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id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood,_education,_early_career,_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood,_education,_early_career,_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Childhood, education, early career, and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood,_education,_early_career,_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War and after</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_and_after-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War and after subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War II (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_years_(1945–1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_years_(1945–1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postwar years (1945–1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_years_(1945–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_in_public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_in_public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beginnings in public life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beginnings_in_public_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beginnings in public life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_in_public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political awakening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>County executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Maryland_(1967–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Maryland_(1967–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Maryland_(1967–1969)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of Maryland (1967–1969) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Maryland_(1967–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Election 1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidential_candidate_(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidential_candidate_(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidential candidate (1968)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidential_candidate_(1968)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidential candidate (1968) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidential_candidate_(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background:_Rockefeller_and_Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background:_Rockefeller_and_Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Background: Rockefeller and Nixon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background:_Rockefeller_and_Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_National_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_National_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Republican National Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_National_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1969–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1969–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vice presidency (1969–1973)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_presidency_(1969–1973)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice presidency (1969–1973) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1969–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_and_early_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_and_early_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transition and early days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_and_early_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Nixon's_Nixon":_attacking_the_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Nixon's_Nixon":_attacking_the_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>"Nixon's Nixon": attacking the left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Nixon's_Nixon":_attacking_the_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970:_Protesters_and_midterm_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970:_Protesters_and_midterm_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1970: Protesters and midterm elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970:_Protesters_and_midterm_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_in_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_in_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Re-election in 1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_in_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_investigation_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_investigation_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Criminal investigation and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_investigation_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1973–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-vice_presidency_(1973–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1973–1996)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-vice presidency (1973–1996) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-vice_presidency_(1973–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsequent_career:_1973–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_career:_1973–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Subsequent career: 1973–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_career:_1973–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88" title="سبيرو أغنيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيرو أغنيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Aqnyu" title="Spiro Aqnyu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Spiro Aqnyu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88" title="اسپیرو اقنیو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسپیرو اقنیو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Спіра Агню – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіра Агню" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Спиро Агню – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спиро Агню" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σπύρο Άγκνιου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπύρο Άγκνιου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88" title="اسپیرو اگنیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپیرو اگنیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%A1%9C_%EC%95%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%89%B4" title="스피로 애그뉴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스피로 애그뉴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սպիրո Ագնյու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիրո Ագնյու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95" title="ספירו אגניו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספירו אגניו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="სპირო აგნიუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპირო აგნიუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Ag%C5%86%C5%AB" title="Spiro Agņū – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spiro Agņū" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81" title="സ്പൈരോ അഗ്ന്യു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പൈരോ അഗ്ന്യു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="स्पिरो अॅग्न्यू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पिरो अॅग्न्यू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="სპირო აგნიუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სპირო აგნიუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88" title="سبيرو اجنيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبيرو اجنيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC" title="スピロ・アグニュー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スピロ・アグニュー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8E,_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Агню, Спиро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агню, Спиро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%9A%D1%83" title="Спиро Егњу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спиро Егњу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="สปิโร แอกนิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สปิโร แอกนิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Спіро Агню – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спіро Агню" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سپائرو ایگنیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سپائرو ایگنیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%BD" title="斯皮罗·阿格纽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯皮罗·阿格纽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Spiro Agnew" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E7%BE%85%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%90" title="斯皮羅阿格紐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯皮羅阿格紐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%BD" title="斯皮罗·阿格纽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯皮罗·阿格纽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203433#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">39th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">55th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 25, 1967 – January 7, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes" title="J. Millard Tawes">J. Millard Tawes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Marvin Mandel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_county_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore county executive">Executive of Baltimore County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 6, 1962 – December 8, 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_H._Kahl" title="Christian H. Kahl">Christian H. Kahl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Anderson_(politician)" title="Dale Anderson (politician)">Dale Anderson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Spiro Theodore Agnew</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-11-09</span>)</span>November 9, 1918<br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">September 17, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-09-17)</span> (aged 77)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Maryland" title="Berlin, Maryland">Berlin, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dulaney_Valley_Memorial_Gardens" title="Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens">Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Agnew" title="Judy Agnew">Judy Judefind</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Baltimore" title="University of Baltimore">University of Baltimore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiro Agnew's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg/128px-Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg/192px-Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg/256px-Spiro_T_Agnew_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Service Company, <a href="/wiki/54th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="54th Infantry Regiment (United States)">54th Armored Infantry Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="10th Armored Division (United States)">10th Armored Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardennes-Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardennes-Alsace">Ardennes-Alsace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Siege of Bastogne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Central Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Agnew_speech_on_media_excerpt.ogg" title="File:Spiro Agnew speech on media excerpt.ogg">Spiro Agnew's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Spiro_Agnew_speech_on_media_excerpt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Spiro_Agnew_speech_on_media_excerpt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Spiro_Agnew_speech_on_media_excerpt.ogg/Spiro_Agnew_speech_on_media_excerpt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Agnew on the alleged bias of news networks against Richard Nixon<br />Recorded November 13, 1969</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spiro Theodore Agnew</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second of two vice presidents to resign, the first being <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> in 1832. </p><p>Agnew was born in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> immigrant father and an American mother. He attended <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> and graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baltimore_School_of_Law" title="University of Baltimore School of Law">University of Baltimore School of Law</a>. He was a campaign aide for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Devereux" title="James Devereux">James Devereux</a> in the 1950s, and was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore County">Baltimore County</a> Board of Zoning Appeals in 1957. In 1962, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_county_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore county executive">Baltimore county executive</a>. In 1966, Agnew was <a href="/wiki/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Maryland gubernatorial election">elected governor of Maryland</a>, defeating his <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/George_P._Mahoney" title="George P. Mahoney">George P. Mahoney</a> and independent candidate <a href="/wiki/Hyman_A._Pressman" title="Hyman A. Pressman">Hyman A. Pressman</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 Republican National Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> asked Agnew to place his name in nomination, and named him as running mate. Agnew's centrist reputation interested Nixon; the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> stance he had taken in the wake of civil unrest that year appealed to aides such as <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>. Agnew made a number of gaffes during <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">the campaign</a>, but his rhetoric pleased many Republicans, and he may have made the difference in several key states. Nixon and Agnew defeated the Democratic ticket of incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> and his running mate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>. As vice president, Agnew was often called upon to attack the administration's enemies. In the years of his vice presidency, Agnew moved to the right, appealing to conservatives who were suspicious of moderate stances taken by Nixon. In the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1972</a>, Nixon and Agnew were re-elected for a second term, defeating Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> in one of the largest landslides in American history. </p><p>In 1973, Agnew was investigated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Maryland" title="United States Attorney for the District of Maryland">United States Attorney for the District of Maryland</a> on suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">criminal conspiracy</a>, bribery, extortion, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a>. Agnew took <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickbacks</a> from contractors during his time as Baltimore county executive and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">governor of Maryland</a>. The payments had continued into his time as vice president, but had nothing to do with the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, in which he was not implicated. After months of maintaining his innocence, Agnew pleaded <a href="/wiki/No_contest" class="mw-redirect" title="No contest">no contest</a> to a single felony charge of <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> and resigned from office. Nixon replaced him with House Republican leader <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. Agnew spent the remainder of his life quietly, rarely making public appearances and blaming <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> for forcing him out of office. He wrote a novel and a memoir, both of which defended his actions. Agnew died at home in 1996 at age 77 of undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Acute_leukemia" title="Acute leukemia">acute leukemia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_and_City_Hall,_Baltimore,_Maryland,_circa_1907-1914_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A post card showing a cityscape, from slightly after the turn of the 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Post_Office_and_City_Hall%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland%2C_circa_1907-1914_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Baltimore around the time of Agnew's birth</figcaption></figure> <p>Spiro Agnew's father was born Theophrastos Anagnostopoulos in about 1877, in the Greek town of <a href="/wiki/Gargalianoi" title="Gargalianoi">Gargalianoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family may have been involved in olive growing and been impoverished during a crisis in the industry in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anagnostopoulos emigrated to the United States in 1897<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (some accounts say 1902)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and settled in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, where he changed his name to Theodore Agnew and opened a <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passionate self-educator, Agnew maintained a lifelong interest in philosophy; one family member recalled that "if he wasn't reading something to improve his mind, he wouldn't read."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197233_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197233-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1908, he moved to Baltimore, where he purchased a restaurant. Here he met William Pollard, who was the city's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">federal meat inspector</a>. The two became friends; Pollard and his wife Margaret were regular customers of the restaurant. After Pollard died in April 1917, Agnew and Margaret Pollard began a courtship which led to their marriage on December 12, 1917. Spiro Agnew was born 11 months later, on November 9, 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret Pollard, born Margaret Marian Akers in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol, Virginia</a>, in 1883, was the youngest in a family of 10 children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young adult she moved to Washington, D.C., and found employment in various government offices before marrying Pollard and moving to Baltimore. The Pollards had one son, Roy, who was 10 years old when Pollard died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the marriage to Agnew in 1917 and Spiro's birth the following year, the new family settled in a small apartment at 226 West Madison Street, near downtown Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197230_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197230-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood,_education,_early_career,_and_marriage"><span id="Childhood.2C_education.2C_early_career.2C_and_marriage"></span>Childhood, education, early career, and marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library,_Baltimore,_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A short flight of stairs leads up to a red-brick civic building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Forest_Park_Branch_of_the_Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library%2C_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2012630129.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="4755" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library" title="Enoch Pratt Free Library">Enoch Pratt Free Library</a> branch in the Forest Park neighborhood of Baltimore</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with his mother's wishes, the infant Spiro was baptized as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian">Episcopalian</a>, rather than into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> of his father. Nevertheless, Theodore was the dominant figure within the family, and a strong influence on his son. When in 1969, after his vice presidential inauguration, Baltimore's Greek community endowed a scholarship in Theodore Agnew's name, Spiro Agnew told the gathering: "I am proud to say that I grew up in the light of my father. My beliefs are his."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20158_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1920s, the Agnews prospered. Theodore acquired a larger restaurant, the Piccadilly, and moved the family to a house in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park,_Baltimore" title="Forest Park, Baltimore">Forest Park</a> northwest section of the city, where Spiro attended Garrison Junior High School and later <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_High_School_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Park High School (Baltimore, Maryland)">Forest Park High School</a>. This period of affluence ended with the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">crash of 1929</a>, and the restaurant closed. In 1931, the family's savings were wiped out when a local bank failed, forcing them to sell the house and move to a small apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew later recalled how his father responded to these misfortunes: "He just shrugged it off and went to work with his hands without complaint."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197234_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodore Agnew sold fruit and vegetables from a roadside stall, while the youthful Spiro helped the family's budget with part-time jobs, delivering groceries and distributing leaflets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he grew up, Spiro was increasingly influenced by his peers, and began to distance himself from his Greek background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197235_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197235-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused his father's offer to pay for Greek language lessons, and preferred to be known by a nickname, "Ted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20158_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1937, Agnew entered Johns Hopkins University at their new <a href="/wiki/Homewood_Campus_of_Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University">Homewood</a> campus in north Baltimore as a chemistry major. After a few months, he found the pressure of the academic work increasingly stressful, and was distracted by the family's continuing financial problems and worries about the international situation, in which war seemed likely. In 1939 he decided that his future lay in law rather than chemistry, left Johns Hopkins and began night classes at the University of Baltimore School of Law. To support himself, he took a day job as an insurance clerk with the Maryland Casualty Company at their <a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(Baltimore)" title="The Rotunda (Baltimore)">Rotunda building</a> on 40th Street in <a href="/wiki/Roland_Park,_Baltimore" title="Roland Park, Baltimore">Roland Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the three years Agnew spent at the company he rose to the position of assistant underwriter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the office, he met a young filing clerk, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Agnew" title="Judy Agnew">Elinor Judefind</a>, known as "Judy". She had grown up in the same part of the city as Agnew, but the two had not previously met. They began dating, became engaged, and were married in Baltimore on May 27, 1942. They had four children;<sup id="cite_ref-Judith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamela Lee, James Rand, Susan Scott, and Elinor Kimberly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_and_after">War and after</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1941–1945)</h3></div> <p>By the time of the marriage, Agnew had been <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">drafted</a> into the United States Army. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941, he began <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">basic training</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Croft" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Croft">Camp Croft</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. There, he met people from a variety of backgrounds: "I had led a very sheltered life—I became unsheltered very quickly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Agnew was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">Officer Candidate School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and on May 24, 1942—three days before his wedding—he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197239_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a two-day honeymoon, Agnew returned to Fort Knox. He served there, or at nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Campbell" title="Fort Campbell">Fort Campbell</a>, for nearly two years in a variety of administrative roles, before being sent to England in March 1944 as part of the pre-<a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> build-up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained on standby in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> until late in the year, when he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/54th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="54th Infantry Regiment (United States)">54th Armored Infantry Battalion</a> in France as a replacement officer. After briefly serving as a rifle platoon leader, Agnew commanded the battalion's service company. The battalion became part of Combat Command "B" of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="10th Armored Division (United States)">10th Armored Division</a>, which saw action in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Siege of Bastogne</a>—in all, "thirty-nine days in the hole of the doughnut", as one of Agnew's men put it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the 54th Battalion fought its way into Germany, seeing action at <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crailsheim" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a>, before reaching <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> in Bavaria as the war concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew returned home for <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">discharge</a> in November 1945, having been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge">Combat Infantryman Badge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20159–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197240–41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_years_(1945–1956)"><span id="Postwar_years_.281945.E2.80.931956.29"></span>Postwar years (1945–1956)</h3></div> <p>On return to civilian life, Agnew resumed his legal studies, and secured a job as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> firm of Smith and Barrett. Until that time, Agnew had been largely non-political; his nominal allegiance had been to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, following his father's beliefs. The firm's senior partner, Lester Barrett, advised Agnew that if he wanted a career in politics, he should become a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. There were already many ambitious young Democrats in Baltimore and its suburbs, whereas competent, personable Republicans were scarcer. Agnew took Barrett's advice; on moving with family to the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Lutherville,_Maryland" title="Lutherville, Maryland">Lutherville</a> in 1947, Agnew registered as a Republican, though he did not immediately become involved in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201510_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197244_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197244-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towson_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A courthouse, seen beyond landscaped grounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Towson_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Towson_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Towson_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Towson_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Towson_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Towson_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>The courthouse at <a href="/wiki/Towson" class="mw-redirect" title="Towson">Towson</a>, in Baltimore County, Maryland</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, Agnew graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> and passed the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">bar examination</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. He started a law practice in downtown Baltimore, but was not successful, and took a job as an <a href="/wiki/Insurance_investigator" title="Insurance investigator">insurance investigator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197244_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197244-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Agnew moved to Schreiber's, a <a href="/wiki/Supermarket_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarket chain">supermarket chain</a>, where his role was store detective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197417–18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197417–18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained there for four years, a period briefly interrupted in 1951 by a recall to the Army after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Agnew resigned from Schreiber's in 1952, and resumed his legal practice, specializing in <a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">labor law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197245–48_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197245–48-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Barrett was appointed a judge in <a href="/wiki/Towson" class="mw-redirect" title="Towson">Towson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of Baltimore. Agnew moved his office there; at the same time, he moved his family from Lutherville to <a href="/wiki/Loch_Raven,_Baltimore" title="Loch Raven, Baltimore">Loch Raven</a>. There, he led a typical suburban lifestyle, serving as president of the local school district's <a href="/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent-Teacher Association">Parent-Teacher Association</a>, joining <a href="/wiki/Kiwanis" title="Kiwanis">Kiwanis</a>, and participating in a range of social and community activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197249–52_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197249–52-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">William Manchester</a> summed up Agnew in those days: "His favorite musician was <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a>. His leisure interests were all <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/midcult" class="extiw" title="wikt:midcult">midcult</a>: watching the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts" title="Baltimore Colts">Baltimore Colts</a> on television, listening to <a href="/wiki/Mantovani" title="Mantovani">Mantovani</a>, and reading the sort of prose the <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> liked to condense. He was a lover of order and an almost compulsive conformist."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester1975476_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester1975476-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings_in_public_life">Beginnings in public life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_awakening">Political awakening</h3></div> <p>In the 1950s, Agnew volunteered for the congressional campaigns of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Devereux" title="James Devereux">James Devereux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew made his first bid for political office in 1956, when he sought to be a Republican candidate for Baltimore County Council. He was turned down by local party leaders, but nevertheless campaigned vigorously for the Republican ticket. The election resulted in an unexpected Republican majority on the council, and in recognition for his party work, Agnew was appointed for a one-year term to the county Zoning Board of Appeals at a salary of $3,600 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197255–56_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197255–56-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-judicial">quasi-judicial</a> post provided an important supplement to his legal practice, and Agnew welcomed the prestige connected with the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197420–21_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197420–21-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1958, he was reappointed to the Board for a full three-year term and became its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197417–18_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197417–18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the November 1960 elections, Agnew decided to seek election to the county <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Circuit_Courts" title="Maryland Circuit Courts">circuit court</a>, against the local tradition that sitting judges seeking re-election were not opposed. He was unsuccessful, finishing last of five candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failed attempt raised his profile, and he was regarded by his Democratic opponents as a Republican on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197259–61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197259–61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960 elections saw the Democrats win control of the county council, and one of their first actions was to remove Agnew from the Zoning Appeals Board. According to Agnew's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Witcover" title="Jules Witcover">Jules Witcover</a>, "The publicity generated by the Democrats' crude dismissal of Agnew cast him as the honest servant wronged by the machine."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197262–63_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197262–63-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to capitalize on this mood, Agnew asked to be nominated as the Republican candidate in the 1962 U.S. congressional elections, in <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 2nd congressional district">Maryland's 2nd congressional district</a>. The party chose the more experienced <a href="/wiki/J._Fife_Symington_Jr." title="J. Fife Symington Jr.">J. Fife Symington</a>, but wanted to take advantage of Agnew's local support. He accepted their invitation to run for county executive, the county's chief executive officer; Democrats had held the executive's post and its predecessor, chairman of the board of county commissioners, since 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197262–63_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197262–63-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew's chances in 1962 were boosted by a feud in the Democratic ranks, as the retired former county executive, Michael Birmingham, fell out with his successor and defeated him in the Democratic primary. By contrast with his elderly opponent, Agnew was able to campaign as a "White Knight" promising change; his program included an anti-discrimination bill requiring public amenities such as parks, bars and restaurants be open to all races, policies that neither Birmingham nor any Maryland Democrat could have introduced at that time without angering supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197264–71_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197264–71-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201520_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201520-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the November election, despite an intervention by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> on Birmingham's behalf,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197272–73_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197272–73-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew beat his opponent by 78,487 votes to 60,993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201516_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201516-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Symington lost to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">Clarence Long</a> in his congressional race, Agnew became the highest-ranking Republican in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_executive">County executive</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church,_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A protest march, with a sign "No More Birminghams" prominent. Some of the marchers are black and some are white; all are well-dressed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg/220px-Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg/330px-Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg/440px-Congress_of_Racial_Equality_and_members_of_the_All_Souls_Church%2C_Unitarian_march_in_memory_of_the_16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>A Civil Rights march, September 1963, protesting the Alabama church bombings. Agnew opposed such marches and demonstrations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agnew's four-year term as county executive saw a moderately progressive administration, which included the building of new schools, increases to teachers' salaries, reorganization of the police department, and improvements to the water and sewer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His anti-discrimination bill passed, and gave him a reputation as a liberal, but its impact was limited in a county where the population was 97 percent white.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201518_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201518-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His relations with the increasingly militant <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> were sometimes troubled. In a number of desegregation disputes involving private property, Agnew appeared to prioritize law and order, showing a particular aversion to any kind of demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197275–80_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197275–80-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reaction to the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a> in Alabama, in which four children died, was to refuse to attend a memorial service at a Baltimore church, and to denounce a planned demonstration in support of the victims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197288_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197288-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As county executive, Agnew was sometimes criticized for being too close to rich and influential businessmen,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was accused of cronyism after bypassing the normal bidding procedures and designating three of his Republican friends as the county's insurance brokers of record, ensuring them large commissions. Agnew's standard reaction to such criticisms was to display moral indignation, denounce his opponents' "outrageous distortions", deny any wrongdoing and insist on his personal integrity; tactics which, Cohen and Witcover note, were to be seen again as he defended himself against the corruption allegations that ended his vice presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197422–23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197422–23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>, Agnew was opposed to the Republican frontrunner, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, initially supporting the moderate California senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a>, a candidacy that, Witcover remarks, "died stillborn".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972116–117_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972116–117-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of moderate Pennsylvania Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a>'s candidacy at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">party convention</a>, Agnew gave his reluctant support to Goldwater, but privately opined that the choice of so extremist a candidate had cost the Republicans any chance of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Maryland_(1967–1969)"><span id="Governor_of_Maryland_.281967.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Governor of Maryland (1967–1969)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_1966">Election 1966</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Maryland gubernatorial election">1966 Maryland gubernatorial election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, impressive public building, with a pillared facade and a cupola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG/220px-Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG/330px-Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG/440px-Maryland_State_House_from_College_Ave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_House" title="Maryland State House">Maryland State House</a>, Annapolis, the seat of the state government</figcaption></figure> <p>As his four-year term as executive neared its end, Agnew knew that his chances of re-election were slim, given that the county's Democrats had healed their rift.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197422–23_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197422–23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, in 1966 he sought the Republican nomination for governor, and with the backing of party leaders won the April primary by a wide margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972121–126_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972121–126-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Democratic party, three candidates—a moderate, a liberal, and an outright segregationist—battled for their party's <a href="/wiki/Gubernatorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubernatorial">gubernatorial</a> nomination, which to general surprise was won by the segregationist George P. Mahoney, a perennially unsuccessful candidate for office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972126–127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972126–127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahoney's candidacy split his party, provoking a third-party candidate, Comptroller of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore City</a> Hyman A. Pressman. In <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a>, the state's wealthiest area, a "Democrats for Agnew" organization flourished, and liberals statewide flocked to the Agnew standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197424_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197424-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahoney, a fierce opponent of integrated housing, exploited racial tensions with the slogan: "Your Home is Your Castle. Protect it!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972127_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972127-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew painted him as the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, and said voters must choose "between the bright, pure, courageous flame of righteousness and the fiery cross".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197424_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197424-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the November election Agnew, helped by 70 percent of the black vote,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabaservice2012191_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabaservice2012191-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beat Mahoney by 455,318 votes (49.5 percent) to 373,543, with Pressman taking 90,899 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="County map of Maryland, showing which candidates in the 1966 election won which county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/220px-1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/330px-1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/440px-1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1966 election, by county (Agnew: red, Mahoney: blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the campaign, it emerged that Agnew had failed to report three alleged attempts to bribe him that had been made on behalf of the slot-machine industry, involving sums of $20,000, $75,000, and $200,000, if he would promise not to veto legislation keeping the machines legal in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Maryland" title="Southern Maryland">Southern Maryland</a>. He justified his silence on the grounds that no actual offer had been made: "Nobody sat down in front of me with a suitcase of money."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197425–26_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197425–26-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was also criticized over his part-ownership of land close to the site of a planned, but never-built second bridge over <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. Opponents claimed a conflict of interest, since some of Agnew's partners in the venture were simultaneously involved in business deals with the county. Agnew denied any conflict or impropriety, saying that the property involved was outside Baltimore County and his jurisdiction. Nevertheless, he sold his interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197426–28_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197426–28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_office">In office</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Agnew_(MD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spiro_Agnew_%28MD%29.png/140px-Spiro_Agnew_%28MD%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Spiro_Agnew_%28MD%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Agnew as governor</figcaption></figure> <p>Agnew's term as governor was marked by an agenda which included tax reform, clean water regulations, and the repeal of laws against interracial marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community health programs were expanded, as were higher educational and employment opportunities for those on low incomes. Steps were taken towards ending segregation in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201179_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201179-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's <a href="/wiki/Fair_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair housing">fair housing</a> legislation was limited, applying only to new projects above a certain size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972157–158_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972157–158-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the first such laws passed south of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201550_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201550-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's attempt to adopt a new state constitution was rejected by the voters in a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197428–29_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197428–29-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the most part, Agnew remained somewhat aloof from the state legislature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197428–29_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197428–29-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferring the company of businessmen. Some of these had been associates in his county executive days, such as Lester Matz and Walter Jones, who had been among the first to encourage him to seek the governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201528_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201528-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's close ties to the business community were noted by officials in the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>: "There always seemed to be people around him who were in business."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some suspected that, while not himself corrupt, he "allowed himself to be used by the people around him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197472–73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young African-American man. He is speaking into a microphone, and gesturing; he wears sunglasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg/170px-H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg/255px-H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg/340px-H_Rap_Brown_-_USNWR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>H. Rap Brown, militant student activist whose speech in Cambridge, Maryland sparked riots there</figcaption></figure> <p>Agnew publicly supported civil rights, but deplored the militant tactics used by some black leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1966 election, his record had won him the endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013710_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013710-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1967, racial tension was rising nationally, fueled by black discontent and an increasingly assertive civil rights leadership. Several cities exploded in violence, and there were riots in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Maryland" title="Cambridge, Maryland">Cambridge, Maryland</a>, after an incendiary speech there on July 24, 1967, by radical student leader <a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester19751079–1081_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester19751079–1081-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's principal concern was to maintain law and order,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester19751081_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester19751081-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he denounced Brown as a professional agitator, saying, "I hope they put him away and throw away the key."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972161_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972161-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Kerner_Commission" title="Kerner Commission">Kerner Commission</a>, appointed by President Johnson to investigate the causes of the unrest, reported that the principal factor was institutional white racism,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew dismissed these findings, blaming the "permissive climate and misguided compassion" and adding: "It is not the centuries of racism and deprivation that have built to an explosive crescendo, but ... that lawbreaking has become a socially acceptable and occasionally stylish form of dissent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013713_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013713-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1968, when faced with a student boycott at <a href="/wiki/Bowie_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowie State College">Bowie State College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black institution">historically black institution</a>, Agnew again blamed <a href="/wiki/Outside_agitators" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside agitators">outside agitators</a> and refused to negotiate with the students. When a student committee came to Annapolis and demanded a meeting, Agnew closed the college and ordered more than 200 arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972163–168_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972163–168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> on April 4, 1968, there was widespread <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">rioting and disorder</a> across the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171–72_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171–72-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trouble reached Baltimore on April 6, and for the next three days and nights the city burned. Agnew declared a state of emergency and called out the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201170_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201170-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When order was restored there were six dead, more than 4,000 were under arrest, the fire department had responded to 1,200 fires, and there had been widespread looting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171–72_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201171–72-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 11, Agnew summoned more than 100 moderate black leaders to the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland State Capitol">state capitol</a>, where instead of the expected constructive dialogue he delivered a speech roundly castigating them for their failure to control more radical elements, and accused them of a cowardly retreat or even complicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201174–77_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201174–77-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the delegates, the Rev. Sidney Daniels, rebuked the governor: "Talk to us like we are ladies and gentlemen", he said, before walking out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201557_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201557-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others followed him; the remnant was treated to further accusations as Agnew rejected all socio-economic explanations for the disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsicsek201174–77_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsicsek201174–77-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many white suburbanites applauded Agnew's speech: over 90 percent of the 9,000 responses by phone, letter or telegram supported him, and he won tributes from leading Republican conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Jack Williams (American politician)">Jack Williams</a>, governor of Arizona, and former senator <a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">William Knowland</a> of California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013712_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013712-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To members of the black community the April 11 meeting was a turning point. Having previously welcomed Agnew's stance on civil rights, they now felt betrayed, one state senator observing: "He has sold us out ... he thinks like <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, he talks like George Wallace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972178_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972178-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidential_candidate_(1968)"><span id="Vice_presidential_candidate_.281968.29"></span>Vice presidential candidate (1968)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background:_Rockefeller_and_Nixon">Background: Rockefeller and Nixon</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ,_color-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shot of a middle-aged man, dressed in a business suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg/170px-Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg/255px-Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg/340px-Nelson_Rockefeller_talking_to_LBJ%2C_color-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption>Nelson Rockefeller, Agnew's initial choice for president in 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>At least until the April 1968 disturbances, Agnew's image was that of a liberal Republican. Since 1964 he had supported the presidential ambitions of Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> of New York, and early in 1968, with that year's elections looming, he became chairman of the "Rockefeller for President" citizens' committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969241_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969241-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in a televised speech on March 21, 1968, Rockefeller shocked his supporters with an apparently unequivocal withdrawal from the race, Agnew was dismayed and humiliated; despite his very public role in the Rockefeller campaign, he had received no advance warning of the decision. He took this as a personal insult and as a blow to his credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969243–244_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969243–244-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover20078–9_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover20078–9-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within days of Rockefeller's announcement, Agnew was being wooed by supporters of the former vice president Richard Nixon, whose <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a> for the Republican nomination was well under way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972201_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew had no antagonism towards Nixon, and in the wake of Rockefeller's withdrawal had indicated that Nixon might be his "second choice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover20078–9_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover20078–9-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the two met in New York on March 29 they found an easy rapport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007201_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007201-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's words and actions after the April disturbances in Baltimore delighted conservative members of the Nixon camp such as Pat Buchanan, and also impressed Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200714_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200714-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When on April 30 Rockefeller re-entered the race, Agnew's reaction was cool. He commended the governor as potentially a "formidable candidate" but did not commit his support: "A lot of things have happened since his withdrawal ... I think I've got to take another look at this situation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972206_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972206-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-May, Nixon, interviewed by <a href="/wiki/David_Broder" class="mw-redirect" title="David Broder">David Broder</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, mentioned the Maryland governor as a possible running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Agnew continued to meet with Nixon and with the candidate's senior aides,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200715_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200715-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was a growing impression that he was moving into the Nixon camp. At the same time, Agnew denied any political ambitions beyond serving his full four-year term as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972212–213_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972212–213-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_National_Convention">Republican National Convention</h3></div> <p>As Nixon prepared for the August 1968 Republican National Convention in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>, he discussed possible running mates with his staff. Among these were <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a>; and the more liberal <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>. Nixon felt that these high-profile names could split the party, with Lindsay in particular unacceptable to Southern conservatives, and looked for a less divisive figure. He did not indicate a preferred choice, and Agnew's name was not raised at this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200722–24_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200722–24-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was intending to go to the convention with his Maryland delegation as a <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a>, uncommitted to any of the main candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972208_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972208-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the convention, held August 5–8, Agnew abandoned his favorite son status, placing Nixon's name in nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972223–224_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972223–224-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon narrowly secured the nomination on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroySchlesingerIsrael20121318–1319_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroySchlesingerIsrael20121318–1319-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the discussions that followed about a running mate, Nixon kept his counsel while various party factions thought they could influence his choice: <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, the senator from South Carolina, told a party meeting that he held a veto on the vice presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969495_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969495-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was evident that Nixon wanted a centrist, though there was little enthusiasm when he first proposed Agnew, and other possibilities were discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200726–27_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200726–27-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was seen as a candidate who could appeal to Rockefeller Republicans, was acceptable to Southern Conservatives, and had a solid law-and-order record.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some party insiders thought that Nixon had privately settled on Agnew early on, and that the consideration of other candidates was little more than a charade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013717_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013717-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969516–517_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969516–517-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 8, after a final meeting of advisers and party leaders, Nixon declared that Agnew was his choice, and shortly afterwards announced his decision to the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972228–230_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972228–230-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegates formally nominated Agnew for the vice presidency later that day, before adjourning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200729_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200729-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his acceptance speech, Agnew told the convention he had "a deep sense of the improbability of this moment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972232_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972232-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was not yet a national figure, and a widespread reaction to the nomination was "Spiro who?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200728_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200728-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, three pedestrians gave their reactions to the name when interviewed on television: "It's some kind of disease"; "It's some kind of egg"; "He's a Greek that owns that shipbuilding firm."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969509_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969509-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign">Campaign</h3></div> <p>In 1968, the Nixon–Agnew ticket faced two principal opponents. The Democrats, at <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">a convention</a> marred by violent demonstrations, had nominated Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> and Maine Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> as their standard-bearers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969616–617_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969616–617-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The segregationist former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">ran</a> as a third-party candidate and was expected to do well in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoller1984324_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller1984324-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon, mindful of the restrictions he had labored under as <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>'s running mate in 1952 and 1956, was determined to give Agnew a much freer rein and to make it clear his running mate had his support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200736_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200736-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew could also usefully play an "attack dog" role, as Nixon had in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013717_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013717-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Agnew played the centrist, pointing to his civil rights record in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200735_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200735-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the campaign developed, he quickly adopted a more belligerent approach, with strong law-and-order rhetoric, a style which alarmed the party's Northern liberals but played well in the South. <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a>, Nixon's campaign manager, was impressed, some other party leaders less so; Senator <a href="/wiki/Thruston_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thruston Morton">Thruston Morton</a> described Agnew as an "asshole".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969643_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969643-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout September, Agnew was in the news, generally as a result of what one reporter called his "offensive and sometimes dangerous banality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969526_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969526-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the derogatory term "Polack" to describe Polish-Americans, referred to a Japanese-American reporter as "the fat Jap",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969746_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969746-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appeared to dismiss poor socio-economic conditions by stating that "if you've seen one slum you've seen them all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoller1984324_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller1984324-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attacked Humphrey as soft on communism, an appeaser like Britain's prewar prime minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200738–39_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200738–39-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was mocked by his Democratic opponents; a Humphrey commercial displayed the message "Agnew for Vice President?" against a soundtrack of prolonged hysterical laughter that degenerated into a painful cough, before a final message: "This would be funny if it weren't so serious..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969747_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterHodgsonPage1969747-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's comments outraged many, but Nixon did not rein him in; such right-wing populism had a strong appeal in the Southern states and was an effective counter to Wallace. Agnew's rhetoric was also popular in some Northern areas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200746_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200746-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped to galvanize "white backlash" into something less racially defined, more attuned to the suburban ethic defined by historian Peter B. Levy as "orderliness, personal responsibility, the sanctity of hard work, the nuclear family, and law and order".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013714_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013714-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October, Agnew survived an exposé in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that questioned his financial dealings in Maryland, with Nixon denouncing the paper for "the lowest kind of gutter politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200747–49_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200747–49-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the election on November 5, the Republicans were victorious, with a narrow popular vote plurality – 500,000 out of a total of 73 million votes cast. The Electoral College result was more decisive: Nixon 301, Humphrey 191 and Wallace 46.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200752_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200752-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans narrowly lost Maryland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972281_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972281-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Agnew was credited by pollster <a href="/wiki/Louis_Harris" title="Louis Harris">Louis Harris</a> with helping his party to victory in several <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> states that might easily have fallen to Wallace—South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky—and with bolstering Nixon's support in suburbs nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013718_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013718-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had Nixon lost those five states, he would have had only the minimum number of electoral votes needed, 270, and any defection by an elector would have thrown the election to the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972282_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972282-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1969–1973)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281969.E2.80.931973.29"></span>Vice presidency (1969–1973)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_and_early_days">Transition and early days</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson,_Nixon,_Agnew,_Humphrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg/220px-Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg/330px-Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg/440px-Johnson%2C_Nixon%2C_Agnew%2C_Humphrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Spiro Agnew is sworn in as vice president in 1969. Front row, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, Spiro Agnew (with hand raised), <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after the 1968 election, Agnew was still uncertain what Nixon would expect of him as vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201589_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201589-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met with Nixon several days after the election in <a href="/wiki/Key_Biscayne,_Florida" title="Key Biscayne, Florida">Key Biscayne, Florida</a>. Nixon, vice president himself for eight years under Eisenhower, wanted to spare Agnew the boredom and lack of a role he had sometimes experienced in that office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201589_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201589-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon initially gave Agnew an office in the West Wing of the White House, a first for a vice president, although in December 1969 it was given to deputy assistant <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a> and Agnew had to move to an office in the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Executive Office Building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they stood before the press after the meeting, Nixon pledged that Agnew would not have to undertake the ceremonial roles usually undertaken by the holders of the vice presidency, but would have "new duties beyond what any vice president has previously assumed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201589_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201589-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon told the press that he planned to make full use of Agnew's experience as county executive and as governor in dealing with matters of federal-state relations and in urban affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972284–285_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972284–285-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon established transition headquarters in New York, but Agnew was not invited to meet with him there until November 27, when the two met for an hour. When Agnew spoke to reporters afterwards, he stated that he felt "exhilarated" with his new responsibilities, but did not explain what those were. During the transition period, Agnew traveled extensively, enjoying his new status. He vacationed on <a href="/wiki/St._Croix" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix">St. Croix</a>, where he played a round of golf with Humphrey and Muskie. He went to Memphis for the <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberty_Bowl" title="1968 Liberty Bowl">1968 Liberty Bowl</a>, and to New York to attend the wedding of Nixon's daughter <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a> to <a href="/wiki/David_Eisenhower" title="David Eisenhower">David Eisenhower</a>. Agnew was a fan of the Baltimore Colts; in January, he was the guest of team owner <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Rosenbloom" title="Carroll Rosenbloom">Carroll Rosenbloom</a> at <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_III" title="Super Bowl III">Super Bowl III</a>, and watched <a href="/wiki/Joe_Namath" title="Joe Namath">Joe Namath</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Jets#Super_Bowl_III" title="History of the New York Jets">New York Jets</a> upset the Colts, 16–7. There was as yet no official residence for the vice president, and Spiro and Judy Agnew secured a suite at the <a href="/wiki/The_St._Regis_Washington,_D.C." title="The St. Regis Washington, D.C.">Sheraton Hotel</a> in Washington formerly occupied by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> while vice president. Only one of their children, Kim, the youngest daughter, moved there with them, the others remaining in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201589–91_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201589–91-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the transition, Agnew hired a staff, choosing several aides who had worked with him as county executive and as governor. He hired <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Blair" title="Charles Stanley Blair">Charles Stanley Blair</a> as chief of staff; Blair had been a member of the House of Delegates and served as Maryland Secretary of State under Agnew. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sohmer" title="Arthur Sohmer">Arthur Sohmer</a>, Agnew's long-time campaign manager, became his political advisor, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herb_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herb Thompson (page does not exist)">Herb Thompson</a>, a former journalist, became press secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201592_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201592-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew was sworn in along with Nixon on January 20, 1969; as was customary, he sat down immediately after being sworn in, and did not make a speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972283_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972283-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the inauguration, Nixon appointed Agnew as head of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental Relations</a>, to head government commissions such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a> and assigned him to work with state governors to bring down crime. It became clear that Agnew would not be in the inner circle of advisors. The new president preferred to deal directly with only a trusted handful, and was annoyed when Agnew tried to call him about matters Nixon deemed trivial. After Agnew shared his opinions on a foreign policy matter in a cabinet meeting, an angry Nixon sent <a href="/wiki/Bob_Haldeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Haldeman">Bob Haldeman</a> to warn Agnew to keep his opinions to himself. Nixon complained that Agnew had no idea how the vice presidency worked, but did not meet with Agnew to share his own experience of the office. <a href="/wiki/Herb_Klein_(journalist)" title="Herb Klein (journalist)">Herb Klein</a>, director of communications in the Nixon White House, later wrote that Agnew had allowed himself to be pushed around by senior aides such as Haldeman and John Mitchell, and that Nixon's "inconsistent" treatment of Agnew had left the vice president exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201593–94_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201593–94-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200755–57_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200755–57-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew's pride had been stung by the negative news coverage of him during the campaign, and he sought to bolster his reputation by assiduous performance of his duties. It had become usual for the vice president to preside over the Senate only if he might be needed to break a tie, but Agnew opened every session for the first two months of his term, and spent more time presiding, in his first year, than any vice president since <a href="/wiki/Alben_Barkley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alben Barkley">Alben Barkley</a>, who held that role under <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. The first postwar vice president not to have previously been a senator, he took lessons in Senate procedures from <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">the Parliamentarian</a> and from a Republican committee staffer. He lunched with small groups of senators, and was initially successful in building good relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972285–286_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972285–286-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although silenced on foreign policy matters, he attended White House staff meetings and spoke on urban affairs; when Nixon was present, he often presented the perspective of the governors. Agnew earned praise from the other members when he presided over a meeting of the White House Domestic Council in Nixon's absence but, like Nixon during Eisenhower's illnesses, did not sit in the president's chair. Nevertheless, many of the commission assignments Nixon gave Agnew were <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecures</a>, with the vice president only formally the head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200758–59_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200758–59-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Nixon's_Nixon":_attacking_the_left"><span id=".22Nixon.27s_Nixon.22:_attacking_the_left"></span>"Nixon's Nixon": attacking the left</h3></div> <p>The public image of Agnew as an uncompromising critic of the violent protests that had marked 1968 persisted into his vice presidency. At first, he tried to take a more conciliatory tone, in line with Nixon's own speeches after taking office. Still, he urged a firm line against violence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200764_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200764-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating in a speech in Honolulu on May 2, 1969, that "we have a new breed of self-appointed vigilantes arising—the counterdemonstrators—taking the law into their own hands because officials fail to call law enforcement authorities. We have a vast faceless majority of the American public in quiet fury over the situation—<i>and with good reason</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972207_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972207-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 14, 1969, the day before the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam">Moratorium</a>, North Vietnamese premier <a href="/wiki/Pham_Van_Dong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pham Van Dong">Pham Van Dong</a> released a letter supporting demonstrations in the United States. Nixon resented this, but on the advice of his aides, thought it best to say nothing, and instead had Agnew give a press conference at the White House, calling upon the Moratorium protesters to disavow the support of the North Vietnamese. Agnew handled the task well, and Nixon tasked Agnew with attacking the Democrats generally, while remaining above the fray himself. This was analogous to the role Nixon had performed as vice president in the Eisenhower White House; thus Agnew was dubbed "Nixon's Nixon". Agnew had finally found a role in the Nixon administration, one he enjoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey201595–96_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey201595–96-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon had Agnew deliver a series of speeches attacking their political opponents. In New Orleans on October 19, Agnew blamed liberal elites for condoning violence by demonstrators: "a spirit of national masochism prevails, encouraged by an effete corps of impudent snobs who characterize themselves as intellectuals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013719_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013719-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, Agnew told a Republican dinner,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972176_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972176-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "for too long the South has been the punching bag for those who characterize themselves as liberal intellectuals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013720_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013720-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... their course is a course that will ultimately weaken and erode the very fiber of America."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972255_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972255-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denying Republicans had a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a>, Agnew stressed that the administration and Southern whites had much in common, including the disapproval of the elites. Levy argued that such remarks were designed to attract Southern whites to the Republican Party to help secure the re-election of Nixon and Agnew in 1972, and that Agnew's rhetoric "could have served as the blueprint for the culture wars of the next twenty-to-thirty years, including the claim that Democrats were soft on crime, unpatriotic, and favored flag burning rather than flag waving".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013719–720_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013719–720-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attendees at the speeches were enthusiastic, but other Republicans, especially from the cities, complained to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> that Agnew's attacks were overbroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972306–307_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972306–307-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of these remarks, Nixon delivered his <a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent Majority">Silent Majority</a> speech on November 3, 1969, calling on "the great silent majority of my fellow Americans" to support the administration's policy in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013721_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013721-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was well received by the public, but less so by the press, who strongly attacked Nixon's allegations that only a minority of Americans opposed the war. Nixon speechwriter Pat Buchanan penned a speech in response, to be delivered by Agnew on November 13 in <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>. The White House worked to assure the maximum exposure for Agnew's speech, and the networks covered it live, making it a nationwide address, a rarity for vice presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013722–723_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013722–723-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Witcover, "Agnew made the most of it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972311_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972311-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the press had enjoyed considerable prestige and respect to that point, though some Republicans complained of bias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013728_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013728-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in his Des Moines speech, Agnew attacked the media, complaining that immediately after Nixon's speech, "his words and policies were subjected to instant analysis and querulous criticism ... by a small band of network commentators and self-appointed analysts, the majority of whom expressed in one way or another their hostility to what he had to say ... It was obvious that their minds were made up in advance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015100_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015100-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew continued, "I am asking whether a form of censorship already exists when the news that forty million Americans receive each night is determined by a handful of men ... and filtered through a handful of commentators who admit their own set of biases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972313–314_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972313–314-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew thus put into words feelings that many Republicans and conservatives had long felt about the news media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015100_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015100-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television network executives and commentators responded with outrage. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Goodman" title="Julian Goodman">Julian Goodman</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, stated that Agnew had made an "appeal to prejudice ... it is regrettable that the Vice President of the United States should deny to TV freedom of the press".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972314_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972314-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stanton_(executive)" title="Frank Stanton (executive)">Frank Stanton</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, accused Agnew of trying to intimidate the news media, and his news anchor, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>, agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013724_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013724-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was praised by conservatives from both parties, and gave Agnew a following among the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013725–726_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013725–726-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew deemed the Des Moines speech one of his finest moments<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015101_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015101-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 20 in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, Agnew reinforced his earlier speech with an attack on <i>The New York Times</i> and <i>The Washington Post</i>, again originated by Buchanan. Both papers had enthusiastically endorsed Agnew's candidacy for governor in 1966 but had castigated him as unfit for the vice presidency two years later. The <i>Post</i> in particular had been hostile to Nixon since the <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Hiss</a> case in the 1940s. Agnew accused the papers of sharing a narrow viewpoint alien to most Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015103–104_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015103–104-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew alleged that the newspapers were trying to circumscribe his First Amendment right to speak of what he believed, while demanding unfettered freedom for themselves, and warned, "the day when the network commentators and even the gentlemen of <i>The New York Times</i> enjoyed a form of diplomatic immunity from comment and criticism of what they said is over."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972274–275_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972274–275-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Montgomery, Nixon sought a détente with the media, and Agnew's attacks ended. Agnew's approval rating soared to 64 percent in late November, and the <i>Times</i> called him "a formidable political asset" to the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015105–106_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015105–106-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speeches gave Agnew a power base among conservatives, and boosted his presidential chances for the 1976 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013731_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013731-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970:_Protesters_and_midterm_elections">1970: Protesters and midterm elections</h3></div> <p>Agnew's attacks on the administration's opponents, and the flair with which he made his addresses, made him popular as a speaker at Republican fundraising events. He traveled over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) on behalf of the Republican National Committee in early 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015113_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015113-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speaking at a number of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Day">Lincoln Day</a> events, and supplanted Reagan as the party's leading fundraiser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972327_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972327-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's involvement had Nixon's strong support. In his Chicago speech, the vice president attacked "supercilious sophisticates", while in Atlanta, he promised to continue speaking out lest he break faith with "the Silent Majority, the everyday law-abiding American who believes his country needs a strong voice to articulate his dissatisfaction with those who seek to destroy our heritage of liberty and our system of justice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200790_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200790-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew continued to try to increase his influence with Nixon, against the opposition of Haldeman, who was consolidating his power as the second most powerful person in the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200791_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200791-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew was successful in being heard at an April 22, 1970, meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>. An impediment to Nixon's plan for <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a> of the war in Southeast Asia was increasing <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> control of parts of Cambodia, beyond the reach of South Vietnamese troops and used as sanctuaries. Feeling that Nixon was getting overly dovish advice from Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a>, Agnew stated that if the sanctuaries were a threat, they should be attacked and neutralized. Nixon chose to attack the Viet Cong positions in Cambodia, a decision that had Agnew's support, and that he remained convinced was correct after his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015109–110_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015109–110-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continuing student protests against the war brought Agnew's scorn. In a speech on April 28 in Hollywood, Florida, Agnew stated that responsibility of the unrest lay with those who failed to guide them, and suggested that the alumni of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> fire its president, <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingman Brewster">Kingman Brewster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972177_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972177-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972331–332_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972331–332-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambodia incursion brought more demonstrations on campus, and on May 3, Agnew went on <i><a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a></i> to defend the policy. Reminded that Nixon, in his inaugural address, had called for the lowering of voices in political discourse, Agnew commented, "When a fire takes place, a man doesn't run into the room and whisper ... he yells, 'Fire!' and I am yelling 'Fire!' because I think 'Fire!' needs to be called here".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972335_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972335-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a> took place the following day, but Agnew did not tone down his attacks on demonstrators, alleging that he was responding to "a general malaise that argues for violent confrontation instead of debate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200795_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200795-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon had Haldeman tell Agnew to avoid remarks about students; Agnew strongly disagreed and stated that he would only refrain if Nixon directly ordered it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200797_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200797-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's agenda had been impeded by the fact that Congress was controlled by Democrats and he hoped to take control of the Senate in the 1970 midterm elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015113_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015113-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worried that Agnew was too divisive a figure, Nixon and his aides initially planned to restrict Agnew's role to fundraising and the giving of a standard stump speech that would avoid personal attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007106_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007106-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president believed that appealing to white, middle- and lower-class voters on social issues would lead to Republican victories in November. He planned not to do any active campaigning, but to remain above the fray and let Agnew campaign as spokesman for the Silent Majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015114–115_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015114–115-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 10 in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, speaking on behalf of Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Tyler_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Tyler Smith">Ralph Smith</a>, Agnew began his campaign, which would be noted for harsh rhetoric and memorable phrases. Agnew attacked the "pusillanimous pussyfooting" of the liberals, including those in Congress, who Agnew said cared nothing for the blue- and white-collar workers, the "Forgotten Man of American politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015116–117_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015116–117-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the California Republican Convention in San Diego, Agnew targeted "the nattering <a href="/wiki/Nabob" title="Nabob">nabobs</a> of negativism. They have formed their own <a href="/wiki/4-H_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="4-H Club">4-H Club</a>—the 'Hopeless, Hysterical, Hypochondriacs of History'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015118–119_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015118–119-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned that candidates of any party who espoused radical views should be voted out, a reference to New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a>, who was on the ballot that November, and who opposed the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972356,_362–363_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover1972356,_362–363-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that the strategy was working, Nixon met with Agnew at the White House on September 24, and urged him to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015120–121_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015120–121-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon wanted to get rid of Goodell, a Republican who had been appointed by Governor Rockefeller after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">assassination of Robert F. Kennedy</a>, and who had shifted considerably to the left while in office. Goodell could be sacrificed as there was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James Buckley</a>, who might win the seat. Nixon did not want to be seen as engineering the defeat of a fellow Republican, and did not have Agnew go to New York until after Nixon left on a European trip, hoping Agnew would be perceived as acting on his own. After dueling long-distance with Goodell over the report of the <a href="/wiki/Scranton_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Scranton Commission">Scranton Commission</a> on campus violence (Agnew considered it too permissive), Agnew gave a speech in New York in which, without naming names, he made it clear he supported Buckley. That Nixon was behind the machinations did not remain secret long, as both Agnew and Nixon adviser <a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> disclosed it; Goodell stated he still believed he had Nixon's support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007117–120_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007117–120-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was by then deemed unlikely the Republicans could gain control of the Senate, both Nixon and Agnew went on the campaign trail for the final days before the election. The outcome was disappointing: Republicans gained only two seats in the Senate, and lost eleven governorships. For Agnew, one bright spot was Goodell's defeat by Buckley in New York, but he was disappointed when his former chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Blair" title="Charles Stanley Blair"> Charles Blair</a>, failed to unseat Governor <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Marvin Mandel</a>, Agnew's successor and a Democrat, in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015120–121_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015120–121-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election_in_1972">Re-election in 1972</h3></div> <p>Through 1971, it was uncertain if Agnew would be retained on the ticket as Nixon sought a second term in 1972. Neither Nixon nor his aides were enamored of Agnew's independence and outspokenness, and were less than happy at Agnew's popularity among conservatives suspicious of Nixon. The President considered replacing him with Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, a Democrat and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a>. For his part, Agnew was unhappy with many of Nixon's stances, especially in foreign policy, disliking Nixon's rapprochement with China (on which Agnew was not consulted) and believing that the Vietnam War could be won with sufficient force. Even after Nixon announced his re-election bid at the start of 1972, it was unclear if Agnew would be his running mate, and it was not until July 21 that Nixon asked Agnew and the vice president accepted. A public announcement was made the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015127–131,_140_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015127–131,_140-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Agnew, standing, speaks into a microphone as others seated in the row of spectators nearby look on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg/220px-Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg/330px-Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg/440px-Spiro_Agnew_Congratulates_Launch_Control_After_Launch_of_Apollo_17_-_GPN-2002-000058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Spiro Agnew congratulates launch control after the launch of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon instructed Agnew to avoid personal attacks on the press and the Democratic presidential nominee, South Dakota Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, to stress the positives of the Nixon administration, and not to comment on what might happen in 1976. At the <a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 Republican National Convention</a> in Miami Beach, Agnew was greeted as a hero by delegates who saw him as the party's future. After being nominated for a second term, Agnew delivered an acceptance speech focused on the administration's accomplishments, and avoided his usual slashing invective, but he condemned McGovern for supporting <a href="/wiki/Busing" class="mw-redirect" title="Busing">busing</a>, and alleged that McGovern, if elected, would beg the North Vietnamese for the return of American prisoners of war. The <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> break-in was a minor issue in the campaign; for once, Agnew's exclusion from Nixon's inner circle worked in his favor, as he knew nothing of the matter until reading of it in the press, and upon learning from <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Magruder" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeb Magruder">Jeb Magruder</a> that administration officials were responsible for the break-in, cut off discussion of the matter. He viewed the break-in as foolish, and felt that both major parties routinely spied on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015138–139_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015138–139-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon had instructed Agnew not to attack McGovern's initial running mate, Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a>, and after Eagleton withdrew amid revelations concerning past mental health treatment, Nixon renewed those instructions for former ambassador <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, who had become the new candidate for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015141–143_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015141–143-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon took the high road in the campaign, but still wanted McGovern attacked for his positions, and the task fell in part to Agnew. The vice president told the press he was anxious to discard the image he had earned as a partisan campaigner in 1968 and 1970, and wanted to be perceived as conciliatory. He defended Nixon on Watergate, and when McGovern alleged that the Nixon administration was the most corrupt in history, made a speech in South Dakota, describing McGovern as a "desperate candidate who can't seem to understand that the American people don't want a philosophy of defeat and self-hate put upon them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015141–144_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015141–144-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The race was never close, as the McGovern/Shriver ticket's campaign was effectively over before it even began. The Nixon/Agnew ticket easily won reelection, winning 49 states (losing only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia) and over 60 percent of the vote. Trying to position himself as the front-runner for 1976, Agnew campaigned widely for Republican candidates, something Nixon would not do. Despite Agnew's efforts, Democrats easily held both houses of Congress, gaining two seats in the Senate, though the Republicans gained twelve in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015144–146_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015144–146-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_investigation_and_resignation">Criminal investigation and resignation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?178436-1/30th-anniversary-spiro-agnew-resignation">Presentation by George Beall on the 30th anniversary of the Agnew resignation, September 30, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?456867-1/qa-ron-liebman-tim-baker"><i>Q&A</i> interview with then-Assistant U.S. Attorneys Ron Liebman and Tim Baker on their experiences prosecuting Agnew, February 3, 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In early 1972, <a href="/wiki/George_Beall_(attorney)" title="George Beall (attorney)">George Beall</a>, the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland, opened an investigation of corruption in Baltimore County, involving public officials, architects, engineering firms, and paving contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandomir_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandomir-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beall's target was the then-current political leadership in Baltimore County.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197415_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197415-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were rumors that Agnew might be involved, which Beall initially discounted; Agnew had not been county executive since December 1966, so any wrongdoing potentially committed while he held that office could not be prosecuted because the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> had expired. As part of the investigation, Lester Matz's engineering firm was served with a <a href="/wiki/Subpoena_duces_tecum" title="Subpoena duces tecum">subpoena for documents</a>, and through his counsel he sought immunity in exchange for cooperation in the investigation. Matz had been kicking back to Agnew five percent of the value of contracts received through his influence, first county contracts during his term in Towson, and subsequently state contracts while Agnew was governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandomir_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandomir-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover19746_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover19746-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigative reporters and Democratic operatives had pursued rumors that Agnew had been corrupt during his years as a Maryland official, but had been unable to substantiate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015155–156_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015155–156-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1973, Agnew heard of the investigation and had Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> contact Beall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197453_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197453-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice president's personal attorney, George White, visited Beall, who stated that Agnew was not under investigation, and that prosecutors would do their best to protect Agnew's name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974127_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974127-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, Matz's attorney disclosed to Beall that his client could show that Agnew not only had been corrupt, but that payments to him had continued into his vice presidency. The statute of limitations would not prevent Agnew from being prosecuted for these later payments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197480–91_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197480–91-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 3, Beall informed the new Attorney General, <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a>. At the end of the month Nixon, through his <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">chief of staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>, was informed. Agnew had already met with both Nixon and Haig to assert his innocence. On August 1, Beall sent a letter to Agnew's attorney, formally advising that the vice president was under investigation for tax fraud and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014127–128_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014127–128-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matz was prepared to testify that he had met with Agnew at the White House and given him $10,000 in cash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015161_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015161-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another witness, Jerome B. Wolff, head of Maryland's road commission, had extensive documentation that detailed, as Beall put it, "every corrupt payment he participated in with then-Governor Agnew".<sup id="cite_ref-Sandomir_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandomir-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson, whom Nixon had ordered to take personal responsibility for the investigation, met with Agnew and his attorneys on August 6 to outline the case, but Agnew denied culpability, saying the selection of Matz's firm had been routine, and the money was a campaign contribution. The story broke in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> later that day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015164–166_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015164–166-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew publicly proclaimed his innocence and on August 8 held a press conference at which he called the stories "damned lies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon, at a meeting on August 7, assured Agnew of his complete confidence, but Haig visited Agnew at his office and suggested that if the charges could be sustained, Agnew might want to take action before being indicted. By this time, the Watergate investigation that would lead to Nixon's resignation was well advanced. For the next two months, fresh revelations in each scandal were almost daily fare in the newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under increasing pressure to resign, Agnew took the position that a sitting vice president could not be indicted and met with Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> on September 25, asking for an investigation. He cited as precedent an 1826 House investigation of Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, who was alleged to have taken improper payments while a cabinet member. Albert, second in line to the presidency under Agnew, responded that it would be improper for the House to act in a matter before the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974253–257_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974253–257-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew also filed a motion to block any indictment on the grounds that he had been prejudiced by improper leaks from the Justice Department, and tried to rally public opinion, giving a speech before a friendly audience in Los Angeles asserting his innocence and attacking the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974257–271_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974257–271-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Agnew entered into negotiations for a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a> on the condition that he would not serve jail time.<sup id="cite_ref-podcast_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podcast-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in his memoirs that he entered the plea bargain because he was worn out from the extended crisis, to protect his family, and because he feared he could not get a fair trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnew1980146–147_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnew1980146–147-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his decision on October 5, and plea negotiations took place over the following days. On October 9, Agnew visited Nixon at the White House and informed the President of his impending resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Resignation"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_(photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Typed letter on vice-presidential headed notepaper. Ddated October 10, 1973, it reads 'The Honorable Henry A. Kissinger The Secretary of State Washington, D. C. 20520 – Dear Mr. Secretary: I hereby resign the Office of Vice President of the United States, effective immediately. – Sincerely,' and is hand signed 'Spiro T. Agnew'. It carries the text '1405 HK', added by a second hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg/170px-Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg/255px-Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg/340px-Spiro_Agnew%27s_letter_of_resignation_%28photocopy_initialled_by_Henry_Kissinger%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Photocopy of Agnew's letter of resignation, initialled and timed "1405" by Henry Kissinger. The initialled photocopy was returned to Agnew; the original is lost.</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded <i><a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">nolo contendere</a></i> (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three years' unsupervised probation. Immediately prior to entering court, Agnew had an aide submit his formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132–133_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132–133-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-vice_presidency_(1973–1996)"><span id="Post-vice_presidency_.281973.E2.80.931996.29"></span>Post-vice presidency (1973–1996)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_career:_1973–1990"><span id="Subsequent_career:_1973.E2.80.931990"></span>Subsequent career: 1973–1990</h3></div> <p>Soon after his resignation, Agnew moved to his summer home at <a href="/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland" title="Ocean City, Maryland">Ocean City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cover urgent tax and legal bills, and living expenses, he borrowed $200,000 (equivalent to $1.37 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from his friend <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had hoped he could resume a career as a lawyer, but in 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Court of Appeals">Maryland Court of Appeals</a> disbarred him, calling him "morally obtuse".<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To earn his living, he founded a business consultancy, Pathlite Inc., which in the following years attracted a widespread international clientele.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015204_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015204-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One deal concerned a contract for the supply of uniforms to the Iraqi Army, involving negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew pursued other business interests: an unsuccessful land deal in Kentucky, and an equally fruitless partnership with golfer <a href="/wiki/Doug_Sanders" title="Doug Sanders">Doug Sanders</a> over a beer distributionship in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976 he published a novel, <i>The Canfield Decision</i>, about an American vice president's troubled relationship with his president. The book received mixed reviews, but was commercially successful, with Agnew receiving $100,000 for serialization rights alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book landed Agnew in controversy; his fictional counterpart, George Canfield, refers to "Jewish cabals and Zionist lobbies" and their hold over the American media, a charge which Agnew, while on a book tour, asserted was true in real life.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought complaints from Seymour Graubard, of the Anti-Defamation League of <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, and a rebuke from President Ford, then campaigning for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew denied any antisemitism or bigotry: "My contention is that routinely the American news media ... favors the Israeli position and does not in a balanced way present the other equities".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1976, Agnew announced that he was establishing a charitable foundation "Education for Democracy", but nothing more was heard of this after B'nai B'rith accused it of being a front for Agnew's anti-Israeli views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's anti-Zionist views seemed to have developed after leaving office—as vice president, he expressed admiration for Israel and was friendly with his Jewish staff members.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Agnew was wealthy enough to move to a new home at The Springs Country Club in <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, and shortly afterwards to repay the Sinatra loan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, in <a href="/wiki/The_Nixon_Interviews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nixon Interviews">a series of televised interviews</a> with British TV host <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>, Nixon claimed that he had had no direct role in the processes that had led to Agnew's resignation and implied that his vice president had been hounded by the liberal media: "He made mistakes ... but I do not think for one minute that Spiro Agnew consciously felt that he was violating the law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007360–361_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007360–361-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Agnew wrote to <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd bin Abdulaziz</a>, at the time Crown Prince and <i>de facto</i> Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, claiming that he had been bled dry by attacks on him by Zionists, whom he blamed for forcing him out of office. He requested an interest-free three-year loan of $2 million, to be deposited in a Swiss bank account, on which the interest would be available to Agnew. He stated that he would use the funds to "continue my effort to inform the American people of their (i.e., Zionists') control of the media and other influential sectors of American society." He also congratulated the crown prince on his call for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against Israel, whose declaration of Jerusalem as its capital he characterized as "the final provocation". A month later he thanked the crown prince for giving him "the resources to continue the battle against the Zionist community here in the U.S."<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020246–251_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020246–251-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palm trees line a busy four-lane street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG/220px-Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG/330px-Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG/440px-Rancho_Mirage_CA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Rancho Mirage, California, Agnew's home from 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, Agnew published a memoir, <i>Go Quietly ... or Else</i>. In it, he protested his total innocence of the charges that had brought his resignation. His assertions of innocence were undermined when his former lawyer George White testified that his client had admitted statehouse bribery to him, saying it had been going on "for a thousand years".<sup id="cite_ref-obit2_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit2-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew also made a new claim: that he resigned because he had been warned by White House Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> to "go quietly" or face an unspoken threat of possible assassination. Haig denied the story, saying that it was "preposterous", and the Agnew aide who supposedly reported this warning to Agnew also denied it, saying there was "never any threat of bodily harm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020219–222_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020219–222-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew biographer Joseph P. Coffey describes the claim as "absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the publication of <i>Go Quietly</i>, Agnew largely disappeared from public view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a rare TV interview in 1980, he advised young people not to go into politics because too much was expected of those in high public office.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students of Professor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Banzhaf_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Banzhaf III">John F. Banzhaf III</a> from the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">George Washington University Law School</a> found three residents of the state of Maryland willing to put their names on a case that sought to have Agnew repay the state $268,482, the amount it was said he had taken in bribes, including interest and penalties, as a public employee. In 1981, a judge ruled that "Mr. Agnew had no lawful right to this money under any theory," and ordered him to pay the state $147,500 for the kickbacks and $101,235 in interest.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two unsuccessful appeals by Agnew, he finally paid the sum in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Agnew applied unsuccessfully for this sum to be treated as tax-deductible.<sup id="cite_ref-obit2_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit2-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnew also was briefly in the news in 1987, when as the plaintiff in Federal District Court in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, he revealed information about his then-recent business activities through his company, Pathlite, Inc. Among other activities, Agnew arranged contracts in Taiwan and Saudi Arabia, and represented a conglomerate based in South Korea, a German aircraft manufacturer, a French company that made uniforms, and a dredging company from Greece. He also represented the Hoppmann Corporation, an American company attempting to arrange for communications work in Argentina. He also discussed with local businessmen a potential concert by Frank Sinatra in Argentina. Agnew wrote in court papers "I have one utility, and that's the ability to penetrate to the top people."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?65348-1/spiro-agnew-bust-unveiling">Spiro Agnew bust unveiling, U.S. Capitol building, May 24, 1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the remainder of his life, Agnew kept distant from news media and Washington politics. Stating he felt "totally abandoned", Agnew declined to take any and all phone calls from President Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nixon died in 1994, his daughters invited Agnew to attend the funeral at <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>. At first he refused, still bitter over how he had been treated by the White House in his final days as vice president; over the years he had rejected various overtures from the Nixon camp to mend fences. He was persuaded to accept the invitation, and received a warm welcome there from his former colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205–206_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205–206-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I decided after twenty years of resentment to put it aside", he said.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007362_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007362-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Agnew appeared at the Capitol in Washington for the dedication of a bust of him, to be placed with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">those of other vice presidents</a>. Agnew commented: "I am not blind or deaf to the fact that some people feel that ... the Senate by commissioning this bust is giving me an honor I don't deserve. I would remind these people that ... this ceremony has less to do with Spiro Agnew than with the office I held".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 16, 1996, Agnew collapsed at his summer home in Ocean City, Maryland. He was taken to Atlantic General Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Maryland" title="Berlin, Maryland">Berlin, Maryland</a>, where he died the following evening. The cause of death was undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Acute_leukemia" title="Acute leukemia">acute leukemia</a>. Agnew remained fit and active into his seventies, playing golf and tennis regularly, and was scheduled to play tennis with a friend on the day of his death. The funeral, at <a href="/wiki/Timonium,_Maryland" title="Timonium, Maryland">Timonium, Maryland</a>, was mainly confined to family; Buchanan and some of Agnew's former Secret Service detail also attended to pay their final respects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of his service as vice president and combat Veteran, an honor guard of the combined military services fired a rifle volley at the graveside.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's wife Judith survived him by 16 years, dying at Rancho Mirage on June 20, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Judith_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>At the time of his death, Agnew's legacy was perceived largely in negative terms. The circumstances of his fall from public life, particularly in the light of his declared dedication to law and order, did much to engender cynicism and distrust towards politicians of every stripe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His disgrace led to a greater degree of care in the selection of potential vice presidents. Most of the running mates selected by the major parties after 1972 were seasoned politicians—<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>—some of whom themselves became their party's nominee for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206_205-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some recent historians have seen Agnew as important in the development of the <a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a>, arguing that he should be honored alongside the acknowledged founding fathers of the movement such as Goldwater and Reagan; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gold_(journalist)" title="Victor Gold (journalist)">Victor Gold</a>, Agnew's former press secretary, considered him the movement's "<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013707-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldwater's crusade in 1964, at the height of Johnsonian liberalism, came too early, but by the time of Agnew's election, liberalism was on the wane, and as Agnew moved to the right after 1968, the country moved with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206_205-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015206-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew's fall shocked and saddened conservatives, but it did not inhibit the growth of the New Right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013737–738_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013737–738-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnew, the first suburban politician to achieve high office, helped to popularize the view that much of the national media was controlled by elitist and effete liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013707-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levy noted that Agnew "helped recast the Republicans as a Party of 'Middle Americans' and, even in disgrace, reinforced the public's distrust of government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013738_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013738-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Agnew himself, despite his rise from his origins in Baltimore to next in line to the presidency, "there could be little doubt that history's judgment was already upon him, the first Vice President of the United States to have resigned in disgrace. All that he achieved or sought to achieve in his public life ... had been buried in that tragic and irrefutable act".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974362_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974362-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levy sums up the "might-have-been" of Agnew's career thus: </p> <blockquote><p>It is not a far stretch to imagine that if Agnew had contested corruption charges half as hard as Nixon denied culpability for Watergate—as Goldwater and several other stalwart conservatives wanted him to—today we might be speaking of Agnew-Democrats and Agnewnomics, and deem Agnew the father of modern conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707–708_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013707–708-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/10/archives/athen-rules-out-pressure-by-us-but-is-willing-to-discuss-its.html">"Athens rules out pressure by U.S."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. October 10, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013815/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/10/archives/athen-rules-out-pressure-by-us-but-is-willing-to-discuss-its.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Athens+rules+out+pressure+by+U.S.&rft.date=1971-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F10%2F10%2Farchives%2Fathen-rules-out-pressure-by-us-but-is-willing-to-discuss-its.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskosMoskos2017" class="citation book cs1">Moskos, Peter C.; Moskos, Charles C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCIxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149"><i>Greek Americans: Struggle and Success</i></a>. With an introduction by Michael Dukakis. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351516693" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351516693"><bdi>978-1351516693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Americans%3A+Struggle+and+Success&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351516693&rft.aulast=Moskos&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.au=Moskos%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCIxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20157-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20157_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWepman2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWepman2001_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWepman2001">Wepman 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/18/us/spiro-t-agnew-ex-vice-president-dies-at-77.html">"Spiro T. Agnew, Ex-Vice President, Dies at 77"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. September 18, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821165903/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/18/us/spiro-t-agnew-ex-vice-president-dies-at-77.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spiro+T.+Agnew%2C+Ex-Vice+President%2C+Dies+at+77&rft.date=1996-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F09%2F18%2Fus%2Fspiro-t-agnew-ex-vice-president-dies-at-77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197233-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197233_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197230-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197230_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey20158-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20158_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey20158_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197236_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197234-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197234_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197235-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197235_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover197237–38_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judith-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judith_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judith_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (June 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/us/judy-agnew-wife-of-vice-president-dies-at-91.html">"Judy Agnew, Wife of Vice President, Dies at 91"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801170612/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/us/judy-agnew-wife-of-vice-president-dies-at-91.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838602,00.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFWitcover1972">Witcover 1972</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200790-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200790_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover200791-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover200791_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015109–110-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015109–110_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyne1972177-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyne1972177_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007106-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007106_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015114–115-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015114–115_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015116–117-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015116–117_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015118–119-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015118–119_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+Beall%2C+Prosecutor+Who+Brought+Down+Agnew%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.aulast=Sandomir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F2jAYxBH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197415-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197415_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover19746-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover19746_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015155–156-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015155–156_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197453-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197453_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974127-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974127_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197480–91-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover197480–91_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, pp. 80–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014127–128-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014127–128_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeerick2014">Feerick 2014</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015161-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015161_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015164–166-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015164–166_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, pp. 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014128_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeerick2014">Feerick 2014</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974253–257-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974253–257_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, pp. 253–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974257–271-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974257–271_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, pp. 257–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podcast-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-podcast_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/msnbc/maddow-bag-man-podcast/bag-man-episode-7-sources-n943261">"Bag Man Episode 7 Sources"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. December 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019213040/https://www.nbcnews.com/msnbc/maddow-bag-man-podcast/bag-man-episode-7-sources-n943261">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Bag+Man+Episode+7+Sources&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fmsnbc%2Fmaddow-bag-man-podcast%2Fbag-man-episode-7-sources-n943261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnew1980146–147-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnew1980146–147_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgnew1980">Agnew 1980</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeerick2014">Feerick 2014</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132–133-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeerick2014132–133_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeerick2014">Feerick 2014</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015203_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/may_2_1974">"May 2, 1974"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106005031/http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/may_2_1974">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=May+2%2C+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fmay_2_1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Maryland State Bar Association v. Agnew</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6559372552987098890">318 A.2d 543</a> (Md. May 2, 1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015204-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015204_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007358–359_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey2015205_189-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2015">Coffey 2015</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (May 24, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/24/archives/spiro-agnew-and-the-jews-essay.html">"Spiro Agnew and the Jews"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830203418/http://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/24/archives/spiro-agnew-and-the-jews-essay.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spiro+Agnew+and+the+Jews&rft.date=1976-05-24&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F05%2F24%2Farchives%2Fspiro-agnew-and-the-jews-essay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/26/archives/ford-says-agnew-is-wrong-on-jews-criticizes-comments-made-in-novel.html">"Ford Says Agnew is Wrong on Jews"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 26, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192322/http://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/26/archives/ford-says-agnew-is-wrong-on-jews-criticizes-comments-made-in-novel.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ford+Says+Agnew+is+Wrong+on+Jews&rft.date=1976-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fford-says-agnew-is-wrong-on-jews-criticizes-comments-made-in-novel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/31/archives/agnew-asserts-he-is-not-a-bigot-defends-right-to-criticize-israel.html">"Agnew Asserts He Is Not a Bigot; Defends Right to Criticize Israel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 31, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830201822/http://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/31/archives/agnew-asserts-he-is-not-a-bigot-defends-right-to-criticize-israel.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Agnew+Asserts+He+Is+Not+a+Bigot%3B+Defends+Right+to+Criticize+Israel&rft.date=1976-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F07%2F31%2Farchives%2Fagnew-asserts-he-is-not-a-bigot-defends-right-to-criticize-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1976" class="citation journal cs1">Safire, William (May 24, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/24/archives/spiro-agnew-and-the-jews-essay.html">"Spiro Agnew and the Jews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>The Ted Agnew of 1970 was neither anti‐Zionist nor anti‐Semitic. On the contrary, like most Nixon men, he shared an admiration for the patriotism and courage of the Israelis—"moxie," it was then called in the Cabinet room—and throughout his political career, many of his associates and staff members were Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spiro+Agnew+and+the+Jews&rft.date=1976-05-24&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F05%2F24%2Farchives%2Fspiro-agnew-and-the-jews-essay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007360–361-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcover2007360–361_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitcover2007">Witcover 2007</a>, pp. 360–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2016" class="citation web cs1">Duke, Alan (November 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leadstories.com/2016/11/spiro-agnew-saudi-prince-begging.html">"History Uncovered: Secret Letter Shows How U.S. Vice President Got Saudi Payoff For Anti-Israel Views"</a>. Lead Stories. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207075735/https://leadstories.com/2016/11/spiro-agnew-saudi-prince-begging.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Uncovered%3A+Secret+Letter+Shows+How+U.S.+Vice+President+Got+Saudi+Payoff+For+Anti-Israel+Views&rft.pub=Lead+Stories&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleadstories.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fspiro-agnew-saudi-prince-begging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020246–251-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020246–251_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddowYarvitz2020">Maddow & Yarvitz 2020</a>, pp. 246–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit2-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit2_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit2_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines1996" class="citation news cs1">Clines, Francis X. (September 19, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/19/us/spiro-t-agnew-point-man-for-nixon-who-resigned-vice-presidency-dies-at-77.html">"Spiro T. Agnew, Point Man for Nixon Who Resigned Vice Presidency, Dies at 77"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907222950/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/19/us/spiro-t-agnew-point-man-for-nixon-who-resigned-vice-presidency-dies-at-77.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spiro+T.+Agnew%2C+Point+Man+for+Nixon+Who+Resigned+Vice+Presidency%2C+Dies+at+77&rft.date=1996-09-19&rft.aulast=Clines&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F09%2F19%2Fus%2Fspiro-t-agnew-point-man-for-nixon-who-resigned-vice-presidency-dies-at-77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020219–222-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddowYarvitz2020219–222_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddowYarvitz2020">Maddow & Yarvitz 2020</a>, pp. 219–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaperstein1981" class="citation news cs1">Saperstein, Saundra (April 28, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/04/28/agnew-told-to-pay-state-248735-for-funds-he-accepted/1f336d8f-4a68-4191-8cd4-56ed640d021f/">"Agnew Told to Pay State $248,735 for Funds He Accepted"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018225621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/04/28/agnew-told-to-pay-state-248735-for-funds-he-accepted/1f336d8f-4a68-4191-8cd4-56ed640d021f/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Agnew+Told+to+Pay+State+%24248%2C735+for+Funds+He+Accepted&rft.date=1981-04-28&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Saperstein&rft.aufirst=Saundra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1981%2F04%2F28%2Fagnew-told-to-pay-state-248735-for-funds-he-accepted%2F1f336d8f-4a68-4191-8cd4-56ed640d021f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/05/us/agnew-gives-268482-check-to-maryland-in-graft-lawsuit.html">"Agnew Gives $268,482 Check to Maryland in Graft Lawsuit"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>. January 5, 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001347/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/05/us/agnew-gives-268482-check-to-maryland-in-graft-lawsuit.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Agnew+Gives+%24268%2C482+Check+to+Maryland+in+Graft+Lawsuit&rft.date=1983-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F01%2F05%2Fus%2Fagnew-gives-268482-check-to-maryland-in-graft-lawsuit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Agnew v. State</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14852775386170379937">446 A.2d 425</a> (Md. App. June 1, 1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Spiro_Agnew.htm">"U.S. Senate: Spiro T. Agnew, 39th Vice President (1969–1973)"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Agnew Dies"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/09/19/nixon-vice-president-spiro-t-agnew-dies/6616ed01-311a-4b13-8051-dd0ce3782552/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nixon+Vice+President+Spiro+T.+Agnew+Dies&rft.date=1996-09-18&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1996%2F09%2F19%2Fnixon-vice-president-spiro-t-agnew-dies%2F6616ed01-311a-4b13-8051-dd0ce3782552%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19960922/news/309229970">"Spiro Agnew is Buried With Almost No Fanfare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard-Times_(New_Bedford)" title="The Standard-Times (New Bedford)">The Standard-Times</a></i>. New Bedford, Mass. Associated Press. September 22, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213356/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19960922/news/309229970">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard-Times&rft.atitle=Spiro+Agnew+is+Buried+With+Almost+No+Fanfare&rft.date=1996-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southcoasttoday.com%2Farticle%2F19960922%2Fnews%2F309229970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013707-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2013">Levy 2013</a>, p. 707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013737–738-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013737–738_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2013">Levy 2013</a>, pp. 737–738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013738-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013738_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2013">Levy 2013</a>, p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974362-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWitcover1974362_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWitcover1974">Cohen & Witcover 1974</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2013707–708-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2013707–708_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2013">Levy 2013</a>, pp. 707–708.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?199069-1/very-strange-bedfellows">Presentation by Witcover on <i>Very Strange Bedfellows</i>, June 8, 2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew1980" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Spiro T. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goquietlyorelse00agne"><i>Go Quietly ... or Else</i></a>. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03668-3"><bdi>978-0-688-03668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+Quietly+...+or+Else&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co.%2C+Inc&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-688-03668-3&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Spiro+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoquietlyorelse00agne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller1984" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp00boll"><i>Presidential Campaigns</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503420-2"><bdi>978-0-19-503420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaigns&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503420-2&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialcamp00boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterHodgsonPage1969" class="citation book cs1">Chester, Lewis; Hodgson, Geoffrey; Page, Bruce (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmelodram00ches"><i>American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968</i></a>. New York: The Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-11991-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-11991-2"><bdi>978-0-670-11991-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Melodrama%3A+The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1968&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-670-11991-2&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Page%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanmelodram00ches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2015" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Joseph P. (2015). <i>Spiro Agnew and the Rise of the Republican Right</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4141-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-4141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiro+Agnew+and+the+Rise+of+the+Republican+Right&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4141-5&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenWitcover1974" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Richard M.; Witcover, Jules (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartbeatawayinv00cohe"><i>A Heartbeat Away: The Investigation and Resignation of Vice President Spiro T. Agnew</i></a></span>. New York: The Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-06888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-06888-7"><bdi>978-0-553-06888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heartbeat+Away%3A+The+Investigation+and+Resignation+of+Vice+President+Spiro+T.+Agnew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-553-06888-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Witcover%2C+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartbeatawayinv00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne1972" class="citation book cs1">Coyne, James R. Jr. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impudentsnobsagn00coyn"><i>The Impudent Snobs: Agnew vs. the Intellectual Establishment</i></a>. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-154-3"><bdi>978-0-87000-154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impudent+Snobs%3A+Agnew+vs.+the+Intellectual+Establishment&rft.place=New+Rochelle%2C+NY&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87000-154-3&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=James+R.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpudentsnobsagn00coyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsicsek2011" class="citation book cs1">Csicsek, Alex (2011). "Spiro T. Agnew and the Burning of Baltimore". In Elfenbein, Jessica (ed.). <i>Baltimore '68:Riots and Rebirth of an American City</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0662-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0662-0"><bdi>978-1-4399-0662-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiro+T.+Agnew+and+the+Burning+of+Baltimore&rft.btitle=Baltimore+%2768%3ARiots+and+Rebirth+of+an+American+City&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0662-0&rft.aulast=Csicsek&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeerick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Feerick" title="John Feerick">Feerick, John D.</a> (2014) [1976]. <i>The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Application</i> (Third ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-5200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-5200-8"><bdi>978-0-8232-5200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twenty-Fifth+Amendment%3A+Its+Complete+History+and+Application&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-5200-8&rft.aulast=Feerick&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabaservice2012" class="citation book cs1">Kabaservice, Geoffrey (2012). <i>Rule and Ruin: the Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976840-0"><bdi>978-0-19-976840-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rule+and+Ruin%3A+the+Downfall+of+Moderation+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Republican+Party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976840-0&rft.aulast=Kabaservice&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Peter B. (Winter 2013). "Spiro Agnew, the Forgotten Americans and the Rise of the New Right". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>75</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">707–</span>739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhisn.12018">10.1111/hisn.12018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143087991">143087991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Spiro+Agnew%2C+the+Forgotten+Americans+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Right&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E707-%3C%2Fspan%3E739&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhisn.12018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143087991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddowYarvitz2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow, Rachel</a>; Yarvitz, Michael (2020). <i>Bag Man</i>. New York: Crown Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-13668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-13668-3"><bdi>978-0-593-13668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bag+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-593-13668-3&rft.aulast=Maddow&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Yarvitz%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">Manchester, William</a> (1975). <i>The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America 1932–1972</i>. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1386-5"><bdi>978-0-7181-1386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+and+the+Dream%3A+A+Narrative+History+of+America+1932%E2%80%931972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-1386-5&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroySchlesingerIsrael2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Troy" title="Gil Troy">Troy, Gil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M.</a>; Israel, Fred L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6ZKMQAACAAJ"><i>History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008</i></a>. Vol. 3 (4 ed.). New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8220-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-8220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+American+Presidential+Elections%2C+1789%E2%80%932008&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-8220-9&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Arthur+M.&rft.au=Israel%2C+Fred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6ZKMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWepman2001" class="citation web cs1">Wepman, Dennis (October 2001). Carnes, Mark C.; Barraty, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-01246.html">"Agnew, Spiro T."</a> American National Biography Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agnew%2C+Spiro+T.&rft.pub=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Wepman&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F04%2F04-01246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitcover1972" class="citation book cs1">Witcover, Jules (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiteknightriseo0000witc"><i>White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47216-4"><bdi>978-0-394-47216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Knight%3A+The+Rise+of+Spiro+Agnew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-394-47216-4&rft.aulast=Witcover&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiteknightriseo0000witc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitcover2007" class="citation book cs1">Witcover, Jules (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verystrangebedfe00witc"><i>Very Strange Bedfellows: The Short and Unhappy Marriage of Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew</i></a>. New York: Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-470-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Very+Strange+Bedfellows%3A+The+Short+and+Unhappy+Marriage+of+Richard+Nixon+and+Spiro+Agnew.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-470-5&rft.aulast=Witcover&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fverystrangebedfe00witc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" class="extiw" title="commons:Spiro Agnew"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Spiro Agnew</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spiro_Agnew" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000059">"Spiro Agnew (id: A000059)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Spiro+Agnew+%28id%3A+A000059%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DA000059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiro+Agnew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Spiro%20Agnew">FBI files on Spiro Agnew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/1744">Papers of Spiro T. Agnew at the University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123214659/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP77-00432R000100250001-9.pdf">Prosecution's summary of the evidence against Agnew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3709">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christian_H._Kahl" title="Christian H. Kahl">Christian H. Kahl</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County_Executive" title="Baltimore County Executive">Executive of Baltimore County</a> </b><br />1962–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Anderson_(politician)" title="Dale Anderson (politician)">Dale Anderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes" title="J. Millard Tawes">J. Millard Tawes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a> </b><br />1967–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Marvin Mandel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1969–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Small_Jr." title="Frank Small Jr.">Frank Small Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Maryland_gubernatorial_election,_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland gubernatorial election, 1966">1966</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Maryland493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Template:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Template talk:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Maryland493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governors of Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Provincial <span class="nobold">(1632–1776)</span></a><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Calvert" title="Leonard Calvert">L. Calvert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hill_(Virginian_politician)" title="Edward Hill (Virginian politician)">E. Hill</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Greene_(governor)" title="Thomas Greene (governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(Maryland_governor)" title="William Stone (Maryland governor)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Fendall" title="Josias Fendall">Fendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Calvert_(governor)" title="Phillip Calvert (governor)">P. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 3rd Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton_(Maryland_governor)" title="Jesse Wharton (Maryland governor)">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Notley" title="Thomas Notley">Notley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 3rd Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Calvert,_4th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore">B. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_(governor)" title="William Joseph (governor)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coode_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="John Coode (Governor of Maryland)">Coode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Blakiston" title="Nehemiah Blakiston">Neh. Blakiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Copley" title="Lionel Copley">Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Greenberry" title="Nicholas Greenberry">Greenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Blakiston" title="Nathaniel Blakiston">Nat. Blakiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tench" title="Thomas Tench">Tench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(Maryland_governor)" title="John Seymour (Maryland governor)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Colonial_Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Colonial Governor of Maryland)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(Governor_of_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hart (Governor of Maryland)">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brooke_Jr." title="Thomas Brooke Jr.">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 5th Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Leonard_Calvert" title="Benedict Leonard Calvert">B. L. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 5th Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bladen" title="Thomas Bladen">Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tasker_Sr." title="Benjamin Tasker Sr.">Tasker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Sharpe" title="Horatio Sharpe">Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Eden,_1st_Baronet,_of_Maryland" title="Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland">Eden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of governors of Maryland">State <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/68px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/90px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sim_Lee" title="Thomas Sim Lee">T. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smallwood" title="William Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plater" title="George Plater">Plater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Brice" title="James Brice">Brice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sim_Lee" title="Thomas Sim Lee">T. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoskins_Stone" title="John Hoskins Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Henry (Maryland politician)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ogle" title="Benjamin Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Mercer" title="John Francis Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bowie" title="Robert Bowie">R. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(Maryland_politician)" title="Robert Wright (Maryland politician)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Governor of Maryland)">E. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bowie" title="Robert Bowie">R. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_Winder" title="Levin Winder">Winder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carnan_Ridgely" title="Charles Carnan Ridgely">Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goldsborough" title="Charles Goldsborough">C. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sprigg" title="Samuel Sprigg">Sprigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stevens_Jr." title="Samuel Stevens Jr.">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kent" title="Joseph Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_(politician)" title="Daniel Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_King_Carroll" title="Thomas King Carroll">T. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_(politician)" title="Daniel Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Howard_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="George Howard (Governor of Maryland)">G. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="James Thomas (Governor of Maryland)">J. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Veazey" title="Thomas Veazey">Veazey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grason" title="William Grason">Grason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">F. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)" title="Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">P. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Louis_Lowe" title="Enoch Louis Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watkins_Ligon" title="Thomas Watkins Ligon">Ligon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Bradford" title="Augustus Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Swann" title="Thomas Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oden_Bowie" title="Oden Bowie">O. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_Groome" title="James Black Groome">Groome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Carroll" title="John Lee Carroll">J. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lloyd_(governor)" title="Henry Lloyd (governor)">H. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Emory_Jackson" title="Elihu Emory Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brown_(governor)" title="Frank Brown (governor)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Lowndes_Jr." title="Lloyd Lowndes Jr.">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Smith" title="John Walter Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Warfield" title="Edwin Warfield">Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Lane_Crothers" title="Austin Lane Crothers">Crothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">P. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Harrington" title="Emerson Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nice" title="Harry Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Lane_Jr." title="William Preston Lane Jr.">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_McKeldin" title="Theodore McKeldin">McKeldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes" title="J. Millard Tawes">Tawes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blair_Lee_III" title="Blair Lee III">B. Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hughes" title="Harry Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer" title="William Donald Schaefer">Schaefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Glendening" title="Parris Glendening">Glendening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ehrlich" title="Bob Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Moore" title="Wes Moore">Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltimore_County_executives58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:County_executives_of_Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Template:County executives of Baltimore County, Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:County_executives_of_Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Template talk:County executives of Baltimore County, Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:County_executives_of_Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:County executives of Baltimore County, Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltimore_County_executives58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County_Executive" title="Baltimore County Executive">Baltimore County executives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Birmingham" title="Michael J. Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_H._Kahl" title="Christian H. Kahl">Kahl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Anderson_(politician)" title="Dale Anderson (politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Dewberry" title="Frederick L. Dewberry">Dewberry</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Venetoulis" title="Ted Venetoulis">Venetoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hutchinson" title="Donald P. Hutchinson">Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_F._Rasmussen" title="Dennis F. Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Hayden" title="Roger B. Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ruppersberger" title="Dutch Ruppersberger">Ruppersberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Smith_Jr." title="James T. Smith Jr.">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kamenetz" title="Kevin Kamenetz">Kamenetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mohler" title="Don Mohler">Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Olszewski" title="Johnny Olszewski">Olszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Andrea_Walker" title="D'Andrea Walker">Walker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Klausmeier" title="Kathy Klausmeier">Klausmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet878" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1968 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">← 1968</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></b> <ul><li>replacing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hays" title="Wayne Hays">Wayne Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates536" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1972">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a></b> <ul><li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Green_(ufologist)" title="Gabriel Green (ufologist)">Gabriel Green</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1972 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1972 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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/></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203433#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123440971">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161557548">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161557548">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001758">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068964374">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7054855">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007594513305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14832924">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12416593?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cefadc7c-8229-4ef9-9dd4-e6e063454f62">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000059">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785112">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/123440971.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080242618">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582108">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jv0dt4">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6348qq8">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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