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Constituants des aciers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Structure des aciers" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/2-structure-des-aciers/"> 2. Structure des aciers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Facteurs influençant la structure" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/3-facteurs-influencant-la-structure/"> 3. Facteurs influençant la structure </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Traitements thermiques des aciers" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/4-traitements-thermiques-des-aciers/"> 4. Traitements thermiques des aciers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Propriétés des aciers" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/5-proprietes-des-aciers/"> 5. Propriétés des aciers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Désignation des aciers" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/6-designation-des-aciers/"> 6. Désignation des aciers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Aciers alliés" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/7-aciers-allies/"> 7. Aciers alliés </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Aciers de construction" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/8-aciers-de-construction/"> 8. Aciers de construction </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Aciers à outils" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/9-aciers-a-outils/"> 9. Aciers à outils </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Aciers inoxydables" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/10-aciers-inoxydables/"> 10. Aciers inoxydables </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Aciers réfractaires" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/11-aciers-refractaires/"> 11. Aciers réfractaires </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ACIER - Technologie, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/12-bibliographie/"> 12. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ACIER</strong><span class="label-sub"> Technologie</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070120_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070120_0"></i><p>L'acier est un alliage de fer et de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le carbone est l'élément chimique non métallique de symbole C et de numéro atomique 6. Il est présent dans de nombreux composés naturels : gaz carbonique de l'atmosphère, roches calcaires , combustibles (gaz, pétrole, charbons minéraux). C'est de plus un constituant fondamental de la matière vivante. Par la photosynthèse , les plantes convertissent le gaz carbonique de l'air en hyd..." title="Article : CARBONE" href="/encyclopedie/carbone/">carbone</a> renfermant au maximum 2 p. 100 de ce dernier élément. Il peut contenir de petites quantités d'autres éléments incorporés, volontairement ou non, au cours de son élaboration. On peut également y ajouter des quantités plus importantes d'éléments d'alliage ; il est considéré alors comme un <em>acier allié</em>. La teneur en carbone de certains de ces aciers alliés peut parfois dépasser 2 p. 100.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH160237" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Découpe d’un tuyau en acier" href="/media/decoupe-dun-tuyau-en-acier-ph160237/"><img id="PH160237" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/2/csm_ph160237_d42e5e6f6d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Découpe d’un tuyau en acier - crédits : 06photo/ Shutterstock" data-description="La découpe à la flamme ou oxycoupage est la technique la plus anciennce pour couper l'acier. Elle permet de percer des tôles très épaisses contrairement aux découpes laser et plasma." data-copyright="06photo/ Shutterstock" width="1024" height="648" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Découpe d’un tuyau en acier </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 06photo/ Shutterstock </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Contrairement à la fonte, qui contient plus de 2 p. 100 de carbone, l'acier est un métal ductile ; il peut subir des changements de forme par compression ou extension à chaud ou à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'idée commune de froid est attachée à des conditions climatiques polaires ou hivernales et, dans ce sens, elle prend un caractère absolu : « il fait froid ». Mais, pour l'industriel ou le physicien, le froid est relatif, et de l'eau bouillante est beaucoup plus froide qu'un morceau de fer porté au rouge. On ne crée pas du froid, on crée seulement du « plus froid que quelque chose �..." title="Article : FROID, physique" href="/encyclopedie/froid-physique/">froid</a>. Il est caractérisé, en outre, par une propriété fondamentale qui est la raison du développement considérable de ses emplois : il « prend la trempe », c'est-à-dire qu'il est susceptible d'acquérir une grande dureté lorsqu'il est chauffé à une température suffisamment élevée puis refroidi à une vitesse assez grande. Cependant, cette propriété ne se rencontre pas dans certains aciers alliés, qui doivent leur utilisation à d'autres caractéristiques. L'acier peut durcir également sous l'effet d'autres traitements que la trempe, par exemple par écrouissage (travail mécanique à froid).</p><p>La possibilité d'attribuer aux aciers une gamme étendue de propriétés grâce à des traitements thermiques, thermomécaniques et mécaniques est à l'origine du très large éventail de leurs utilisations. La quantité d'acier consommée par tête d'habitant a d'ailleurs pu être considérée comme l'indice du développement d'un pays, et l'on peut affirmer que l'industrie moderne a son origine, dès le milieu du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle et surtout au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, dans la découverte des procédés de production massive de l'acier.</p><p>Les aciers ordinaires montrent des insuffisances qui limitent leurs utilisations et les rendent impropres à certains usages. Très souvent, la résistance aux sollicitations mécaniques est en cause ; parfois, c'est l'attaque par des réactifs chimiques ou même simplement par l'atmosphère, lorsqu'elle est humide ou polluée. On a réussi à pallier ces inconvénients et à élargir les domaines d'emploi des aciers en ajoutant une certaine quantité de métaux ou d'éléments non métalliques. On obtient ainsi une importante gamme d'<em>aciers alliés</em> répondant à des nécessités très diverses.</p><p>On désigne par <em>aciers de construction</em> tous ceux qui sont utilisés dans la construction mécanique, c'est-à-dire pour la fabrication de machines, de structures et de moteurs, par exemple dans les industries automobile et aérospatiale. C'est essentiellement en raison de leur résistance mécanique que ces aciers sont choisis, et ce choix dépend à la fois de la dimension des pièces envisagées et des sollicitations auxquelles elles sont soumises.</p><p>L'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Prolongement de la main de l'homme, l'outil est un moyen grâce auquel celui-ci peut transformer la nature. Tout se passe comme si la libération de la main venait compenser au centuple la force buccale que l'homme perd par rapport aux autres mammifères. L'outil, en effet, à la différence des organes, ne meurt pas avec l'individu ; il ne se transmet pas par hérédité mais par héritage et, e..." title="Article : OUTIL" href="/encyclopedie/outil/">outil</a> a été probablement la première utilisation de l'acier. Il s'agissait alors de prolonger la main humaine pour la mise en œuvre des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="N'importe quelle production suppose à la fois un support (ce avec quoi elle a été façonnée) et un projet ou une idée qui a présidé à sa fabrication. Elle unit la « matière » et la « forme » : la philosophie grecque n'a pas manqué de s'inspirer de cette évidente symbiose. La Métaphysique d' Aristote le souligne nettement. Il convient d'éviter la dissociation, c'est-à-d..." title="Article : MATÉRIAUX" href="/encyclopedie/materiaux/">matériaux</a> naturels. La construction de machines a conduit à la fabrication d'outillages de plus en plus compliqués et auxquels il était demandé des efforts de plus en plus grands ; on a dû, pour cette raison, substituer dans beaucoup de cas des aciers spéciaux et alliés à l'acier ordinaire.</p><p>Un des inconvénients majeurs des aciers ordinaires est l'altération par l'action de l'atmosphère et, plus encore, par les divers produits au contact desquels ils peuvent se trouver. La rouille est la première manifestation de cette altération, mais des attaques beaucoup plus profondes peuvent se produire par l'action de gaz ou de liquides plus réactifs. Si la protection contre une atmosphère humide est assez facile par des revêtements métalliques ou par des peintures, les attaques chimiques exigent des solutions beaucoup<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" 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href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C070120_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="COLOMBIER, Louis"><a title="Auteur : Louis COLOMBIER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/louis-colombier/"><strong>Louis COLOMBIER</strong></a> : docteur ès sciences, ancien directeur de recherche à la Compagnie des ateliers et forges de la Loire </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="FESSIER, Gérard"><a title="Auteur : Gérard FESSIER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/gerard-fessier/"><strong>Gérard FESSIER</strong></a> : ingénieur <it>call centre</it> à l'Office technique pour l'utilisation de l'acier (O.T.U.A.) </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="HENRY, Guy"><a title="Auteur : Guy HENRY" rel="author" href="/auteurs/guy-henry/"><strong>Guy HENRY</strong></a> : ingénieur en chef à l'Institut de recherches de la sidérurgie française, adjoint au directeur de l'Institut de recherches de la sidérurgie française </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PONTET, Joëlle"><a title="Auteur : Joëlle PONTET" rel="author" href="/auteurs/joelle-pontet/"><strong>Joëlle PONTET</strong></a> : directrice générale de l'Office technique pour l'utilisation de l'acier (O.T.U.A.) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ACIER - Technologie" href="/carte-mentale/acier-technologie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 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</section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070120_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH160237" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Découpe d’un tuyau en acier" href="/media/decoupe-dun-tuyau-en-acier-ph160237/"> <img id="PH160237" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/2/csm_ph160237_d42e5e6f6d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Découpe d’un tuyau en acier - crédits : 06photo/ Shutterstock" data-description="La découpe à la flamme ou oxycoupage est la technique la plus anciennce pour couper l'acier. 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