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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_era_(1980–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_era_(1980–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence era (1980–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_era_(1980–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 National symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zimbabwe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" > 253 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%8C" title="ዚምባብዌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዚምባብዌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जिम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="زيمبابوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيمبابوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7" title="Զիմպապուէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զիմպապուէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabou%C3%A8" title="Zimbabouè – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Zimbabouè" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zimbabue" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simb%C3%A1vue" title="Simbávue – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Simbávue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیمبابوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="জিম্বাবুয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিম্বাবুয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Зімбабвэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зімбабвэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Зымбабвэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зымбабвэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabue" title="Simbabue – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Simbabue" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཛིམ་བབ་ཝི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཛིམ་བབ་ཝི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimb%C3%A0bue" title="Zimbàbue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zimbàbue" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zimbabue" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="زيمبابوي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زيمبابوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AD" title="ޒިމްބާބުވޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒިމްބާބުވޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9_Bee_Bighan_Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsé Bee Bighan Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsé Bee Bighan Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बावे – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जिम्बावे" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5" title="Ζιμπάμπουε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιμπάμπουε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zimbabue" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabvo" title="Zimbabvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zimbabvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbag%C3%BCi" title="Zimbagüi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zimbagüi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیمبابوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabvi" title="Simbabvi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Simbabvi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmbaabuwe" title="Simmbaabuwe – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Simmbaabuwe" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSiomb%C3%A1ib" title="An tSiombáib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSiombáib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87himbabwe" title="Yn Çhimbabwe – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çhimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siombabue" title="Siombabue – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siombabue" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87" title="ઝિમ્બાબ્વે – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝિમ્બાબ્વે" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%90%EB%B0%94%EB%B8%8C%EC%9B%A8" title="짐바브웨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="짐바브웨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Զիմբաբվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զիմբաբվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="ज़िम्बाब्वे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़िम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="জিম্বাবুয়ে – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জিম্বাবুয়ে" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZimbabwe" title="IZimbabwe – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IZimbabwe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZimbabwe" title="IZimbabwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IZimbabwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabve" title="Simbabve – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Simbabve" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="זימבבואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זימבבואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabw%C3%A9" title="Zimbabwé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zimbabwé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaabuwee" title="Simbaabuwee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Simbaabuwee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ზიმბაბვე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზიმბაბვე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwea" title="Zimbabwea – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zimbabwea" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabw%C3%A9" title="Zimbabwé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zimbabwé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEmbabwe" title="Zîmbabwe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîmbabwe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabue" title="Simbabue – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Simbabue" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabua" title="Zimbabua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zimbabua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabv%C4%97" title="Zimbabvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zimbabvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zimbabue" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zimbabues" title="zimbabues – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zimbabues" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbaboe" title="Zimbaboe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zimbaboe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86" title="സിംബാബ്‌വെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിംബാബ്‌വെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBimbabwe" title="Żimbabwe – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuwawe" title="Timuwawe – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Timuwawe" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="झिम्बाब्वे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झिम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ზიმბაბვე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზიმბაბვე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%89" title="زيمبابوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيمبابوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیمبابوه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯓꯤꯝꯕꯥꯕꯋꯦ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯓꯤꯝꯕꯥꯕꯋꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Зимбабвэ – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Зимбабвэ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဇင်ဘာဘွေနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇင်ဘာဘွေနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जिम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जिम्बाब्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%96%E3%82%A8" title="ジンバブエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジンバブエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbaabuwee" title="Zimbaabuwee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Zimbaabuwee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87" title="ਜ਼ਿੰਬਾਬਵੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਿੰਬਾਬਵੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाबवे – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जिम्बाबवे" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwa" title="Zimbabwa – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Zimbabwa" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%92" title="زمبابوے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زمبابوے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%90" title="زیمبابوې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زیمبابوې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Zimbabue" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81" title="ស៊ីមបាវេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ីមបាវេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpapwi" title="Simpapwi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simpapwi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зімбабве – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зімбабве" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwa" title="Zimbabwa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Zimbabwa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simipapue" title="Simipapue – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Simipapue" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाबवे – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जिम्बाबवे" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimb%C3%A4bwe" title="Zimbäbwe – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Zimbäbwe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱡᱤᱢᱵᱟᱵᱩᱭᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱢᱵᱟᱵᱩᱭᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwa" title="Zimbabwa – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Zimbabwa" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Simbabwe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabveja" title="Zimbabveja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zimbabveja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabbui" title="Zimbabbui – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zimbabbui" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A" title="සිම්බාබ්වේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිම්බාබ්වේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="زمبابوي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زمبابوي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZimbabwe" title="IZimbabwe – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IZimbabwe" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaabwi" title="Simbaabwi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Simbaabwi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زیمبابوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیمبابوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabw%C3%A9" title="Zimbabwé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zimbabwé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="சிம்பாப்வே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிம்பாப்வே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BA%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၸိမ်ႇပႃႇပူၺ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၸိမ်ႇပႃႇပူၺ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwa" title="Zimbabwa – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Zimbabwa" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87" title="జింబాబ్వే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జింబాబ్వే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศซิมบับเว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศซิมบับเว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%8C" title="ዚምባብዌ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዚምባብዌ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbagwe" title="Zimbagwe – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Zimbagwe" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi%CC%B1mbabwe" title="Zi̱mbabwe – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zi̱mbabwe" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Зимбабве" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зімбабве – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зімбабве" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%92" title="زمبابوے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمبابوے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8B%DB%90" title="زىمبابۋې – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زىمبابۋې" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinb%C3%A0bue" title="Zinbàbue – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zinbàbue" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabiy%C3%A4n" title="Zimbabiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zimbabiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B" title="津巴布韋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="津巴布韋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaawee" title="Simbaawee – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Simbaawee" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6" title="津巴布韦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="津巴布韦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="זימבאבווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זימבאבווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B" title="津巴布韋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="津巴布韋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%97mbabv%C4%97" title="Zėmbabvė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Zėmbabvė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辛巴威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabuwe" title="Zimbabuwe – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Zimbabuwe" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbabw%C3%A9" title="Jimbabwé – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jimbabwé" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27%27Zimbabwe%27%27" title="''Zimbabwe'' – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="''Zimbabwe''" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Zimbabwe" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zimbabve" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zimbabwe (disambiguation)">Zimbabwe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Zimbabwe</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nyika yeZimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>)</li> <li>Dziko la Zimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a>)</li> <li>Lefatshe la Zimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>)</li> <li>Riphabliki ra Zimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Shangani</a>)</li> <li>Riphabuḽiki ya Zimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>)</li> <li>IRiphabhlikhi yaseZimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>)</li> <li>Rephabliki ea Zimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>)</li> <li>Nyika yeZimbabwe (<a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Zimbabwe"><img alt="Flag of Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zimbabwe" title="Flag of Zimbabwe">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe"><img alt="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/158px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="340" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Work"<a href="#cite_note-BEAVERCT-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe</a>"<a href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</a><div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div> </div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Zimbabwe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zimbabwe&params=17_49_45_S_31_03_08_E_type:city_region:ZW">17°49′45″S 31°03′08″E / 17.82917°S 31.05222°E / -17.82917; 31.05222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">16 languages</a>:<a href="#cite_note-language-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chibarwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibarwe">Chibarwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tjwao_dialect" title="Tjwao dialect">Koisan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nambya_language" title="Nambya language">Nambya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shangani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangani language">Shangani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimbabwean sign language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>99.6% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">African</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></li><li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White</a></li><li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a></li><li>0.1% other<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-2017survey-7">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>84.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Christianity</a> <ul><li>69.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>14.9% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">10.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">4.5% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.2% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Zimbabwean</li> <li>Zimbo<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> (colloquial)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Zimbabwe">First Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantino_Chiwenga" title="Constantino Chiwenga">Constantino Chiwenga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zimbabwe#Second_vice-presidents" title="Vice-President of Zimbabwe">Second Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Kembo Mohadi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1970</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Independence recognised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 2013</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 January estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,868,409<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,178,957<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">39/km2 (101.0/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $44.448 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZW-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">131st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,749<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZW-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $32.424 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZW-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">153rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,005<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZW-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 50.3<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.550<a href="#cite_note-HDI-13">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist">De jure: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_ZiG" title="Zimbabwean ZiG">Zimbabwean ZiG</a> (ZiG) (ZWG)<a href="#cite_note-https://apnews.com-14">[12]</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist">De facto: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Reuters.currency-15">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> (R) (ZAR);<a href="#cite_note-Reuters.currency-15">[13]</a></li> <li>Other currencies<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a><a href="#cite_note-TimeZone-17">[14]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telephone numbers in Zimbabwe">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B263" class="mw-redirect" title="+263">+263</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ZW" title="ISO 3166-2:ZW">ZW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.zw" title=".zw">.zw</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe,_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg/330px-Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg/500px-Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg/960px-Zimbabwe%2C_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Zimbabwe, relief map</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe,<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo Rivers</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to the east. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, and the second largest is <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>. A country of roughly 16.6 million people as per 2024 census,<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> Zimbabwe's largest ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a>, who make up 80% of the population, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Northern Ndebele</a> and other <a href="#Demographics">smaller minorities</a>. Zimbabwe has 16 <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-language-3">[3]</a> with English, <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a> the most common. Zimbabwe is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a>. The region was long inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a>, and was settled by <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> around 2,000 years ago. Beginning in the 11th century the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a> constructed the city of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, which became one of the major African trade centres by the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-:12-20">[16]</a> From there, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</a> was established, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi</a> empires. The <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> demarcated the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia region</a> in 1890 when they conquered <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a> and later in 1893 <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> ended in 1923 with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing British colony</a>. In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">white</a> minority government <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">guerrilla war</a> with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">peace agreement</a> that established <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</a> in 1980, when his <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a> party won the <a href="/wiki/1980_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1980 Southern Rhodesian general election">general election</a> following the end of white minority rule and has remained the country's dominant party since. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country's initial <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential one</a>, until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations, which received worldwide condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> From 1997 to 2008, the economy experienced consistent decline (and in the latter years, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>), though it has since seen <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">rapid growth</a> after the use of currencies other than the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</a> was permitted. In 2017, in the wake of over <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Zimbabwe_protests" title="2016–2017 Zimbabwe protests">a year of protests</a> against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, a <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">coup d'état</a> resulted in Mugabe's resignation. <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> has since served as Zimbabwe's president. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia (name)</a></div> The name "Zimbabwe" stems from a <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> term for <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, a medieval city (<a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a>) in the country's south-east. Two different theories address the origin of the word. Many sources hold that "Zimbabwe" derives from dzimba-dza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "houses of stones" (dzimba = plural of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imba#Shona" class="extiw" title="wikt:imba">imba</a>, "house"; mabwe = plural of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibwe" class="extiw" title="wikt:ibwe">ibwe</a>, "stone").<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Karanga-speaking</a> Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</a> province. Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garlake" title="Peter Garlake">Peter Garlake</a> claims that "Zimbabwe" represents a contracted form of dzimba-hwe, which means "venerated houses" in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs' houses or graves.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Zimbabwe was formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (1965), and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> (1979). The first recorded use of "Zimbabwe" as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema,<a href="#cite_note-fontein119120-26">[22]</a> whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-27">[23]</a> The term "Rhodesia"—derived from the surname of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory—was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations.<a href="#cite_note-fontein119120-26">[22]</a> According to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, proposing names such as "Matshobana" and "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Monomotapa</a>" before his suggestion, "Zimbabwe", prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used—a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland"<a href="#cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-27">[23]</a> — but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-fontein119120-26">[22]</a> Like those of many African countries that <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">gained independence</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Zimbabwe is an ethnically neutral name. It is debatable to what extent Zimbabwe, being over 80% homogenously <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> and dominated by them in various ways, can be described as a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[25]</a> The constitution acknowledges 16 languages, but only embraces two of them nationally, Shona and English. Shona is taught widely in schools, unlike <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_language_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele language (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</a>. Zimbabwe has additionally never had a non-Shona head of state.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History of Zimbabwe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_era">Pre-colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/170px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/255px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/340px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Towers of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> Archaeological records date archaic human settlement of present-day Zimbabwe to at least 500,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Zimbabwe's earliest known inhabitants were most likely the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, who left behind a legacy of arrowheads and cave paintings. Approximately 2,000 years ago, the first Bantu-speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Societies speaking proto-<a href="/wiki/Shona_languages" title="Shona languages">Shona languages</a> first emerged in the middle <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_era" title="Shirazi era">Arab merchants</a> on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> in the 13th century. This was the precursor to the Shona civilisations that dominated the region from the 13th century, evidenced by ruins at <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a>, and by other smaller sites. The main archaeological site used a unique dry stone architecture. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of trading states which had developed in Zimbabwe by the time the first European explorers arrived from Portugal. These states traded gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-34">[30]</a> By 1300, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</a> eclipsed Mapungubwe. This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture. From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 to 1760, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a> ruled much of the area of present-day Zimbabwe, plus parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as "Munhumutapa", and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal. The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-34">[30]</a> As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior a new Shona state emerged, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozwi Empire</a>. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozwi (meaning "destroyers") expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau in 1683. Around 1821 the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> general <a href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo clan</a> successfully rebelled against King <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> and established his own clan, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a>. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>. When Dutch <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">trekboers</a> converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> <a href="/wiki/Barolong" class="mw-redirect" title="Barolong">Barolong</a> warriors and <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a> commandos. By 1838 the Ndebele had conquered the Rozwi Empire, along with the other smaller Shona states, and reduced them to <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassaldom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-35">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png/250px-Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png/330px-Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png/500px-Harris_-_Ndebelekraal.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A Matabele <a href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">kraal</a>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis_Harris" title="William Cornwallis Harris">William Cornwallis Harris</a>, 1836</figcaption></figure> After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present-day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland, establishing <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental <a href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">kraals</a>, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. Mzilikazi died in 1868; following a violent power struggle, his son <a href="/wiki/Lobengula" title="Lobengula">Lobengula</a> succeeded him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)">Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule in Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png/220px-Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png/330px-Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png/440px-Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> was raised over <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Fort Salisbury</a> on 13 September 1890.</figcaption></figure> In the 1880s, European colonists arrived with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (chartered in 1889). In 1888, Rhodes obtained a <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">concession for mining rights</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Lobengula" title="Lobengula">Lobengula</a> of the Ndebele peoples.<a href="#cite_note-mining-36">[32]</a> He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> to the company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-treaties-37">[33]</a> Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</a>, a group of Europeans protected by well-armed <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a> (BSAP) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (present-day <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>), and thereby establish <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">company rule</a> over the area. In 1893 and 1894, with the help of their new <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim</a> guns, the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the <a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a>. Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, then known as "Zambesia".<a href="#cite_note-treaties-37">[33]</a> In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties,<a href="#cite_note-treaties-37">[33]</a> mass settlement was encouraged, with the British maintaining control over labour as well as over precious metals and other mineral resources.<a href="#cite_note-bsac-38">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg/440px-Battle_of_the_Shangani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shangani" title="Battle of the Shangani">Battle of the Shangani</a> on 25 October 1893</figcaption></figure> In 1895, the BSAC adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">"Rhodesia"</a> for the territory, in honour of Rhodes. In 1898 "Southern Rhodesia" became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi,<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-adopted-40">[36]</a> which later adopted the name "Zimbabwe". The region to the north, administered separately, was later termed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (present-day Zambia). Shortly after the disastrous Rhodes-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a> of 1896–1897 lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated by American scout <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>. Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts (known as <a href="/wiki/Chimurenga" title="Chimurenga">Chimurenga</a>) against company rule during 1896 and 1897.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following these failed insurrections, the Rhodes administration subdued the Ndebele and Shona groups and organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans, thus displacing many indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-41">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png/220px-Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png/330px-Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png/440px-Rhodesia_%26_Nyasaland_%C2%A35_1957_Obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">The Queen</a>'s portrait featured on Rhodesian banknotes and coins</figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom annexed Southern Rhodesia on 12 September 1923.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Under the new constitution, Southern Rhodesia became a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colony</a>, subsequent to a <a href="/wiki/1922_Southern_Rhodesian_government_referendum" title="1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum">1922 referendum</a>. Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars in the early-20th century. Proportional to the white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Second World Wars</a> than any other part of the empire, including Britain.<a href="#cite_note-moorcraft-47">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Land_Apportionment_Act_of_1930" title="Land Apportionment Act of 1930">1930 Land Apportionment Act</a> restricted black land ownership to certain segments of the country, setting aside large areas solely for the purchase of the white minority. This act, which led to rapidly rising inequality, became the subject of frequent calls for subsequent land reform.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> In 1953, in the face of African opposition,<a href="#cite_note-fed-49">[45]</a> Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (Malawi) in the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Central African Federation</a>, which Southern Rhodesia essentially dominated. Growing <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a> and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded Britain to dissolve the union in 1963, forming three separate divisions. While <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">multiracial democracy</a> was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy <a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">minority rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-41">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/220px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/330px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/440px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation</a> in Africa.</figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">Zambian independence</a> (effective from October 1964), <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a> government in Salisbury dropped the designation "Southern" in 1964 (once Northern Rhodesia had changed its name to Zambia, having the word Southern before the name Rhodesia became unnecessary and the country simply became known as Rhodesia afterwards). Intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of "<a href="/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule" title="No independence before majority rule">no independence before majority rule</a>", Smith issued a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. This marked the first such course taken by a rebel British colony since the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">American declaration</a> of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions.<a href="#cite_note-moorcraft-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)">Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udi2-rho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/220px-Udi2-rho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/330px-Udi2-rho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience</figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion but did not re-establish control by force. The British government petitioned the United Nations for <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith's administration in 1966 and 1968. In December 1966, the organisation complied, imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state.<a href="#cite_note-eafp-50">[46]</a> These sanctions were expanded again in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-eafp-50">[46]</a> A civil war ensued when <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) and Robert Mugabe's <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU), supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations, initiated <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla operations</a> against Rhodesia's predominantly white government. ZAPU was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and the bloc headed by the People's Republic of China. Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970, following the results of a <a href="/wiki/1969_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">referendum the previous year</a>, but this went unrecognised internationally. Meanwhile, Rhodesia's internal conflict intensified, eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant communists. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster-House-Agreement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Lancaster-House-Agreement.png/220px-Lancaster-House-Agreement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Lancaster-House-Agreement.png/330px-Lancaster-House-Agreement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/36/Lancaster-House-Agreement.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a>.</figcaption></figure> In March 1978, Smith reached an accord with three African leaders, led by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a>, who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/1979_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1979 Rhodesian general election">elections were held in April 1979</a>, concluding with the <a href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</a> (UANC) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats. On 1 June 1979, Muzorewa, the UANC head, became prime minister and the country's name was changed to Zimbabwe Rhodesia. The Internal Settlement left control of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</a>, civil service, judiciary, and a third of parliament seats to whites.<a href="#cite_note-endsanctions-51">[47]</a> On 12 June, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia. Following the <a href="/wiki/1979_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia, from 1 to 7 August in 1979, the British government invited Muzorewa, Mugabe, and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a>. The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution, and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence.<a href="#cite_note-chair-52">[48]</a> With Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom, in the chair, these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979, producing a total of 47 <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary sessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chair-52">[48]</a> On 21 December 1979, delegations from every major interest represented reached the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>, effectively ending the guerrilla war.<a href="#cite_note-lancaster-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> On 11 December 1979, the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Christopher Soames</a>, the new governor on 12 December 1979, Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December and the United Nations on 16 December.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1980_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1980 Southern Rhodesian general election">elections of February 1980</a>, Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Prince Charles</a>, as the representative of Britain, formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era_(1980–present)">Independence era (1980–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence era (1980–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zimbabwe%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/350px-Zimbabwe%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Zimbabwe%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 1.5x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Trends in Zimbabwe's <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a>, 1970–2010</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe's first president</a> after its independence was <a href="/wiki/Canaan_Banana" title="Canaan Banana">Canaan Banana</a> in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Mugabe was the country's first prime minister and head of government.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a> told Mugabe that Zimbabwe was the "Jewel of Africa" but added: "Don't tarnish it!".<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> New names for 32 places were gazetted on 18 April 1982<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> and by February 1984, there had been 42 changes, which included three rivers (Umniati/<a href="/wiki/Munyati_River" title="Munyati River">Munyati</a>; Lundi/<a href="/wiki/Runde_River" title="Runde River">Runde</a>; Nuanetsi/<a href="/wiki/Mwenezi_River" title="Mwenezi River">Mwenezi</a>), and several changes from colonial names (such as Salisbury/Harare; Enkeldoorn/<a href="/wiki/Chivhu" title="Chivhu">Chivhu</a>; Essexvale/<a href="/wiki/Esigodini" title="Esigodini">Esigodini</a>; Fort Victoria/<a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around Matabeleland. The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as <a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (Shona: 'the early rain which washes away the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> before the spring rains').<a href="#cite_note-watch-65">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5th_Brigade_(Zimbabwe)" title="5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)">Fifth Brigade</a>, a North Korean-trained elite unit that reported directly to Mugabe,<a href="#cite_note-meredith6273-66">[62]</a> entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting "dissidents".<a href="#cite_note-meredith6273-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-hill77-67">[63]</a> Estimates for the number of deaths during the five-year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> to 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-hill77-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps.<a href="#cite_note-catholiccommission-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties, creating the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (<a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a>).<a href="#cite_note-meredith6273-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/1990_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="1990 Zimbabwean general election">Elections in March 1990</a> resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU–PF party, which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> During the 1990s, students, trade unionists, and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU–PF party policies. In 1996, civil servants, nurses, and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues.<a href="#cite_note-l-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The general health of the population also began to significantly decline; by 1997 an estimated 25% of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-k-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the ZANU–PF government around 1997. Despite the existence of a "willing-buyer-willing-seller" land reform programme since the 1980s, the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6% continued to hold 70% of the country's most fertile agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> In 2000, the government pressed ahead with its <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Fast-track_land_reform_and_violence" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Fast Track Land Reform</a> programme, a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightswatcha-81">[77]</a> Confiscations of white farmland, continuous droughts, and a serious drop in external finance and other support led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports, which were traditionally the country's leading export-producing sector.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightswatcha-81">[77]</a> Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> President Mugabe and the ZANU–PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> In 2002, the nation was suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">election tampering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tampering-84">[80]</a> The following year, Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> In 2001, the United States enacted the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Democracy_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2001" title="Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001">Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act</a> (ZDERA). It came into effect in 2002 and froze credit to the Zimbabwean government.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> By 2003, the country's economy had collapsed. It is estimated that up to a quarter of Zimbabwe's 11 million people had fled the country. Three-quarters of the remaining Zimbabweans were living on less than one U.S. dollar a day.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2005">elections in 2005</a>, the government initiated "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina" title="Operation Murambatsvina">Operation Murambatsvina</a>", an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities, leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population, although according to critics such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims.<a href="#cite_note-muram-90">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg/220px-Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg/330px-Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg/440px-Food_insecurity_in_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008</figcaption></figure> On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe held a <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008">presidential election</a> along with a <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008">parliamentary election</a>. The results of this election were withheld for two weeks, after which it was generally acknowledged that the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC-T) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> In September 2008, a <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">power-sharing agreement</a> was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe, permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister. Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties, the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009. By December 2010, Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless "western sanctions" were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Zimbabwean President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> attending the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011.</figcaption></figure> In late 2008, problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards, public health (with a major <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">cholera outbreak</a> in December) and various basic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-93">[89]</a> During this period, NGOs took over from government as a primary provider of food during this period of food insecurity in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> A 2011 survey by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> suggested that living conditions had improved since the power-sharing agreement.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> stated in its 2012–2013 planning document that the "humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009, but conditions remain precarious for many people".<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> A new constitution approved in the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_constitutional_referendum,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013">Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013</a> curtails presidential powers.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 <a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">Zimbabwean general election</a> which <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> described as "rigged"<a href="#cite_note-Economist072016-98">[94]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> as "stolen".<a href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-99">[95]</a> The Movement for Democratic Change alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU–PF congress in December 2014, President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73%.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> After winning the election, the Mugabe ZANU–PF government re-instituted <a href="/wiki/One_party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One party rule">one party rule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-99">[95]</a> doubled the civil service and, according to The Economist, embarked on "misrule and dazzling corruption".<a href="#cite_note-Economist072016-98">[94]</a> A 2017 study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> (ISS) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy "the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions" with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> In July 2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_Zimbabwe_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Zimbabwe protests">nationwide protests</a> took place regarding the economic collapse in the country.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2016-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In November 2017, <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">the army led a coup d'état</a> following the dismissal of Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>, placing Mugabe under house arrest. The army denied that their actions constituted a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_turmoil-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_confined-106">[102]</a> On 19 November 2017, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice-president Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_resigns-108">[104]</a> Although under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">Constitution of Zimbabwe</a> Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Phelekezela_Mphoko" title="Phelekezela Mphoko">Phelekezela Mphoko</a>, a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Grace_Mugabe" title="Grace Mugabe">Grace Mugabe</a>, ZANU–PF chief whip Lovemore Matuke stated to the <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_resigns-108">[104]</a> On 30 July 2018 Zimbabwe held its <a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">general elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> which were won by the ZANU-PF party led by Mnangagwa.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a> who was leading the main opposition party <a href="/wiki/MDC_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="MDC Alliance">MDC Alliance</a> contested the election results claiming voter fraud,<a href="#cite_note-MutsvairoMuneri2019-111">[107]</a> and subsequently filed a petition to the Constitution Court of Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The court confirmed Mnangagwa's victory, making him the newly elected president after Mugabe.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News, calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics, said that at the time of independence in 1980, the country was growing economically at about five per cent a year, and had done so for quite a long time. If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years, Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US$52 billion. Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US$14 billion, a cost of US$38 billion in lost growth. The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3.5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years. Had this growth been maintained, the population would have been 31 million. Instead, as of 2018, it is about 13 million. The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. The life expectancy has halved, and deaths from politically motivated violence sponsored by the government exceed 200,000 since 1980. The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least three million Zimbabweans in 37 years.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> According to World Food Programme, over two million people are facing starvation because of the recent droughts the country is going through.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> In 2018, President Mnangagwa announced that his government would seek to rejoin <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth">the Commonwealth</a>, which is as of 2023 conducting a fact-finding mission prior to asking the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> to issue a recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> In August 2023, President Emmerson Mnangagwa won a second term in an outcome of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2023 Zimbabwean general election">election</a> rejected by the opposition and questioned by observers.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In September 2023, Zimbabwe signed control over almost 20% of the country's land to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">carbon offset</a> company <a href="/wiki/Blue_Carbon_(company)" title="Blue Carbon (company)">Blue Carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Geography of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZmbziRvr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/250px-ZmbziRvr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/330px-ZmbziRvr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/500px-ZmbziRvr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mana_Pools_National_Park" title="Mana Pools National Park">Mana Pools National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Zimbabwe_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_south" title="15th parallel south">15°</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_parallel_south" title="23rd parallel south">23°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°E</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> to the west and southwest, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the northwest, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, nearly forming a four-nation <a href="/wiki/Quadripoint" title="Quadripoint">quadripoint</a>. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m. The country's extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Mount Nyangani</a> as the highest point at 2,592 m.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The highlands are known for their natural environment, with tourist destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_National_Park" title="Nyanga National Park">Nyanga</a>, Troutbeck, <a href="/wiki/Chimanimani_Mountains" title="Chimanimani Mountains">Chimanimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bvumba_Mountains" title="Bvumba Mountains">Vumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chirinda_Forest_Botanical_Reserve" title="Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve">Chirinda Forest</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Selinda" title="Mount Selinda">Mount Selinda</a>. About 20% of the country consists of low-lying areas, (the low veld) under 900m. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, one of the world's largest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country's extreme northwest and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geology of Zimbabwe">Geology of Zimbabwe</a></div> Over geological time Zimbabwe has experienced two major post-<a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> erosion cycles (known as African and post-African), and a very subordinate Plio-Pleistocene cycle.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Zimbabwe has a <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical climate</a> with many local variations. The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity, while parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter. The Zambezi valley is known for its extreme heat, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</a> usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country. The country's <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> generally runs from late October to March, and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude. Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts. In 2019, at least 55 elephants died because of drought.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Severe storms are rare.<a href="#cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-125">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zimbabwe" title="Wildlife of Zimbabwe">Wildlife of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curled_trunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Curled_trunk.jpg/250px-Curled_trunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Curled_trunk.jpg/330px-Curled_trunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Curled_trunk.jpg/500px-Curled_trunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>An elephant at a water hole in <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe contains seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_acacia%E2%80%93baikiaea_woodlands" title="Kalahari acacia–baikiaea woodlands">Kalahari acacia–baikiaea woodlands</a>, Southern Africa <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">bushveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_miombo_woodlands" title="Southern miombo woodlands">Southern miombo woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambezian_Baikiaea_woodlands" title="Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands">Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands" title="Zambezian and mopane woodlands">Zambezian and mopane woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pan" title="Makgadikgadi Pan">Zambezian halophytics</a>, and Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic in the Eastern Highlands.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-126">[122]</a> The country is mostly <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, although the moist and mountainous Eastern Highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in the Eastern Highlands include <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, enormous specimens of <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtonia_buchananii" title="Newtonia buchananii">forest Newtonia</a>, big leaf, <a href="/wiki/Celtis_africana" title="Celtis africana">white stinkwood</a>, chirinda stinkwood, <a href="/wiki/Senegalia_nigrescens" title="Senegalia nigrescens">knobthorn</a> and many others. In the low-lying parts of the country <a href="/wiki/Vachellia_xanthophloea" title="Vachellia xanthophloea">fever trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopane" title="Mopane">mopane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combretum" title="Combretum">combretum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">baobabs</a> abound. Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Brachystegia" title="Brachystegia">brachystegia</a> species and others. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_(plant)" title="Gloriosa (plant)">flame lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_lily" title="Snake lily">snake lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider_lily" title="Spider lily">spider lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonotis" title="Leonotis">leonotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">cassia</a>, tree <a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">wisteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dombeya" title="Dombeya">dombeya</a>. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> has reduced the amount of wildlife. <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Woodland degradation</a> and deforestation caused by <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban expansion</a> and use for fuel are major concerns<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> and have led to erosion which diminishes the amount of fertile soil. Local farmers have been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns.<a href="#cite_note-Forestry-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Elections in Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zimbabwe" title="Foreign relations of Zimbabwe">Foreign relations of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg/220px-Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg/330px-Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg/440px-Harare_parlament_24032005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament of Zimbabwe</a> in Harare</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe is a republic with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of government. The <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after <a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_constitutional_referendum" title="2013 Zimbabwean constitutional referendum">a referendum in 2013</a>. Under the constitutional changes in 2005, an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper chamber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a>, was reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-reinstated-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">House of Assembly</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower chamber</a> of Parliament. In 1987 Mugabe revised the constitution, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">ceremonial presidency</a> and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president—a presidential system. His ZANU-PF party has won every election since independence—in the 1990 election the second-placed party, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Edgar Tekere</a>'s Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), obtained 20% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> During the 1995 parliamentary elections, most opposition parties, including the ZUM, boycotted the voting, resulting in a near sweep by the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-132">[128]</a> When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000, they won 57 seats, only five fewer than ZANU-PF.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-132">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">Presidential elections were again held in 2002</a> amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation and fraud.<a href="#cite_note-allegations-133">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2005_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections</a> were held on 31 March, and multiple claims of vote rigging, election fraud and intimidation were made by the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> party and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Moyo" title="Jonathan Moyo">Jonathan Moyo</a>, calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-moyo-134">[130]</a> Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg/250px-Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg/330px-Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg/500px-Election_campaign_March_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure>In 2005, the MDC split into two factions: the Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara (<a href="/wiki/MDC-M" class="mw-redirect" title="MDC-M">MDC-M</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> which contested the elections to the Senate, and the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC-T) led by <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> which was opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe's claim that past elections were free and fair. The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC-T, which became more popular than the other group.<a href="#cite_note-findarticles1-136">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008 general election</a>, the official results required a run-off between Mugabe and Tsvangirai. The MDC-T challenged these results, claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The run-off was scheduled for 27 June 2008. On 22 June, citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a "violent, illegitimate sham of an election process", Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run-off, the election commission held the run-off, and President Mugabe received a landslide majority.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The MDC-T did not participate in the Senate elections, while the MDC-M won five seats in the Senate. The MDC-M was weakened by defections from members of parliament and individuals who were disillusioned by their manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-findarticles1-136">[132]</a> On 28 April 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> that the two MDC formations were co-operating, enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority.<a href="#cite_note-SABCre-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reunites-141">[137]</a> Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain president without a parliamentary majority.<a href="#cite_note-Reunites-141">[137]</a> In mid-September 2008, after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power-sharing deal in which Mugabe retained control over the army. Donor nations adopted a 'wait-and-see' attitude, wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts, which were estimated to take at least five years. On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as prime minister by Mugabe.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> In November 2008, the government of Zimbabwe spent US$7.3 million donated by <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a>. A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent, except that it was not for the intended purpose, and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The status of Zimbabwe politics has been thrown into question by a coup taking place in November 2017, ending Mugabe's 30-year presidential incumbency. Emmerson Mnangagwa was appointed president following this coup and was officially elected with 50.8% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018 Zimbabwean general election</a>, avoiding a run-off and making him the third president of Zimbabwe. The government has received negative comments among its citizens for always shutting down the internet in the past amid protests such as the one planned on 31 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> In July 2023, Zimbabwean President <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> voiced support for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe Defence Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe Defence Forces</a></figcaption></figure> The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces – the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army</a> (ZANLA), the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ZIPRA), and the Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) – after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chimurenga">Second Chimurenga</a> and Zimbabwean independence in 1980. The integration period saw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">Zimbabwe National Army</a> (ZNA) and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe" title="Air Force of Zimbabwe">Air Force of Zimbabwe</a> (AFZ) as separate entities under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mujuru" title="Solomon Mujuru">Solomon Mujuru</a> and Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Norman_Walsh" title="Norman Walsh">Norman Walsh</a>, who retired in 1982 and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tungamirai" title="Josiah Tungamirai">Josiah Tungamirai</a> in 1985. In 2003, General <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Chiwenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Chiwenga">Constantine Chiwenga</a>, was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Lieutenant General P. V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army.<a href="#cite_note-minist-147">[143]</a> The ZNA has an active duty strength of 30,000. The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Airforce_of_Zimbabwe-148">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police" title="Zimbabwe Republic Police">Zimbabwe Republic Police</a> (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Following majority rule in early 1980, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces. For the first year, a system was followed where the top-performing candidate became battalion commander. If he or she was from ZANLA, then his or her second-in-command was the top-performing ZIPRA candidate, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure. The ZNA was originally formed into four <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>, composed of a total of 28 battalions. The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army, while unintegrated battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a> were assigned to the 1st, 3rd and 4th Brigades. The Fifth Brigade was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade's occupation of Matabeleland in what became known as Gukurahundi.<a href="#cite_note-watch-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The brigade had been re-formed by 2006, with its commander, Brigadier General John Mupande praising its "rich history".<a href="#cite_note-Herald_Reporter-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">Human rights in Zimbabwe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Zimbabwe" title="Child marriage in Zimbabwe">Child marriage in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG/220px-Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG/330px-Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG/440px-Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> against <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant ZANU–PF party.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International<a href="#cite_note-AI-155">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw-156">[152]</a> the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> and residence, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">protection of the law</a>. In 2009, Gregory Stanton, president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, stated there was "clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>."<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Male <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> is <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zimbabwe">illegal in Zimbabwe</a>. Since 1995, the government has <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">carried out campaigns</a> against both homosexual men and women.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe's problems and viewed homosexuality as an "un-African" and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practised by only "a few whites" in his country.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of reprisals by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 MDC rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Police actions have been strongly condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, the European Union, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_Morgan-161">[157]</a> There are also concerns over Fox Southwest media rights and access. The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-AI-155">[151]</a> It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation</a>, as a propaganda tool.<a href="#cite_note-propaganda-162">[158]</a> Newspapers critical of the government, such as the <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Harare)" title="Daily News (Harare)">Daily News</a>, closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their licence.<a href="#cite_note-bombs-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-license-164">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe. In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-165">[161]</a> Sky News continues to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-networks-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> On 24 July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) expressed concerns over allegations suggesting that Zimbabwean authorities may have used the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> crisis as a pretext to suppress freedom of expression and peaceful assembly on the streets. OHCHR spokesperson Liz Throssell stated that people have a right to protest corruption or anything else. The authorities in Zimbabwe used force to disperse and arrest nurses and health workers, who were peacefully protesting for better salaries and work conditions. The reports suggest that a few members of opposition party and investigative journalists were also arbitrarily arrested and detained for taking part in a protest.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> On 5 August 2020, the #ZimbabweanLivesMatter campaign on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> drew attention of international celebrities and politicians towards human rights abuses in the country, mounting pressure on Emmerson Mnangagwa's government. The campaign was in response to arrests, abductions and torture of political activists and the incarceration of journalist <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Chin%27ono" title="Hopewell Chin'ono">Hopewell Chin'ono</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> shortlisted author <a href="/wiki/Tsitsi_Dangarembga" title="Tsitsi Dangarembga">Tsitsi Dangarembga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces of Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts of Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/300px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/450px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/600px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe has a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralised government</a> and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manicaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicaland">Manicaland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland Central">Mashonaland Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bindura" title="Bindura">Bindura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland East">Mashonaland East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marondera" title="Marondera">Marondera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland West">Mashonaland West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo city</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland North">Matabeleland North</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland South">Matabeleland South</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwanda" title="Gwanda">Gwanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The names of most of the provinces were generated from the Mashonaland and Matabeleland divide at the time of colonisation: Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the First Matabele War. This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the Shona people and the Matabele people, although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces. Each province is headed by a provincial governor, appointed by the president.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-170">[166]</a> The provincial government is run by a provincial administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> The provinces are subdivided into 59 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">districts</a> and 1,200 <a href="/wiki/List_of_wards_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of wards of Zimbabwe">wards</a> (sometimes referred to as municipalities). Each district is headed by a district administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. There is also a Rural District Council, which appoints a chief executive officer. The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors, the district administrator, and one representative of the chiefs (traditional leaders appointed under customary law) in the district. Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee, comprising the elected ward councillor, the kraalheads (traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs) and representatives of Village Development Committees. Wards are subdivided into villages, each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a headman (traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead).<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sanctions">edit</a>]</div> Since the early 2000s, Zimbabwe has been under sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union that have shaped Zimbabwe's domestic politics as well as the country's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> In 2002, Zimbabwe held general elections and ahead of that election the EU sent observers, but the election observer team was forced to leave the country. In February 2002 the EU placed targeted or restrictive measures on Zimbabwe. At least 20 government officials were banned from entering Europe, and EU funding was halted. Prior to the elections there was $128 million that was budgeted for the Zimbabwean government from 2002 to 2007, this was cancelled. Nevertheless, the EU only stopped funding the government directly but it continued sending money only through aid agencies and NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> After some years, the EU and Zimbabwe resolved some of their disputes and a lot of the EU sanctions were removed. Only Mugabe and his wife remained on the list while other government officials were removed. However, the EU still did not give Zimbabwe money. So, the government channels money through NGOs as it was seen on 4 March 2019 – 21 March 2019 <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Idai" title="Cyclone Idai">Cyclone Idai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> The United States also imposed sanctions on Zimbabwe. There are two types of U.S. sanctions on Zimbabwe. The first one is <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Democracy_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2001" title="Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001">Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act</a> (ZIDERA) and the second one is the Targeted Sanctions Program. ZIDERA made several demands, the first one was that Zimbabwe must respect human rights, second Zimbabwe must stop its interference in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, third Zimbabwe must stop the expropriation of white farms. If none of these demands were met, the U.S. would block the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> from lending money to Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-:11-177">[173]</a> A new ZIDERA came into effect in 2018 with the motto that, Restore Democracy or there won't be any friendship, there must be free elections, free media and human rights, Zimbabwe must enforce the ruling of the <a href="/wiki/SADC_Tribunal" title="SADC Tribunal">SADC Tribunal</a>. The Targeted Sanctions Program was implemented in 2003, which lists Zimbabwean companies and people who are not allowed to deal with U.S. companies. The sanctions on Zimbabwe have been in place for more than two decades. In March 2021, the U.S. renewed its sanctions on Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-:11-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Economy of Zimbabwe</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg/250px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg/500px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Southern_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950</figcaption></figure> The main foreign exports of Zimbabwe are minerals, gold,<a href="#cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-125">[121]</a> and agriculture. Zimbabwe is crossed by two trans-African automobile routes: the <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Cape Town Highway">Cairo-Cape Town Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beira-Lobito_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira-Lobito Highway">Beira-Lobito Highway</a>. Zimbabwe is the largest trading partner of South Africa on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-AN_economy-178">[174]</a> Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises, while state enterprises are strongly subsidised. State regulation is costly to companies; starting or closing a business is slow and expensive.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage:_Zimbabwe-179">[175]</a> Tourism also plays a key role in the economy<a href="#cite_note-FA_Canada-180">[176]</a> but has been failing in recent years. The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007, estimating that 60% of Zimbabwe's wildlife had died since 2000 as a result of poaching and deforestation. The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread deforestation is potentially disastrous for the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> sector has been growing at a fast pace. A report by the mobile web browser company Opera in 2011 ranked Zimbabwe as Africa's fastest growing market.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/220px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/330px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/440px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>A market in <a href="/wiki/Mbare,_Harare" title="Mbare, Harare">Mbare, Harare</a></figcaption></figure> Since January 2002, the government has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen, through U.S. legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (ZDERA). Section 4C instructs the secretary of the treasury to direct international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> According to the United States, these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/350px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/525px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/700px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s (5% GDP growth per year) and 1990s (4.3% GDP growth per year). The economy declined from 2000: 5% decline in 2000, 8% in 2001, 12% in 2002 and 18% in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Zimbabwe's involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.<a href="#cite_note-drained-187">[183]</a> From 1999 to 2009, Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP decrease of 6.1%.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2000-04-18-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time-2002-02-18-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2002-08-15-191">[187]</a> The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> By 2005, the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> In 2005, the government, led by central bank governor <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gono" title="Gideon Gono">Gideon Gono</a>, started making overtures that white farmers could come back. There were 400 to 500 still left in the country, but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive.<a href="#cite_note-Meldrum-2005-05-21-194">[190]</a> By 2016, there remained about 300 of the original 4,500 farms owned by white farmers. The farms that left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime.<a href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-99">[95]</a> In January 2007, the government issued long-term leases to some white farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Timberg-WP-2007-01-06-195">[191]</a> At the same time, however, the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers, who were given eviction notices earlier, vacate the land or risk being arrested.<a href="#cite_note-AP/WP-2007-02-05-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chinaka-2007-08-08-197">[193]</a> Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged "sabotage" as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy, as well as the country's 80% formal unemployment rate.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-198">[194]</a> Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998, to an estimated high of 11,200,000% in August 2008 according to the Central Statistical Office.<a href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_inflation_at_11,200,000-199">[195]</a> This represented a state of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation</a>, and the central bank introduced a new 100 trillion dollar note.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> In January 2009, in an effort to counteract runaway inflation, acting Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Patrick Chinamasa</a> announced that Zimbabweans would be permitted to use other, more stable currencies to do business, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth, the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely in April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In 2016, Zimbabwe allowed trade in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> and various other currencies such as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">rand</a> (South Africa), the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">pula</a> (Botswana), the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> (UK).<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Mangudya" title="John Mangudya">John Mangudya</a> introduced a new local currency, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Gross_Settlement_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Gross Settlement dollar">Real Time Gross Settlement dollar</a>, in a move to address some of the Zimbabwean economic and financial challenges.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy rebounded. GDP grew by 8–9% per year between 2009 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> In November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> described the Zimbabwean economy as "completing its second year of buoyant economic growth".<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> The pan-African investment bank IMARA released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe, citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> In January 2013, the finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> By 2014, Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> but growth faltered between 2012 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Inflation was 42% in 2018; in June 2019, the inflation rate reached 175%, leading to mass unrest across the country.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minerals">Minerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Minerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Zimbabwe" title="Mining industry of Zimbabwe">Mining industry of Zimbabwe</a></div> The mining sector is lucrative, with some of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> reserves being mined by <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a>, Zimplats, and Impala Platinum.<a href="#cite_note-nofix-212">[208]</a> Zimplats, the nation's largest platinum company, has proceeded with US$500 million in expansions, and is also continuing a separate US$2 billion project, despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marange_diamond_fields" title="Marange diamond fields">Marange diamond fields</a>, discovered in 2006, are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century.<a href="#cite_note-EarthTimes-214">[210]</a> They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably, but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU–PF politicians.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> In terms of carats produced, the Marange field is one of the largest diamond-producing projects in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Kitco-216">[212]</a> estimated to have produced 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> As of October 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallon_Corporation" title="Metallon Corporation">Metallon Corporation</a> was Zimbabwe's largest gold miner.<a href="#cite_note-Metallon-218">[214]</a> In 2015, Zimbabwe's gold production is 20 metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on tin from the: <a href="/wiki/Kamativi_mine" title="Kamativi mine">Kamativi mine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg/220px-Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg/330px-Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg/440px-Shona_farms_Zimbabwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> farms in Zimbabwe</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Zimbabwe" title="Agriculture in Zimbabwe">Agriculture in Zimbabwe</a></div> Zimbabwe's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange and provided 400,000 jobs. However, the government's land reform program badly damaged the sector, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</a> For example, between 2000 and 2016, annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons, maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 head to 244,000 head.<a href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-99">[95]</a> Coffee production, once a prized export commodity, came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white-owned coffee farms in 2000 and has never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> For the past ten years, the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> has been assisting Zimbabwe's farmers to adopt <a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">conservation agriculture</a> techniques, a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields. By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, legume-based cropping and the use of organic mulch, farmers can improve infiltration, reduce evaporation and soil erosion, and build up organic soil content.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Between 2005 and 2011, the number of smallholders practicing conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5,000 to more than 150,000. Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The government declared potato a national strategic food security crop in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/330px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/500px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/560px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, the end of the upper <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and the beginning of the middle Zambezi</figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">land reform programme</a> in 2000, tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined. In 2018, tourism peaked with 2.6 million tourists.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> In 2016, the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion (USD), or about 8.1% of Zimbabwe's GDP. Employment in travel and tourism, as well as the industries indirectly supported by travel and tourism, was 5.2% of national employment.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007. Australia's <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</a> were among the first to pull out and in 2007 <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> suspended all direct flights to Harare.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> The country's flagship airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_Zimbabwe" title="Air Zimbabwe">Air Zimbabwe</a>, which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. Victoria Falls on the Zambezi, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north-west of Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls is considered to be the largest waterfall in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:5-229">[225]</a> Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side, but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_National_Park" title="Victoria Falls National Park">Victoria Falls National Park</a> is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe,<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a>, another site for tourism, is the largest reservoir in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:5-229">[225]</a> The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique. The highest peak in Zimbabwe, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Mount Nyangani</a> at 2,593 m (8,507 ft) is located there as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bvumba_Mountains" title="Bvumba Mountains">Bvumba Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_National_Park" title="Nyanga National Park">Nyanga National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_View,_Nyanga" title="World's View, Nyanga">World's View</a> is in these mountains, and it is from here that places as far away as 60–70 km (37–43 mi) are visible and, on clear days, the town of <a href="/wiki/Rusape" title="Rusape">Rusape</a> can be seen. Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient and medieval ruined cities built in a unique <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a> style. Among the most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo. Other ruins include <a href="/wiki/Khami" title="Khami">Khami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhlo-Dhlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhlo-Dhlo">Dhlo-Dhlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naletale" title="Naletale">Naletale</a>. The Matobo Hills are an area of granite <a href="/wiki/Kopjes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopjes">kopjes</a> and wooded valleys commencing some 35 km (22 mi) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe. The hills were formed over two billion years ago with granite being forced to the surface, then being eroded to produce smooth "whaleback dwalas" and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation. Mzilikazi, founder of the Ndebele nation, gave the area its name, meaning 'Bald Heads'. They have become a tourist attraction because of their ancient shapes and local wildlife. Cecil Rhodes and other early white colonists like <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a> are buried in these hills at World's View.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water supply and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe">Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe</a></div> There are many successful small-scale water supply and sanitation programs, but there is an overall lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2012, 80% of Zimbabweans had access to improved (i.e. clean) drinking water sources, and only 40% of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> Access to improved water supply and sanitation is noticeably limited in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-wsp1-233">[229]</a> There are many factors that continue to determine the nature of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe for the foreseeable future; three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy, the reluctance of foreign aid organisations to build and finance infrastructure projects, and the political instability of the state.<a href="#cite_note-wsp1-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw2-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Zimbabwe" title="Science and technology in Zimbabwe">Science and technology in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate,_Cumulative_totals_by_field,_2008%E2%80%932014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/220px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/330px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/440px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), figure 20.6.</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe has relatively well-developed national infrastructure and a long-standing tradition of promoting research and development, as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco-growers since the 1930s to promote market research.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[232]</a> The country has a well-developed education system, with one in 11 adults holding a tertiary degree. Given the country's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources, Zimbabwe has great growth potential.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[232]</a> Zimbabwe was ranked 118th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, down from rank 107 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> To achieve its growth potential, Zimbabwe will need to correct several structural weaknesses. For instance, it lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation. Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe's socio-economic development, universities and research institutions lack the financial and human resources to conduct research and the regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector. The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise (medicine, engineering, etc.) that is of growing concern. More than 22% of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012, compared to a 4% average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. In 2012, there were 200 researchers (head count) employed in the public sector, one-quarter of whom were women. This is double the continental average (91 in 2013) but only one-quarter the researcher density of South Africa (818 per million inhabitants). The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries,_2005-2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/220px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/330px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/440px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded.</figcaption></figure> The country's Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012, after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance. It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002. The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology, information and communication technologies (ICTs), space sciences, nanotechnology, indigenous knowledge systems, technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges. The Second Science and Technology Policy also asserts the government's commitment to allocating at least 1% of GDP to research and development, focusing at least 60% of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30% of their time to studying science subjects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[232]</a> In 2014, Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally cataloged journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries, behind Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) and, above all, South Africa (175) and the Seychelles (364). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Transport in Zimbabwe">Transport in Zimbabwe</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Railways_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Railways of Zimbabwe">National Railways of Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gabriel_Mugabe_International_Airport" title="Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport">Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Demographics of Zimbabwe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> Expanding from a population of 2,746,396 in 1950, Zimbabwe's population has rapidly increased. Based on the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-239">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-240">[236]</a>, the population of Zimbabwe was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> at 15,993,524 in 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tonga Woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG/170px-Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG/255px-Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG/340px-Tonga_wall_baskets_producer_from_Zimbabwe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Tonga woman pleating a basket</figcaption></figure> According to the 2022 census report, 99.6% of the population is of African origin.<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-4">[4]</a> The majority people, the Shona, comprise 82%, while Ndebele make up 14% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried. Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] mainly for South Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndau_people" title="Ndau people">Ndau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nambya_people" title="Nambya people">Nambya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>. Minority ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">white Zimbabweans</a>, who make up less than 1% of the total population. White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin, but there are also <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritians" title="Franco-Mauritians">French</a> and Dutch communities. The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000, or 4.3% of the population, in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> The 2022 census lists the total white population at 24,888 (roughly 0.16% of the population), one-eleventh of its peak.<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-4">[4]</a> Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom (between <a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom">200,000 and 500,000</a> Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin), South Africa, Botswana, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_Zambia" title="Zimbabweans in Zambia">Zambia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> Mozambique,<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Canada, Australia and New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> form 0.1% of the population, and various <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> ethnic groups, mostly of Indian and Chinese origin, are 0.04%.<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Zimbabwe <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-ZIMBABWECITIES-245">[241]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Zimbabwe">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Harare_secondst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harare"><img alt="Harare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_secondst.jpg/120px-Harare_secondst.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_secondst.jpg/180px-Harare_secondst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_secondst.jpg/240px-Harare_secondst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulawayo"><img alt="Bulawayo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg/120px-Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg/180px-Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg/240px-Bulawayo_Nkomo_Str.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2739" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harare_Province" title="Harare Province">Harare</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,123,132 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chitungwiza"><img alt="Chitungwiza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg/120px-Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg/180px-Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg/240px-Chitungwiza_Shopping_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mutare_Custom_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutare"><img alt="Mutare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mutare_Custom_house.jpg/120px-Mutare_Custom_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mutare_Custom_house.jpg/180px-Mutare_Custom_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mutare_Custom_house.jpg/240px-Mutare_Custom_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1867" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulawayo Province">Bulawayo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,200,337 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harare_Province" title="Harare Province">Harare</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">371,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manicaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicaland">Manicaland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">224,802 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">158,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kwekwe" title="Kwekwe">Kwekwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Zimbabwe" title="Kadoma, Zimbabwe">Kadoma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland West">Mashonaland West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">116,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruwa" title="Ruwa">Ruwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland East">Mashonaland East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland West">Mashonaland West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,286 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages of Zimbabwe</a></div> Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages.<a href="#cite_note-language-3">[3]</a> English is the main language used in the education and judicial systems. The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a> are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 78% of the population, Ndebele by 20%. Other minority Bantu languages include Venda, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau and Nambya. Less than 2.5%, mainly the white and "coloured" (mixed race) minorities, consider English their native language.<a href="#cite_note-languages-246">[242]</a> Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mutswairo" title="Solomon Mutswairo">Solomon Mutswairo</a>, published in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-feso-247">[243]</a> English is primarily spoken in the cities but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news are broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is a large community of Portuguese speakers in Zimbabwe, mainly in the border areas with Mozambique and in major cities.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Beginning in 2017, teaching Portuguese was included in secondary education of Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Religion in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Harare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg/220px-Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg/330px-Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg/440px-Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Harare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey by the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Statistics_Agency" title="Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency">Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency</a>, 84% of Zimbabweans are Christian, 10% do not belong to any religion, and 0.7% are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2017survey-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewzimb-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_state-252">[248]</a> An estimated 62% of the population attend religious services regularly.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Approximately 69% of Zimbabweans belong to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christianity, while 8% are Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-2017survey-7">[5]</a> Pentecostal-charismatic forms of Christianity, in particular, have grown rapidly in recent years and are playing a prominent role in public, social and political life.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> The largest Christian churches are <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>. As in other African countries, Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe">Indigenous religion</a>, which predates colonialism, has become relatively marginal but continues to be an important part of the Zimbabwean religious field.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">Ancestral worship</a> is the most practised non-Christian religion, involving spiritual intercession; central to many ceremonial proceedings is the <a href="/wiki/Mbira_dzavadzimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbira dzavadzimu">mbira dzavadzimu</a>, meaning "voice of the ancestors", which is an instrument related to many <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophones</a> ubiquitous throughout Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Zimbabwe" title="Health in Zimbabwe">Health in Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera outbreak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries,_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/495px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/660px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> has caused a fall in life expectancy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOP_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MOP_50.jpg/250px-MOP_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MOP_50.jpg/330px-MOP_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MOP_50.jpg/500px-MOP_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, <a href="/wiki/Mutoko" title="Mutoko">Mutoko</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> At independence, the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority. The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage, access to health care, and contraceptive prevalence rate.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have achieved a good record of health development.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases. The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic<a href="#cite_note-nofix-212">[208]</a> and the economic crisis since 2000. In 2006, Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure—44 for men and 43 for women, down from 60 in 1990, but recovered to 60 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:2-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> rose from 6% in the late 1990s to 12.3% by 2004.<a href="#cite_note-nofix-212">[208]</a> Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 (2002),<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> 3.8 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> and 3.8 (2012).<a href="#cite_note-zimstat.co.zw-265">[261]</a> The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> compared to 960 in 2010–11<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> and 232 in 1990. The under five mortality rate, per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 (94 in 2009).<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42.<a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-266">[262]</a> In 2006 an association of doctors in Zimbabwe made calls for Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe</a> was estimated to be 14% for people aged 15–49 in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS-268">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26% in 2002 to 21% in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-269">[265]</a> By 2016 HIV/AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5%<a href="#cite_note-:2-261">[257]</a> compared to 40% in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-205">[201]</a> At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working.<a href="#cite_note-hospitalsprnid-270">[266]</a> Those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines.<a href="#cite_note-coping-271">[267]</a> The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_cholera_deaths_near_500-272">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/220px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/330px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/440px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the spread of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources</figcaption></figure> In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe's provinces, and the outbreak had spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milliband-274">[270]</a> On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid.<a href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_declares_national_emergency_over_cholera-275">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-emergency-276">[272]</a> By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_cholera_frontline-277">[273]</a> In Harare, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.<a href="#cite_note-rain-278">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Education in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Georges-College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg/220px-Saint-Georges-College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg/330px-Saint-Georges-College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_College,_Harare" title="St. George's College, Harare">St. George's College, Harare</a> was established in 1896 by a French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>.</figcaption></figure> Large investments in education since independence has resulted in the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70%.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> This is lower than the 92% recorded in 2010 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a><a href="#cite_note-IRINAfrica-280">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllAfrica-281">[277]</a> and the 97.0% recorded in the 2002 census, while still substantially higher than 80.4% recorded in the 1992 census.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government-run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidised by the government. School education was made free in 1980, but since 1988, the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrolment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980. The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools, but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe. The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe's children have not progressed beyond primary school.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Education came under threat since the economic changes in 2000, with teachers going on strike because of low pay, students unable to concentrate because of hunger, and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury. Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> Zimbabwe's education system consists of two years of pre-school, seven years of primary and six years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December, with three terms, separated by one-month breaks, with a total of 40 weeks of school per year. National examinations are written during the third term in November, with <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">"O" level</a> and <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">"A" level</a> subjects also offered in June.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-285">[281]</a> There are seven public (government) universities as well as four church-related universities in Zimbabwe that are internationally accredited.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-285">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</a>, the first and largest, was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Harare" title="Mount Pleasant, Harare">Mount Pleasant</a>. Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Moyo" title="Peter Moyo">Peter Moyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Tendai Biti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenjerai_Hove" title="Chenjerai Hove">Chenjerai Hove</a> and Arthur Mutambara. Many of the politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in the United States or other universities abroad. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Zimbabwe" title="National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe">National University of Science and Technology</a> is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo. It was established in 1991. The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of universities. <a href="/wiki/Africa_University" title="Africa University">Africa University</a> is a United Methodist university in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gender equality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Zimbabwe" title="Child marriage in Zimbabwe">Child marriage in Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Zimbabwe" title="Polygamy in Zimbabwe">Polygamy in Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human trafficking in Zimbabwe">Human trafficking in Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Abortion in Zimbabwe</a></div> Women in Zimbabwe are disadvantaged in many facets including economic, political, and social spheres, and experience sex and gender based violence.<a href="#cite_note-:22-286">[282]</a> A 2014 UN report found that deep rooted cultural issues, patriarchal attitudes, and religious practices negatively impacted women's rights and freedoms in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:22-286">[282]</a> These negative views toward women as well as societal norms impact the incentive for women to participate in the economy and hinder their economic production.<a href="#cite_note-:22-286">[282]</a> Zimbabwe's constitution has provisions in it that provide incentive to achieve greater gender equality, but the data shows that enforcement has been lax and adoption slow.<a href="#cite_note-:22-286">[282]</a> In December 2016 the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> conducted a case study to determine how to best implement effective policy to address issues such as gender violence and implementation of equality laws.<a href="#cite_note-:3-287">[283]</a> It was found that sex and gender based violence against women and girls was increasing in areas that had experienced disasters (floods, drought, disease) but could not quantify the extent of the increase.<a href="#cite_note-:3-287">[283]</a> Some of the obstacles in combating these issues are that there are economic barriers to declaring sex and gender based violence to be unacceptable as well as social barriers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-287">[283]</a> Additionally, governmental services which were installed to help educate the populace about these issues as well as provide services to victims are underfunded and unable to carry out their duties.<a href="#cite_note-:3-287">[283]</a> The UN also provided economic incentive to adopt policies which would discourage these practices which negatively impacted women in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-:02-288">[284]</a> Women are often seen as inferior, treated as objects, and viewed in subordinate roles in history and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-289">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a>, an African philosophy's spiritual aspect, instills the belief that boys should be more valued than girls as boys pass on lineage, and the belief system places high value in respecting one's ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-:10-289">[285]</a> A common expression used in court, "vakadzi ngavanyarare", translates to "women should keep quiet," and as a result women are not consulted in decision-making; they must implement the men's wishes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-289">[285]</a> The subordination of women in Zimbabwe, and the cultural forces which dictate what they must be, have led to deaths and the sacrifice of professional advancement in order for them to fulfill their roles as wives, mothers, and subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-:10-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-290">[286]</a> Women are taught that they must never refuse their husband's sexual advances, even if they know they are infected with HIV from being unfaithful.<a href="#cite_note-:10-289">[285]</a> As a result of this practice, Zimbabwean women aged 15–49 have an HIV prevalence rate of 16.1% and make up 62% of the total population infected with HIV in that age group.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Culture of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg/220px-THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg/330px-THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg/440px-THE_ROOF_IS_THE_LIMIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cultural event in Zimbabwe</figcaption></figure> Zimbabwe has many different cultures, with Shona beliefs and ceremonies being prominent. The Shona people have many types of sculptures and carvings.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980.<a href="#cite_note-indepday-293">[289]</a> Celebrations are held at either the <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Stadium_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)">National Sports Stadium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rufaro_Stadium" title="Rufaro Stadium">Rufaro Stadium</a> in Harare. The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds. At these celebrations, doves are released to symbolise peace, fighter jets fly over, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">national anthem</a> is sung. The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe. The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant, the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Heritage_Zimbabwe" title="Miss Heritage Zimbabwe">Miss Heritage Zimbabwe</a> contest, which has been held annually since 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_art" title="Zimbabwean art">Zimbabwean art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Music of Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/170px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/255px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/340px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>"Reconciliation", a <a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">stone sculpture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Supuni" title="Amos Supuni">Amos Supuni</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">basketry</a>, textiles, jewellery and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture, which has a long cultural history, began evolving into its modern form in the mid 20th century and gained increasing international popularity.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rock such as <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, as well as harder igneous rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">serpentine</a> and the rare stone <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">verdite</a>. Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore, China and Canada. e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Benhura" title="Dominic Benhura">Dominic Benhura</a>'s statue in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a>. Shona sculpture has survived through the ages, and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences. World-renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika. Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mungoshi" title="Charles Mungoshi">Charles Mungoshi</a> is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona, and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Buckle" title="Catherine Buckle">Catherine Buckle</a> has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister of Rhodesia</a>, Ian Smith, wrote two books – <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal:_The_Memoirs_of_Ian_Douglas_Smith" title="The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith">The Great Betrayal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal:_The_Memoirs_of_Ian_Douglas_Smith" title="The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith">Bitter Harvest</a>. The book <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Hunger" title="The House of Hunger">The House of Hunger</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dambudzo_Marechera" title="Dambudzo Marechera">Dambudzo Marechera</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Fiction_Prize" title="Guardian Fiction Prize">Guardian Fiction Prize</a> in the UK in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> The Nobel Prize-winning author <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>'s first novel <a href="/wiki/The_Grass_Is_Singing" title="The Grass Is Singing">The Grass Is Singing</a> is set in Rhodesia, as are the first four volumes of her <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Violence" title="Children of Violence">Children of Violence</a> sequence and her collection of short stories entitled African Stories. In 2013 <a href="/wiki/NoViolet_Bulawayo" title="NoViolet Bulawayo">NoViolet Bulawayo</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/We_Need_New_Names" title="We Need New Names">We Need New Names</a> was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>. The novel was inspired by a photograph of a child who lost their home in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina" title="Operation Murambatsvina">Operation Murambatsvina</a>, Mugabe's slum clearance programme which began in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> Bulawayo's second novel, <a href="/wiki/Glory_(Bulawayo_novel)" title="Glory (Bulawayo novel)">Glory</a>, a satire based on the <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">2017 coup</a> against <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Zimbabwean author <a href="/wiki/Tsitsi_Dangarembga" title="Tsitsi Dangarembga">Tsitsi Dangarembga</a>'s novels have received widespread critical acclaim and her third, <a href="/wiki/This_Mournable_Body" title="This Mournable Body">This Mournable Body</a>, was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 2020. Notable Zimbabwean artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa. A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Zimbabwean musicians like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mtukudzi" title="Oliver Mtukudzi">Oliver Mtukudzi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhundu_Boys" title="Bhundu Boys">Bhundu Boys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stella_Chiweshe" title="Stella Chiweshe">Stella Chiweshe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audius_Mtawarira" title="Audius Mtawarira">Audius Mtawarira</a> have achieved international recognition. Among members of the white minority community, Theatre has a large following, with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe's urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_Offal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/220px-Goat_Offal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/330px-Goat_Offal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/440px-Goat_Offal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A meal of sadza (right), greens, and goat <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.</figcaption></figure> Like in many African countries, the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods. "Mealie meal", also known as <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a>, is used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">sadza</a> or isitshwala, as well as <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> known as bota or ilambazi. Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste/porridge. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste. This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner, usually with sides such as gravy, vegetables (spinach, <a href="/wiki/Chomolia" title="Chomolia">chomolia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spring_greens" title="Spring greens">spring greens</a>/collard greens), beans, and meat (stewed, grilled, roasted, or sundried). Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk (<a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">sour milk</a>), commonly known as "lacto" (mukaka wakakora), or dried <a href="/wiki/Kapenta" title="Kapenta">Tanganyika sardine</a>, known locally as kapenta or matemba. Bota is a thinner porridge, cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter, milk, butter, or jam.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> Bota is usually eaten for breakfast. Graduations, weddings, and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be barbecued or roasted by the family. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boerewors_raw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/250px-Boerewors_raw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/330px-Boerewors_raw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/440px-Boerewors_raw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Raw <a href="/wiki/Boerewors" title="Boerewors">boerewors</a></figcaption></figure> Even though the Afrikaners are a small group (10%) within the white minority group, Afrikaner recipes are popular. <a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a>, a type of jerky, is a popular snack, prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> Boerewors is served with sadza. It is a long sausage, often well-spiced, composed of beef and any other meat like pork, and barbecued.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> As Zimbabwe was a British colony, some people there have adopted some colonial-era English eating habits. For example, most people will have porridge in the morning, as well as 10 o'clock tea (midday tea). They will have lunch, often leftovers from the night before, freshly cooked sadza, or sandwiches (which is more common in the cities). After lunch, there is usually 4 o'clock tea (afternoon tea), which is served before dinner. It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> Rice, pasta, and <a href="/wiki/Potato_production_in_Zimbabwe" title="Potato production in Zimbabwe">potato-based foods</a> (French fries and mashed potato) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine. A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter, which is taken with thick gravy, mixed vegetables and meat.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu, boiled and sundried maize, black-eyed peas known as nyemba, and <a href="/wiki/Vigna_subterranea" title="Vigna subterranea">Bambara groundnuts</a> known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Sport in Zimbabwe">Sport in Zimbabwe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg/220px-Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg/330px-Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg/440px-Canada_wins_Zimbabwe_in_Rio_Olympics_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Zimbabwe women's national football team">Zimbabwe women's national football team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament">2016 Olympic Games</a></figcaption></figure> Football (also known as soccer) is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team" title="Zimbabwe national football team">The Warriors</a> have qualified for the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> five times (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), and won the <a href="/wiki/COSAFA_Cup" title="COSAFA Cup">Southern Africa championship</a> on six occasions (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) and the <a href="/wiki/CECAFA_Cup" title="CECAFA Cup">Eastern Africa cup</a> once (1985). The team is ranked 68th in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is a significant sport in Zimbabwe. <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team" title="Zimbabwe national rugby union team">The national side</a> have represented the country at 2 <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> tournaments in 1987 and 1991.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is also a very popular sport in Zimbabwe. It used to have a following mostly among the white minority, but it has recently grown to become a widely popular sport among most Zimbabweans.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> It is one of twelve <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> playing nations and an <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> full member as well. Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include <a href="/wiki/Andy_Flower" title="Andy Flower">Andy Flower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heath_Streak" title="Heath Streak">Heath Streak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Taylor" title="Brendan Taylor">Brendan Taylor</a>. Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals, one in <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team">with the women's team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow, and seven by swimmer <a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a>, three at the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> and four at the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>. Zimbabwe has done well in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Africa Games">All-Africa Games</a> in swimming with Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> Zimbabwe has competed at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> in tennis, most notably with the Black family, which comprises <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Black" title="Wayne Black">Wayne Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byron_Black" title="Byron Black">Byron Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cara_Black" title="Cara Black">Cara Black</a>. The Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/Nick_Price" title="Nick Price">Nick Price</a> held the official World Number 1 golf status longer than any player from Africa has done.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>, martial arts, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, cycling, <a href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">polocrosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level. Zimbabwean professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> players playing overseas are <a href="/wiki/Masimbaashe_Motongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Masimbaashe Motongo">Masimbaashe Motongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judah_Mazive" title="Judah Mazive">Judah Mazive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> Former players include now <a href="/wiki/SANZAAR" title="SANZAAR">SANZAAR</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Andy_Marinos" title="Andy Marinos">Andy Marinos</a> who made an appearance for <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_league_team" title="South Africa national rugby league team">South Africa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Super_League_World_Nines" title="Super League World Nines">Super League World Nines</a> and featured for the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs" title="Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs">Sydney Bulldogs</a> as well as Zimbabwe-born former <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland rugby union international</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Gray_(rugby_union)" title="Scott Gray (rugby union)">Scott Gray</a>, who spent time at the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> Zimbabwe has had success in karate as Zimbabwe's <a href="/wiki/Samson_Muripo" title="Samson Muripo">Samson Muripo</a> became <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a> world champion in Osaka, Japan in 2009. Muripo is a two-time World Kyokushi Karate Champion and was the first black African to become the World Kyokushin Karate Champion.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Zimbabwe" title="Mass media in Zimbabwe">media of Zimbabwe</a> is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the economic and political crisis. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is facing less political interference, and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, "the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-321">[317]</a> In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power-sharing government. In May 2010 the commission licensed three privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Harare)" title="Daily News (Harare)">Daily News</a>, for publication.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-322">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> described the decisions as a "major advance".<a href="#cite_note-IFEX-323">[319]</a> In June 2010 <a href="/wiki/NewsDay_(Zimbabwean_newspaper)" title="NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)">NewsDay</a> became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years.<a href="#cite_note-Reuter-324">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> The main published newspapers are <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Herald (Zimbabwe)">The Herald</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)">The Chronicle</a> which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. Since the <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Information_and_Protection_of_Privacy_Act_(Zimbabwe)" title="Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Zimbabwe)">2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act</a> was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including Daily News whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential <a href="/wiki/The_Zimbabwean" title="The Zimbabwean">The Zimbabwean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rwb-326">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-cgmg-327">[323]</a> As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans. Because the internet is unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists.<a href="#cite_note-fh-328">[324]</a> Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves "surveillance, threats, imprisonment, censorship, blackmail, abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news."<a href="#cite_note-rwb-326">[322]</a> In its 2021 report, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 130th out of 180, noting that "access to information has improved and self-censorship has declined, but journalists are still often attacked or arrested".<a href="#cite_note-rwb-326">[322]</a> The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, Sky News, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: National symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_Bird.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/170px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/255px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/340px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design</figcaption></figure> The stone-carved <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Zimbabwe Bird</a> appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">banknotes</a> and coins (first on <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Rhodesian_pound" title="Coins of the Rhodesian pound">Rhodesian pound</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Rhodesian_dollar" title="Coins of the Rhodesian dollar">Rhodesian dollar</a>). It probably represents the <a href="/wiki/Bateleur" title="Bateleur">bateleur eagle</a> or the <a href="/wiki/African_fish_eagle" title="African fish eagle">African fish eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balancing_rocks_of_Zimbabwe" title="Balancing rocks of Zimbabwe">Balancing rocks</a> are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports. They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering, as softer rocks surrounding them erode away. They have been depicted on both the <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Zimbabwe" title="Banknotes of Zimbabwe">banknotes of Zimbabwe</a> and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes. The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe, named the Banknote Rocks, are located in <a href="/wiki/Epworth,_Zimbabwe" title="Epworth, Zimbabwe">Epworth</a>, approximately 14 km (9 mi) southeast of Harare.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> There are many different formations of the rocks, incorporating single and paired columns of three or more rocks. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan. The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-333">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Zimbabwe">national anthem of Zimbabwe</a> is "Raise the Flag of Zimbabwe" (<a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>: Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a>: Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe). It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace <a href="/wiki/Ishe_Komborera_Africa" title="Ishe Komborera Africa">Ishe Komborera Africa</a> as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a song written by Professor <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mutswairo" title="Solomon Mutswairo">Solomon Mutswairo</a> and composed by Fred Changundega. It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-333">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles" title="Index of Zimbabwe-related articles">Index of Zimbabwe-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Zimbabwe" title="Outline of Zimbabwe">Outline of Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Includes those of Asian descent </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ, -wi/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-Zimbabwe.wav">ⓘ</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[zi.ᵐba.ɓwe]</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> After the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a> have been used as legal tenders. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BEAVERCT-1"><a href="#cite_ref-BEAVERCT_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AFwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340,2548451&dq=zimbabwe+unity-freedom-work&hl=en">"Zimbabwe"</a>. The Beaver County Times. 13 September 1981. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beaver+County+Times&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe&rft.date=1981-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DAFwtAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3340%2C2548451%26dq%3Dzimbabwe%2Bunity-freedom-work%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-WF-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/">"The World Factbook – Zimbabwe"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fzimbabwe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf">"Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)"</a> (PDF). Government of Zimbabwe. January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2013 – via Kubatana.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Zimbabwe+%28final+draft%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kubatana.net%2Fdocs%2Flegisl%2Fconstitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2022-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001155012/https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/Demography/Census/2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf">"Zimbabwe 2022 Population and Housing Census Report, vol. 1"</a> (PDF). ZimStat. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. p. 122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/Demography/Census/2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZimStat&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+2022+Population+and+Housing+Census+Report%2C+vol.+1&rft.pages=122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimstat.co.zw%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDemography%2FCensus%2F2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017survey-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017survey_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017survey_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017survey_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Inter%20Censal%20Demography%20Survey%202017%20Report.pdf">"Inter Censal Demography Survey 2017 Report"</a> (PDF). Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inter+Censal+Demography+Survey+2017+Report&rft.pub=Zimbabwe+National+Statistics+Agency&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwe.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub-pdf%2FInter%2520Censal%2520Demography%2520Survey%25202017%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">"Developments in English"</a>. International Association of University Professors of English Conference. Cambridge University Press. 31 October 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107038509" title="Special:BookSources/9781107038509"><bdi>9781107038509</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developments+in+English&rft.btitle=International+Association+of+University+Professors+of+English+Conference&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.isbn=9781107038509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzXJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/zimbabwe-population/">"Zimbabwe Population Live"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Pre-colonial+history+of+SA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fpre-colonial-history-sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107164147/http://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe"</a>. South African History Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fplace%2Fzimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated241-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallStephen_W._Silliman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Martin; Stephen W. Silliman (2005). Historical Archaeology. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 241–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0751-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-0751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0751-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Stephen+W.+Silliman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimstudy-35"><a href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson1983" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold (1983). Zimbabwe: A Country Study. The Studies. pp. 1–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.pub=The+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mining-36"><a href="#cite_ref-mining_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHensman1901" class="citation book cs1">Hensman, Howard (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZebPswEACAAJ">Cecil Rhodes: A Study of a Career</a> (reprint ed.). Creative Media Partners, LLC (published 2018). pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781376448528" title="Special:BookSources/9781376448528"><bdi>9781376448528</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Rhodes%3A+A+Study+of+a+Career&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=9781376448528&rft.aulast=Hensman&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZebPswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaties-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-treaties_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaties_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaties_37-2">c</a> <a href="#Parsons">Parsons</a>, pp. 178–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-bsac-38"><a href="#cite_ref-bsac_38-0">^</a> Bryce, James (2008). Impressions of South Africa. p. 170; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/055430032X" title="Special:BookSources/055430032X">055430032X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898, which includes at section 4 thereof: "The territory for the time being within the limits of this Order shall be known as Southern Rhodesia." </li> <li id="cite_note-adopted-40"><a href="#cite_ref-adopted_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray,_J._A.1956" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J. A. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430203902/http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm">"A Country in Search of a Name"</a>. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. 3 (1): 78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Rhodesia+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Country+in+Search+of+a+Name&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Gray%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrzam.org.uk%2FNRJ%2FV3N1%2FV3N1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahistory.org.za-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory.org.za_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory.org.za_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107164147/http://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe | South African History Online"</a>. www.sahistory.org.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+%7C+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fplace%2Fzimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council came into effect </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1">b</a> Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia by Vera Gowlland-Debbas </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent, 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-moorcraft-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moorcraft_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moorcraft_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraft1990" class="citation journal cs1">Moorcraft, Paul (31 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/paul-moorcraft/rhodesias-war-independence">"Rhodesia's War of Independence"</a>. History Today. 40 (9). <q>[P]er head of (white) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom. ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force (supposedly the most disaffected service) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Rhodesia%27s+War+of+Independence&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1990-08-31&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fpaul-moorcraft%2Frhodesias-war-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachingaidze1991" class="citation journal cs1">Machingaidze, Victor E.M. (1991). 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(2004) Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Infobase Publishing, p. 537; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/143810989X" title="Special:BookSources/143810989X">143810989X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-endsanctions-51"><a href="#cite_ref-endsanctions_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2492000/2492915.stm">"On This Day"</a>. BBC News. 1 June 1979. Retrieved 14 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+This+Day&rft.date=1979-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F1%2Fnewsid_2492000%2F2492915.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chair-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chair_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chair_52-1">b</a> Chung, Fay (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-496">Re-living the Second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe</a>, Preben (INT) Kaarsholm. p. 242; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9171065512" title="Special:BookSources/9171065512">9171065512</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lancaster-53"><a href="#cite_ref-lancaster_53-0">^</a> Preston, Matthew (2004). Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. p. 25; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850435790" title="Special:BookSources/1850435790">1850435790</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." International Affairs 56#3 (1980): 405–419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2617389">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Zimbabwe, May 1980/Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Canberra: Government Printer, 1980. p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaddy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Waddy, Nicholas (2014). 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South African Historical Journal. 66 (2): 227–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2013.846935">10.1080/02582473.2013.846935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159650816">159650816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Death+of+%27Zimbabwe-Rhodesia%27%3A+The+Question+of+British+Recognition+of+the+Muzorewa+Regime+in+Rhodesian+Public+Opinion%2C+1979&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2013.846935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159650816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Waddy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_M._Houser" class="citation web cs1">George M. Houser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richardknight.homestead.com/files/zimletmarch80.htm">"Letter by George M. Houser, Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA), on the 1980 independence election in Rhodesia"</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+by+George+M.+Houser%2C+Executive+Director+of+the+American+Committee+on+Africa+%28ACOA%29%2C+on+the+1980+independence+election+in+Rhodesia&rft.au=George+M.+Houser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichardknight.homestead.com%2Ffiles%2Fzimletmarch80.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith, Ian</a> (2008). Bitter Harvest. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85782-604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85782-604-3"><bdi>978-1-85782-604-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Harvest&rft.place=London&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85782-604-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodwinHancock1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin" title="Peter Godwin">Godwin, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Hancock, Ian</a> (1995) [1993]. 'Rhodesians Never Die': The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, c. 1970–1980. Harare: Baobab Books. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908311-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908311-82-8"><bdi>978-0-908311-82-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Rhodesians+Never+Die%27%3A+The+Impact+of+War+and+Political+Change+on+White+Rhodesia%2C+c.+1970%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Harare&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Baobab+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-908311-82-8&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Boris (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/">"Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Robert+Mugabe+tarnished+the+jewel+that+is+Zimbabwe.+Now+is+its+chance+to+shine+again&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2Frobert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLessing2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Lessing, Doris (10 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/04/10/the-jewel-of-africa/">"The Jewel of Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Jewel+of+Africa&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F04%2F10%2Fthe-jewel-of-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChifera2015" class="citation web cs1">Chifera, Irwin (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years/2724325.html">"What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Happened+to+Zimbabwe%2C+Once+Known+as+The+Jewel+of+Africa%3F&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.aulast=Chifera&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voazimbabwe.com%2Fa%2Fzimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years%2F2724325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson1982" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Harold D., ed. (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA135022.pdf">"Zimbabwe: A country study"</a> (PDF). Area Handbook Series. United States Government. p. xvii. <q>Rev. ed. of: Area handbook for Southern Rhodesia. 1975</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+country+study&rft.series=Area+Handbook+Series&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=United+States+Government&rft.date=1982-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Ftr%2Fpdf%2FADA135022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1984" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Hywel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_270">"Urban change in Zimbabwe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Africa_Insight" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Insight">Africa Insight</a>. 14 (3): 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Insight&rft.atitle=Urban+change+in+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FAJA02562804_270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-watch-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watch_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-watch_65-1">b</a> Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). Against the Grain, Zebra, p. 134; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770071121" title="Special:BookSources/1770071121">1770071121</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-meredith6273-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meredith" title="Martin Meredith">Meredith, Martin</a> (September 2007) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62">Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">PublicAffairs</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62">62–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-558-0"><bdi>978-1-58648-558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe%3A+Power%2C+Plunder+and+the+Struggle+for+Zimbabwe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62-73&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-558-0&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmugabepowerplund00mere%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill77-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill77_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill77_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-652-3"><bdi>978-1-86872-652-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Zimbabwe%3A+The+Final+Countdown&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-652-3&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/Matabeleland%20Report.pdf">"Report on the 1980s disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, March 1997 – Conclusion – FINAL ESTIMATE: The figure for the dead and missing is not less than 3000. This statement is now beyond reasonable doubt. Adding up the conservative suggestions made above, the figure is reasonably certainly 3750 dead. More than that it is still not possible to say, except to allow that the real figure for the dead could be possibly double 3000, or even higher. Only further research will resolve the issue"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+1980s+disturbances+in+Matabeleland+and+the+Midlands%2C+by+the+Catholic+Commission+for+Justice+and+Peace+in+Zimbabwe%2C+March+1997+%E2%80%93+Conclusion+%E2%80%93+FINAL+ESTIMATE%3A+The+figure+for+the+dead+and+missing+is+not+less+than+3000.+This+statement+is+now+beyond+reasonable+doubt.+Adding+up+the+conservative+suggestions+made+above%2C+the+figure+is+reasonably+certainly+3750+dead.+More+than+that+it+is+still+not+possible+to+say%2C+except+to+allow+that+the+real+figure+for+the+dead+could+be+possibly+double+3000%2C+or+even+higher.+Only+further+research+will+resolve+the+issue.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2FMatabeleland%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112015104/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-17562-Gukurahundi%20killed%2080,000%20Eddie%20Cross/news.aspx">"Gukurahundi killed 80,000: Eddie Cross"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-17562-Gukurahundi%20killed%2080,000%20Eddie%20Cross/news.aspx">the original</a> on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gukurahundi+killed+80%2C000%3A+Eddie+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzimbabwe.com%2Fnews-17562-Gukurahundi%2520killed%252080%2C000%2520Eddie%2520Cross%2Fnews.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholiccommission-70"><a href="#cite_ref-catholiccommission_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Commission_for_Justice_and_Peace_in_ZimbabweLegal_Resources_Foundation1997" class="citation web cs1">Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe; Legal Resources Foundation (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace">"Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Silence%2C+Building+True+Peace&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.au=Catholic+Commission+for+Justice+and+Peace+in+Zimbabwe&rft.au=Legal+Resources+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace">"Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland & the Midlands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Commission_for_Justice_and_Peace_in_Zimbabwe" title="Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe">Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe</a>. 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The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 56 (173/174): 105–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3889033">10.2307/3889033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889033">3889033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+African+Archaeological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Soapstone+Birds+of+Great+Zimbabwe+Symbols+of+a+Nation+by+Edward+Matenga&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=173%2F174&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3889033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3889033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandow,_George_P." class="citation web cs1">Landow, George P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809145423/http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html">"Great Zimbabwe"</a>. Brown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft.au=Landow%2C+George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusp.nus.edu.sg%2Fpost%2Fzimbabwe%2Fart%2Fgreatzim%2Fgz1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817012750/http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html">"Balancing Rocks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balancing+Rocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.fortunecity.com%2Fmadzimbabwe%2FBuildings%2FNatural%2FBalancing%2520Rocks%2FBalancingRocks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+%7C+History%2C+Map%2C+Flag%2C+Population%2C+Capital%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FZimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Parsons" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Neil (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars">A New History of Southern Africa</a> (2nd ed.). London, England: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-84195319-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-84195319-2"><bdi>978-0-84195319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-84195319-2&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofsout0000pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</a>, UNESCO.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2019" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (10 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/10/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-battle-to-survive">"'Hungry kids collapse as looters take millions': life in today's Zimbabwe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Hungry+kids+collapse+as+looters+take+millions%27%3A+life+in+today%27s+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Faug%2F10%2Fzimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-battle-to-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclay2010" class="citation cs2">Barclay, Philip (2010), Zimbabwe: Years of Hope and Despair</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Years+of+Hope+and+Despair&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Bourne, Richard. Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? (2011); 302 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGregorPrimorac2010" class="citation cs2">McGregor, JoAnn; Primorac, Ranka, eds. (2010), Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival, <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%27s+New+Diaspora%3A+Displacement+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Survival&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988">, 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meredith" title="Martin Meredith">Meredith, Martin</a>. Mugabe: Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe's Future (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003STCO04/">excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrnerHolmes2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orner" title="Peter Orner">Orner, Peter</a>; Holmes, Annie (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voiceofwitness.org/hope-deferred/">Hope Deferred: Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives</a>, Voice of witness</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+Deferred%3A+Narratives+of+Zimbabwean+Lives&rft.pub=Voice+of+witness&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Orner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Annie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofwitness.org%2Fhope-deferred%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Smith, Ian Douglas. Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857826043/">excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li>David Coltart. The struggle continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd: South Africa, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="c:Zimbabwe">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Zimbabwe">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="q:Zimbabwe">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="voy:Zimbabwe">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zim.gov.zw/">Official Government of Zimbabwe web portal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223174502/http://www.zim.gov.zw/">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/">Parliament of Zimbabwe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030223602/https://parlzim.gov.zw/">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249">Zimbabwe profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Zimbabwe">Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/">Zimbabwe</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024133532/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/zimbabwe.htm">Zimbabwe</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZW">Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZWE/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zimbabwe_articles860" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zimbabwe_topics" title="Template:Zimbabwe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zimbabwe_topics" title="Template talk:Zimbabwe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zimbabwe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zimbabwe_articles860" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles" title="Index of Zimbabwe-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1890–1923: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a>; 1923–1980: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>; 1953–1963: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</a>; 1965–1979: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a>; 1979: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> under UDI; 1980–present: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of years in Zimbabwe">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Pre-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangani_Patrol" title="Shangani Patrol">Shangani Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First World War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–79)">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">1975 Victoria Falls Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1976)" title="Geneva Conference (1976)">1976 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">2008–2009 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Zimbabwe_protests" title="2016–2017 Zimbabwe protests">2016–2017 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">2017 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_fuel_protests" title="Zimbabwe fuel protests">2019 fuel protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional history of Zimbabwe">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Zimbabwe_to_1992" title="History of cricket in Zimbabwe to 1992">Cricket (to 1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Zimbabwe_from_1992_to_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cricket in Zimbabwe from 1992 to 2006">Cricket (1992–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cricket_crisis" title="Zimbabwean cricket crisis">Cricket crisis (2003–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Military history of Zimbabwe">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placename_renaming_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of placename renaming in Zimbabwe">Place name renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of rivers of Zimbabwe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wards_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of wards of Zimbabwe">Wards (municipalities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zimbabwe" title="Wildlife of Zimbabwe">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zimbabwe" title="Foreign relations of Zimbabwe">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Zimbabwe" title="Capital punishment in Zimbabwe">Capital punishment in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zimbabwe">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of heads of state of Zimbabwe">Heads of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">Presidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zimbabwe" title="Vice-President of Zimbabwe">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Zimbabwean_political_crisis" title="2007 Zimbabwean political crisis">2007 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations">Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_bond_coins" title="Zimbabwean bond coins">Zimbabwean bond coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_bond_notes" title="Zimbabwean bond notes">Zimbabwean bond notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Dollar (suspended currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar_(2019%E2%80%932024)" title="Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)">Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe Gold">Zimbabwe Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange" title="Zimbabwe Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Transport in Zimbabwe">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Architecture of Zimbabwe">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_art" title="Zimbabwean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Zimbabwe" title="Child marriage in Zimbabwe">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human trafficking in Zimbabwe">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Zimbabwe">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Zimbabwe" title="Polygamy in Zimbabwe">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Zimbabwe" title="Prostitution in Zimbabwe">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Zimbabwe" title="Public holidays in Zimbabwe">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Sport in Zimbabwe">Sport in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games">Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe">Ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">diaspora</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_people" title="Kunda people">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika tribe">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Rusape" title="Jews of Rusape">Rusape Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokaleya" title="Tokaleya">Tokaleya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Zimbabwe">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans"> Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English"> English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Ndebele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Ndebele language">Sindebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols of Zimbabwe">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zimbabwe" title="Flag of Zimbabwe">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Flower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Zimbabwe" title="Outline of Zimbabwe">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles" title="Index of Zimbabwe-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe" title="Category:Zimbabwe">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:Geography of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:Geography of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe" title="Subdivisions of Zimbabwe">Subdivisions of Zimbabwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare_Province" title="Harare Province">Harare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manicaland_Province" title="Manicaland Province">Manicaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_Central_Province" title="Mashonaland Central Province">Mashonaland Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_East_Province" title="Mashonaland East Province">Mashonaland East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West_Province" title="Mashonaland West Province">Mashonaland West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_North_Province" title="Matabeleland North Province">Matabeleland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland_South_Province" title="Matabeleland South Province">Matabeleland South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beitbridge_District" title="Beitbridge District">Beitbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikita_District" title="Bikita District">Bikita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindura_District" title="Bindura District">Bindura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binga_District" title="Binga District">Binga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubi_District" title="Bubi District">Bubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhera_District" title="Buhera District">Buhera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulilima_District" title="Bulilima District">Bulilima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chegutu_District" title="Chegutu District">Chegutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikomba_District" title="Chikomba District">Chikomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipinge_District" title="Chipinge District">Chipinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiredzi_District" title="Chiredzi District">Chiredzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirumhanzu_District" title="Chirumhanzu District">Chirumhanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivi_District" title="Chivi District">Chivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokwe_North_District" title="Gokwe North District">Gokwe North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokwe_South_District" title="Gokwe South District">Gokwe South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goromonzi_District" title="Goromonzi District">Goromonzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruve_District" title="Guruve District">Guruve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutu_District" title="Gutu District">Gutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwanda_District" title="Gwanda District">Gwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweru_District" title="Gweru District">Gweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwange_District" title="Hwange District">Hwange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiza_District" title="Insiza District">Insiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariba District">Kariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoi_District" title="Karoi District">Karoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwekwe_District" title="Kwekwe District">Kwekwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_District" title="Makonde District">Makonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoni_District" title="Makoni District">Makoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangwe_District" title="Mangwe District">Mangwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marondera_District" title="Marondera District">Marondera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masvingo_District" title="Masvingo District">Masvingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matobo_District" title="Matobo District">Matobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazowe_District" title="Mazowe District">Mazowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mberengwa_District" title="Mberengwa District">Mberengwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbire_District" title="Mbire District">Mbire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhondoro%E2%80%93Ngezi_District" title="Mhondoro–Ngezi District">Mhondoro–Ngezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Darwin_District" title="Mount Darwin District">Mount Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudzi_District" title="Mudzi District">Mudzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murehwa_District" title="Murehwa District">Murehwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutare_District" title="Mutare District">Mutare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasa_District" title="Mutasa District">Mutasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutoko_District" title="Mutoko District">Mutoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzarabani_District" title="Muzarabani District">Muzarabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwenezi_District" title="Mwenezi District">Mwenezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkayi,_Zimbabwe" title="Nkayi, Zimbabwe">Nkayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_District" title="Nyanga District">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushinga_District" title="Rushinga District">Rushinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyati_District" title="Sanyati District">Sanyati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seke_District" title="Seke District">Seke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamva_District" title="Shamva District">Shamva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurugwi_District" title="Shurugwi District">Shurugwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsholotsho_District" title="Tsholotsho District">Tsholotsho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umguza_District" title="Umguza District">Umguza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umzingwane_District" title="Umzingwane District">Umzingwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzumba%E2%80%93Maramba%E2%80%93Pfungwe" title="Uzumba–Maramba–Pfungwe">Uzumba–Maramba–Pfungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedza_District" title="Wedza District">Wedza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaka_District" title="Zaka District">Zaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvimba_District" title="Zvimba District">Zvimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvishavane_District" title="Zvishavane District">Zvishavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards of Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwekwe" title="Kwekwe">Kwekwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Zimbabwe" title="Kadoma, Zimbabwe">Kadoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marondera" title="Marondera">Marondera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitbridge" title="Beitbridge">Beitbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusape" title="Rusape">Rusape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariba,_Zimbabwe" title="Kariba, Zimbabwe"> Kariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe"> Victoria Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Zimbabwe82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:Languages of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:Languages of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Kalanga language">Nambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimbabwe Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language"> Lozi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation" title="African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation">Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security" title="African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security">Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Department of Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development" title="African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development">Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture" title="African Union Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining" title="African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining">Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union" title="Agencies of the African Union">Specialised agencies and institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission" title="African Civil Aviation Commission">African Civil Aviation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Energy_Commission" title="African Energy Commission">African Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afripol" title="Afripol">Afripol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network" title="Trans-African Highway network">Trans-African Highway network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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