and Ethics</i>. Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Moral+Nature+of+the+universe%3A+Cosmology%2C+Theology%2C+and+Ethics&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Nancey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisWainwright1997" class="citation book cs1">——; Wainwright, John, eds. (1997). <i>Dynamical Systems in Cosmology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55457-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55457-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamical+Systems+in+Cosmology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55457-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisColes1997" class="citation book cs1">——; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Coles" title="Peter Coles">Coles, Peter</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RU7glFG-jX0C"><i>Is The Universe Open or Closed? The Density of Matter in the Universe</i></a>. Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 7. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56689-6"><bdi>978-0-521-56689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+The+Universe+Open+or+Closed%3F+The+Density+of+Matter+in+the+Universe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Lecture+Notes+in+Physics%2C+vol.+7&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56689-6&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Coles%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRU7glFG-jX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2002" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WN8L3pwfpW8C"><i>The Far Future Universe: Eschatology from a Cosmic Perspective</i></a>. Templeton Foundation Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890151-90-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890151-90-4"><bdi>978-1-890151-90-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Future+Universe%3A+Eschatology+from+a+Cosmic+Perspective&rft.pub=Templeton+Foundation+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-890151-90-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWN8L3pwfpW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <i>Science in Faith and Hope: an interaction</i>. Quaker Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Faith+and+Hope%3A+an+interaction&rft.pub=Quaker+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004a" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004a). <i>Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity</i>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83113-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Ultimate+Reality%3A+Quantum+Theory%2C+Cosmology+and+Complexity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83113-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). <i>Handbook in Philosophy of Physics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53002-8"><bdi>978-0-444-53002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+in+Philosophy+of+Physics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53002-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMaartensMacCallum2012" class="citation book cs1">——; Maartens, Roy; MacCallum, Malcolm A. H. (2012). <i>Relativistic Cosmology</i>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Cosmology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rft.au=Maartens%2C+Roy&rft.au=MacCallum%2C+Malcolm+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2016" class="citation book cs1">—— (2016). <i>How Can Physics Underlie the Mind? Top-Down Causation in the Human Context</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Can+Physics+Underlie+the+Mind%3F+Top-Down+Causation+in+the+Human+Context&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellis has over 500 published articles; including 17 in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. Notable papers include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1978" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1978). "Is the universe expanding?". <i>General Relativity and Gravitation</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978GReGr...9...87E">1978GReGr...9...87E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00760145">10.1007/BF00760145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-7701">0001-7701</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122166325">122166325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Relativity+and+Gravitation&rft.atitle=Is+the+universe+expanding%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00760145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122166325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-7701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978GReGr...9...87E&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.+F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisBruni1989" class="citation journal cs1">——; Bruni, M. (1989). "Covariant and gauge-invariant approach to cosmological density fluctuations". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>40</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1804–</span>1818. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhRvD..40.1804E">1989PhRvD..40.1804E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.40.1804">10.1103/PhysRevD.40.1804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2821">0556-2821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10012011">10012011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Covariant+and+gauge-invariant+approach+to+cosmological+density+fluctuations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1804-%3C%2Fspan%3E1818&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.40.1804&rft.issn=0556-2821&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10012011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989PhRvD..40.1804E&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.+F.+R.&rft.au=Bruni%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisBruniDunsby1992" class="citation journal cs1">——; Bruni, Marco; Dunsby, Peter K. S. (1992). "Cosmological perturbations and the physical meaning of gauge-invariant variables". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>395</b>: 34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...395...34B">1992ApJ...395...34B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F171629">10.1086/171629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Cosmological+perturbations+and+the+physical+meaning+of+gauge-invariant+variables&rft.volume=395&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F171629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ApJ...395...34B&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft.au=Bruni%2C+Marco&rft.au=Dunsby%2C+Peter+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisColes1994" class="citation journal cs1">——; Coles, Peter (1994). "The case for an open Universe". <i>Nature</i>. <b>370</b> (6491): <span class="nowrap">609–</span>615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.370..609C">1994Natur.370..609C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F370609a0">10.1038/370609a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4282835">4282835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+case+for+an+open+Universe&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=6491&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F370609a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4282835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Natur.370..609C&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Coles%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisvan_Elst1999" class="citation journal cs1">——; van Elst, Henk (1999). "Cosmological models (Cargèse Lectures 1998)". <i>Natoadv.studyinst.ser.c.math.phys.sci</i>. <b>541</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9812046v5">gr-qc/9812046v5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASIC..541....1E">1999ASIC..541....1E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natoadv.studyinst.ser.c.math.phys.sci.&rft.atitle=Cosmological+models+%28Carg%C3%A8se+Lectures+1998%29&rft.volume=541&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F9812046v5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ASIC..541....1E&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F+R&rft.au=van+Elst%2C+Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisVirbhadra2000" class="citation journal cs1">——; Virbhadra, K. S. (2000). "Schwarzschild black hole lensing". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>62</b> (8): 084003. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9904193">astro-ph/9904193</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvD..62h4003V">2000PhRvD..62h4003V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.62.084003">10.1103/PhysRevD.62.084003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2821">0556-2821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15956589">15956589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Schwarzschild+black+hole+lensing&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=084003&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15956589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvD..62h4003V&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9904193&rft.issn=0556-2821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.62.084003&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft.au=Virbhadra%2C+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisVirbhadra2002" class="citation journal cs1">——; Virbhadra, K. S. (2002). "Gravitational lensing by naked singularities". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 103004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvD..65j3004V">2002PhRvD..65j3004V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.65.103004">10.1103/PhysRevD.65.103004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2821">0556-2821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Gravitational+lensing+by+naked+singularities&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=103004&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0556-2821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.65.103004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvD..65j3004V&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=G.+F.+R.&rft.au=Virbhadra%2C+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2005" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F435743a">"Physics, complexity and causality"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>435</b> (7043): 743. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435..743E">2005Natur.435..743E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F435743a">10.1038/435743a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944681">15944681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35850757">35850757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Physics%2C+complexity+and+causality&rft.volume=435&rft.issue=7043&rft.pages=743&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35850757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435..743E&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F435743a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15944681&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F435743a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2012a" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2012a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262299">"Top down causation and emergence: some comments on mechanisms"</a>. <i>Interface Focus</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsfs.2011.0062">10.1098/rsfs.2011.0062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262299">3262299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23386967">23386967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interface+Focus&rft.atitle=Top+down+causation+and+emergence%3A+some+comments+on+mechanisms&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3262299%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23386967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsfs.2011.0062&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3262299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a> announced it would award Ellis an honorary doctorate in laws (LLD, hc)<sup id="cite_ref-groc_Rhod_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groc_Rhod-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_and_religion_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science and religion scholars">List of science and religion scholars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uclouvain.be/en/research/news/george-ellis-awarded-georges-lemaitre-prize.html">"George Ellis awarded Georges Lemaître Prize"</a>. <i>UCLouvain</i>. 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLouvain&rft.atitle=George+Ellis+awarded+Georges+Lema%C3%AEtre+Prize&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuclouvain.be%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fgeorge-ellis-awarded-georges-lemaitre-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=82681">George F. R. Ellis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, W. W. (1995). "Profile: George F. R. Ellis – Thinking Globally Acting Universally". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>273</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1095-50">10.1038/scientificamerican1095-50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+George+F.+R.+Ellis+%26ndash%3B+Thinking+Globally+Acting+Universally&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1095-50&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation interview cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellis, George F. R.</a> (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/physicist-george-ellis-knocks-physicists-for-knocking-philosophy-falsification-free-will/">"Physicist George Ellis Knocks Physicists for Knocking Philosophy, Falsification, Free Will"</a>. <i>Cross-Check</i> (Interview). Interviewed by John Horgan. Scientific American<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross-Check&rft.atitle=Physicist+George+Ellis+Knocks+Physicists+for+Knocking+Philosophy%2C+Falsification%2C+Free+Will&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fcross-check%2Fphysicist-george-ellis-knocks-physicists-for-knocking-philosophy-falsification-free-will%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://counterbalance.org/ctns-vo/ellis4-body.html">"The Theology of the Anthropic Principle"</a>. <i>Counterbalance Foundation</i>. Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Counterbalance+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Theology+of+the+Anthropic+Principle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcounterbalance.org%2Fctns-vo%2Fellis4-body.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellis, George F. R.</a> (1993). "The Theology of the Anthropic Principle". In Russell, Robert John; Murphy, Nancey; Isham, Christopher J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctns.org/publications/books/quantum-cosmology-and-laws-nature-scientific-perspectives-divine-action"><i>Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action</i></a>. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory. pp. <span class="nowrap">367–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03976-9"><bdi>978-0-268-03976-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theology+of+the+Anthropic+Principle&rft.btitle=Quantum+Cosmology+and+the+Laws+of+Nature%3A+Scientific+Perspectives+on+Divine+Action&rft.place=Vatican+City+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.pub=Vatican+Observatory&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-268-03976-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctns.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fquantum-cosmology-and-laws-nature-scientific-perspectives-divine-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerali" class="citation web cs1">Merali, Zeeya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/is-the-future-already-written">"Is the Future Already Written?"</a>. <i>Discover</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Is+the+Future+Already+Written%3F&rft.aulast=Merali&rft.aufirst=Zeeya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fis-the-future-already-written&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104019/http://www.templetonprize.org/news_templetonprize_2004.html">"Templeton Prize for Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templetonprize.org/news_templetonprize_2004.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Templeton+Prize+for+Progress+Toward+Research+or+Discoveries+about+Spiritual+Realities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templetonprize.org%2Fnews_templetonprize_2004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis20061183–1285-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis20061183–1285_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis2006">Ellis 2006</a>, pp. 1183–1285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisMaartensMacCallum2012126–140-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisMaartensMacCallum2012126–140_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisMaartensMacCallum2012">Ellis, Maartens & MacCallum 2012</a>, pp. 126–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelinKoenderinkKruegerNoble2021" class="citation journal cs1">Felin, Teppo; Koenderink, Jan; Krueger, Joachim I.; Noble, Denis; Ellis, George F.R. (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874637">"The data-hypothesis relationship"</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-021-02276-4">10.1186/s13059-021-02276-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-760X">1474-760X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874637">7874637</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33568195">33568195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=The+data-hypothesis+relationship&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7874637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1474-760X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33568195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13059-021-02276-4&rft.aulast=Felin&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rft.au=Koenderink%2C+Jan&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Joachim+I.&rft.au=Noble%2C+Denis&rft.au=Ellis%2C+George+F.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7874637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelinKoenderinkKruegerNoble2021" class="citation journal cs1">Felin, Teppo; Koenderink, Jan; Krueger, Joachim I.; Noble, Denis; Ellis, George F. R. (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874446">"Data bias"</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-021-02278-2">10.1186/s13059-021-02278-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-760X">1474-760X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874446">7874446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33568166">33568166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Data+bias&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7874446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1474-760X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33568166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13059-021-02278-2&rft.aulast=Felin&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rft.au=Koenderink%2C+Jan&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Joachim+I.&rft.au=Noble%2C+Denis&rft.au=Ellis%2C+George+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7874446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004a607–636-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2004a607–636_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis2004a">Ellis 2004a</a>, pp. 607–636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markus1976-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markus1976_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus1976" class="citation journal cs1">Markus, Lawrence (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1976-14169-9">"Book Review: The large scale structure of space-time"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>82</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">805–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1976-14169-9">10.1090/S0002-9904-1976-14169-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904">0002-9904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+large+scale+structure+of+space-time&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E805-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1976-14169-9&rft.issn=0002-9904&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252FS0002-9904-1976-14169-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groc_Rhod-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groc_Rhod_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grocotts.co.za/2019/03/07/rhodes-university-honours-five-of-africas-best/">"Rhodes University honours five of Africa's best"</a>. <i>grocotts.co.za</i>. 7 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grocotts.co.za&rft.atitle=Rhodes+University+honours+five+of+Africa%27s+best&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grocotts.co.za%2F2019%2F03%2F07%2Frhodes-university-honours-five-of-africas-best%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+F.+R.+Ellis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Ellis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_F._R._Ellis" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspirehep.net/search?ln=en&ln=en&p=find+a+G+F+R+Ellis&of=hb&action_search=Search&sf=&so=d&rm=citation&rg=25&sc=0">Partial list of Ellis' published papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uct.ac.za/mam/staff/ellis">George Ellis's web page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203151641/http://www.math.uct.ac.za/mam/staff/ellis">Archived</a> 3 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/sa-scientist-wins-r10m-prize-1.208381#.UCY3X6HibVo">Professor George Ellis: a man of many parts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Argus" title="Cape Argus">Cape Argus</a>, 18 March 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?AUTHOR=G+F+R+Ellis&TITLE=&C=&REPORT-NUM=&AFFILIATION=&cn=&k=&cc=&eprint=&eprint=&topcit=&url=&J=&*=&ps=&DATE=&*=&FORMAT=WWW&SEQUENCE=">George Ellis's scientific work as listed at SPIRES</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401093526/http://www.onbeing.org/program/science-and-hope/172">Interview with George Ellis (Recorded June 2004)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 1 April 2013) on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226025525/http://speakingoffaith.org/">Speaking of Faith</a> with <a href="/wiki/Krista_Tippett" title="Krista Tippett">Krista Tippett</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onbeing.org/program/science-and-hope/transcript/1158#main_content">transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231355/http://www.onbeing.org/program/science-and-hope/transcript/1158#main_content">Archived</a> 30 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whyarewehere.tv/people/george-ellis/">George Ellis extended interview with transcript for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_Mapungubwe419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Template:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Template talk:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_Mapungubwe419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Order of Mapungubwe">Order of Mapungubwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Platinum</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Gold</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nabarro" title="Frank Nabarro">Frank Nabarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangena_Maake_Mokone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangena Maake Mokone (page does not exist)">Mangena Mokone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwelakhe_Sisulu" title="Zwelakhe Sisulu">Zwelakhe Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Molewa" title="Edna Molewa">Edna Molewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Silver</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Amoils" title="Percy Amoils">Percy Amoils</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Opie" title="Lionel Opie">Lionel Opie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Berjak" title="Patricia Berjak">Patricia Berjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Penn" title="Claire Penn">Claire Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibusiso_Sibisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibusiso Sibisi (page does not exist)">Sibusiso Sibisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Mizrahi" title="Valerie Mizrahi">Valerie Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Gevers" title="Wieland Gevers">Wieland Gevers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phuti_Ngoepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phuti Ngoepe (page does not exist)">Phuti Ngoepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Noakes" title="Tim Noakes">Tim Noakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragasen_Pillay" title="Pragasen Pillay">Pragasen Pillay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_J._Koornhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik J. Koornhof (page does not exist)">Hendrik J. Koornhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongani_Mayosi" title="Bongani Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lutjeharms" title="Johann Lutjeharms">Johann Lutjeharms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Butterworth">Douglas Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Steyn_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Steyn (chemist) (page does not exist)">Pieter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Schoub" title="Barry Schoub">Barry Schoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Fanaroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Fanaroff">Bernie Fanaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ekama" title="George Ekama">George Ekama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Gray" title="Glenda Gray">Glenda Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malegapuru_Makgoba" title="Malegapuru Makgoba">Malegapuru Makgoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mohamed_(mathematician)" title="Ismail Mohamed (mathematician)">Ismail Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Simon_Schaaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Simon Schaaf (page does not exist)">Hendrik Simon Schaaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Soga" title="William Anderson Soga">William Soga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulufhelo_Nelwamondo" title="Fulufhelo Nelwamondo">Fulufhelo Nelwamondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyabulela_Xuza" title="Siyabulela Xuza">Siyabulela Xuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Maaza" title="Malik Maaza">Malik Maaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Sitas" title="Ari Sitas">Ari Sitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboubaker_Ebrahim_Dangor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor (page does not exist)">Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vhahangwele_Masindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vhahangwele Masindi (page does not exist)">Vhahangwele Masindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Bronze</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Beighton" title="Peter Beighton">Peter Beighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">Hamilton Naki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala" title="Tshilidzi Marwala">Tshilidzi Marwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Reddy" title="Daya Reddy">Daya Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebello_Nyokong" title="Tebello Nyokong">Tebello Nyokong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himla_Soodyall" title="Himla Soodyall">Himla Soodyall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Zaahl" title="Monique Zaahl">Monique Zaahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Mthunzi-Kufa" title="Patience Mthunzi-Kufa">Patience Mthunzi-Kufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarraisha_Abdool_Karim" title="Quarraisha Abdool Karim">Quarraisha Abdool Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namrita_Lall" title="Namrita Lall">Namrita Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Majozi" title="Thokozani Majozi">Thokozani Majozi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2007" title="Template:FRS 2007"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2007" title="Template talk:FRS 2007"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2007" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2007"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2007">in 2007</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradshaw_Amos" title="William Bradshaw Amos">Brad Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Barnes_(respiratory_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Barnes (respiratory scientist)">Peter Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Bates" title="Gillian Bates">Gillian Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Berkovic" title="Samuel Berkovic">Samuel Berkovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bickle" title="Michael Bickle">Michael Bickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bloxham" title="Jeremy Bloxham">Jeremy Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Boger" title="David Boger">David Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cloke" title="Geoffrey Cloke">Geoffrey Cloke</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165492" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165492">Richard Cogdell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Cole" title="Stewart Cole">Stewart Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Coupland" title="George Coupland">George Coupland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George F. R. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Everitt_(scientist)" title="Barry Everitt (scientist)">Barry Everitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamon_Gordon" title="Siamon Gordon">Siamon Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" title="Peter and Rosemary Grant">Rosemary Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grahame_Hardie" title="Grahame Hardie">Grahame Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harris_(neuroscientist)" title="Bill Harris (neuroscientist)">Bill Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Higham" title="Nicholas Higham">Nicholas Higham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hyman" title="Anthony A. Hyman">Anthony A. Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kinloch" title="Tony Kinloch">Anthony Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Levitt" title="Malcolm Levitt">Malcolm Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoline_Leyser" title="Ottoline Leyser">Ottoline Leyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Linden" title="Paul Linden">Paul Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Littlewood" title="Peter Littlewood">Peter Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravinder_N._Maini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravinder N. Maini">Ravinder N. Maini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mair,_Baron_Mair" title="Robert Mair, Baron Mair">Robert Mair, Baron Mair</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166756" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166756">Michael Malim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165205" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165205">Andrew McMahon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24453739" class="extiw" title="d:Q24453739">Richard Moxon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Peacock" title="John A. Peacock">John A. Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Perkins" title="Ed Perkins">Edward Arend Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166032" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166032">Stephen Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Rhodes" title="Daniela Rhodes">Daniela Rhodes</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166806" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166806">Morgan Sheng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Colin_Sherrington" title="David Colin Sherrington">David C. Sherrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen" title="Veronica van Heyningen">Veronica van Heyningen</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165848" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165848">David Lee Wark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Wooley" title="Trevor Wooley">Trevor Wooley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zisserman" title="Andrew Zisserman">Andrew Zisserman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker">Wallace Broecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fenchel" title="Tom Fenchel">Tom Fenchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Rubin" title="Gerald M. Rubin">Gerald M. Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guy_Wolynes" title="Peter Guy Wolynes">Peter Wolynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onora_O%27Neill" title="Onora O'Neill">Onora O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1387629#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3280" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1387629#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1387629#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116981956">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109637661">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1756971/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdV9GPGMfxHVR74hB773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/170017478">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79009896">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122989362">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13479907s">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122989362">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13479907s">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001328104">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35331848">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2006305222&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX989957">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071045635">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2092091">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000263886&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2022A1393">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548879805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007320206405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02415379?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8484-0629">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=82681">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23044196300">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ellis.george-f-r">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/53/7803">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/63015">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fd9f956dc-g5dsb","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.717","walltime":"0.968","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5778,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":159991,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8854,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":161257,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 846.534 1 -total"," 17.55% 148.574 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 14.72% 124.597 16 Template:Cite_book"," 13.06% 110.540 1 Template:Cosmology"," 8.50% 71.993 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.15% 60.553 6 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.02% 59.464 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.91% 58.519 7 Template:Fix"," 5.39% 45.611 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.02% 42.502 1 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