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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Student ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelistic_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelistic_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Evangelistic association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelistic_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Civil rights movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lausanne_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lausanne_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Lausanne Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lausanne_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Multiple roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pastor_to_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastor_to_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pastor to presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastor_to_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign policy views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversial views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversial_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversial views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversial_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discussion_of_Jews_with_President_Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion_of_Jews_with_President_Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Discussion of Jews with President Nixon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion_of_Jews_with_President_Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ecumenism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Views on women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Views on homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Awards and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_doctorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_doctorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Honorary doctorates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_doctorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Billy Graham</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بيلي غراهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلي غراهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham" title="William Graham – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Graham" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billi_Qrem" title="Billi Qrem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Billi Qrem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Білі Грэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Білі Грэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Білі Грэм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Білі Грэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Били Греъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Били Греъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%85_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Μπίλλυ Γκράχαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίλλυ Γκράχαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیلی گراهام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیلی گراهام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%84" title="빌리 그레이엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌리 그레이엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Բիլլի Գրեհեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիլլի Գրեհեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D" title="בילי גרהאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בילי גרהאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Franklinius_Graham" title="Gulielmus Franklinius Graham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Franklinius Graham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billijs_Greiems" title="Billijs Greiems – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Billijs Greiems" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Били Греам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Били Греам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ബില്ലി ഗ്രഹാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബില്ലി ഗ്രഹാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बिली ग्रॅहाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिली ग्रॅहाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بيلى جراهام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيلى جراهام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیلی گراهام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیلی گراهام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0" title="ビリー・グラハム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビリー・グラハム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC,_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Грэм, Билли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грэм, Билли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili_Grejam" title="Bili Grejam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bili Grejam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பில்லி கிரகாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பில்லி கிரகாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Біллі Грем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біллі Грем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Billy Graham" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E5%9F%B9%E7%90%86" title="葛培理 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葛培理" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E5%9F%B9%E7%90%86" title="葛培理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葛培理" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American evangelist (1918–2018)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bill Graham (disambiguation)">Bill Graham</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #BDBDBD;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Billy Graham</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_bw_photo,_April_11,_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graham in a suit with his fist clenched" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/220px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/330px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/440px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3156" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Graham in 1966</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1939</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Franklin Graham Jr.</div> (1918-11-07)November 7, 1918 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 21, 2018(2018-02-21) (aged 99) <a href="/wiki/Montreat,_North_Carolina" title="Montreat, North Carolina">Montreat, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Graham" title="Ruth Graham">Ruth Bell</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gigi_Graham" title="Gigi Graham">Gigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Graham_Lotz" title="Anne Graham Lotz">Anne</a>, Ruth, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin</a> and Nelson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bible_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Bible Institute">Florida Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Billy Graham's signature"><img alt="Billy Graham's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Billy_Graham_Signature.svg/130px-Billy_Graham_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Billy_Graham_Signature.svg/195px-Billy_Graham_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Billy_Graham_Signature.svg/260px-Billy_Graham_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="118" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">Northwestern College</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1948–1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Riley" title="William Bell Riley">William Bell Riley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Elvee</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1950–2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Post established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> William Franklin Graham Jr. (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡreɪəm/</a>; November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a>, ordained <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptist</a> minister, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> advocate,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> whose broadcasts and world tours featuring live <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> became well known in the mid- to late 20th century. Throughout his career, spanning over six decades, Graham rose to prominence as an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">evangelical Christian</a> figure in the United States and abroad. According to a biographer, Graham was considered "among the most influential Christian leaders" of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Graham became known for filling stadiums and other massive venues around the world where he preached live sermons; these were often broadcast via radio and television with some continuing to be seen into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During his six decades on television, Graham hosted his <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billy_Graham%27s_crusades" title="List of Billy Graham's crusades">annual "crusades"</a>, evangelistic live-campaigns, from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also hosted the radio show <a href="/wiki/Hour_of_Decision" title="Hour of Decision">Hour of Decision</a> from 1950 to 1954. He openly repudiated <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> at a time of intense <a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">racial strife in the United States</a>, insisting on <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> for all of his revivals and crusades, as early as 1953. He also later invited <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> to preach jointly at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Crusade_(1957)" title="New York Crusade (1957)">a revival in New York City</a> in 1957. In addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham spoke to live audiences consisting of at least 210 million people, in more than 185 countries and territories, through various meetings, including <a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">BMS World Mission</a> and Global Mission event.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Graham was close to US presidents <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (one of his closest friends),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010203-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He was also lifelong friends with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuller" title="Robert Schuller">Robert Schuller</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelist</a> and the founding pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal Cathedral">Crystal Cathedral</a>, whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.<a href="#cite_note-crystalcathedral_archives-9">[9]</a> Graham's evangelism was appreciated by <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denominations, as he encouraged mainline Protestants, who were <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted</a> to his evangelical message, to remain within or return to their mainline churches.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Despite early suspicions and apprehension on his part towards <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>—common among contemporaneous evangelical Protestants—Graham eventually developed amicable ties with many <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">American Catholic Church</a> figures, later encouraging unity between Catholics and Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets;<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a> according to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Personal_savior" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal savior">personal savior</a>". Graham's lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, likely surpassed billions of people.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> As a result of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people, live and in-person, than anyone in the history of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a> Graham was on <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_list_of_most_admired_men_and_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup's list of most admired men and women">Gallup's list of most admired men and women</a> a record-61 times.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2018_most_admired_list-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grant_Wacker" title="Grant Wacker">Grant Wacker</a> wrote that, by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator", saying: "By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201424–25-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker,_Charlotte,_NC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg/170px-Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg/255px-Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg/340px-Billy_Graham_Birthplace_Marker%2C_Charlotte%2C_NC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace marker for Graham near 4601 Park Rd, Charlotte, North Carolina</figcaption></figure> William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">[17]</a> Of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish descent</a>, he was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and dairy farmer William Franklin Graham Sr.<a href="#cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">[17]</a> Graham was raised on the family dairy farm with his two younger sisters Catherine Morrow and Jean and younger brother Melvin Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> When he was nine years old, the family moved about 75 yards (69 m) from their white frame house to a newly built red brick house.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">[17]</a> He was raised by his parents in the <a href="/wiki/Associate_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church" title="Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church">Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially <a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(book_series)" title="Tarzan (book series)">Tarzan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">[17]</a> Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular <a href="/wiki/Tarzan_yell" title="Tarzan yell">Tarzan yell</a>. According to his father, that yelling led him to become a minister.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Graham was 15 when <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> ended in December 1933, and his father forced him and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they became sick. This created such an aversion that the two siblings avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly".<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go see evangelist <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Ham" title="Mordecai Ham">Mordecai Ham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a> According to his autobiography, Graham was 16 when he was <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a> during a series of revival meetings that Ham led in Charlotte in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones College</a>. After one semester, he found that the coursework and rules were too legalistic.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> He was almost expelled, but <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_Sr." title="Bob Jones Sr.">Bob Jones Sr.</a> warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> In 1937, Graham transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College (Florida)">Florida Bible Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temple_Terrace,_Florida" title="Temple Terrace, Florida">Temple Terrace, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> While still a student, Graham preached his first sermon at Bostwick Baptist Church near <a href="/wiki/Palatka,_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club, which was adjacent to the institute's campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_River_(Florida)" title="Hillsborough River (Florida)">Hillsborough River</a>, directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would practice preaching to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergy at Peniel Baptist Church in <a href="/wiki/Palatka,_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1940, he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Theology" title="Bachelor of Theology">Bachelor of Theology</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Graham then enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton, Illinois</a>. During his time there, he decided to accept the Bible as the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a> word of God. <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Mears" title="Henrietta Mears">Henrietta Mears</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Hollywood" title="First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood">First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood</a> in California was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear_Lake,_California" title="Big Bear Lake, California">Big Bear Lake area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While attending Wheaton, Graham was invited to preach one Sunday in 1941 at the United Gospel Tabernacle church. After that, the congregation repeatedly asked Graham to preach at their church and later asked him to become the pastor of their church. After Graham prayed and sought advice from his friend Dr. Edman, Graham become their church's pastor.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In June 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_Alumnus_Billy_Graham_Update-36">[36]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Van_Kampen" title="Robert Van Kampen">Robert Van Kampen</a>, treasurer of the National Gideon Association, invited Graham to preach at Western Springs Baptist Church, and Graham accepted the opportunity on the spot. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, Songs in the Night, was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called Songs in the Night, Graham recruited the <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a> as his director of radio ministry. In 1948, in a <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a> hotel room, Graham and his evangelistic team established the <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesto Manifesto">Modesto Manifesto</a>: a code of ethics for life and work to protect against accusations of financial, sexual, and power abuse.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The code includes rules for collecting offerings in churches, working only with churches supportive of cooperative evangelism, using official crowd estimates at outdoor events, and a commitment to never be alone with a woman other than his wife (which become known as the "Billy Graham rule").<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Graham was 29 when he became president of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">Northwestern Bible College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in 1948. He was the youngest president of a college or university in the country, and held the position for four years before he resigned in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_2018_Youngest_president-40">[40]</a> Graham initially intended to become a chaplain in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>, but he contracted <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a> shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a> (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a>. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a> for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusades">Crusades</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billy_Graham%27s_crusades" title="List of Billy Graham's crusades">List of Billy Graham's crusades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29,_D%C3%BCsseldorf,_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_194-0798-29%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C_Veranstaltung_mit_Billy_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Graham speaking at a Crusade in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, West Germany, on June 21, 1954.</figcaption></figure> The first Billy Graham Crusade was held on September 13–21, 1947, at the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Auditorium" title="Welsh Auditorium">Civic Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, and was attended by 6,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Graham was 28 years old then, and would rent a large venue (such as a stadium, park, or even a street); as the crowds became larger, he arranged for a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> and invite individuals to come forward (a practice begun by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a>); such people were called "inquirers" and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> or a Bible study booklet. In 1949, Graham scheduled a series of <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revival meetings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles</a>, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Hearst chain</a> of newspapers, although Hearst and Graham never met.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The crusade event ran for eight weeks–five weeks longer than originally planned. Graham became a national figure, with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Pianist <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Atwood" title="Rudy Atwood">Rudy Atwood</a>, who played for the tent meetings, wrote that they "rocketed Billy Graham into national prominence, and resulted in the conversion of a number of show-business personalities".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1953, Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> to appear on television opposite <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey" title="Arthur Godfrey">Arthur Godfrey</a>, but he had prior commitments and turned-down the offer to continue his live touring revivals.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> Graham held crusades in London that lasted 12 weeks, and a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Crusade_(1957)" title="New York Crusade (1957)">New York City crusade</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a>, in 1957, ran nightly for 16 weeks. At a 1973 rally, attended by 100,000 people, in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa—the first large mixed-race event in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa—Graham openly declared that "apartheid is a sin".<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow, Russia</a>, in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went-forward at his call.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> During his crusades, he frequently used the <a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">altar call</a> song, "<a href="/wiki/Just_As_I_Am_(hymn)#Altar_Song_in_the_Billy_Graham_crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="Just As I Am (hymn)">Just As I Am</a>".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1995, during the Global Mission event, he preached a sermon at <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Hiram_Bithorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Hiram Bithorn">Estadio Hiram Bithorn</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan (Puerto Rico)">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, that was transmitted by satellite to 185 countries and translated into 116 languages.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg/220px-Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg/330px-Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg/440px-Countries_that_preacher_Billy_Graham_visited_for_his_crusades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Countries in which Billy Graham preached are colored in blue.</figcaption></figure> By the time of his last crusade in 2005 in New York City, he had preached 417 live crusades, including 226 in the US and 195 abroad.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_ministry">Student ministry</h4></div> Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's <a href="/wiki/Urbana_(conference)" title="Urbana (conference)">Urbana Student Missions Conference</a> at least nine times – in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of <a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_Borden" title="William Whiting Borden">William Whiting Borden</a>, the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1955, he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university; the mission was arranged by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Inter-Collegiate_Christian_Union" title="Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union">Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union</a>, with London pastor-theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Stott" title="John Stott">John Stott</a> serving as Graham's chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evangelistic_association">Evangelistic association</h4></div> In 1950, Graham founded the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a> (BGEA) with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>. The association relocated to <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-BG-60">[60]</a> and maintains a number of international offices, such as in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a> BGEA ministries have included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hour_of_Decision" title="Hour of Decision">Hour of Decision</a>, a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for 66 years (1950–2016)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>A syndicated newspaper column, My Answer, carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Content_Agency" title="Tribune Content Agency">Tribune Content Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-tca-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Decision magazine, the official publication of the association<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>, started in 1956 with <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._H._Henry" title="Carl F. H. Henry">Carl F. H. Henry</a> as its first editor<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Pictures" title="World Wide Pictures">World Wide Pictures</a>, which has produced and distributed more than 130 films<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul> In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history. It encouraged church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings, after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a> in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> "The Cross" video is the main program in the My Hope America series, and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h4></div> Graham's early crusades were <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a>, but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchier2013404–5-70">[70]</a> During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200913–38-71">[71]</a> During a sermon held at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> on August 23, 1954, he warned a white audience, "Three-fifths of the world is not white. They are rising all over the world. We have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, I want to tell you that we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200913–38-71">[71]</a> In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and <a href="/wiki/Gardner_C._Taylor" title="Gardner C. Taylor">Gardner C. Taylor</a> to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> He also invited <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, whom he first met during the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> to hear them.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a> Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> In private, Graham advised King and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958, when the sponsoring committee of a crusade that took place in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, <a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> the two remained friends; the next year King told a Canadian television audience that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> Graham and King would also come to differ on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> After King's "<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam</a>" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham (Alabama) campaign</a>, according to Michael Long,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2008150–151-78">[78]</a> and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham on Easter of 1964, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church</a>, and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery march</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-grahammlik-73">[73]</a> Following Graham's death, former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (who spoke alongside <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> at Graham's 1994 crusade in Atlanta),<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) leader and future United States Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> also credited Graham as a major inspiration for his activism.<a href="#cite_note-lewisspeaks-84">[84]</a> Lewis described Graham as a "saint" and someone who "taught us how to live and who taught us how to die".<a href="#cite_note-lewisspeaks-84">[84]</a> Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation. He told a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> that integration was necessary, primarily for religious reasons. "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."<a href="#cite_note-baptisthistory-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png/220px-Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png/330px-Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png/440px-Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Graham at the World Congress of Evangelism at <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, 1966 with <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie I</a> of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lausanne_Movement">Lausanne Movement</h4></div> The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Committee_for_World_Evangelization" title="Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization">Lausanne Movement</a>, of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>, Graham convened what <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the <a href="/wiki/First_International_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="First International Congress on World Evangelization">International Congress on World Evangelization</a>. Women were represented by <a href="/wiki/Millie_Dienert" title="Millie Dienert">Millie Dienert</a>, who chaired the prayer committee.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This took place in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Covenant" title="Lausanne Covenant">Lausanne Covenant</a>, which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham: "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_roles">Multiple roles</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Billy_Graham.JPG/220px-Billy_Graham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Billy_Graham.JPG/330px-Billy_Graham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Billy_Graham.JPG/440px-Billy_Graham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5109" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption>Graham with his son, Franklin, at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Stadium" title="Cleveland Stadium">Cleveland Stadium</a>, June 1994</figcaption></figure> Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Grant Wacker identified eight major roles that he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor, and his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, which was on a par with Martin Luther King and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> He served as a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/International_Mission_Board" title="International Mission Board">International Mission Board</a> in the late 1950s and trustee of the SBC's Radio and Television Commission in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Graham deliberately reached into the secular world as a bridge builder. For example, as an entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IN70-94">[94]</a> He appeared as a guest on a 1969 <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> television special, in which he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95">[95]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Graham became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid</a> era, Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2007109–10-97">[97]</a> Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv/220px--Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="180" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv/Billy_Graham_in_het_Feyenoord_stadion.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Graham at the Feyenoord-stadion in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (June 30, 1955)</figcaption></figure> In 1984, he led a series of summer meetings—Mission England—in the United Kingdom, and he used outdoor <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (soccer) fields for his venues. Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists; this was, at the time, the largest representation of nations ever held. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_RAI_Exhibition_and_Convention_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre">RAI Convention Center</a> in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At one revival in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> He appeared in China in 1988; for his wife, Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-baptisthistory-85">[85]</a> On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>. He was the only person functioning as a minister who received a star in that capacity.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on <a href="/wiki/Great_Lawn_and_Turtle_Pond,_Central_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, Central Park">the Great Lawn</a> of Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. City officials estimated that more than 250,000 were in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke to a crowd of scientists and philosophers at the <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">Technology, Entertainment, Design</a> Conference. On September 14, 2001 (only three days after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">World Trade Center attacks</a>), Graham was invited to lead a service at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>; the service was attended by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-baptisthistory-85">[85]</a> On June 24–26, 2005, Graham began what he said would be his last North American crusade: three days at <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows%E2%80%93Corona_Park" title="Flushing Meadows–Corona Park">Flushing Meadows–Corona Park</a> in the borough of Queens, New York City. On the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a>. The festival was held in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, which was recovering from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. Graham prepared one last sermon, "My Hope America", which was released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013. November 7 was Graham's 95th birthday, and he hoped to cause a revival.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> Graham said that his planned retirement was a result of his failing health; he had suffered from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> from 1992 on.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Maryland_Youth_For_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Maryland Youth For Christ">Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, at <a href="/wiki/Oriole_Park_at_Camden_Yards" title="Oriole Park at Camden Yards">Oriole Park at Camden Yards</a>. In April 2010, Graham was 91 and experiencing substantial vision, hearing, and balance loss when he made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Library" title="Billy Graham Library">Billy Graham Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> There was controversy within his family over Graham's proposed burial place. He announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>, where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.<a href="#cite_note-washpostburial-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-hearld-104">[104]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Cornwell" title="Patricia Cornwell">Patricia Cornwell</a>, a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction. Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site.<a href="#cite_note-washpostburial-103">[103]</a> When Ruth Graham died, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.<a href="#cite_note-hearld-104">[104]</a> In 2011, when asked if he would have done things differently, he said he would have spent more time at home with his family, studied more, and preached less.<a href="#cite_note-Q_&_A:_Billy_Graham_on_Aging,_Regrets,_and_Evangelicals-105">[105]</a> Additionally, he said he would have participated in fewer conferences. He also said he had a habit of advising evangelists to save their time and avoid having too many commitments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> After his close relationships with <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says: "He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Graham was a lifelong registered member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbcinterv2005-107">[107]</a> In 1960, he opposed the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, fearing that Kennedy, as a Catholic, would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-GIA-108">[108]</a> During the 1960 campaign, Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, Switzerland, to discuss their mobilization of congregations to defeat Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a> program, God in America, Graham organized a meeting of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C., in September 1960 for this purpose; the meeting was led by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Vincent_Peale" title="Norman Vincent Peale">Norman Vincent Peale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GIA-108">[108]</a> This was shortly before Kennedy's speech in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, on the separation of church and state; the speech was considered to be successful in meeting the concerns of many voters. After his election, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>, after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mize-111">[111]</a> After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> meeting in February 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Mize-111">[111]</a> In his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a>, and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Graham opposed the large majority of abortions, but supported it as a legal option in a very narrow range of circumstances: rape, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">life of the mother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a> states that "Life is sacred, and we must seek to protect all human life: the unborn, the child, the adult, and the aged."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Graham leaned toward the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as vice president under <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> He did not completely ally himself with the later <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">religious right</a>, saying that Jesus did not have a political party.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When Newsweek asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"<a href="#cite_note-newsweek2006p4-117">[117]</a> In 2011, although grateful to have met politicians who have spiritual needs like everyone else, he said he sometimes crossed the line and would have preferred to avoid politics.<a href="#cite_note-Q_&_A:_Billy_Graham_on_Aging,_Regrets,_and_Evangelicals-105">[105]</a> In 2012, Graham endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo101112-118">[118]</a> Shortly after, apparently to accommodate Romney, who is a <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a>, references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin</a>, head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2016, according to his son Franklin, Graham voted for Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> This statement has been disputed by other children and grandchildren of Billy Graham, who argue that he was too ill to vote (even absentee), and who reiterated that Billy Graham's stated greatest regret in life was becoming involved in partisan politics.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastor_to_presidents">Pastor to presidents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_Billy_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Graham sharing his laugh with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a> of 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_(1966)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Billy_Graham_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/170px-Billy_Graham_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Billy_Graham_%281966%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Graham in 1966</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan,_Nancy_Reagan,_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Billy_Graham_at_the_National_Prayer_Breakfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and first lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> greet Graham at the <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a> of 1981</figcaption></figure> Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents, from <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in North Korea. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> Truman made his contempt for Graham public. He wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography Plain Speaking: "But now we've got just this one evangelist, this Billy Graham, and he's gone off the beam. He's ... well, I hadn't ought to say this, but he's one of those counterfeits I was telling you about. He claims he's a friend of all the presidents, but he was never a friend of mine when I was President. I just don't go for people like that. All he's interested in is getting his name in the paper."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> to gain admission of black students to public schools.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> persuaded Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">religious service</a> on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol building</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-washpost1991-126">[126]</a> Graham met and became a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010204–205-127">[127]</a> and supported Nixon, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux, Switzerland</a>, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> opponent, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010203–210-129">[129]</a> Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-martinbiopost-130">[130]</a> On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a>, invited Graham to the White House to receive spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently called on Graham for more spiritual counseling as well as companionship. As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> In contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> In addition to his White House visits, Graham visited Johnson at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in <a href="/wiki/Stonewall,_Texas" title="Stonewall, Texas">Stonewall, Texas</a>. Johnson was also the first sitting president to attend one of Graham's crusades, in Houston, Texas, in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Montreat,_North_Carolina" title="Montreat, North Carolina">Montreat, North Carolina</a>, and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the president, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified. At one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010195–203-75">[75]</a> Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other president he had ever known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010203–210-129">[129]</a> He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.<a href="#cite_note-washpost1991-126">[126]</a> After Nixon's victorious <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential campaign</a>, Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> In a meeting they had with <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel, but he declined the offer.<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Billy_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Graham meet at Graham's home in <a href="/wiki/Montreat,_North_Carolina" title="Montreat, North Carolina">Montreat, North Carolina</a>, April 2010</figcaption></figure> In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, which they thought safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee of protesters against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-<a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> behavior and the profanity heard on the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Watergate tapes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-worldscollide-115">[115]</a> Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-time1993-23">[23]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">death and state funeral of Richard Nixon</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was unable to attend the state funeral of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> This was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in his eulogy. On April 25, 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2010-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II">Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II</h3></div> Graham had a friendly relationship with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> They first met in 1955, and Graham preached at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">Windsor Chapel</a> at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_views">Foreign policy views</h3></div> Graham was outspoken against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and supported the American <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policy, including the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In a secret letter from April 15, 1969, made public twenty years later, Graham encouraged Nixon to bomb the dikes in North Vietnam if the peace talks in Paris should fail. This action would "destroy the economy of North Vietnam" and, by Nixon's estimate, would have killed a million people.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 1982, Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against Jews, but "a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>". Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and then-current North Korean <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea">leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>, he had "exchanged gifts with him".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_views">Controversial views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion_of_Jews_with_President_Nixon">Discussion of Jews with President Nixon</h3></div> During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had expressed <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitic</a> opinions in private discussions with Richard Nixon; he denied this, stressing his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "<a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Richard Nixon tapes</a>" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes03172002-141">[141]</a> Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard#Accusations_of_controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">Jews control</a> the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United States">American media</a>, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">re-elected</a> that they might be able to do something about it.<a href="#cite_note-bbcregret-142">[142]</a> When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek1-144">[144]</a> and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."<a href="#cite_note-associatedpress-belief-145">[145]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for <a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">conversion of the Jews</a>."<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1-144">[144]</a> In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to a group of Jewish journalists as "the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h3></div> After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, even calling him "<a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wirt-148">[148]</a> Graham expressed <a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">inclusivist</a> views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuller" title="Robert Schuller">Robert Schuller</a>, Graham said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Iain_Murray_(author)" title="Iain Murray (author)">Iain Murray</a>, writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_Christian" title="Anonymous Christian">Anonymous Christian</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_women">Views on women</h3></div> In 1970, Graham stated that <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethic</a>. Graham's assertions, published in the <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a>, elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication that had added following a sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Graham's daughter Bunny recounted her father denying her and her sisters higher education. As reported in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Martin-157">[157]</a> <blockquote>Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us", she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."</blockquote> Graham's daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Graham_Lotz" title="Anne Graham Lotz">Anne</a> is a Christian minister, leading a Christian ministry organization known as AnGeL Ministries.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Graham talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in favor of staying in the United States to marry him – and that to do otherwise would be "to thwart God's obvious will".<a href="#cite_note-Martin-157">[157]</a> After Ruth agreed to marry him, Graham cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying, "then I'll do the leading and you do the following".<a href="#cite_note-Martin-157">[157]</a> According to her obituary, Ruth was active in Christian ministry after they married, often teaching <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wash-159">[159]</a> Her obituary states that in addition to his two sons, all three of Graham's daughters would become Christian ministers as well.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</h3></div> Graham regarded homosexuality as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 1993, he said that he thought <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying: "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."<a href="#cite_note-Gjelten-163">[163]</a> Graham opposed <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, stating that "I believe the home and marriage is the foundation of our society and must be protected."<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Graham's obituary noted that his stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.<a href="#cite_note-Gjelten-163">[163]</a> Corky Siemaszko, writing for <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>, noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject".<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> However, Graham appeared to take a more tolerant approach to the issue of homosexuality when he appeared on the May 2, 1997, episode of <a href="/wiki/20/20_(American_TV_program)" title="20/20 (American TV program)">20/20</a>, stating "I think that the Bible teaches that homosexuality is a sin, but the Bible also teaches that pride is a sin, jealously is a sin, and hate is a sin, evil thoughts are a sin, and so I don't think that homosexuality should be chosen as the overwhelming sin that we are doing today."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2012, Graham and his son, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin</a>, publicly endorsed <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Amendment_1" title="North Carolina Amendment 1">North Carolina Amendment 1</a>, a measure to ban same-sex marriage in the state. They both condemned President Obama's public declaration of support for same-sex marriage later that year.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American", and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> He appeared most frequently on <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a>'s list of most admired people.<a href="#cite_note-century-170">[170]</a> On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2018_most_admired_list-15">[15]</a> In 1967, he was the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> to receive an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Abbey_College" title="Belmont Abbey College">Belmont Abbey College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 1983, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He was cited by the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a> Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a> for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.<a href="#cite_note-goldmedal-173">[173]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Association" title="Gospel Music Association">Gospel Music Association</a> inducted Graham into the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gospel Music Hall of Fame">Gospel Music Hall of Fame</a> to recognize his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Smith" title="Michael W. Smith">Michael W. Smith</a>, dc Talk, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Grant" title="Amy Grant">Amy Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jars_of_Clay" title="Jars of Clay">Jars of Clay</a>, and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.<a href="#cite_note-Hall_of_Fame_Archive:_BG-174">[174]</a> Graham was the first non-musician inducted,<a href="#cite_note-ABC_Timeline_2018-175">[175]</a> and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.<a href="#cite_note-Finstuen_2017_BG:_Pilgrim-176">[176]</a> Singer Michael W. Smith was active in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billy_Graham%27s_crusades" title="List of Billy Graham's crusades">Billy Graham Crusades</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Samaritan%27s_Purse" title="Samaritan's Purse">Samaritan's Purse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Smith sang "<a href="/wiki/Just_As_I_Am_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Just As I Am (hymn)">Just As I Am</a>" in a tribute to Graham at the <a href="/wiki/44th_GMA_Dove_Awards" title="44th GMA Dove Awards">44th GMA Dove Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> He also sang it at the memorial service <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda#Lying_in_state_and_honor" title="United States Capitol rotunda">honoring Graham</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> on February 28, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-graham-honored-capitol-memorial-180">[180]</a> In 2000, former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a> to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honor was presented to him by Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Meyer" title="Christopher Meyer">Christopher Meyer</a>, British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> A professorial chair is named after him at the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Baptist_Convention" title="Alabama Baptist Convention">Alabama Baptist</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a>, the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes03172002-141">[141]</a> His alma mater, Wheaton College, has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Southern Baptist Theological Seminary">Southern Baptist Theological Seminary</a> has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> In San Francisco, California, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Civic_Auditorium" title="Bill Graham Civic Auditorium">Bill Graham Civic Auditorium</a> is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and incorrectly considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter <a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> On May 31, 2007, the $27 million <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Library" title="Billy Graham Library">Billy Graham Library</a> was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> appeared to celebrate with Graham.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,<a href="#cite_note-washpostburial-103">[103]</a> as does <a href="/wiki/Interstate_240_(North_Carolina)" title="Interstate 240 (North Carolina)">I-240</a> near Graham's home in <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville</a>. As Graham's final crusade approached in 2005, his friend <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> chose to create a song in honor of Graham,<a href="#cite_note-Moring_2018_playlist-185">[185]</a> which he co-wrote and produced with <a href="/wiki/David_Pack" title="David Pack">David Pack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Dean" title="Billy Dean">Billy Dean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_Inspirations-186">[186]</a> who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'<a href="/wiki/We_Are_the_World" title="We Are the World">We Are the World</a>'-type" production.<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_Metro_Voice-187">[187]</a> Titled "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_video-188">[188]</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_Metro_Voice-187">[187]</a> and included <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/MxPx" title="MxPx">MxPx</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Moring_2018_playlist-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ford_Coley" title="John Ford Coley">John Ford Coley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Elefante" title="John Elefante">John Elefante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Herrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Herrera">Mike Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(musician)" title="Michael McDonald (musician)">Michael McDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Osborne" title="Jeffrey Osborne">Jeffrey Osborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes" title="LeAnn Rimes">LeAnn Rimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connie_Smith" title="Connie Smith">Connie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tait" title="Michael Tait">Michael Tait</a>, and other singers, with brief narration by <a href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_Making_of-189">[189]</a> It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lockwood_(director)" title="Brian Lockwood (director)">Brian Lockwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_imdb-190">[190]</a> as a tribute album.<a href="#cite_note-TYBG_WorldCat-191">[191]</a> In 2013, the album My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Amy_Grant" title="Amy Grant">Amy Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kari_Jobe" title="Kari Jobe">Kari Jobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsboys" title="Newsboys">Newsboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_West" title="Matthew West">Matthew West</a>, <a href="/wiki/TobyMac" title="TobyMac">tobyMac</a>, and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his My Hope America with Billy Graham outreach and the publication of his book The Reason for My Hope: Salvation.<a href="#cite_note-CC_2013_My_Hope_CD-192">[192]</a> Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of <a href="/wiki/NewSong" title="NewSong">NewSong</a>, which became a hit,<a href="#cite_note-All_Music_2001_NewSong-193">[193]</a> "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,<a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock_2009_Billy_hero-194">[194]</a> "Billy Graham" by <a href="/wiki/The_Swirling_Eddies" title="The Swirling Eddies">The Swirling Eddies</a>, "Billy Graham's Bible" by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nichols" title="Joe Nichols">Joe Nichols</a>, "Billy Frank" by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Stonehill" title="Randy Stonehill">Randy Stonehill</a>, and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Ortega" title="Fernando Ortega">Fernando Ortega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moring_2018_playlist-185">[185]</a> The movie <a href="/wiki/Billy:_The_Early_Years" title="Billy: The Early Years">Billy: The Early Years</a> officially premiered in theaters on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-christianpost-195">[195]</a> Graham did not comment on the film, but his son Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie".<a href="#cite_note-movie-196">[196]</a> Graham's eldest daughter, Gigi, praised the film and was hired as a consultant to help promote it.<a href="#cite_note-christianpost.com-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_doctorates">Honorary doctorates</h3></div> He has received several honorary doctorates.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <ul><li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Humanities (page does not exist)">Doctor of Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_University" title="Houghton University">Houghton University</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Abbey_College" title="Belmont Abbey College">Belmont Abbey College</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_University" title="Jacksonville University">Jacksonville University</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Doctor of Theology</a>, Christian Theological Seminary (Warsaw, Poland)</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Doctor of Theology</a>, Reformed Theological Academy (Debrecan, Hungary)</li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Christianity (page does not exist)">Doctor of Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Baptist_University" title="Dallas Baptist University">Dallas Baptist University</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Humanities (page does not exist)">Doctor of Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" title="Hong Kong Baptist University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_honors">Other honors</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg/160px-Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal_%28reverse%29.jpg/160px-Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Ruth_and_Billy_Graham_Congressional_Gold_Medal_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1996 Congressional Gold Medal shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile (obverse); the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina (reverse).</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>'s Distinguished Service Medal<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Who's Who in America">Who's Who in America</a> listing annually since 1954<a href="#cite_note-BG_Profile-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_Foundation" title="Freedoms Foundation">Freedoms Foundation</a> Distinguished Persons Award (several years)<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aikman_2003-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social Science, New York, 1957<a href="#cite_note-Aikman_2003-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society, 1962<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution to race relations, presented by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Senator Javits</a> (NY)<a href="#cite_note-EWB-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Speaker of the Year Award, awarded by <a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Rho-Tau_Kappa_Alpha" title="Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha">Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha</a>, 1965<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201447-205">[205]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_Golden_Plate_awardees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Golden Plate awardees">Golden Plate Award</a>, 1965<a href="#cite_note-BG_1965_Golden_Plate-206">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Alger Award">Horatio Alger Award</a>, 1965<a href="#cite_note-EWB-204">[204]</a></li> <li>National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains Association of the United States of America, 1965<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Wisdom Award of Honor, 1965<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li>The Torch of Liberty Plaque by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, 1969<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201447-205">[205]</a></li> <li>George Washington Honor Medal from <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_Foundation" title="Freedoms Foundation">Freedoms Foundation</a> of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for his sermon "The Violent Society", 1969 (also in 1974)<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Honored by <a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Morality in Media">Morality in Media</a> for "fostering the principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media", 1969<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">[199]</a></li> <li>International Brotherhood Award from the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Christians_and_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="National Conference of Christians and Jews">National Conference of Christians and Jews</a>, 1971<a href="#cite_note-CJ_1971_Brotherhood_Award-208">[208]</a></li> <li>Distinguished Service Award from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a>, 1972<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Franciscan International Award, 1972<a href="#cite_note-EWB-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a> from United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point (The most prestigious award the United States Military Academy gives to a US citizen), 1972<a href="#cite_note-Aikman_2003-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Selling_Association" title="Direct Selling Association">Direct Selling Association</a>'s Salesman of the Decade award, 1975<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201447-205">[205]</a></li> <li>Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist Evangelists, 1976<a href="#cite_note-Philip_Award_1976-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>'s First National Interreligious Award, 1977<a href="#cite_note-Grossman_2007_Interreligious-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Radio_and_Television_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission">Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission</a>'s Distinguished Communications Medal, 1977<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The Jabotinsky Foundation, 1980<a href="#cite_note-Aikman_2003-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award, 1981<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2018-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Templeton Foundation">Templeton Foundation</a> Prize for Progress in Religion award, 1982<a href="#cite_note-EWB-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the nation's highest civilian award, 1983<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2018-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a> Award of Merit, 1986<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2018-212">[212]</a></li> <li>North Carolina Award in Public Service, 1986<a href="#cite_note-MOA_1993-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a> Most Admired Men Poll,<a href="#cite_note-MOA_1993-213">[213]</a> 1997, No. 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10<a href="#cite_note-BG_Profile-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (along with wife Ruth), highest honor Congress can bestow on a private citizen, 1996<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, for monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom, 2000<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li>Honorary Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (KBE)<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2018-212">[212]</a> for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_KBE_2001-216">[216]</a></li> <li>Many honorary degrees including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">University of Northwestern – St. Paul</a>, Minnesota, where Graham was once president, named its newest campus building the Billy Graham Community Life Commons.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg/170px-Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg/255px-Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg/340px-Billy_Graham_-_L0055_860Fo30141612210024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7288" data-file-height="7423" /></a><figcaption>Billy Graham and his wife in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway, 1955.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Graham" title="Ruth Graham">Ruth Bell</a>, whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Her father, <a href="/wiki/L._Nelson_Bell" title="L. Nelson Bell">L. Nelson Bell</a>, was a general surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> Ruth died on June 14, 2007, at age 87.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The couple were married for almost 64 years.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Graham and his wife had five children together.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Graham" title="Gigi Graham">Virginia (Gigi) Leftwich Graham Tchividjian</a> (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Graham_Lotz" title="Anne Graham Lotz">Anne Graham Lotz</a> (b. 1948), leader of AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends and leader of conferences throughout the US and Canada; <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a> (b. 1952), president and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a> and president and CEO of international relief organization <a href="/wiki/Samaritan%27s_Purse" title="Samaritan's Purse">Samaritan's Purse</a>; and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> which distributes Christian literature in China. At the time of his death at age 99 in 2018, Graham was survived by 5 children, 19 grandchildren (including <a href="/wiki/Tullian_Tchividjian" title="Tullian Tchividjian">Tullian Tchividjian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Graham_(evangelist)" title="Will Graham (evangelist)">Will Graham</a>), 41 great-grandchildren, and 6 great-great-grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3></div> In 1953, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_Dallas" title="First Baptist Church Dallas">First Baptist Church Dallas</a>, although he never lived in the state of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In 2008, he changed his membership to the First Baptist Church of <a href="/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg, South Carolina">Spartanburg, South Carolina</a>, about a 1.5-hour drive from his home in <a href="/wiki/Montreat,_North_Carolina" title="Montreat, North Carolina">Montreat, North Carolina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_(40830035821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg/220px-Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg/330px-Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg/440px-Rev._Billy_Graham_Lying_in_Honor_%2840830035821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Rev. Graham, lying in honor, following a memorial service in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a> on February 28, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></figcaption></figure> Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrahamDeath-227">[227]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?441849-1/billy-graham-lies-honor-us-capitol">Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham, February 28, 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?441940-1/reverend-billy-graham-funeral-service">Funeral Service, Billy Graham Library, Charlotte, North Carolina, March 2, 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda#Lying_in_state_and_honor" title="United States Capitol rotunda">lie in honor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt20180222-229">[229]</a> He is the first religious leader to be so honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> and Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> called Graham "America's pastor". President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ".<a href="#cite_note-graham-honored-capitol-memorial-180">[180]</a> In addition, televangelist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a> paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden, on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Graham's pine <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> casket was handcrafted in 2006 by convicted murderers at the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary" title="Louisiana State Penitentiary">Louisiana State Penitentiary</a>, and topped with a wooden cross that was nailed to it by the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> He is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">honored</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(Anglicanism)" title="Commemoration (Anglicanism)">commemoration</a> on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">liturgical calendar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a> on February 21.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> On May 16, 2024, a bronze statue of Graham was unveiled in the U.S. Capitol by House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_portrayals">Media portrayals</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_5th_Dimension" title="Man in the 5th Dimension">Man in the 5th Dimension</a> (1964): short biographical film featuring Graham.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy:_The_Early_Years" title="Billy: The Early Years">Billy: The Early Years</a> (2008): Played by actor <a href="/wiki/Armie_Hammer" title="Armie Hammer">Armie Hammer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> (2017): "Vergangenheit", Season 2 Episode 6. Played by actor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sparks" title="Paul Sparks">Paul Sparks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbroken:_Path_to_Redemption" title="Unbroken: Path to Redemption">Unbroken: Path to Redemption</a> (2018): Played by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Will_Graham_(evangelist)" title="Will Graham (evangelist)">Will Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> Graham's My Answer advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> Graham authored the following books,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, The Jesus Generation sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication. Angels: God's Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; How to Be Born Again was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-satevepost-47">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Calling Youth to Christ (1947)</li> <li>America's Hour of Decision (1951)</li> <li>I Saw Your Sons at War (1953)</li> <li>Peace with God (1953, 1984)</li> <li>Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins (1955)</li> <li>The Secret of Happiness (1955, 1985)</li> <li>Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers (1958)</li> <li>My Answer (1960)</li> <li>Billy Graham Answers Your Questions (1960)</li> <li>World Aflame (1965)</li> <li>The Challenge (1969)</li> <li>The Jesus Generation (1971)</li> <li>Angels: God's Secret Agents (1975, 1985)</li> <li>How to Be Born Again (1977)</li> <li>The Holy Spirit (1978)</li> <li>Evangelist to the World (1979)</li> <li>Till Armageddon (1981)</li> <li>Approaching Hoofbeats (1983)</li> <li>A Biblical Standard for Evangelists (1984)</li> <li>Unto the Hills (1986)</li> <li>Facing Death and the Life After (1987)</li> <li>Answers to Life's Problems (1988)</li> <li>Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991)</li> <li>Storm Warning (1992)</li> <li>Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (1997, 2007)</li> <li>Hope for Each Day (2002)</li> <li>The Key to Personal Peace (2003)</li> <li>Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade (2005)</li> <li>The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (2006)</li> <li>Wisdom for Each Day (2008)</li> <li>Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well (2011)</li> <li>The Heaven Answer Book (2012)</li> <li>The Reason for My Hope: Salvation (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Banks_2013_Hope_book-242">[242]</a></li> <li>Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Zaimov_2015_New_book-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crosswalk.com/special-coverage/billy-graham/why-billy-graham-was-a-champion-of-the-civil-rights-movement.html">"Why Billy Graham Was a Champion of the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. Crosswalk.com. Retrieved October 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crosswalk.com&rft.atitle=Why+Billy+Graham+Was+a+Champion+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosswalk.com%2Fspecial-coverage%2Fbilly-graham%2Fwhy-billy-graham-was-a-champion-of-the-civil-rights-movement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.billygraham.org/sites/billygrahamlibrary.org/uploads/pro/2018/01/Student-Tours-Curriculum-Civil-Rights-Middle-School.pdf">"Billy Graham and Racial Equality"</a> (PDF). Billy Graham Evangelical Association. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billy+Graham+Evangelical+Association&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham+and+Racial+Equality&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.billygraham.org%2Fsites%2Fbillygrahamlibrary.org%2Fuploads%2Fpro%2F2018%2F01%2FStudent-Tours-Curriculum-Civil-Rights-Middle-School.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/billy-graham-9780190683528?cc=us&lang=en&#">Billy Graham: American Pilgrim</a>. Oxford University Press. June 26, 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068352-8"><bdi>978-0-19-068352-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 21, 2018. <q>Billy Graham stands among the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+American+Pilgrim&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068352-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fbilly-graham-9780190683528%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwank_jr" class="citation web cs1">Swank jr, J. Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031906/http://www.tbn.org/announcements/billy-graham-classics-span-25-years-of-gospel-preaching-for-the-masses">"Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbn.org/announcements/billy-graham-classics-span-25-years-of-gospel-preaching-for-the-masses">the original</a> on October 22, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TBN&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham+Classics+Span+25+Years+of+Gospel+Preaching+for+the+Masses&rft.aulast=Swank+jr&rft.aufirst=J.+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbn.org%2Fannouncements%2Fbilly-graham-classics-span-25-years-of-gospel-preaching-for-the-masses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2018" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Carl (February 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227165429/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2018/february/advocate-for-all-remembering-billy-graham.html">"Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2018/february/advocate-for-all-remembering-billy-graham.html">the original</a> on February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Preaching+Redemption+Amidst+Racism%3A+Remembering+Billy+Graham&rft.date=2018-02-24&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fedstetzer%2F2018%2Ffebruary%2Fadvocate-for-all-remembering-billy-graham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070131004400/http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1">"Media: Bios – William (Billy) F. Graham"</a>. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1">the original</a> on January 31, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media%3A+Bios+%E2%80%93+William+%28Billy%29+F.+Graham&rft.pub=Billy+Graham+Evangelistic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billygraham.org%2FmediaRelations%2Fbios.asp%3Fp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2010203-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikman2010203_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAikman2010">Aikman 2010</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6D61E3AF93AA35751C1A964958260">"The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 9, 1992. Retrieved December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Transition%3B+Billy+Graham+to+lead+Prayers&rft.date=1992-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CE6D61E3AF93AA35751C1A964958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystalcathedral_archives-9"><a href="#cite_ref-crystalcathedral_archives_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016112941/http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php">"Dr. Robert H. Schuller"</a>. Crystal Cathedral Ministries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php">the original</a> on October 16, 2012. 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Rowman Altamira. p. 84. <q>In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Life+in+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+The+None+Zone&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.aulast=Killen&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O%27Connell&rft.au=Silk%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacker2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Wacker, Grant (November 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2003-11/billy-pulpit">"The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a>. Retrieved March 1, 2018. <q>Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending "inquirers" back to mainline churches when requested.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=The+Billy+pulpit%3A+Graham%27s+career+in+the+mainline&rft.date=2003-11-15&rft.aulast=Wacker&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Farticle%2F2003-11%2Fbilly-pulpit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2018" class="citation web cs1">Sweeney, Jon M. (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/02/21/how-billy-graham-shaped-american-catholicism">"How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>. Retrieved April 2, 2018. <q>A few years later, in 1964, Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston (who, as archbishop, had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950) met with Mr. Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council, declaring before a national television audience that Mr. Graham's message was good for Catholics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=How+Billy+Graham+shaped+American+Catholicism&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fpolitics-society%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fhow-billy-graham-shaped-american-catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cincinnati_post-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_post_13-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorstmann2002" class="citation news cs1">Horstmann, Barry M. (June 27, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203122410/http://cincinnati.com/billygraham/p_man.html">"Man with a mission"</a>. Cincinnati Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cincinnati.com/billygraham/p_man.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cincinnati+Post&rft.atitle=Man+with+a+mission&rft.date=2002-06-27&rft.aulast=Horstmann&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cincinnati.com%2Fbillygraham%2Fp_man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Molly Worthen (February 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/evangelical-boilerplate/">"Evangelical Boilerplate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. Retrieved April 2, 2023. "[...] during his sixty years of full-time evangelism, 215 million people heard him preach in person, and another 2 billion tuned in to telecasts. His radio (and later television) show Hour of Decision reached 20 million homes in the 1950s..." <ul><li>Jeff Tiberii (February 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wunc.org/news/2018-02-21/evangelist-billy-graham-who-reached-millions-dies-at-99">Evangelist Billy Graham, Who Reached Millions, Dies At 99</a>" North Carolina Public Radio. wunc.org. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Jennifer Mulson (February 2, 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/life/new-billy-graham-exhibit-dedicated-to-evangelists-life-ministry/article_a8432430-412e-11ea-8320-0b246dcad78b.html">New Billy Graham exhibit dedicated to evangelist's life, ministry</a>". The Colorado Springs Gazette. gazette.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Tim Funk (February 21, 2018) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbtv.com/story/37558263/key-moments-in-the-long-life-of-billy-graham/">Key moments in the long life of Billy Graham</a>". Gray Media Group. wbtv.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Jeaneane Payne (February 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxvilledailysun.com/news/2018/february/billy-graham-death.html">Billy Graham is now face to face with his leader</a>". Knoxville Daily Sun. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Evan Garcia (February 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wttw.com/2018/02/21/billy-graham-america-s-pastor-got-his-start-chicago-area">Billy Graham, 'America's Pastor,' Got His Start in the Chicago Area</a>". WTTW, Chicago. news.wttw.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Encyclopedia.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/protestant-christianity-biographies/billy-graham">Billy Graham</a>. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Phil Anderson (February 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2018/02/21/evangelist-billy-graham-counselor-to-several-presidents-dies-at-age-99/14216185007/">Evangelist Billy Graham, a counselor to several presidents, dies at age 99</a>". The Topeka Capital-Journal; Gannett. cjonline.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Tanda Gmiter (February 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/us-world/2018/02/billy_graham_dies_at_99.html">Billy Graham, dead at 99, known for 'Crusades' with Michigan roots</a>". MLive Media Group. mlive.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li> <li>Ben Cosgrove. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.life.com/people/billy-graham-rare-photos-from-early-years-of-his-career/">LIFE With Billy Graham: Rare Photos From the Early Years of His Career</a>". <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life Magazine</a>. life.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup_2018_most_admired_list-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2018_most_admired_list_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_2018_most_admired_list_15-1">b</a> Frank Newport,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/228089/news-billy-graham-admired-list-times.aspx">"In the News: Billy Graham on 'Most Admired' List 61 Times"</a>, Gallup, February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201424–25-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacker201424–25_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWacker2014">Wacker 2014</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruns2004pp5-14-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2004pp5-14_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2004pp5-14_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2004pp5-14_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2004pp5-14_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2004pp5-14_17-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruns2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruns, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQvtTF1HSL8C&pg=PA5">"A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher"</a>. Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood biographies. Greenwood Press. pp. 5–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32718-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Farm+Boy+Becomes+a+Preacher&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+A+Biography&rft.series=Greenwood+biographies&rft.pages=5-14&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32718-6&rft.aulast=Bruns&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQvtTF1HSL8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/obituaries/billy-graham-s-mother-dies.html">"Billy Graham's Mother Dies"</a>. 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Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Charlotte+Mecklenburg+Story&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Reverend+Billy+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmstory.org%2Fbillygraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The institute is now <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College (Florida)">Trinity College of Florida</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Port_Richey,_Florida" title="New Port Richey, Florida">New Port Richey, Florida</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkland2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirkland, Gary (June 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043710/http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/">"Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka"</a>. Gainesville Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/">the original</a> on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gainesville+Sun&rft.atitle=Graham%27s+first-ever+sermon%3F+Near+Palatka&rft.date=2005-06-25&rft.aulast=Kirkland&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gainesville.com%2Farticle%2FLK%2F20050625%2FNews%2F604163212%2FGS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/">"Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board"</a>. billygraham.org/. Charlotte, NC: Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved October 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=billygraham.org%2F&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+William+%28Billy%29+F.+Graham%2C+Jr.%2C+Evangelist+and+Chairman+of+the+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillygraham.org%2Fabout%2Fbiographies%2Fbilly-graham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119143909/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/">"Indepth: Billy Graham"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 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Billy Graham attended Bible College in Temple Terrace</a>, wtsp.com, USA, February 21, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiality.com/2011/12/billy-grahams-california.html">"Billy Graham's California Dream"</a>. californiality.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=californiality.com&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham%27s+California+Dream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiality.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fbilly-grahams-california.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billygraham.org/story/the-tree-stump-prayer-where-billy-graham-overcame-doubt/">"The Tree Stump Prayer: When Billy Graham Overcame Doubt"</a>. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billy+Graham+Evangelistic+Association&rft.atitle=The+Tree+Stump+Prayer%3A+When+Billy+Graham+Overcame+Doubt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillygraham.org%2Fstory%2Fthe-tree-stump-prayer-where-billy-graham-overcame-doubt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalin2014" class="citation book cs1">Whalin, Terry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsaeBAAAQBAJ">Billy Graham A Biography of America's Greatest Evangelist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_James_Publishing" title="Morgan James Publishing">Morgan James Publishing</a>. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63047-231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63047-231-3"><bdi>978-1-63047-231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+A+Biography+of+America%27s+Greatest+Evangelist&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Morgan+James+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63047-231-3&rft.aulast=Whalin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsaeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie2021" class="citation book cs1">Laurie, Greg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbsyEAAAQBAJ&dq=billy+graham+preached+western+springs+baptist+church&pg=PA115">Billy Graham The Man I Knew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salem_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Books">Salem Books</a>. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68451-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68451-059-7"><bdi>978-1-68451-059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+The+Man+I+Knew&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Salem+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-68451-059-7&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbsyEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbilly%2Bgraham%2Bpreached%2Bwestern%2Bsprings%2Bbaptist%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheaton_Alumnus_Billy_Graham_Update-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_Alumnus_Billy_Graham_Update_36-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/february/wheaton-college-alumnus-billy-graham/">"Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918–2018".</a> Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Seth Dowland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/the-modesto-manifesto/">The "Modesto Manifesto"</a>, christianhistoryinstitute.org, USA, No. 111, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Justin (March 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/evangelical-history/2017/03/30/where-did-the-billy-graham-rule-come-from/">"Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a>. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Did+the+%27Billy+Graham+Rule%27+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fevangelical-history%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fwhere-did-the-billy-graham-rule-come-from%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Yonat Shimron, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2018/02/23/billy-graham-made-sure-integrity-never-question/">Billy Graham made sure his integrity was never in question</a>, religionnews.com, USA, February 23, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_2018_Youngest_president-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_2018_Youngest_president_40-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/">AP and Hauser, Tom. "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225315/http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/">Archived</a> March 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC Eyewitness News. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-41"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvTR05fodqYC">Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.cbn.com/news/us/remembering-billy-graham-crusades-led-people-jesus">"Remembering the Billy Graham Crusades That Led People to Jesus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a>. February 24, 2018. 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Martin Luther King Jr. And The Global Freedom Struggle. Stanford University. May 8, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+And+The+Global+Freedom+Struggle&rft.atitle=Graham%2C+William+Franklin&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fgraham-william-franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423">Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend</a> Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. 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Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4315-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4315-8"><bdi>0-8028-4315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+by+Billy+Graham&rft.btitle=Making+Christ+known%3A+historic+mission+documents+from+the+Lausanne+Movement%2C+1974%E2%80%931989&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8028-4315-8&rft.aulast=Stott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_John_W.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, John W. 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America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation Look for the purposes 2014 p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> David Roach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/billy-grahams-southern-baptist-ties-highlighted/">Billy Graham's Southern Baptist ties highlighted</a>, baptistpress.com, USA, February 23, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-IN70-94"><a href="#cite_ref-IN70_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223201/http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm">"'Man in the 5th Dimension'"</a>. The 70 mm Newsletter. March 6, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm">the original</a> on May 25, 2011. 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Da Capo Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81017-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81017-4"><bdi>0-306-81017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Sex%2C+Death+%26+The+Meaning+of+Life%3A+The+Films+of+Woody+Allen&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-306-81017-4&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxS9f-DI5ag4C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Gibbs" title="Nancy Gibbs">Gibbs, Nancy</a>; Duffy, Michael (May 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603153247/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1627139,00.html">"Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1627139,00.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikman2007109–10-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikman2007109–10_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAikman2007">Aikman 2007</a>, pp. 109–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211081713/http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290">Archived</a> December 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg1989" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl (October 16, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-16-me-93-story.html">"Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star"</a>. 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The Washington Post. December 13, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Family+at+Cross-Purposes&rft.date=2006-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F12%2FAR2006121201338.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearld-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hearld_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hearld_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/article12181541.html">"Graham's wife in coma, close to death; both will be buried at library"</a>. The Herald. June 14, 2007. 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The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Donald+Trump+is+bringing+Billy+Graham%27s+complicated+family+back+into+White+House+circles&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Pulliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F12%2Fhow-donald-trump-is-bringing-billy-grahams-complicated-family-back-into-white-house-circles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcinterv2005-107"><a href="#cite_ref-nbcinterv2005_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/news/i-hope-theyll-say-he-was-faithful-wbna8326362">"Rev. Billy Graham on his lasting legacy"</a>. Today Show. June 23, 2005. 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PBS. October 11, 2010. 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Retrieved January 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham+dead%3A+Truth+behind+Queen+Elizabeth+II%27s+friendship+with+the+US+evangelical+preacher&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Loughrey&rft.aufirst=Clarisse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Ffeatures%2Fbilly-graham-dead-queen-elizabeth-ii-friendship-us-evangelical-preacher-the-crown-visit-a8221816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Cockburn2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Alexander Cockburn</a> (September 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2002/03/18/the-plan-to-kill-a-million-people/">"The plan to kill a million people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. Retrieved June 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=The+plan+to+kill+a+million+people&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.au=Alexander+Cockburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F2002%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-plan-to-kill-a-million-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> "Dr. Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets", <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> story in Minden Press-Herald, May 10, 1982, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece">Preacher power: America's God squad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817195823/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece">Archived</a> August 17, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Independent Article, Preacher power: America's God squad, July 25, 2007; </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes03172002-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes03172002_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes03172002_141-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/17/us/billy-graham-responds-to-lingering-anger-over-1972-remarks-on-jews.html">Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews</a>, The New York Times, March 17, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcregret-142"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcregret_142-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1850077.stm">"Graham regrets Jewish slur"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, March 2, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202154/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=32770">"Graham Apology Not Enough"</a>, Eric J. Greenberg, <a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Jewish Communities">United Jewish Communities</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek1-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek1_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek1_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305211344/http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/5">"Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5"</a>. Newsweek. August 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/5">the original</a> on March 5, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Pilgrim%27s+Progress%2C+p.+5&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F46365%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-associatedpress-belief-145"><a href="#cite_ref-associatedpress-belief_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton,_Christopher_(Associated_Press_Writer)2002" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Christopher (Associated Press Writer) (March 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/News/2002/03/Billy-Graham-Apologizes-For-Anti-Semitic-Comments-In-1972-Conversation-With-Nixon.aspx">"Billy Graham apologizes for anti-Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon"</a>. BeliefNet. Retrieved April 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham+apologizes+for+anti-Semitic+comments+in+1972+conversation+with+Nixon&rft.date=2002-03-02&rft.au=Newton%2C+Christopher+%28Associated+Press+Writer%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FNews%2F2002%2F03%2FBilly-Graham-Apologizes-For-Anti-Semitic-Comments-In-1972-Conversation-With-Nixon.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+3:9&version=NIV">"Revelation 3:9"</a>. Bible Gateway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Revelation+3%3A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DRevelation%2B3%3A9%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2009" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn (June 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628074206/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm">"In Nixon tapes, Billy Graham refers to 'synagogue of Satan'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm">the original</a> on June 28, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=In+Nixon+tapes%2C+Billy+Graham+refers+to+%27synagogue+of+Satan%27&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirt-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Wirt_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirt1997" class="citation book cs1">Wirt, Sherwood Eliot (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billypersonalloo00wirt/page/97">Billy: A Personal Look at Billy Graham, the World's Best-loved Evangelist</a>. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billypersonalloo00wirt/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89107-934-3"><bdi>0-89107-934-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy%3A+A+Personal+Look+at+Billy+Graham%2C+the+World%27s+Best-loved+Evangelist&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-89107-934-3&rft.aulast=Wirt&rft.aufirst=Sherwood+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillypersonalloo00wirt%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Cited in <a href="/wiki/Iain_Murray_(author)" title="Iain Murray (author)">Iain Murray</a>, Evangelicalism Divided (2000), pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iain_Murray_(author)" title="Iain Murray (author)">Iain Murray</a>, Evangelicalism Divided (2000), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1970" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Billy (December 1970). "Jesus and the Liberated Woman". <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a>. 87: 40–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ladies%27+Home+Journal&rft.atitle=Jesus+and+the+Liberated+Woman&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=40-4&rft.date=1970-12&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Billy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/44885500/">"Billy Graham Enters Women's Lib Controversy"</a>. The Kokomo Tribune. November 28, 1970. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kokomo+Tribune&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham+Enters+Women%27s+Lib+Controversy&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1970-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F44885500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1970.html">"Feminist Chronicles – 1970"</a>. Feminist Majority Foundation. Retrieved May 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feminist+Chronicles+%E2%80%93+1970&rft.pub=Feminist+Majority+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feminist.org%2Fresearch%2Fchronicles%2Ffc1970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2014" class="citation book cs1">Dow, Bonnie J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmtzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09648-8"><bdi>978-0-252-09648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching+Women%27s+Liberation%2C+1970%3A+Feminism%27s+Pivotal+Year+on+the+Network+News&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09648-8&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmtzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston2015" class="citation web cs1">Alston, ShaKea (May 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/history/1970-feminist-sit-ladies-home-journal">"1970: Feminist Sit in at Ladies Home Journal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1970%3A+Feminist+Sit+in+at+Ladies+Home+Journal&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=ShaKea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Fhistory%2F1970-feminist-sit-ladies-home-journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2008" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Ellen Ott (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVAeaDLnCJoC&pg=PA79">"A Matter of Pride, A Feminist Response"</a>. In Long, Michael G. (ed.). The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 79–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23656-4"><bdi>978-0-664-23656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Matter+of+Pride%2C+A+Feminist+Response&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Billy+Graham%3A+Critical+Reflections+on+America%27s+Greatest+Evangelist&rft.pages=79-91&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23656-4&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Ott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVAeaDLnCJoC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_157-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2018" class="citation news cs1">Martin, William (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/02/21/divorce-drugs-drinking-billy-grahams-children-and-their-absent-father/">"Divorce, drugs, drinking: Billy Graham's children and their absent father"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved February 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Divorce%2C+drugs%2C+drinking%3A+Billy+Graham%27s+children+and+their+absent+father&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fdivorce-drugs-drinking-billy-grahams-children-and-their-absent-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2019" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Kate (2019). The Preacher's Wife. The Precarious Power of Evangelical Women Celebrities. Princeton University Press. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691185972" title="Special:BookSources/9780691185972"><bdi>9780691185972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preacher%27s+Wife.+The+Precarious+Power+of+Evangelical+Women+Celebrities&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691185972&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wash-159"><a href="#cite_ref-wash_159-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/15/AR2007061500196.html">AP via Washington Post "Billy Graham's Wife Ruth Dies at 87" June 15, 2007</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-160"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_160-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-graham15jun15,0,56499.story?page=1&coll=la-home-center">Los Angeles "Ruth Graham, 87; had active role as wife of evangelist" June 15, 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2018" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Linley (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/internet-reacts-to-obama-tweet-about-billy-graham">"Internet Reacts to Obama Tweet About Billy Graham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teen_Vogue" title="Teen Vogue">Teen Vogue</a>. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teen+Vogue&rft.atitle=Internet+Reacts+to+Obama+Tweet+About+Billy+Graham&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Linley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teenvogue.com%2Fstory%2Finternet-reacts-to-obama-tweet-about-billy-graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2018" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Tim (February 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2018/02/billy_graham_gospel_politics.html">"The complicated legacy of Billy Graham: Gospel or politics?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">The Times-Picayune</a>. 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Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27America%27s+Pastor%27+Billy+Graham+Dies+at+99&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Gjelten&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2F136224476%2Famericas-pastor-billy-graham-dies-at-99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43142263">Billy Graham: Influential US evangelist dies at 99</a>. BBC News, February 21, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=54043309&itype=CMSID">"Billy Graham backs N.C. anti-gay marriage amendment"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. 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Retrieved December 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+And+Religion%3AAn+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fhom_chur1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Ed Kilgore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/02/billy-graham-lived-at-the-crossroads-of-faith-and-power.html">Billy Graham Lived at the Crossroads of Faith and Power</a>, New York, February 21, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsingazette.com/news/billy-graham-urges-anti-gay-vote-in-n-c/article_d63fec14-f8b6-5e3d-89b5-272ab4f5517b.html">Billy Graham urges anti-gay vote in N.C.</a>. Wisconsin Gazette, May 12, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-century-170"><a href="#cite_ref-century_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2004/07/The-Billy-Pulpit.aspx">"The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline"</a>. Christian Century. November 15, 2003. p. 2. Retrieved August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Century&rft.atitle=The+Billy+pulpit%3A+Graham%27s+career+in+the+mainline&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2003-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FFaiths%2FChristianity%2F2004%2F07%2FThe-Billy-Pulpit.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Corey (October 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228100442/http://www.gastongazette.com/articles/belmont-38887-president-abbey.html">"Former Belmont Abbey College president dies at 85"</a>. Gaston Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastongazette.com/articles/belmont-38887-president-abbey.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gaston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Former+Belmont+Abbey+College+president+dies+at+85&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gastongazette.com%2Farticles%2Fbelmont-38887-president-abbey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222090649/https://www.reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/speeches/1983/22383c.htm">"Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. 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May 2, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18252882.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Billy+and+Ruth+Graham+awarded+Congressional+Gold+Medal+for+service.&rft.date=1996-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-18252882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_of_Fame_Archive:_BG-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_of_Fame_Archive:_BG_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hof.doveawards.com/speaker-lineup/billy-graham/">"Inductees Archive: Billy Graham".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226232641/http://hof.doveawards.com/speaker-lineup/billy-graham/">Archived</a> February 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelwsmith.com/bio.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michael+W+Smith&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelwsmith.com%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">44th Annual Dove Awards. <a href="/wiki/Up_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Up (TV network)">Up</a>. 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Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_Inspirations-186"><a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_Inspirations_186-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbjERoKiM20">"Thank You Billy Graham: The Inspiration".</a> patbooneus. September 16, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_Metro_Voice-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_Metro_Voice_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_Metro_Voice_187-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metrovoicenews.com/video-tribute-billy-graham-featuring-entertainers-knew/">"Video tribute to Billy Graham featuring entertainers who knew Him".</a> Metro Voice and wire services. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_video-188"><a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_video_188-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cZn5grlA4E">"Thank You Billy Graham".</a> GoldLabelArtists. August 13, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_Making_of-189"><a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_Making_of_189-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hznVG-u3T20">"Thank You Billy Graham: The Making of".</a> Billy Dean. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_imdb-190"><a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_imdb_190-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1471338/">Thank You Billy Graham</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-TYBG_WorldCat-191"><a href="#cite_ref-TYBG_WorldCat_191-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232648275">"Thank you Billy Graham : a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message".</a> WorldCat. Retrieved March 5, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-CC_2013_My_Hope_CD-192"><a href="#cite_ref-CC_2013_My_Hope_CD_192-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4712">"My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message of Billy Graham".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083228/https://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4712">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Christian Cinema.com. Retrieved March 5, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-All_Music_2001_NewSong-193"><a href="#cite_ref-All_Music_2001_NewSong_193-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7MdpuSlAEC&dq=Eddie+Carswell+hero+of+the+faith&pg=PT583">"Gospel".</a> All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music. 2001. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra & Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Hal Leonard Corp. p. 610. Retrieved March 3, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4">978-0-87930-627-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock_2009_Billy_hero-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_2009_Billy_hero_194-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEtFa0EdzV8">"The Billy Graham Song – "Billy, You're My Hero".</a> Greg Hitchcock Music. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-christianpost-195"><a href="#cite_ref-christianpost_195-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080729/billy-graham-movie-prepares-for-oct-10-release.htm">Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct 10 Release</a>, June 29, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-movie-196"><a href="#cite_ref-movie_196-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358">BGEA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904064456/http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358">Archived</a> September 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a>, A response from Franklin Graham, August 18, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-christianpost.com-197"><a href="#cite_ref-christianpost.com_197-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080826/franklin-graham-among-billy-movie-critics.htm">"Franklin Graham Among 'Billy' Movie Critics"</a>, Christian Post, August 26, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Thomas P. Johnston, Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2003, p. 445-446 </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston_2003_Examining-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2003_Examining_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2003_Examining_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2003_Examining_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2003_Examining_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2003_Examining_199-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuJKAwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Salvation+Army%27s+Distinguished+Service+Medal+billy+graham&pg=PA446">Johnston, Thomas P.(2003). "Appendix 4: Other Awards and Honors".</a> Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. pp. 445–451. Retrieved March 1, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-162-4">978-1-59244-162-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BG_Profile-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BG_Profile_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_Profile_200-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/#biography">"Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr".</a> Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved March 2, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimoCattell2002" class="citation book cs1">Climo, J.; Cattell, M.G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ICFN4iJpgwC&pg=RA1-PA5">Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives</a>. AltaMira Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0178-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0178-4"><bdi>978-0-7591-0178-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Memory+and+History%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0178-4&rft.aulast=Climo&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Cattell%2C+M.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ICFN4iJpgwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikman_2003-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aikman_2003_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikman_2003_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikman_2003_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikman_2003_202-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikman2003" class="citation book cs1">Aikman, D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsouls00davi">Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century</a>. Lexington Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsouls00davi/page/5">5</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0438-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0438-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Souls%3A+Six+Who+Changed+a+Century&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0438-5&rft.aulast=Aikman&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatsouls00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igIoAAAAMAAJ">The American Lutheran</a>. American Lutheran Publicity Bureau. 1963. p. 23. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Lutheran&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=American+Lutheran+Publicity+Bureau&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigIoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWB-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWB_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWB_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWB_204-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWB_204-3">d</a> "William Franklin Graham, Jr." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Biography in Context, </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacker201447-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacker201447_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacker201447_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacker201447_205-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWacker2014">Wacker 2014</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-BG_1965_Golden_Plate-206"><a href="#cite_ref-BG_1965_Golden_Plate_206-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/all-honorees/">"Golden Plate Awardees listed by year".</a> Academy of Achievement. Retrieved March 1, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2010" class="citation book cs1">Adler, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NKHSpR6brgC&pg=PA51">Ask Billy Graham: The World's Best-Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions</a>. Thomas Nelson. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-6868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-6868-9"><bdi>978-1-4185-6868-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ask+Billy+Graham%3A+The+World%27s+Best-Loved+Preacher+Answers+Your+Most+Important+Questions&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-6868-9&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NKHSpR6brgC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJ_1971_Brotherhood_Award-208"><a href="#cite_ref-CJ_1971_Brotherhood_Award_208-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/np00020004/1971-03-24/ed-1/seq-3.pdf">"Brotherhood Award".</a> Courier-Journal of Rochester, New York. March 24, 1971. Retrieved March 1, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">Cite Graham</a>. Billboard. February 19, 1972. p. 20. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cite+Graham&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=1972-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzigEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Award_1976-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Award_1976_210-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naume.org/philip-award">"Philip Award".</a> The National Association of United Methodist Evangelists. Retrieved March 3, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman_2007_Interreligious-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_2007_Interreligious_211-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5o4P-6Fe9nIC&dq=American+Jewish+Committee+First+National+Interreligious+Award%2C+1977&pg=PA53">Grossman, Lawrence. "The organized Jewish community and evangelical America".</a> Uneasy Allies?: Evangelical and Jewish Relations. Lexington Books. Edited by Alan Mittleman, Byron Johnson and Nancy Isserman. 2007. p. 53. Retrieved March 3, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1966-2">978-0-7391-1966-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_2018-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2018_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2018_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2018_212-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2018_212-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbc26.com/news/national/remembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry">"Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry"</a>. WGBA. February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Billy+Graham%3A+A+timeline+of+the+evangelist%27s+life+and+ministry&rft.pub=WGBA&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc26.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fremembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOA_1993-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOA_1993_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOA_1993_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DloAAAAMAAJ">Men of Achievement</a>. Taylor & Francis. 1993. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948875-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948875-75-5"><bdi>978-0-948875-75-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Achievement&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-948875-75-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DloAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruns2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruns, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQvtTF1HSL8C&pg=PA141">"A Family Crusade"</a>. Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood biographies. Greenwood Press. pp. 141–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32718-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Family+Crusade&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+A+Biography&rft.series=Greenwood+biographies&rft.pages=141-2&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32718-6&rft.aulast=Bruns&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQvtTF1HSL8C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngierPondAngier2004" class="citation book cs1">Angier, M.E.; Pond, S.; Angier, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMkIPkgS-zYC&pg=PA83">101 Best Ways to Get Ahead</a>. Success Networks International. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9704175-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9704175-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9704175-3-4</bdi></a>. 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Eastgates.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastgates.org/awordfrombg.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Gates+International&rft.pub=Eastgates.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastgates.org%2Fawordfrombg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/02/21/billy-graham-dies/">"World-Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev. Billy Graham Dead at 99"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World-Renowned+TV+Evangelist+The+Rev.+Billy+Graham+Dead+at+99&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewyork.cbslocal.com%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fbilly-graham-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Bobby Ross Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2018/02/21/billy-graham-never-lived-in-texas-but-belonged-to-a-dallas-church-for-54-years/">Billy Graham never lived in Texas but belonged to a Dallas church for 54 years</a>, religionnews.com, USA, February 21, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/what-we-do/programs-ceremonies/lying-in-state-honor#:~:text=Billy%20Graham%20Jr.%20February%2028-March%201%2C%202018%20Following,Congress%2C%202nd%20Session%2C%20agreed%20to%20February%2026%2C%202018.">"Lying in State or in Honor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a>. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lying+in+State+or+in+Honor&rft.pub=Architect+of+the+Capitol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fprograms-ceremonies%2Flying-in-state-honor%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBilly%2520Graham%2520Jr.%2520February%252028-March%25201%252C%25202018%2520Following%2CCongress%252C%25202nd%2520Session%252C%2520agreed%2520to%2520February%252026%252C%25202018.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/the-rev-billy-graham-prominent-christian-evangelist-dead-at-99/">"The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99"</a>. Fox News Channel. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rev.+Billy+Graham%2C+prominent+Christian+evangelist%2C+dead+at+99&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fthe-rev-billy-graham-prominent-christian-evangelist-dead-at-99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrahamDeath-227"><a href="#cite_ref-GrahamDeath_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/ea6f9efdc7544a6dab337690c5849bfc">"Evangelist Billy Graham dies at age 99; reached millions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Evangelist+Billy+Graham+dies+at+age+99%3B+reached+millions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fea6f9efdc7544a6dab337690c5849bfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/event-calendar/special-event-honoring-rev-billy-graham?2018-02-28">Special Event – Honoring Rev. Billy Graham</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044542/https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/event-calendar/special-event-honoring-rev-billy-graham?2018-02-28">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, February 28, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt20180222-229"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt20180222_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2018" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, Emily (February 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/us/politics/billy-graham-capitol-rotunda.html">"Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved February 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fallen+evangelist+Jim+Bakker+and+wife+pay+their+respects+to+Billy+Graham+in+Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlotteobserver.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-reports%2Fbilly-graham-life%2Farticle202470224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306023215/http://m.wbtv.com/story/37607004/fallen-ptl-pastor-jim-bakker-recalls-prison-visit-from-rev-billy-graham">"Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev. Billy Graham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBTV" title="WBTV">WBTV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.wbtv.com/story/37607004/fallen-ptl-pastor-jim-bakker-recalls-prison-visit-from-rev-billy-graham">the original</a> on March 6, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fallen+PTL+pastor+Jim+Bakker+recalls+prison+visit+from+Rev.+Billy+Graham&rft.pub=WBTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.wbtv.com%2Fstory%2F37607004%2Ffallen-ptl-pastor-jim-bakker-recalls-prison-visit-from-rev-billy-graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memorial.billygraham.org/memorial-events/">"Memorial Events"</a>. Billy Graham Memorial. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+Events&rft.pub=Billy+Graham+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemorial.billygraham.org%2Fmemorial-events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article202566329.html">"Billy Graham's coffin was built by a prison inmate named 'Grasshopper.' Here's why"</a>. Kansas City Star. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham%27s+coffin+was+built+by+a+prison+inmate+named+%27Grasshopper.%27+Here%27s+why&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Farticle202566329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article202297304.html">"Here's what is special about Billy Graham's casket"</a>. 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Retrieved April 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Common+Prayer+2019&rft.pages=694&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcp2019.anglicanchurch.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2FBCP2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348674/">Man in the 5th Dimension</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1213672/">Billy: The Early Years</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6837072/">Vergangenheit (The Crown: S2.E6)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7339792/">Unbroken: Path to Redemption</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/">"My Answer: From the writings of the Rev. Billy Graham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Content_Agency" title="Tribune Content Agency">Tribune Content Agency</a>. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+Content+Agency&rft.atitle=My+Answer%3A+From+the+writings+of+the+Rev.+Billy+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunecontentagency.com%2Fpremium-content%2Fadvice%2Fmy-answer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Graham, Billy. Just As I Am. New York: HarperCollins Worldwide, 1997. Copyright 1997 by the Billy Graham Evangelist Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-Banks_2013_Hope_book-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Banks_2013_Hope_book_242-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/06/billy-graham-book-the-reason-for-my-hope-salvation_n_4025835.html">Banks, Adelle M. "Billy Graham book 'The Reason for My Hope: Salvation,' talks sin, selfishness, and 'trendy religion'" </a> HuffPost. October 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaimov_2015_New_book-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaimov_2015_New_book_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-coming-out-with-new-book-on-heaven-eternity-and-our-life-beyond-144122/">Zaimov, Stoyan. "Billy Graham coming out with new book on 'Heaven, Eternity and Our Life Beyond'.</a> The Christian Post. August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2018. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aikman" title="David Aikman">Aikman, David</a> (2007). Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008JM5FE2">B008JM5FE2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+His+Life+and+Influence&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008JM5FE2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Aikman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> short biography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aikman" title="David Aikman">Aikman, David</a> (2010). "Lyndon B. Johnson". Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8432-0"><bdi>978-1-4185-8432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+His+Life+and+Influence&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-8432-0&rft.aulast=Aikman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> 2010 edition</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, Michael G., ed. (2008). The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002LE87N0">B002LE87N0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Billy+Graham%3A+Critical+Reflections+on+America%27s+Greatest+Evangelist&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002LE87N0%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> scholarly essays</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Steven P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billygrahamriseo0000mill">Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4151-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4151-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4151-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+and+the+Rise+of+the+Republican+South&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Steven+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillygrahamriseo0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchier2013" class="citation book cs1">Schier, H. Edward (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZqYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404">"Civil Rights Movement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781481758765">The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil</a>. Author House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-5876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-5876-5"><bdi>978-1-4817-5876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Three+Wills%3A+As+It+Relates+to+Good+%26+Evil&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4817-5876-5&rft.aulast=Schier&rft.aufirst=H.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZqYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2018" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Lon (2018) [2018]. Billy Graham: An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God. Paraclete Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64060-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64060-087-4"><bdi>978-1-64060-087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+An+Ordinary+Man+and+His+Extraordinary+God&rft.pub=Paraclete+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-64060-087-4&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Lon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington1983" class="citation web cs1">Billington, Monroe (October 12, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverlbj.org/item/oh-grahamb-19831012-s1-84-76">"Oral history transcript, Billy Graham, interview 1 (I)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Presidential Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+transcript%2C+Billy+Graham%2C+interview+1+%28I%29&rft.pub=LBJ+Presidential+Library&rft.date=1983-10-12&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverlbj.org%2Fitem%2Foh-grahamb-19831012-s1-84-76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruns2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruns, Roger (2004). Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2718-6"><bdi>978-0-3133-2718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2718-6&rft.aulast=Bruns&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Finstuen, Andrew, et al., eds. Billy Graham: American Pilgrim (Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein2018" class="citation news cs1">Goodstein, Laurie (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301010117/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/obituaries/billy-graham-dead.html">"Billy Graham, 99, Dies; Pastor Filled Stadiums and Counseled Presidents"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/obituaries/billy-graham-dead.html">the original</a> on March 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham%2C+99%2C+Dies%3B+Pastor+Filled+Stadiums+and+Counseled+Presidents&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fobituaries%2Fbilly-graham-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Himes, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/">Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American family</a> Seattle: Chiara Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2023" class="citation book cs1">Hummel, Daniel G. (2023). The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism: How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-87922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-87922-6"><bdi>978-0-802-87922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Dispensationalism%3A+How+the+Evangelical+Battle+over+the+End+Times+Shaped+a+Nation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-802-87922-6&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1997" class="citation journal cs1">King, Randall E. (1997). "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F39.2.273">10.1093/jcs/39.2.273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=When+Worlds+Collide%3A+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+and+Media+at+the+1970+East+Tennessee+Billy+Graham+Crusade&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-95&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F39.2.273&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Randall+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie2021" class="citation book cs1">Laurie, Greg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbsyEAAAQBAJ&dq=billy+graham+preached+western+springs+baptist+church&pg=PA115">Billy Graham The Man I Knew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salem_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Books">Salem Books</a>. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68451-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68451-059-7"><bdi>978-1-68451-059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+The+Man+I+Knew&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Salem+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-68451-059-7&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbsyEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbilly%2Bgraham%2Bpreached%2Bwestern%2Bsprings%2Bbaptist%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, William (2007). A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24198-0"><bdi>978-0-310-24198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prophet+with+Honor%3A+The+Billy+Graham+Story&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24198-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, William (2013). Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zonderkidz. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004HOV0CW">B004HOV0CW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+with+Honor%3A+The+Billy+Graham+Story&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zonderkidz&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB004HOV0CW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"> Middle-school version.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1979" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, John (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billygrahamevang00poll">Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066691-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066691-9"><bdi>0-06-066691-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+Evangelist+to+the+World&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-06-066691-9&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillygrahamevang00poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Timothy H. (2013). The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books. pp. 1–158. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00E1CYKCC">B00E1CYKCC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetorical+Leadership+of+Fulton+J.+Sheen%2C+Norman+Vincent+Peale%2C+and+Billy+Graham+in+the+Age+of+Extremes&rft.pages=1-158&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00E1CYKCC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Timothy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroberStrober2006" class="citation book cs1">Strober, Deborah Hart; Strober, Gerald S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billygrahamorala00stro">Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography</a>. Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78-79-8401-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78-79-8401-4"><bdi>978-0-78-79-8401-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham%3A+A+Narrative+and+Oral+Biography&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-78-79-8401-4&rft.aulast=Strober&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Hart&rft.au=Strober%2C+Gerald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillygrahamorala00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrott2018" class="citation news cs1">Trott, Bill (February 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-billy-graham/billy-graham-preacher-to-millions-adviser-to-u-s-presidents-dies-at-99-idUSKCN1G51O9/">"Billy Graham, preacher to millions, adviser to U.S. presidents, dies at 99"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham%2C+preacher+to+millions%2C+adviser+to+U.S.+presidents%2C+dies+at+99&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Trott&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-people-billy-graham%2Fbilly-graham-preacher-to-millions-adviser-to-u-s-presidents-dies-at-99-idUSKCN1G51O9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacker2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wacker, Grant (2009). "Billy Graham's America". Church History. 78 (3): 489–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640709990400">10.1017/S0009640709990400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162380291">162380291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Billy+Graham%27s+America&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-511&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640709990400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162380291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wacker&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacker2014" class="citation book cs1">Wacker, Grant (2014) [2006]. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05218-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Pastor%3A+Billy+Graham+and+the+Shaping+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05218-5&rft.aulast=Wacker&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalin2014" class="citation book cs1">Whalin, Terry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsaeBAAAQBAJ">Billy Graham A Biography of America's Greatest Evangelist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_James_Publishing" title="Morgan James Publishing">Morgan James Publishing</a>. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63047-231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63047-231-3"><bdi>978-1-63047-231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+A+Biography+of+America%27s+Greatest+Evangelist&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Morgan+James+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63047-231-3&rft.aulast=Whalin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzsaeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Graham" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="extiw" title="commons:Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Billy_Graham" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Billy Graham">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billygraham.org">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billygrahamarchivecenter.com/">Billy Graham Archive and Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wheatonbillygraham.com/">Billy Graham Center</a> at Wheaton College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wheaton.edu/about-wheaton/museum-and-collections/wheaton-archives-and-special-collections/research/billy-graham-resources/">Billy Graham Resources</a>, Wheaton College Archives & Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/billy-graham/">Billy Graham</a> on <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/billy_graham">Billy Graham</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213550#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2496">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0333932/">Billy Graham</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Riley" title="William Bell Riley">William Bell Riley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">Northwestern Bible College</a> 1948–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Richard Elvee</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> 1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> February 28 – March 1, 2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Billy_Graham" title="Template talk:Billy Graham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Billy_Graham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Billy Graham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billy_Graham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billy Graham</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Leader of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billy_Graham%27s_crusades" title="List of Billy Graham's crusades">Billy Graham Crusades</a></li> <li>Founder of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Barrows" title="Cliff Barrows">Cliff Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">BMS World Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="First International Congress on World Evangelization">First International Congress on World Evangelization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Covenant" title="Lausanne Covenant">Lausanne Covenant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_of_Florida" title="Trinity College of Florida">Florida Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Ham" title="Mordecai Ham">Mordecai Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Committee_for_World_Evangelization" title="Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization">Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Mears" title="Henrietta Mears">Henrietta Mears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">Northwestern Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuller" title="Robert Schuller">Robert Schuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbana_(conference)" title="Urbana (conference)">Urbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_B._Wilson" title="Grady B. Wilson">Grady Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Zamperini" title="Louis Zamperini">Louis Zamperini</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/100px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/150px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg/200px-Billy_Graham_bw_photo%2C_April_11%2C_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3156" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a> (founded 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour_of_Decision" title="Hour of Decision">Hour of Decision</a> (1950–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Texas_(film)" title="Mr. Texas (film)">Mr. Texas</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Pictures" title="World Wide Pictures">World Wide Pictures</a> (founded 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_5th_Dimension" title="Man in the 5th Dimension">Man in the 5th Dimension</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_a_Penny" title="Two a Penny">Two a Penny</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Again_(film)" title="Born Again (film)">Born Again</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy:_The_Early_Years" title="Billy: The Early Years">Billy: The Early Years</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Graham" title="Ruth Graham">Ruth Graham</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigi_Graham" title="Gigi Graham">Gigi Graham</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Graham_Lotz" title="Anne Graham Lotz">Anne Graham Lotz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullian_Tchividjian" title="Tullian Tchividjian">Tullian Tchividjian</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Graham_(evangelist)" title="Will Graham (evangelist)">Will Graham</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Nelson_Bell" title="L. Nelson Bell">L. Nelson Bell</a> (father-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Library" title="Billy Graham Library">Billy Graham Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_rule" title="Billy Graham rule">Billy Graham rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_as_I_Am_(hymn)" title="Just as I Am (hymn)">Just as I Am</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Billy_Graham" title="Statue of Billy Graham">Statue of Billy Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/15px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/24px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/31px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="201" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evangelical_Christianity" title="Portal:Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Billy Graham at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" class="extiw" title="c:Billy Graham">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Billy_Graham" class="extiw" title="q:Billy Graham">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213550" class="extiw" title="d:Q213550">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213550#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213550#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213550#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081693670">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/99838169">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35442/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/416301/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf489Pv4Mb8xR8YdKYMfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118541390">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054798">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905642n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905642n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00441472">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV014862">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35138918">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000602250&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1144215">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39705">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070516979">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90140902">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000021803&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000027284&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71280">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199638946">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkkn5p3rd843f">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611367105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261792005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522824906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01594272?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a6ce211b-d6e0-4e6e-bd62-e7046194e6e6">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/839002">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118541390.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118541390">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/128939761">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581896">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zb04vt">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Graham&oldid=1257037497">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Graham&oldid=1257037497</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Billy_Graham" title="Category:Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_births" title="Category:1918 births">1918 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2018_deaths" title="Category:2018 deaths">2018 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1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerritt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMize2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton,_Christopher_(Associated_Press_Writer)2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Keefe,_Ed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiemaszko2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinfels1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddard,_Maynard_Good1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolberg1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroberStrober2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwank_jr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTOULOUSE1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrott2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsborne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacker,_Grant1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhalin2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWirt1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Billy Graham\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 75,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Billy\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Evangelical Protestantism in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 5,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox Christian leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Similar names\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TED speaker\"] = 1,\n [\"Templeton Prize Laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","24.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.4"],["recursiveClone 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