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</div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英國使團入藏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英國使團入藏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>英國使團入藏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英國使團入藏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-榮赫鵬遠征西藏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#榮赫鵬遠征西藏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>榮赫鵬遠征西藏</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-榮赫鵬遠征西藏-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关榮赫鵬遠征西藏子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-榮赫鵬遠征西藏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-英軍越境要求談判" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英軍越境要求談判"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>英軍越境要求談判</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英軍越境要求談判-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-曲美辛古屠杀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曲美辛古屠杀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>曲美辛古屠杀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曲美辛古屠杀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-江孜保衛戰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#江孜保衛戰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>江孜保衛戰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-江孜保衛戰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-簽訂拉薩條約" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簽訂拉薩條約"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>簽訂拉薩條約</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簽訂拉薩條約-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-善後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#善後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>善後</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-善後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中英續訂藏印條約" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中英續訂藏印條約"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>中英續訂藏印條約</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中英續訂藏印條約-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戰役勳章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰役勳章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>戰役勳章</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰役勳章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遺址及纪念地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺址及纪念地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>遺址及纪念地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺址及纪念地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关文艺作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关文艺作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>相关文艺作品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关文艺作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>引用文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第一手史料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一手史料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>第一手史料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一手史料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第二手來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第二手來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>第二手來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第二手來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">英國侵藏戰爭</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。28种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="الحملة البريطانية على التبت – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحملة البريطانية على التبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniyan%C4%B1n_Tibet_ekspedisiyas%C4%B1" title="Britaniyanın Tibet ekspedisiyası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniyanın Tibet ekspedisiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রিটিশদের তিব্বত অভিযান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশদের তিব্বত অভিযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="དབྱིན་ཇིས་བོད་ལ་བཙན་འཛུལ་བྱེད་པའི་དམག་འཁྲུག – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱིན་ཇིས་བོད་ལ་བཙན་འཛུལ་བྱེད་པའི་དམག་འཁྲུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younghusbandova_expedice" title="Younghusbandova expedice – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Younghusbandova expedice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britiske_ekspedition_til_Tibet" title="Britiske ekspedition til Tibet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britiske ekspedition til Tibet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britischer_Tibetfeldzug" title="Britischer Tibetfeldzug – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britischer Tibetfeldzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="British expedition to Tibet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_ekspedicio_al_Tibeto" title="Brita ekspedicio al Tibeto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita ekspedicio al Tibeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_brit%C3%A1nica_al_T%C3%ADbet" title="Expedición británica al Tíbet – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición británica al Tíbet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younghusbandin_retkikunta" title="Younghusbandin retkikunta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Younghusbandin retkikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_militaire_britannique_au_Tibet" title="Expédition militaire britannique au Tibet – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition militaire britannique au Tibet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younghusband-f%C3%A9le_exped%C3%ADci%C3%B3" title="Younghusband-féle expedíció – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Younghusband-féle expedíció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Britania_Raya_ke_Tibet" title="Ekspedisi Britania Raya ke Tibet – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi Britania Raya ke Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_britannica_in_Tibet" title="Spedizione britannica in Tibet – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione britannica in Tibet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="イギリスのチベット遠征 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリスのチベット遠征" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ടിബറ്റിലെ ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് പര്യവേഷണം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിബറ്റിലെ ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് പര്യവേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_British_ke_Tibet" title="Ekspedisi British ke Tibet – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekspedisi British ke Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Veldtocht_in_Tibet" title="Britse Veldtocht in Tibet – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse Veldtocht in Tibet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_ekspedycja_do_Tybetu" title="Brytyjska ekspedycja do Tybetu – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brytyjska ekspedycja do Tybetu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_brit%C3%A2nica_do_Tibete_(1903-1904)" title="Invasão britânica do Tibete (1903-1904) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão britânica do Tibete (1903-1904)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C8%9Bia_britanic%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Tibet" title="Expediția britanică în Tibet – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expediția britanică în Tibet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Британская экспедиция в Тибет – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская экспедиция в Тибет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younghusbandova_exped%C3%ADcia" title="Younghusbandova expedícia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Younghusbandova expedícia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="திபெத் மீதான பிரித்தானியப் படையெடுப்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத் மீதான பிரித்தானியப் படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2446" title="การบุกครองทิเบตของอังกฤษ พ.ศ. 2446 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบุกครองทิเบตของอังกฤษ พ.ศ. 2446" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Британська експедиція до Тибету – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська експедиція до Тибету" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_vi%E1%BB%85n_chinh_T%C3%A2y_T%E1%BA%A1ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh_n%C4%83m_1904" title="Cuộc viễn chinh Tây Tạng của Anh năm 1904 – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc viễn chinh Tây Tạng của Anh năm 1904" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q592550#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70578162">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">英國侵藏戰爭</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="大博弈">英俄大博弈</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg/300px-Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg/450px-Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Meeting_with_tibetans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><br />英軍士兵在拉薩会见清朝<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%BB%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="驻藏大臣">驻藏大臣</a>和西藏官员</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1903年12月—1904年9月</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> 英國戰勝</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/22px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/33px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/44px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="英属印度">英属印度</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">噶廈</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国"><img alt="英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%B9%8F" title="荣赫鹏">榮赫鵬</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%A1" title="上校">上校</a>（負責外交）<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国"><img alt="英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·麦克唐纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Macdonald (engineer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·麦克唐纳（页面不存在）">詹姆斯·麦克唐纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Macdonald_(engineer)" class="extiw" title="en:James Macdonald (engineer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Macdonald (engineer)</span></a></span>）</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E5%B0%87" title="准將">准将</a>（負責軍事）</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" title="藏區"><img alt="藏區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第十三世達賴喇嘛">第十三世達賴喇嘛</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" title="藏區"><img alt="藏區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁色（页面不存在）">拉丁色</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" title="藏區"><img alt="藏區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%97%E8%89%B2%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朗色林（页面不存在）">朗色林</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">兵力</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> 10,000餘人<br />其中作戰人員3000餘人，其餘多數是錫金、印度來的挑夫。<sup id="cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raugh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 約20,000人</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">伤亡与损失</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> 陣亡37人，受傷165人<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非戰鬥減員" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Casualty (person)#Non-battle_casualty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E6%B8%9B%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非戰鬥減員（页面不存在）">非戰鬥減員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(person)#Non-battle_casualty" class="extiw" title="en:Casualty (person)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Casualty (person)#Non-battle_casualty</span></a></span>）</span></span>613人</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 約數千人陣亡</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>英國入侵西藏</b>（另稱<b>英藏戰爭</b>）發生於1903年12月—1904年9月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="清代">清代</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>年間<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度陸軍">英屬印度陸軍</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="錫金">錫金</a>入侵<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>的戰爭。英國的直接目的是建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度">英屬印度</a>与西藏之間的貿易與政治聯繫，戰略目的是防止<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄国</a>勢力進入西藏，威脅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度">英屬印度</a>。光緒十四年（1888年），由於英占錫金與西藏的邊界糾紛，爆發<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%90%90%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="隆吐山战役">隆吐山战役</a>，英軍擊潰駐守爭議領土<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%90%90%E5%B1%B1" title="隆吐山">隆吐山</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="藏軍 (清朝)">藏軍</a>，佔領入藏的交通要道<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E4%B8%95%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" title="春丕河谷">春丕河谷</a>等地。戰後，清廷派駐藏大臣赴印度與英國簽訂了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BA%8C%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印續約">中英藏印續約</a>》，承認錫金為英國的保護國。 </p><p>由於西藏噶廈政府並未參與談判，因此拒絕依條約開放與印度的貿易，抵制畫界。1903年12月，英國外交使團在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%B9%8F" title="荣赫鹏">榮赫鵬</a>率領下由錫金進入西藏要求談判邊界與通商問題被拒，返回印度後英軍增兵，於次年（1904年）攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="拉薩">拉薩</a>，英國武裝力量造成約數千人死傷，是為「英國侵藏戰爭」。榮赫鵬與<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>等官員簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="拉薩條約">拉薩條約</a>》，清廷駐藏大臣則拒絕簽署。英軍撤兵後，1906年，清廷派出代表與英國簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a>》，英國承諾不侵佔西藏，清廷則保證不准其他國家干涉西藏地區。 </p><p>中國認為英國侵藏戰爭共有兩次：「隆吐山战役」是<b>第一次英國侵藏戰爭</b>，「榮赫鵬遠征西藏」是<b>第二次英國侵藏戰爭</b>；藏人將「榮赫鵬遠征西藏」稱為「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E8%BE%B0#甲辰年" title="甲辰">木龍年</a>戰爭</b>」（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64579233">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Qomolangma-Dunhuang","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","Qomolangma-Woodblock","BabelStone Tibetan Slim",Jomolhari,"Yagpo Tibetan Uni","DDC Uchen","DDC Rinzin",Kailash,"TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni",Wangdi29,"Noto Serif Tibetan","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཤིང་འབྲུག་དམག</span>），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%B9" title="夏格巴·旺秋德丹">夏格巴·旺秋德丹</a>所著《<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區政治史">藏區政治史</a>》稱為「榮赫鵬武裝使團」而不稱為「侵略」<sup id="cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞78頁_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞78頁-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakabpa2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:663</sup>；英國將隆吐山战役稱為「遠征錫金」（英語：<span lang="en">Sikkim Expedition</span>），英國侵藏戰爭英國稱之為「<b>榮赫鵬遠征西藏</b>」（英語：<span lang="en">Younghusband expedition to Tibet</span>），英文史料中「英侵藏」通常指「榮赫鵬遠征西藏」而不包括隆吐山戰役。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a>》與《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BB%AD%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中英藏印续约">中英藏印续约</a>》規定開放<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="亞東">亞東</a>為商埠，五年内藏印贸易互免关税，但是西藏政府並沒有參與條約的談判，在西藏的反对與阻撓下，這些条款未能实施。1895年亲政的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第十三世達賴喇嘛">第十三世達賴喇嘛</a>反对英国勢力進入西藏。此時<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>又正和英國在中亞進行爭奪勢力範圍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="大博弈">大博弈</a>，西藏當然也是目標之一。在俄國拉拢下，十三世达赖逐步产生联合俄国对抗英国之想法。英印政府因此決定採取行動防止俄國勢力進入西藏，保護印度北方邊境不受威脅。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="英國使團入藏"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E5.9C.8B.E4.BD.BF.E5.9C.98.E5.85.A5.E8.97.8F"></span>英國使團入藏</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：英國使團入藏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1903年7月18日，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西藏邊境委員會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibet Frontier Commission"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏邊境委員會（页面不存在）">西藏邊境委員會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Frontier_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Tibet Frontier Commission"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibet Frontier Commission</span></a></span>）</span></span>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%B9%8F" title="荣赫鹏">榮赫鵬</a>率領下從錫金越界進入西藏，在離邊界20英里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%97%E5%B7%B4%E9%95%87" title="岗巴镇">崗巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97_(%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91)" title="宗 (建筑)">宗</a>與清廷駐藏幫辦何光燮<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C" title="知府">知府</a>、代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="十三世达赖">十三世达赖</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%AA%E4%BB%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="堪仲（页面不存在）">堪仲</a>（秘书长）<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E5%A2%A8%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E7%BD%97%E6%A1%91%E4%B8%B9%E8%B4%9D%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E" title="策墨林·阿旺罗桑丹贝坚赞">策墨林·阿旺羅桑丹貝堅贊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E7%BB%92%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E6%9D%B0%E5%B8%83" title="擦绒·旺秋杰布">擦绒·旺秋杰布</a>（其父曾負責《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a>》劃界）會面，榮赫鵬指責藏方沒有遵守《中英藏印條約》與《中英藏印續約》，要求談判邊界與通商問題，但是藏方要求使團先退回錫金才談判。<sup id="cite_ref-French2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:222-223</sup>8月21日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%AA%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="班禪喇嘛">班禪喇嘛</a>駐錫的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E4%BB%80%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%AF%BA" title="扎什伦布寺">扎什倫布寺</a>方丈到訪，同樣要求使團先退回錫金才談判。<sup id="cite_ref-French2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:224</sup>由於藏方拒絕談判，榮赫鵬外交使團在崗巴宗待了五個月無功而返。<sup id="cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raugh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>駐藏大臣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%95%E9%8B%BC" title="裕鋼">裕鋼</a>建議達賴喇嘛派出高級官員到邊界與榮赫鵬談判，但是被拒絕，清廷令裕鋼親赴崗巴宗談判，藏方也拒絕提供<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="乌拉制度">烏拉差役</a>，所以他也無法前去，導致了後來英軍遠征拉薩。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="榮赫鵬遠征西藏"><span id=".E6.A6.AE.E8.B5.AB.E9.B5.AC.E9.81.A0.E5.BE.81.E8.A5.BF.E8.97.8F"></span>榮赫鵬遠征西藏</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：榮赫鵬遠征西藏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英軍越境要求談判"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.BB.8D.E8.B6.8A.E5.A2.83.E8.A6.81.E6.B1.82.E8.AB.87.E5.88.A4"></span>英軍越境要求談判</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：英軍越境要求談判"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg/220px-Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg/330px-Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg/440px-Sketch_map_of_Younghusband_expedition_to_Tibet_with_date.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2741" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>榮赫鵬進軍路線圖</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Younghusband-team-1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Younghusband-team-1904.jpg/220px-Younghusband-team-1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Younghusband-team-1904.jpg/330px-Younghusband-team-1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Younghusband-team-1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>榮赫鵬與隨員於1904年1月在帕里宗合影</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhariFort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PhariFort.png/220px-PhariFort.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PhariFort.png/330px-PhariFort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PhariFort.png/440px-PhariFort.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>英軍在帕里宗城堡下扎營</figcaption></figure> <p>1903年10月（光緒二十九年），為阻止俄國對西藏的滲透，英國決定武裝入侵迫使西藏談判。英国向隆吐山以北地区调集3,000人的兵力，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="皇家工兵">皇家工兵</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·麥克唐納" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Macdonald (British Army officer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·麥克唐納（页面不存在）">詹姆斯·麥克唐納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Macdonald_(British_Army_officer)" class="extiw" title="en:James Macdonald (British Army officer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Macdonald (British Army officer)</span></a></span>）</span></span>准将和升任上校的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%B9%8F" title="荣赫鹏">榮赫鵬</a>率領下，向北进發。1903年12月12日，荣赫鹏率领一支装备精良的英军先头小分队從<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%99%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" title="则里拉山口">则里拉山口</a>越境入藏，22日抵達<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E9%95%87" title="帕里镇">帕里宗</a>，榮赫鵬向帕里宗本交涉，表示希望雙方不要採取敵對行動，但是麥克唐納認為帕里宗是軍事要隘，在他堅持下英軍和平佔領帕里宗。<sup id="cite_ref-usis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fleming2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1904年1月4日，三名藏方官員離開帕里宗。<sup id="cite_ref-usis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年1月4日，英军占领<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%BA%B3%E4%B9%A1" title="堆纳乡">堆纳</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="噶厦">噶厦</a>随即派<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a>拉丁、朗色林二人率领1,000多名藏军，赶到堆纳至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%86%E9%94%99" title="多庆错">多庆</a>一线展开布防，并且动员和调集了藏军其余各部及大量民兵赴前线。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曲美辛古屠杀"><span id=".E6.9B.B2.E7.BE.8E.E8.BE.9B.E5.8F.A4.E5.B1.A0.E6.9D.80"></span>曲美辛古屠杀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：曲美辛古屠杀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83131740">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>曲美辛古屠杀</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="對峙示意圖"><img alt="對峙示意圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg/180px-Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg/270px-Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg/360px-Diagram_of_Chumik_Shenko_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">對峙示意圖</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="英軍騎馬步兵"><img alt="英軍騎馬步兵" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg/106px-Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg/159px-Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg/212px-Soldier_of_Britsh_Indian_army_1st_mounted_infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">英軍騎馬步兵</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko,1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="英方与藏軍戰前最後谈判"><img alt="英方与藏軍戰前最後谈判" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg/180px-Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg/270px-Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg/360px-Depon%27s_last_conference_with_Younghusband_before_Battle_of_Chumik_Shenko%2C1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">英方与藏軍戰前最後谈判</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="英軍把山坡上的藏軍趕到平地上。"><img alt="英軍把山坡上的藏軍趕到平地上。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg/180px-Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg/270px-Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg/360px-Turning_Tibetans_from_fortress_on_the_hill_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">英軍把山坡上的藏軍趕到平地上。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="從石堆堡壘（英语：Sangar (fortification)）後撤的藏軍被繳械"><img alt="從石堆堡壘（英语：Sangar (fortification)）後撤的藏軍被繳械" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg/180px-Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg/270px-Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg/360px-Tibetans_retreating_from_fortress.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">從<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="石堆堡壘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sangar (fortification)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E5%A0%86%E5%A0%A1%E5%A3%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石堆堡壘（页面不存在）">石堆堡壘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" class="extiw" title="en:Sangar (fortification)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sangar (fortification)</span></a></span>）</span></span>後撤的藏軍被繳械</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_(c._1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="英軍醫院中受傷的藏軍"><img alt="英軍醫院中受傷的藏軍" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg/180px-Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg/270px-Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg/360px-Wounded_Tibetan_in_British_hospital_%28c._1904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">英軍醫院中受傷的藏軍</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>1904年3月，麦克唐纳与荣赫鹏率1000多人准备进攻<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%8E%E5%90%BE%E6%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘎吾村（页面不存在）">嘎吾</a>一带。錫金王國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B4%E5%98%89" title="却嘉">卻嘉</a>（國王）<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%A4%9A%E5%8D%97%E5%98%89" title="圖多南嘉">圖多南嘉</a>與藏军前线指挥官拉丁代本是親戚，他建議拉丁與英國只能和平談判，因爲藏軍若動武，是雞蛋碰石頭。<sup id="cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakabpa2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:671</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arpi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arpi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中國說法是英军获悉在堆纳、多庆间的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%BE%8E%E8%BE%9B%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="曲美辛古">曲美辛古</a>以北纵深区域有藏军和民兵防守，故英军未敢进攻，而是提出举行谈判。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年3月31日，藏军指挥官拉丁<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a>、朗色林代本前往英軍与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%B9%8F" title="荣赫鹏">荣赫鹏</a>等人谈判失敗之後，英軍將山坡上防守石堆堡壘的藏軍趕到平地，從三方面包圍了藏軍，在將藏軍繳械時雙方發生衝突。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>仅仅数分钟内，英军即射杀藏军400余人，代本拉丁、朗色林等人也被杀，被杀者的鲜血染红了曲美辛古泉水。这被稱為“曲美辛古大屠杀”。英军趁机攻占古鲁。西藏政府紀錄是523名藏军在曲美辛古阵亡，300多人受傷。<sup id="cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakabpa2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:674</sup>也有說600-700名藏军在曲美辛古阵亡，168人受傷。<sup id="cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raugh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>對於衝突的過程有不同的說法。來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E5%8E%BF" title="曲水县">曲水</a>的藏軍定本Tseten Wangchuk說谈判時英軍開槍，他當場裝死，晚上逃回<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%86%E9%94%99" title="多庆错">多慶錯</a>，遇到英軍放回來的五十名戰俘，英軍治療了受傷戰俘，發給每個戰俘五<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9B%A7%E6%AF%94" title="印度盧比">盧比</a>與一包香菸。<sup id="cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakabpa2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:673–674</sup>清朝駐藏大臣<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%B0" title="有泰">有泰</a>在給榮赫鵬的信中，表示拉丁代本不聽他的話，在曲美辛古先動武，錯在藏軍，並感謝榮赫鵬寬宏大量的釋放了「愚蠢無知」的藏軍戰俘。<sup id="cite_ref-Office1904_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office1904-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中共官方的說法是英军秘密包围了藏军。荣赫鹏等人与拉丁、朗色林见面后称：“既然要议和，为表示诚意，我们先将子弹退出枪膛，也要求你们下令将火枪的点火绳熄灭！”荣赫鹏命令英军士兵将<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E6%9E%AA" title="步枪">步枪</a>退出一发子弹，但实际上士兵们随即推动枪栓将另一发子弹放入枪膛。藏军当时并不了解步枪的构造，误以为英军枪膛内已没有子弹，便按协议将<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%BB%B3%E6%9E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="火绳枪">火绳枪</a>的点火绳全部熄灭。英方随后命令英军开火，而待命的藏军却无法打响<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%BB%B3%E6%9E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="火绳枪">火绳枪</a>。英军从而使用枪炮对实际上没有武器可用的藏军展开大屠杀。<sup id="cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞72頁_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞72頁-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>歷史學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Charles Allen" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles_Allen (writer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Allen（页面不存在）">Charles Allen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Allen (writer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles_Allen (writer)</span></a></span>）</span></span>認為沒有證據支持西藏方面英軍使詐的說法，藏军傷亡慘重是因為武器落後。<sup id="cite_ref-Allen2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="江孜保衛戰"><span id=".E6.B1.9F.E5.AD.9C.E4.BF.9D.E8.A1.9B.E6.88.B0"></span>江孜保衛戰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：江孜保衛戰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英军攻占曲美辛古后，继续向北进攻。1904年4月11日，英军逼进<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜">江孜</a>。英军抵达江孜不足1个月，藏军1万多人便聚集至江孜、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%96%80%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="日喀则">日喀则</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>至江孜的大道上，准备展开江孜保卫战。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg/220px-Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg/330px-Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg/440px-Gurkhas_climbing_at_the_Karola_Glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%BA%BA" title="廓爾喀人">廓爾喀</a>士兵攀登海拔5,400公尺的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡若拉" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Karo La"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%8B%A5%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡若拉（页面不存在）">卡若拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_La" class="extiw" title="de:Karo La"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Karo La</span></a></span>）</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>1904年5月初，英軍300多人襲擊江孜通向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E5%8D%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%BF" title="浪卡子县">浪卡子</a>的必經之路<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡若拉" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Karo La"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%8B%A5%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡若拉（页面不存在）">卡若拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_La" class="extiw" title="de:Karo La"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Karo La</span></a></span>）</span></span>的藏軍陣地，留下170餘名英軍駐紮江孜。1904年5月3日，千余名藏军夜袭江洛林卡，英軍哨兵在藏軍攻擊前鳴槍示警，驚醒英軍發生激戰，英军紀錄是英军二死五傷，藏軍遺屍140具。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中國大陸聲稱将驻扎在此的英军几乎全歼，荣赫鹏险些丧生。因英军攻下卡若拉後赶回，英军重新稳住阵脚。5月26日，英军增援部队自亚东赶到江孜，完全佔領帕拉村。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此时，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="噶厦">噶厦</a>陆续调集藏军、僧兵、民兵共约16000人，增兵江孜方向。藏军总指挥<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="噶伦">噶伦</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%A6%A5%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E6%8E%AA%E7%8F%AD%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇妥·彭措班丹（页面不存在）">宇妥·彭措班丹</a>率一部兵力驻扎<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="尼木">尼木</a>之亚德；以<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a>一部布防<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%96%80%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="日喀则">日喀则</a>、仁布一线，以藏军一部布防<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E5%8D%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%BF" title="浪卡子县">浪卡子</a>一带，作为第二道防线；以<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敏林巴（页面不存在）">敏林巴</a>等人率民兵一部经<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E5%8D%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%BF" title="浪卡子县">浪卡子</a>、热隆出<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%BF" title="康马县">康马</a>，袭扰英军的后勤供应线。<sup id="cite_ref-zgw_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zgw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年6月，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="代本">代本</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敏林巴（页面不存在）">敏林巴</a>率工布等地的民兵，进占<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜">江孜</a>、少岗间的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="乃宁寺">乃宁寺</a>，威胁英军后勤补给线。工布民兵在康马、少岗之间设伏，歼灭二、三十名英军。<sup id="cite_ref-zgw_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zgw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1904年6月13日，麦克唐纳与荣赫鹏率援军增援江孜，在6月25日抵达<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%BF" title="康马县">康马宗</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="乃宁寺">乃宁寺</a>。乃宁寺处在江孜以南20公里处，为英军运输线的重要据点。为了截断英军补给，藏军在乃宁寺四周修筑了防御工事。英军分别从<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%91%E5%B2%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="少岗（页面不存在）">少岗</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江洛（页面不存在）">江洛</a>两个地方出动，南、北夹击乃宁寺。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英军用炮火轰破乃宁寺围墙、冲入寺内之后，民兵与英军展开肉搏。此役英軍2人陣亡，13人受傷。藏軍傷亡約兩百人。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中國大陸聲稱工布地区民兵首领<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E6%89%8E%E5%B7%B4" title="阿达尼玛扎巴">阿达尼玛扎巴</a>兄弟二人及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康区">康区</a>民兵<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%9C%B5%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多朵布（页面不存在）">多朵布</a>等人，用刀劈死英国军官则娜·色赫（旧译“杂尼萨海”），共歼敌120余名。阿达尼玛扎巴兄弟、多朵布及众多民兵阵亡。<sup id="cite_ref-zgw_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zgw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英军攻占乃宁寺之后，洗劫了寺内文物，纵火焚毁该寺。随后，英军攻占江孜西北的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E9%87%91%E5%AF%BA_(%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%8E%BF)" title="紫金寺 (江孜县)">紫金寺</a>，切断江孜与日喀则之间的联系。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英军攻占紫金寺之后，从东方、南方、西北方三面包围江孜。这时，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="十三世达赖">十三世达赖</a>派员至江孜同荣赫鹏会谈。荣赫鹏限藏军在7月5日撤出江孜，但遭到断然拒绝，英军遂在7月5日正午发动对江孜的总攻。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyantse_Zong.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gyantse_Zong.png/220px-Gyantse_Zong.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gyantse_Zong.png/330px-Gyantse_Zong.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gyantse_Zong.png/440px-Gyantse_Zong.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>江孜宗山城堡勘測草圖。圖右標示白居寺</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png/220px-Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png/330px-Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png/440px-Sketcm_map_of_battle_at_Gyantse_Zhong_and_Gompa_in_1904.png 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>江孜宗山城堡攻防戰平面圖</figcaption></figure> <p>1904年7月5日到7月6日，英军步兵在炮兵支援下7次进攻<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%8A%97%E8%8B%B1%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜宗山抗英遗址">江孜宗山</a>，但均被<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a>击退。坚守江孜宗山的近5000名藏族军民用土火枪、大刀、弓箭、抛石器与使用枪炮的英军作战。经3天抵抗，守卫江孜的藏军已到了弹尽粮绝的境地。7月7日，英军占领江孜宗山，西藏军民只有少部分人突围，其他人冲入英军之中展开肉搏战，坚持抗击到最后的数百名藏军全部跳崖身亡。英軍此役二十人陣亡，二十三人受傷。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英军攻占江孜宗山后，又攻占<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E5%AF%BA" title="白居寺">白居寺</a>，随即占领整个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜">江孜</a>。1904年4月到7月，江孜保卫战持续约100天，是近代西藏抗击外国侵略历史上规模最大的战斗。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rmw_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1904年7月14日，麦克唐纳率英军自江孜启程，开入<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>。8月3日，英军占领拉萨。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="十三世达赖">十三世達賴</a>出走，經<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="青海">青海</a>前往<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古">外蒙古</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%AC%9D%E5%9C%96%E6%B1%97%E9%83%A8" title="土謝圖汗部">土謝圖汗部</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BA%93%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大库伦">庫倫</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古國">蒙古國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="烏蘭巴托">烏蘭巴托</a>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="簽訂拉薩條約"><span id=".E7.B0.BD.E8.A8.82.E6.8B.89.E8.96.A9.E6.A2.9D.E7.B4.84"></span>簽訂拉薩條約</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：簽訂拉薩條約"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/220px-Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/330px-Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/440px-Chinese_proclamation_deposing_the_13th_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>剝奪達賴喇嘛封號的公告迅速被藏民扯破<sup id="cite_ref-Waddell1906_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waddell1906-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_(c._1904).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png/220px-Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png/330px-Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png/440px-Seals_affixed_to_Treaty_of_Lhasa_%28c._1904%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2069" /></a><figcaption>《拉薩條約》上英藏雙方印章</figcaption></figure> <p>英軍佔領拉薩後，榮赫鵬以其在江孜所擬的條款為大綱，提出九條和約草案，遞交給<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%B0" title="有泰">有泰</a>。有泰則將其轉交<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="噶廈">噶廈</a>辦理。1904年8月11日，噶廈轉遞答覆，稱應由西藏向英國支付戰爭賠款，且只同意增開<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%9C%E4%B9%A1" title="下亚东乡">仁青崗</a>一處商埠。此時已值秋季，西藏嚴酷的自然條件和氣候已不允許給養斷絕的英軍長期停留，英印政府確定於9月中旬撤軍。榮赫鵬通過有泰向噶廈施壓，聲稱倘若英人再次採取武力行動，則所提條件當更加苛刻。9月1日，有泰召集噶廈官員與榮赫鵬會談，榮赫鵬在會上宣讀事先擬好的條約文本，限令西藏方面在一個星期內簽署，並不得改動；如拖延一日，每日增加賠款5萬<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%AF%94" title="盧比">盧比</a>。在榮赫鵬和有泰雙重壓力下，噶廈同意簽署條約，並提出將賠款期限由三年改為75年，每年支付10萬盧比。 </p><p>1904年9月7日，噶廈、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA" title="拉萨三大寺">三大寺</a>代表在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="布達拉宮">布達拉宮</a>與榮赫鵬簽署條約，史稱《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="拉薩條約">拉薩條約</a>》。榮赫鵬代表英國簽字，<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E5%AF%BA" title="甘丹寺">甘丹寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E8%9A%8C%E5%AF%BA" title="哲蚌寺">哲蚌寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA" title="色拉寺">色拉寺</a>住持和民眾大會首領代表西藏畫押、鈐印。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E8%B5%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="甘丹赤巴">甘丹赤巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E5%A2%A8%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E7%BD%97%E6%A1%91%E4%B8%B9%E8%B4%9D%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E" title="策墨林·阿旺罗桑丹贝坚赞">羅桑嘉措</a>在條約文本上鈐蓋了<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="达赖">逹賴喇嘛</a>之印。由于清廷多次電令不得批准该條約，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%B0" title="有泰">有泰</a>沒有簽字。條約要點為<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>在亞東之外，增開江孜、<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%8B" title="噶大克">噶大克</a>（在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%BF" title="噶尔县">噶爾縣</a>）為商埠。</li> <li>英國、西藏各派員於商埠居住；若英國欲齎送公文信函與藏官或駐藏華官，均須由在商埠居住之藏員接收轉送。</li> <li>西藏向英國賠償軍費等計50萬鎊，合750萬銀盧比；自西曆1906年起每年繳納10萬盧比，分75年償清。</li> <li>英國在春丕駐兵，直至賠款償清或商埠開通滿三年的最晚之日為止。</li> <li>西藏允諾將自印度邊界至拉薩的炮臺、山寨一律削平，武備全行撤去。</li> <li>除非先經英國同意，西藏土地不准出賣、轉讓、租賃給任何外國；西藏事務不准外國干涉；外國不得派員或代理人進入西藏；西藏鐵路、道路、電線、礦產及其他利權，均不許外國及其國民享受，否則英國政府將享受與之相抵或相同之利權；西藏的財政收入、貨物、金銀錢幣皆不許給與外國抵押撥兌。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="善後"><span id=".E5.96.84.E5.BE.8C"></span>善後</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：善後"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《拉薩條約》簽訂後，英軍於1904年9月23日撤離拉薩。11月11日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" title="印度总督">印度總督</a>批准《拉薩條約》，但對條約內容進行了修改： </p> <ul><li>賠款數額減為250萬盧比；</li> <li>英軍對春丕河谷的佔領期限改為初繳三年三期賠款之後；</li> <li>去掉英國派駐江孜的官員有權進入拉薩的附款。</li></ul> <p>清廷對此做出回應，提出由清廷一次性償付戰爭賠款，以示清廷對西藏的主權；並派員與英國重新議約。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中英續訂藏印條約"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.8B.B1.E7.BA.8C.E8.A8.82.E8.97.8F.E5.8D.B0.E6.A2.9D.E7.B4.84"></span>中英續訂藏印條約</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：中英續訂藏印條約"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1905年1月，清廷任命<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8" title="外務部">外務部</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E9%83%8E" title="侍郎">侍郎</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%B9%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="唐紹儀">唐紹儀</a>為全權代表，率參贊<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%94%AD%E6%A3%A0" title="張蔭棠">張蔭棠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%A9%92" class="mw-redirect" title="梁士詒">梁士詒</a>及稅司<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韓德森（页面不存在）">韓德森</a>、翻譯<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%91%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="陳鑾">陳鑾</a>赴印度議約。2月，唐紹儀抵達<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="加爾各答">加爾各答</a>，與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度">英屬印度</a>政府外事秘書<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="費禮夏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stuart Fraser (diplomat)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費禮夏（页面不存在）">費禮夏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Fraser_(diplomat)" class="extiw" title="en:Stuart Fraser (diplomat)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stuart Fraser (diplomat)</span></a></span>）</span></span>會談。唐紹儀要求英國承認中國對西藏的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a>，而英國則聲稱中國對西藏只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="宗主权">宗主權</a>。談判陷入僵局，唐紹儀遂離開印度返<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>。9月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%94%AD%E6%A3%A0" title="張蔭棠">張蔭棠</a>接替唐紹儀為全權代表，會談仍無進展。1906年4月（光緒三十二年三月），中英談判在北京繼續進行，英國全權代表為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A7%90%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英國駐華大使列表">英國駐華公使</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93%E7%BE%A9" title="薩道義">薩道義</a>（E. M. Satow）。因擔心俄國乘機向西藏滲透，英國做出妥協。4月27日（夏曆四月四日），唐紹儀與薩道義簽署《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a>》（又稱《北京條約》）六款。條約要點為<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>《拉薩條約》及其更訂文據作為本條約的附約，“彼此允認，切實遵守”；</li> <li>英國政府允諾不侵佔藏境且不幹涉西藏一切政治，中國政府亦不准許其他國家侵佔西藏或干涉藏事；</li> <li>《拉薩條約》第九款第四節所聲明之各項權利為中國獨享，其他國家及其國民不得享受；惟英國在與中國商定後，有權在各商埠鋪設連接到印度的電報線路；</li> <li>1890年及1893年中、英簽訂有關西藏條約各款，如與本約及附約無違者，“概應確實施行”。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英國解決了與西藏的貿易與邊界問題，戰前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="英属印度">英属印度</a>與西藏的貿易主要是經過尼泊爾的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%BB%A1%E9%83%BD%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="加德满都谷地">加德滿都谷地</a>，戰後<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E4%B8%95%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" title="春丕河谷">春丕河谷</a>成為藏印貿易的主要路線。<sup id="cite_ref-Spengen2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spengen2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英國在與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>爭奪<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="大博弈">大博弈</a>中，遏止了俄國向西藏擴張勢力。<sup id="cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raugh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1907年簽訂的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="英俄條約">英俄條約</a>》規定保持西藏領土完整，英俄雙方不能吞併西藏，英俄之間的大博弈告一段落。 </p><p>對於英国势力在西藏的扩张，清政府迅速采取一系列措施以鞏固其弱化的統治，为西藏的現代化打下基础，但也影响了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="噶厦">噶厦</a>同清政府之间的关系。西藏噶廈開始試圖與英國或俄國等勢力結盟，以抵抗清帝國在此地的直接干預。<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="英属印度">英属印度</a>政府委託榮赫鵬使團的藏學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勞倫斯·沃德爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laurence Waddell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞倫斯·沃德爾（页面不存在）">勞倫斯·沃德爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" class="extiw" title="en:Laurence Waddell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laurence Waddell</span></a></span>）</span></span>用一萬盧比來購買西藏文物，掠奪與購買所得的兩千餘件文物稱為「榮赫鵬遠征收藏」，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="大英博物館">大英博物館</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛津大學">牛津大學</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="博德利圖書館">博德利圖書館</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="剑桥大学图书馆">劍橋大學圖書館</a>等機構爭相收藏。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="戰役勳章"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9.E5.8B.B3.E7.AB.A0"></span>戰役勳章</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：戰役勳章"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英印政府對於參與榮赫鵬遠征的人員授與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西藏勳章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibet Medal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏勳章（页面不存在）">西藏勳章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Medal" class="extiw" title="en:Tibet Medal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibet Medal</span></a></span>）</span></span>：作戰人員授與銀質勳章，後勤人員授與銅質勳章，獎章背面的山上是布達拉宮，下書TIBET 1903-4。參加江孜宗山戰役的另加戰役<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勳扣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medal bar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%B3%E6%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勳扣（页面不存在）">勳扣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_bar" class="extiw" title="en:Medal bar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medal bar</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-Duckers2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duckers2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Narbeth2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narbeth2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell1992_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell1992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遺址及纪念地"><span id=".E9.81.BA.E5.9D.80.E5.8F.8A.E7.BA.AA.E5.BF.B5.E5.9C.B0"></span>遺址及纪念地</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：遺址及纪念地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyantse_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gyantse_06.jpg/200px-Gyantse_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gyantse_06.jpg/300px-Gyantse_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gyantse_06.jpg/400px-Gyantse_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97%E5%B1%B1" title="江孜宗山">江孜宗山</a>. </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%8E%BF" title="江孜县">江孜县</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%8A%97%E8%8B%B1%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜宗山抗英遗址">江孜宗山抗英遗址</a>：是原<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江孜宗（页面不存在）">江孜宗</a>宗署，也是榮赫鵬遠征的重要战场，1961年被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">中华人民共和国国务院</a>公布为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="第一批全国重点文物保护单位">第一批全国重点文物保护单位</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97%E5%B1%B1%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" title="江孜宗山英雄纪念碑">江孜宗山英雄纪念碑</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_(%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C)" title="英雄广场 (江孜)">英雄广场</a>：位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E5%AE%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%8A%97%E8%8B%B1%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜宗山抗英遗址">江孜宗山抗英遗址</a>前，纪念在江孜宗山陣亡的抗英軍民。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%BE%8E%E8%BE%9B%E5%8F%A4%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" title="曲美辛古纪念碑">曲美辛古纪念碑</a>：位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%9C%E5%8E%BF" title="亚东县">亚东县</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%BA%B3%E4%B9%A1" title="堆纳乡">堆纳乡</a>曲美辛古，2004年揭幕，纪念曲美辛古陣亡的藏軍。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%80%E6%88%98%E8%8B%B1%E7%83%88%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="乃宁寺大血战英烈纪念碑">乃宁寺大血战英烈纪念碑</a>：位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%BF" title="康马县">康马县</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%A1" title="南尼乡">南尼乡</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="乃宁寺">乃宁寺</a>，2004年由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="西藏自治区人民政府">西藏自治区人民政府</a>立。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关文艺作品"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.96.87.E8.89.BA.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>相关文艺作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：相关文艺作品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="紅河谷 (中國電影)">红河谷</a>（1996年），以这次战争为故事背景的中国电影。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a>》（1890年簽訂）</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BA%8C%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印續約">中英藏印續約</a>》（1893年簽訂）</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="拉薩條約">拉薩條約</a>》（1904年簽訂）</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a>》（1906年簽訂）</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英修訂藏印通商章程">中英修訂藏印通商章程</a>》（1908年簽訂）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用文獻"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>引用文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：引用文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raugh2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raugh2004_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harold E. Raugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA321"><span></span><i>The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History</i><span></span></a>. ABC-CLIO. 2004年: 第321–322,152頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57607-925-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57607-925-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-57607-925-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Harold+E.+Raugh&rft.btitle=The+Victorians+at+War%2C+1815-1914%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+British+Military+History&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-925-6&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC321-322%2C152%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvE_Pa_ZlfsC%26pg%3DPA321&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paget, William Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi/#page/102/mode/1up">Frontier and overseas expeditions from India</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190203184524/https://archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi/#page/102/mode/1up">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. 1907年: 第102頁.（英文）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞78頁-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞78頁_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王家伟; 尼玛坚赞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA78">《中国西藏的历史地位》</a>. 五洲传播出版社. 1997年: 78-79頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80113-303-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80113-303-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80113-303-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%9F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80113-303-8&rft.pages=78-79%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWCa0NSILSsC%26pg%3DPA78&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakabpa2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakabpa2009_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%B9" title="夏格巴·旺秋德丹">Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA673"><span></span><i>One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet</i><span></span></a>. BRILL. 2009年10月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-04-17732-9" title="Special:网络书源/90-04-17732-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 90-04-17732-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Tsepon+Wangchuk+Deden+Shakabpa&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Thousand+Moons%3A+An+Advanced+Political+History+of+Tibet&rft.date=2009-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-04-17732-9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGyrymfDdI0C%26pg%3DPA673&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wangyi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-0"><sup><b>5.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-1"><sup><b>5.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-2"><sup><b>5.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-3"><sup><b>5.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-4"><sup><b>5.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-5"><sup><b>5.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-6"><sup><b>5.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-7"><sup><b>5.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-8"><sup><b>5.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-9"><sup><b>5.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_5-10"><sup><b>5.10</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cctv.com/geography/20050308/100469.shtml">清朝时期：英国两次武装入侵西藏</a>. 环球时报. 2005年3月8日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2024年8月17日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241001025311/https://www.cctv.com/geography/20050308/100469.shtml">存档</a>于2024年10月1日） –通过央视国际.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%9A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%A4%E6%AC%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%83%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctv.com%2Fgeography%2F20050308%2F100469.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French2016_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French2016_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Patrick French. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85NbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT222"><span></span><i>Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer</i><span></span></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2016-06-21. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-101-97335-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-101-97335-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-101-97335-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Patrick+French&rft.btitle=Younghusband%3A+The+Last+Great+Imperial+Adventurer&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-101-97335-6&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85NbDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT222&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">這是國民政府在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="西姆拉會議">西姆拉會議</a>時對藏方代表的開場白之一。見<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="梅爾文·戈爾茨坦">Melvyn C. Goldstein</a>; <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%9D%B0%E4%B8%B9%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%B0" title="阿旺杰丹格列朗杰">Gelek Rimpoche</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3BijVR0dVcC&pg=PA72"><span></span><i>A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State</i><span></span></a>. University of California Press. 1989年: 72頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-06140-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-06140-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-520-06140-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Gelek+Rimpoche&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+1913-1951%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Lamaist+State&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06140-8&rft.pages=72%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3BijVR0dVcC%26pg%3DPA72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 英國對西藏的外交政策及賦予榮赫鵬使團的任務，見<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%89%E7%94%9F" title="黎吉生">Hugh Richardson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601603.us.archive.org/1/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.69479/2015.69479.Tibet-And-Its-History.pdf"><span></span><i>Tibet and Its History</i><span></span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. London: Oxford University Press. 1962年: 82–85頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87773-292-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87773-292-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-87773-292-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Hugh+Richardson&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Its+History&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-292-1&rft.pages=82-85%E9%A0%81&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia601603.us.archive.org%2F1%2Fitems%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.69479%2F2015.69479.Tibet-And-Its-History.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%89%E7%94%9F" title="黎吉生">黎吉生</a>也指出，藏方拒絕為駐藏大臣提供烏拉差役，顯示當時清廷在西藏威望的低落。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF佔堆2014" class="citation">佔堆, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055231/http://www.xzass.org/html/news2409.html">江孜抗英鬥爭110週年->在英國第二次侵藏戰爭中我方的對策</a>, 西藏自治區社會科學院, 2014年5月26日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-31</span>]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xzass.org/html/news2409.html">原始内容</a>存档于2017年11月7日）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C%E6%8A%97%E8%8B%B1%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD110%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4-%3E%E5%9C%A8%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E4%B8%AD%E6%88%91%E6%96%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%96&rft.au=%E4%BD%94%E5%A0%86&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xzass.org%2Fhtml%2Fnews2409.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usis_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usis_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBonAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA90">Infantry Journal</a>. United States Infantry Association. 1905年: 第90頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.btitle=Infantry+Journal&rft.date=1905&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC90%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=United+States+Infantry+Association.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBonAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter Fleming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6l92oqqsfMC&pg=PA98"><span></span><i>Bayonets to Lhasa: The British Invasion of Tibet</i><span></span></a>. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2012-07-03: 第98頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84885-698-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84885-698-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84885-698-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Peter+Fleming&rft.btitle=Bayonets+to+Lhasa%3A+The+British+Invasion+of+Tibet&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-698-1&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC98%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6l92oqqsfMC%26pg%3DPA98&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2015_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsCDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT84"><span></span><i>Duel in the Snows</i><span></span></a>. Hodder & Stoughton. 2015-11-19: 第84頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4736-2754-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4736-2754-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4736-2754-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Charles+Allen&rft.btitle=Duel+in+the+Snows&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4736-2754-3&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC84%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsCDCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arpi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arpi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Claude Arpi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-Lmt7J-vYgC&pg=PA15"><span></span><i>1962 and the McMahon Line Saga</i><span></span></a>. Lancer Publishers. 2013年: 第15頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781935501404" title="Special:网络书源/9781935501404"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781935501404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Claude+Arpi&rft.btitle=1962+and+the+McMahon+Line+Saga&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781935501404&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC15%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-Lmt7J-vYgC%26pg%3DPA15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Perceval Landon, special correspondent for the Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/openingoftibetac00land#page/80/mode/1up"><span></span><i>The opening of Tibet; an account of Lhasa and the country and people of central Tibet and of the progress of the mission sent there by the English government in the year 1903-4</i><span></span></a>. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. 1905年2月: 第80–83頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0030ZRKUA"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B0030ZRKUA</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203193623/https://archive.org/stream/openingoftibetac00land#page/80/mode/1up">存档</a>于2019-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Perceval+Landon%2C+special+correspondent+for+the+Times&rft.btitle=The+opening+of+Tibet%3B+an+account+of+Lhasa+and+the+country+and+people+of+central+Tibet+and+of+the+progress+of+the+mission+sent+there+by+the+English+government+in+the+year+1903-4&rft.date=1905-02&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC80-83%E9%A0%81&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fopeningoftibetac00land%23page%2F80%2Fmode%2F1up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Candler, Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/104/mode/1up/"><span></span><i>The unveiling of Lhasa</i><span></span></a>. 1905年: 104-106頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203193623/https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/104/mode/1up/">存档</a>于2019-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Candler%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+unveiling+of+Lhasa&rft.date=1905&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=104-106%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Funveilingoflhasa00cand%23page%2F104%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office1904-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Office1904_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Great Britain. Foreign Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA129"><span></span><i>East India (Tibet): Papers Relating to Tibet [and Further Papers</i><span></span></a>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1904年: 第129頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Foreign+Office&rft.btitle=East+India+%28Tibet%29%3A+Papers+Relating+to+Tibet+%26%2391%3Band+Further+Papers&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC129%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pgsAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞72頁-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞72頁_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王家伟; 尼玛坚赞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA72">《中国西藏的历史地位》</a>. 五洲传播出版社. 1997年: 第72頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80113-303-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80113-303-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80113-303-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502152911/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA72">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%9F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80113-303-8&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC72%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWCa0NSILSsC%26pg%3DPA72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NXQjHAAACAAJ"><span></span><i>Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa</i><span></span></a>. John Murray. 2004年: 第111–120頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7195-5429-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7195-5429-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7195-5429-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Charles+Allen&rft.btitle=Duel+in+the+Snows%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Younghusband+Mission+to+Lhasa&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5429-2&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC111-120%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXQjHAAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Candler, Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/162/mode/1up/"><span></span><i>The unveiling of Lhasa</i><span></span></a>. 1905年: 162-163頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203193623/https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/162/mode/1up/">存档</a>于2019-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Candler%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+unveiling+of+Lhasa&rft.date=1905&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=162-163%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Funveilingoflhasa00cand%23page%2F162%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zgw-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zgw_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zgw_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zgw_19-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020155/http://www.china.com.cn/ch-xizang/tibet/historical_status/chinese/c0502.html">(二)　英国第二次侵藏战争</a>. 中国网. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/ch-xizang/tibet/historical_status/chinese/c0502.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=%28%E4%BA%8C%29%E3%80%80%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Fch-xizang%2Ftibet%2Fhistorical_status%2Fchinese%2Fc0502.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paget, William Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi#page/95/mode/1up"><span></span><i>Frontier and overseas expeditions from India</i><span></span></a>. 1907年: 第95頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203184524/https://archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi#page/95/mode/1up">存档</a>于2019-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Paget%2C+William+Henry&rft.btitle=Frontier+and+overseas+expeditions+from+India&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC95%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffrontieroverseas04indi%23page%2F95%2Fmode%2F1up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Candler, Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/194/mode/1up/"><span></span><i>The unveiling of Lhasa</i><span></span></a>. 1905年: 194頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203193623/https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand#page/194/mode/1up/">存档</a>于2019-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Candler%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+unveiling+of+Lhasa&rft.date=1905&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=194%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Funveilingoflhasa00cand%23page%2F194%2Fmode%2F1up%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rmw-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rmw_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233447/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/13215/1185294.html">百年沧桑“红河谷”</a>. 人民日报. 2004年10月22日: 第七版. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/13215/1185294.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%A7%E6%A1%91%E2%80%9C%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2004-10-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%89%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com.cn%2FGB%2Fpaper39%2F13215%2F1185294.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waddell1906-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waddell1906_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Laurence Austine Waddell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XZwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA424-IA7"><span></span><i>Lhasa and Its Mysteries: With a Record of the Expedition of 1903-1904</i><span></span></a>. Methuen. 1906年: 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Laurence+Austine+Waddell&rft.btitle=Lhasa+and+Its+Mysteries%3A+With+a+Record+of+the+Expedition+of+1903-1904&rft.date=1906&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Methuen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XZwAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA424-IA7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《拉薩條約》漢文本、英文本</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此為條約第九款。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《中英續訂藏印條約》漢文本、英文本</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spengen2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spengen2000_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wim van Spengen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcnG350Mhm0C&pg=PA117"><span></span><i>Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geo-historical Analysis of Trade and Traders</i><span></span></a>. Routledge. 2000年: 第117頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7103-0592-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7103-0592-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7103-0592-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502160029/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcnG350Mhm0C&pg=PA117">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Wim+van+Spengen&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Border+Worlds%3A+A+Geo-historical+Analysis+of+Trade+and+Traders&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0592-3&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC117%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcnG350Mhm0C%26pg%3DPA117&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dr R. Charles Weller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1611">review of The Great Game, 1856-1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113014239/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1611">存档</a>于2017-11-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Dr+R.+Charles+Weller&rft.btitle=review+of+The+Great+Game%2C+1856-1907%3A+Russo-British+Relations+in+Central+and+East+Asia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F1611&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Timothy Lloyd Myatt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_21_07.pdf"><span></span><i>British, Chinese, and Tibetan Representations of the Mission to Tibet of 1904</i><span></span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (PhD in Tibetan and Himalayan Studies论文). Wolfson College, Oxford University: 220–221頁. 2011年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422072908/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_21_07.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-04-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Timothy+Lloyd+Myatt&rft.date=2011&rft.degree=PhD+in+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Studies&rft.inst=Wolfson+College%2C+Oxford+University&rft.title=British%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Tibetan+Representations+of+the+Mission+to+Tibet+of+1904&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fret%2Fpdf%2Fret_21_07.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections-research/our-research/highlights-of-previous-projects/tibet/research/military-collections-from-the-younghusband-expedition/#footnote4">Military collections from the Younghusband Expedition</a>. National Museums, Scotland. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203635/https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections-research/our-research/highlights-of-previous-projects/tibet/research/military-collections-from-the-younghusband-expedition/#footnote4#footnote4">存档</a>于2017-10-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Military+collections+from+the+Younghusband+Expedition&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museums%2C+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.ac.uk%2Fcollections-research%2Four-research%2Fhighlights-of-previous-projects%2Ftibet%2Fresearch%2Fmilitary-collections-from-the-younghusband-expedition%2F%23footnote4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duckers2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duckers2011_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter Duckers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0CICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88"><span></span><i>British Campaign Medals 1815-1914</i><span></span></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011-10-20: 88–89頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7478-1177-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7478-1177-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7478-1177-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502210757/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0CICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Peter+Duckers&rft.btitle=British+Campaign+Medals+1815-1914&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-1177-0&rft.pages=88-89%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0CICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narbeth2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narbeth2002_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Colin Narbeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6vlQEDyC9MC&pg=PA74"><span></span><i>Collecting Military Medals: A Beginner's Guide</i><span></span></a>. James Clarke. 2002年: 74頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7188-9009-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7188-9009-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7188-9009-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502171220/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6vlQEDyC9MC&pg=PA74">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Colin+Narbeth&rft.btitle=Collecting+Military+Medals%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-9009-4&rft.pages=74%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=James+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6vlQEDyC9MC%26pg%3DPA74&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell1992-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell1992_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles Bell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&pg=PA68"><span></span><i>Tibet Past and Present</i><span></span></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 1992年: 68頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-1048-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-208-1048-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-81-208-1048-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155513/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&pg=PA68">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Charles+Bell&rft.btitle=Tibet+Past+and+Present&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1048-8&rft.pages=68%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7C0I2KRyEUC%26pg%3DPA68&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一手史料"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E6.89.8B.E5.8F.B2.E6.96.99"></span>第一手史料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：第一手史料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" class="extiw" title="s:en:Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>. 1904 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3Aen%3AConvention+Between+Great+Britain+and+China+Respecting+Tibet%7C-%7BR%7CConvention+Between+Great+Britain+and+China+Respecting+Tibet%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgsAAAAYAAJ"><span></span><i>East India (Tibet): Further Papers Relating to Tibet</i><span></span></a>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1904年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Foreign+Office%2C+India&rft.btitle=East+India+%28Tibet%29%3A+Further+Papers+Relating+to+Tibet&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pgsAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Edmund Candler, special correspondent for The Daily Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/unveilingoflhasa00cand"><span></span><i>The unveiling of Lhasa</i><span></span></a>. London: Edward Arnold. 1905年1月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789881909084" title="Special:网络书源/9789881909084"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789881909084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Edmund+Candler%2C+special+correspondent+for+The+Daily+Mail&rft.btitle=The+unveiling+of+Lhasa&rft.date=1905-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789881909084&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Funveilingoflhasa00cand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>中譯本《拉萨真面目》</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Perceval Landon, special correspondent for the Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/openingoftibetac00land"><span></span><i>The opening of Tibet; an account of Lhasa and the country and people of central Tibet and of the progress of the mission sent there by the English government in the year 1903-4</i><span></span></a>. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. 1905年2月. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0030ZRKUA"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B0030ZRKUA</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Perceval+Landon%2C+special+correspondent+for+the+Times&rft.btitle=The+opening+of+Tibet%3B+an+account+of+Lhasa+and+the+country+and+people+of+central+Tibet+and+of+the+progress+of+the+mission+sent+there+by+the+English+government+in+the+year+1903-4&rft.date=1905-02&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fopeningoftibetac00land&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Laurence Austine Waddell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lhasaanditsmyst01waddgoog"><span></span><i>Lhasa and Its mysteries: with a record of the expedition of 1903-1904</i><span></span></a>. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1905年2月.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Laurence+Austine+Waddell&rft.btitle=Lhasa+and+Its+mysteries%3A+with+a+record+of+the+expedition+of+1903-1904&rft.date=1905-02&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flhasaanditsmyst01waddgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span> 中譯本 <cite class="citation journal">華達爾. 陳泉譯. 〈在執行拉薩榮赫鵬使團任務期間蒐集到的藏文手抄本和書籍的情況〉. 《中國藏學》. 2004年, <b>2</b>: 22～29頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E6%A6%AE%E8%B5%AB%E9%B5%AC%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E8%92%90%E9%9B%86%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%92%8C%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E6%B3%81%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%97%8F%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=22%EF%BD%9E29%E9%A0%81&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">C. H. D. Ryder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1776602"><i>Exploration and Survey with the Tibet Frontier Commission, and from Gyangtse to Simla Viâ Gartok</i></a>. The Geographical Journal. 1905年2月,. Vol. 26 (No. 4): 369–391頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1776602"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1776602</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312155134/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776602">存档</a>于2020-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Exploration+and+Survey+with+the+Tibet+Frontier+Commission%2C+and+from+Gyangtse+to+Simla+Vi%C3%A2+Gartok&rft.au=C.+H.+D.+Ryder&rft.date=1905-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=No.+4&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.pages=369-391%E9%A0%81&rft.volume=Vol.+26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1776602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1776602&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Captain Cecil Godfrey Rawling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greatplateaubein00rawl"><span></span><i>The great plateau; being an account of exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, and of the Gartok expedition, 1904-1905</i><span></span></a>. London: Edward Arnold. 1905年11月.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Captain+Cecil+Godfrey+Rawling&rft.btitle=The+great+plateau%3B+being+an+account+of+exploration+in+Central+Tibet%2C+1903%2C+and+of+the+Gartok+expedition%2C+1904-1905&rft.date=1905-11&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgreatplateaubein00rawl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Francis Edward Younghusband. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaandtibet025061mbp"><span></span><i>India and Tibet</i><span></span></a>. Asian Educational Services. 1910年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-206-0846-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-206-0846-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-81-206-0846-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Francis+Edward+Younghusband&rft.btitle=India+and+Tibet&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0846-7&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaandtibet025061mbp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span> 中譯本<cite class="citation book">榮赫鵬. 《英國侵略西藏史》. 孫煦初譯. 上海: 商務印書館. 1934年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E6%A6%AE%E8%B5%AB%E9%B5%AC&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E7%95%A5%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">政協西藏自治區委員會文史資料研究委員會 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVM4AAAAMAAJ">《西藏文史資料選輯》</a> <b>第七冊</b>. 拉薩: 西藏人民出版社. 1985年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/957980642"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 957980642</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%94%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%81%B8%E8%BC%AF%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9&rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVM4AAAAMAAJ&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957980642&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第二手來源"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.BA.8C.E6.89.8B.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>第二手來源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：第二手來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><cite class="citation book">Intelligence Branch, Division of the Chief of the Staff, Army Headquarters, India (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi#page/87/mode/1up"><i>The Tibet Mission, 1903-04</i></a>. <span></span><i>Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India</i><span></span>. Vol. IV North and North-Eastern Frontier Tribes. Government Monotype Press, Simla. 1907年: 第87-99頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=The+Tibet+Mission%2C+1903-04&rft.au=Intelligence+Branch%2C+Division+of+the+Chief+of+the+Staff%2C+Army+Headquarters%2C+India&rft.btitle=Frontier+and+Overseas+Expeditions+from+India&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC87-99%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Government+Monotype+Press%2C+Simla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffrontieroverseas04indi%23page%2F87%2Fmode%2F1up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Parshotam Mehra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1IGAAAAMAAJ"><span></span><i>The Younghusband Expedition: An Interpretation</i><span></span></a>. Asia Publishing House. 1968年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0210270288" title="Special:网络书源/978-0210270288"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0210270288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Parshotam+Mehra&rft.btitle=The+Younghusband+Expedition%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0210270288&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1IGAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF" title="清史稿">清史稿</a>》，中華書局排印本</li> <li>北京大學歷史系等，1963年，《西藏地方歷史資料選輯》，北京：三聯書店</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%85%B6%E9%A9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="譚其驤">譚其驤</a>等，1974年，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="中國歷史地圖集">中國歷史地圖集</a>》，北京：中國地圖出版社，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787503118449" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9787503118449</a></li> <li>西藏研究編輯部編輯，1982年，《清實錄藏族史料》，拉薩：西藏人民出版社</li> <li><cite class="citation book">孫子和. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJpLDNfqFpsC&pg=PT20">《西藏硏究論集》</a>. 臺灣商務印書館. 1989年: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-05-0007-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-05-0007-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-05-0007-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E5%AD%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%92%8C&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-05-0007-3&rft.pages=1-24&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJpLDNfqFpsC%26pg%3DPT20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%AD%A3%E6%B8%85" title="費正清">費正清</a>、劉廣京編，中国社会科学院历史研究编译所译，1993年，《剑桥中国晚清史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7500407661" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7500407661</a></li> <li>恰白·次旦平措、諾章·吳堅、平措次仁，2000年，《西藏通史簡編》，北京：五洲傳播出版社</li> <li>陳慶英、高淑芬主編，2003年，《西藏通史》，鄭州：中州古籍出版社</li> <li>车明怀，《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historychina.net/qsyj/ztyj/bjmz/2007-01-23/25334.shtml">简析江孜抗英斗争前后历任驻藏大臣的心态</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200312155134/http://www.historychina.net/qsyj/ztyj/bjmz/2007-01-23/25334.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）》，載於《中國藏學》2004年第4期</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_of_Jurists1959" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf">The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1959 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204122439/http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-12-04）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Tibet+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=International+Commission+of+Jurists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1959%2F01%2FTibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2004" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Allen_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Allen (writer)（页面不存在）">Allen, Charles</a>, Duel in the Snows, John Murray Press, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7195-5427-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-7195-5427-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7195-5427-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Duel+in+the+Snows&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7195-5427-6&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015" class="citation">Allen, Charles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0aCgAAQBAJ">Duel in the Snows</a>, John Murray Press, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4736-2754-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4736-2754-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4736-2754-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Duel+in+the+Snows&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4736-2754-3&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4A0aCgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Tibet_Past_and_Present1924" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Alfred_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Alfred Bell（页面不存在）">Bell, Charles</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167531">Tibet Past and Present</a> First, Oxford University Press, 1924</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.btitle=Tibet+Past+and+Present&rft.date=1924&rft.edition=First&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.167531&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Candler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Candler（页面不存在）">Candler, Edmund</a> (1905) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00canduoft"><i>The Unveiling of Lhasa</i></a>. New York; London: Longmans, Green, & Co; E. Arnold</li> <li>Carrington, Michael (2003) "Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: the looting of monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet", in: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Asian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Asian Studies（页面不存在）">Modern Asian Studies</a></i>; 37, 1 (2003), pp. 81–109</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFleming,_Bayonets_to_Lhasa1961" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Fleming_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Fleming (writer)（页面不存在）">Fleming, Peter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bayonetstolhasaf00flem">Bayonets to Lhasa: The First Full Account of the British Invasion of Tibet in 1904</a>, R. Hart-Davis, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-91-30-03829-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-91-30-03829-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-91-30-03829-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.btitle=Bayonets+to+Lhasa%3A+The+First+Full+Account+of+the+British+Invasion+of+Tibet+in+1904&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-91-30-03829-9&rft.pub=R.+Hart-Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbayonetstolhasaf00flem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick French（页面不存在）">French, Patrick</a> (1994) <i>Younghusband: the Last Great Imperial Adventurer</i>. London: HarperCollins. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-00-637601-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-00-637601-0">0-00-637601-0</a>.</li> <li>Herbert, Edwin (2003) <i>Small Wars and Skirmishes, 1902-18: early twentieth-century colonial campaigns in Africa, Asia, and the Americas</i>. Nottingham: Foundry Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-901543-05-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-901543-05-6">1-901543-05-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopkirk,_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopkirk, Peter（页面不存在）">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1990) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Game:_On_Secret_Service_in_High_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia（页面不存在）">The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia</a></i>. London: Murray (Reprinted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodansha_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodansha International（页面不存在）">Kodansha International</a>, New York, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-56836-022-3" title="Special:网络书源/1-56836-022-3">1-56836-022-3</a>; as: <i>The Great Game: the struggle for empire in central Asia</i>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLamb,_Tibet,_China_&_India1989" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alastair_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alastair Lamb（页面不存在）">Lamb, Alastair</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ">Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: A history of imperial diplomacy</a>, Roxford Books, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780907129035" title="Special:网络书源/9780907129035"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780907129035</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+China+%26+India%2C+1914-1950%3A+A+history+of+imperial+diplomacy&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780907129035&rft.pub=Roxford+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNm5wAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>McKay, Alex (1997). <i>Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre 1904–1947</i>. London: Curzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7007-0627-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-7007-0627-5">0-7007-0627-5</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_History_of_Tibet,_Vol._32003" class="citation">McKay, Alex, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol3alexmckay_373_j">History of Tibet, Volume 3: The Encounter with Modernity: c.1895-1959</a>, Routledge, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-30844-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-30844-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-30844-5</a> –通过archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.btitle=History+of+Tibet%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Encounter+with+Modernity%3A+c.1895-1959&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-30844-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthehistoryoftibetvol3alexmckay_373_j&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974" class="citation">Mehra, Parshotam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4cnAQAAMAAJ">The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47</a>, Macmillan, 1974, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780333157374" title="Special:网络书源/9780333157374"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780333157374</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.btitle=The+McMahon+Line+and+After%3A+A+Study+of+the+Triangular+Contest+on+India%27s+North-eastern+Frontier+Between+Britain%2C+China+and+Tibet%2C+1904-47&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780333157374&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4cnAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_The_North-eastern_Frontier,_Vol._11979" class="citation">Mehra, Parshotam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsUKAQAAIAAJ">The North-eastern Frontier, Vol. 1: 1906-14</a>, Oxford University Press, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-561158-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-561158-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-561158-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.btitle=The+North-eastern+Frontier%2C+Vol.+1%3A+1906-14&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561158-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsUKAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_The_North-eastern_Frontier,_Vol._21980" class="citation">Mehra, Parshotam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMYKAQAAIAAJ">The North-eastern Frontier, Vol. 2: 1914-54</a>, Oxford University Press, 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.btitle=The+North-eastern+Frontier%2C+Vol.+2%3A+1914-54&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMYKAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_Britain_and_Tibet2016" class="citation journal">Mehra, Parshotam. Britain and Tibet: From the Eighteenth Century to the Transfer of Power. Indian Historical Review. 2016, <b>34</b> (1): 270–282. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141011277"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 141011277</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F037698360703400111"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/037698360703400111</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Britain+and+Tibet%3A+From+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Transfer+of+Power&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.pages=270-282&rft.volume=34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141011277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F037698360703400111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPowers_&_Holzinger,_History_as_Propaganda2004" class="citation">Powers, John; Holzinger, Lutz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVaq8EMXZcC">History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles Versus the People's Republic of China</a>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-517426-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-517426-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-517426-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Holzinger%2C+Lutz&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.btitle=History+as+Propaganda%3A+Tibetan+Exiles+Versus+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517426-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AVaq8EMXZcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Journeys_to_Empire2009" class="citation">Stewart, Gordon T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHDEKWT5VYC">Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-73568-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-73568-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-73568-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Gordon+T.&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.btitle=Journeys+to+Empire%3A+Enlightenment%2C+Imperialism%2C+and+the+British+Encounter+with+Tibet%2C+1774-1904&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73568-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zHDEKWT5VYC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh (编). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tibet" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibet">Tibet</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> <b>12</b> (第11版). London: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="劍橋大學出版社">Cambridge University Press</a>: 916–928. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Tibet&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=%28%E7%AC%AC11%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=916-928&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝歷史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战">努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8B%92%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="古勒山之战">古勒山之战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%8E" title="費阿拉城">建造费阿拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E8%B5%AB" title="葉赫">击败叶赫部</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1862%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三角黄龙旗"><img alt="三角黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="黄龙旗"><img alt="黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">吞并海西女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">征服野人女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">创制八旗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91)" title="天命 (后金)">天命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金">後金建國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清朝开国战争">立國戰事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%A8" title="七大恨">七大恨誓师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="撫清之戰">抚清之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾滸之戰">薩爾滸之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E8%BF%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宁远之战">宁远之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%81%E6%8E%88%E7%94%B0" title="计丁授田">计丁授田</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA" title="天聪">天聪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92" title="四大贝勒">四大贝勒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%96%84" title="代善">代善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%95%8F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="阿敏 (清朝)">阿敏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="莽古爾泰">莽古爾泰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="天聪新政">天聪新政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丁卯戰爭"><span style="color:green;">入侵朝鲜</span></a></li> <li>三王归顺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7" title="孔有德">孔有德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C" title="尚可喜">尚可喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" title="耿仲明">耿仲明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%A1%9E" title="清兵入塞">清兵入塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="后金征服察哈尔">征服察哈尔</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2" title="理藩院">蒙古衙門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%9B%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清代蒙古盟部旗列表">编设盟旗</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81#建立大清" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太极">皇太极称帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="議政王大臣會議">議政王大臣會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%AD%90%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丙子戰爭"><span style="color:green;">再侵朝鲜</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%91%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="丁丑下城">丁丑下城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E9%8C%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="松錦之戰">松錦之戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB" title="顺治">顺治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞攝政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E7%9F%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="一片石之战">清軍入關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5" title="扬州十日">扬州十日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A0" title="嘉定三屠">嘉定三屠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%98%B4%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" title="江阴八十一日">江阴八十一日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E8%9C%80" title="屠蜀">屠蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AF%85%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%AB" title="庚寅之劫">庚寅之劫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%9F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="綠營 (清朝)">綠營</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E6%A1%88" title="通海案">通海案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%8A%E6%94%BF" title="清初六大弊政">清初六大弊政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0" title="圈地">圈地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D" title="剃髮易服">剃发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%85" title="投充">投充</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" title="逃人法">逃人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="柳條邊">禁关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="明末清初屠殺事件">屠城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%8B%E4%BE%8B" title="大清律例">大清律例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B4%87%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="首崇满洲">首崇满洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="滿城">滿城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%95%86" title="皇商">皇商</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%8F%AF%E6%A1%88" title="函可案">函可案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%8D%B7%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="清荷聯軍">清荷聯軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%BB%A8%E7%88%AD" title="南北黨爭">南北黨爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%B4%E6%A1%88" title="丁酉科場案">丁酉科場案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AD%E5%BA%99%E6%A1%88" title="哭庙案">哭庙案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%BC%82%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="丁未漂人事件">丁未漂人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%BE%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="康乾盛世">康雍乾盛世</a></li> <li>四大臣辅政 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="索尼 (清朝)">索尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8F%E5%BF%85%E9%9A%86" title="遏必隆">遏必隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%8C%E6%8B%9C" title="鳌拜">鳌拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88" title="蘇克薩哈">蘇克薩哈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%8F%E9%8A%B7%E6%A1%88" title="江南奏銷案">江南奏銷案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%8E%86%E7%8B%B1" title="康熙历狱">康熙历狱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="雅克萨战役"><span style="color:green;">雅克萨战役</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">《尼布楚條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E5%9B%A2" title="东正教北京传道团">俄罗斯馆</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8D%84" title="文字獄">文字獄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%BB%B7%E9%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%88" title="莊廷鑨明史案">莊廷鑨明史案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%A1%88" title="南山案">南山案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱">三藩之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="南書房">南書房</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="澎湖海战">施琅攻台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%9B%9F" title="多倫諾爾會盟">多倫諾爾會盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%83%E9%80%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="烏蘭布通之戰"><span style="color:green;">烏蘭布通之戰</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="昭莫多之战"><span style="color:green;">昭莫多之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B0%94%E5%96%80%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="喀尔喀蒙古族">喀尔喀蒙古</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="康熙帝南巡">康熙帝南巡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">康熙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="康熙字典">《康熙字典》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="清朝征服西藏"><span style="color:green;">驱准保藏</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BC%E4%BB%AA%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="中国礼仪之争">礼仪之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%84" title="弟子规">《弟子规》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="朱一貴事件">朱一貴之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%BA%E5%AB%A1" title="九子夺嫡">九子夺嫡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">世宗改制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%8D%9C%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%B4%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="清朝平定罗卜藏丹津之乱">羅卜藏丹津之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="和通泊之战"><span style="color:green;">和通泊之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%BE%E5%AF%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="光显寺之战"><span style="color:green;">光显寺之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%92%E6%B5%81" title="改土归流">改土归流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B4%84" title="恰克圖界約">《恰克圖界約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%97%E7%BE%A1%E6%AD%B8%E5%85%AC" title="耗羡歸公">火耗歸公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機處">軍機處</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%A4%E4%B8%81%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="攤丁入地">攤丁入地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%85%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%93%E5%B7%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%AE" title="官绅一体当差纳粮">官绅一体当差纳粮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%91%BA" title="密摺">密摺制度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="骨宗事件">骨宗事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%99%E9%80%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="水沙連之役">水沙連之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B2%E8%A5%BF%E7%A4%BE%E6%8A%97%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="大甲西社抗清事件">大甲西社抗清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">古州苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="八旗生计">八旗生计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BA%E6%97%97" title="汉军出旗">汉军出旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="大小金川之役">大小金川之役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="大金川之戰">大金川之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="第二次金川之戰">第二次金川之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="乾隆帝南巡">乾隆帝南巡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81" title="海禁">鎖國政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E4%BB%BB%E8%BE%89" title="洪任辉"><span style="color:green;">洪任辉事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86" title="一口通商">一口通商</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="準噶爾之役"><span style="color:green;">準噶爾之役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="大小和卓之亂">大小和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清缅战争"><span style="color:green;">清缅战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="四庫全書">《四庫全書》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E9%A9%9B%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="撤驛之變">撤驛之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%AF%E6%A1%88" title="字贯案">字贯案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E5%86%92%E8%B3%91%E6%A1%88" title="甘肅冒賑案">甘肅冒賑案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇四十三起義">蘇四十三起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%88%BD%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="林爽文事件">林爽文起义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E9%97%A8" title="洪门">天地會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A4%E5%98%89%E8%8E%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="篤嘉莊之戰">篤嘉莊之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="清軍入越戰爭"><span style="color:green;">清軍入越戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役"><span style="color:green;">廓爾喀侵藏戰爭</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">《西藏善後章程》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">《欽定藏內善後章程》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9F" title="十全武功">十全武功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E7%BD%AA%E9%8A%80" title="議罪銀">議罪銀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98" title="馬戛爾尼使團">馬戛爾尼使團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89_(1795%E2%80%931806%E5%B9%B4)" title="苗民起义 (1795–1806年)">乾嘉苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86" title="嘉庆">嘉庆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%A5%9A%E6%95%99%E4%B9%B1" title="川楚教乱">川楚教乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">嘉庆</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳德 (清朝)">神武门遇刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91" title="尤里·亚历山德罗夫·戈洛夫金">戈洛夫金使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A0%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" title="英国图占澳门"><span style="color:green;">英国图占澳门</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%9C%E6%A1%88" title="黄亚胜案"><span style="color:green;">黄亚胜案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E9%85%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="癸酉之变">癸酉之变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="天理教 (中国)">天理教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9C%E7%89%99%E5%A2%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="孜牙墩事件">孜牙墩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E4%BD%BF%E5%9B%A2" title="阿美士德使团">阿美士德使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B0%E4%B8%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%A1%88" title="嘉慶兵部大印丟失案">兵部大印丟失案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="張格爾之亂">張格爾之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%81%93%E4%B8%AD%E8%A1%B0" title="嘉道中衰">嘉道中衰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89" title="道光">道光</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%8D%91" title="律勞卑"><span style="color:green;">律勞卑事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第一次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%AD%E5%96%9C%E6%A1%88" title="林維喜案">林維喜案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="穿鼻之战"><span style="color:green;">穿鼻之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%84" title="穿鼻草約">《穿鼻草約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第一次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第一次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第二次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第二次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1841%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇海之战 (1841年)"><span style="color:green;">镇海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E6%B5%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="乍浦之战"><span style="color:green;">乍浦之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%B7%9E%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="吴淞战役"><span style="color:green;">吴淞战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1842%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇江之战 (1842年)"><span style="color:green;">镇江之战</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不平等条约">不平等条约</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="广州和约">广州和约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%BB%88%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="望廈條約">望廈條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="黄埔条约">黄埔条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英五口通商章程">五口通商章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="虎门条约">虎门条约</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="森巴戰爭"><span style="color:green;">西藏森巴戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七和卓之亂">七和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0" title="咸丰">咸丰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AC%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="天京之變">天京之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%BB%E5%86%9B" title="捻军">捻军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%B5%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="广东洪兵起义">广东洪兵起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%80%E4%BC%9A" title="小刀会">小刀会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%83" title="团练">团练武装</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%8B%87" title="楚勇">楚军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">苗民起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD" title="大成国">大成国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大洪国">大洪国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1855%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941856%E5%B9%B4)" title="廓藏戰爭 (1855年—1856年)"><span style="color:green;">廓藏戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔城贸易圈事件"><span style="color:green;">塔城贸易圈事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%AE%9D%E9%92%9E%E6%A1%88" title="户部宝钞案">户部宝钞案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%8D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%9C%BA%E6%A1%88" title="戊午科场案">戊午科场案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98" title="云南回变">云南回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="璦琿條約">《璦琿條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第二次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%96" title="马赖"><span style="color:green;">廣西教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="亞羅號事件"><span style="color:green;">亞羅號事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="廣州城戰役"><span style="color:green;">廣州城戰役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E5%8F%A3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="大沽口战役"><span style="color:green;">大沽口战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%AD" title="圆明园">火烧圆明园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约">《天津條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">《北京條約》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%81%93" title="咸丰黄河大改道">咸丰黄河大改道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="辛酉政变">辛酉政变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="顧命八大臣">顧命八大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%AE%AE%E8%81%BD%E6%94%BF" title="兩宮聽政">兩宮聽政</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4" title="同光中兴">同光中兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%BD%AE%E6%98%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="戴潮春事件">戴潮春事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治陕甘回乱">陕甘回变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E7%A0%8D%E7%AB%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="圣山砍竹事件">圣山砍竹事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%BB%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="秦家滩事件">秦家滩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0" title="左宗棠">左宗棠入陕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B" title="马家军">马家军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治新疆回乱">新疆回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%98%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="海防与塞防之争">海防与塞防之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E8%85%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="樟腦戰爭"><span style="color:green;">樟腦戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="天津教案"><span style="color:green;">天津教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">庚午洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%88" title="刺馬案">刺馬案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%99%E7%BE%8E%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5" title="中国留美幼童">中国留美幼童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5" title="申报">《申報》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%B9%83%E6%AD%A6%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E6%A1%88" title="楊乃武與小白菜案">楊乃武與小白菜案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%98%89%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="馬嘉理事件"><span style="color:green;">馬嘉理事件</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="烟台条约">烟台条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="左宗棠收复新疆">左宗棠收复新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="伊犁危機"><span style="color:green;">伊犁危機</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后專政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃新疆省">新疆置省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="清朝新式海軍">新式海军</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争"><span style="color:green;">中法战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="交趾支那遠征"><span style="color:green;">交趾支那遠征</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" title="中法新约">《中法新約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81" title="福建臺灣省">臺灣建省</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件"><span style="color:green;">长崎事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">郑州河决</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="甲午战争"><span style="color:green;">甲午战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">《馬關條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">《中俄密約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国通商银行">通商银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭"><span style="color:green;">乙未割讓台灣</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A" title="兴中会">兴中会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BB%8D" title="新軍">新軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AD%A6%E5%86%9B" title="定武军">定武军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國"><span style="color:green;">瓜分风潮</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B6%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="門戶開放">门户开放</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="曹州教案"><span style="color:green;">曹州教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%BB%BA%E5%82%A8" title="己亥建储">己亥建储</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动"><span style="color:green;">庚子国变</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役"><span style="color:green;">八国联军</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%92%E4%BF%9D" title="東南互保">東南互保</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%84%E9%9A%BE" title="庚子俄难"><span style="color:green;">庚子俄难</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">光绪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%B8%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="辛丑条约">《辛丑條約》</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E8%B5%94%E6%AC%BE" title="庚子赔款">庚子赔款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="清末新政">清末新政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">廢科舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%BD%BF%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="出使各国考察政治大臣">五大臣出使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="北洋軍">北洋新軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="交通銀行">交通銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="立憲運動">立憲運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="资政院">资政院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E5%B1%80" title="諮議局">諮議局</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:green;">英國侵藏</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約"><span style="color:green;">《中英續訂藏印條約》</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="巴塘事变"><span style="color:green;">巴塘事变</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="中国同盟会">中国同盟会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="黃花崗起義">黃花崗起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争"><span style="color:green;">日俄战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%86%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="安庆起义">安庆起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%94%BF%E6%BD%AE" title="丁未政潮">丁未政潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%B7%E6%84%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="国会请愿运动">国会请愿运动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宣统">宣统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="川軍入藏">川軍入藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="慶親王內閣">皇族內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="保路运动">保路运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义">武昌起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A6%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="滦州兵变">滦州兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="外蒙古独立">外蒙古独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941913%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民國臨時政府 (1912年—1913年)">中華民國臨時政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E7%A4%BE%E5%85%9A" title="宗社党">宗社党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%A4%E5%84%AA%E5%BE%85%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6" title="清室優待條件">《清室優待條件》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="宣統帝退位詔書">清帝退位</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">遜清皇室小朝廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%8B%8B%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="张勋复辟">张勋复辟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="甲子兵变">甲子兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="逊清皇室流亡小朝廷">流亡小朝廷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B2" title="專門史">專門史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">历史</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="清朝政治">政治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B" title="清军">军事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="清朝外交">外交</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">经济</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝文化（页面不存在）">文化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝科技（页面不存在）">科技</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝君主列表">君主</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">區劃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>【说明：<span style="color:green;">绿色</span>为与外國人有关冲突事件】<div style="background-color:#8B2323;font-weight:bold;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表"><span style="color:white">中國歷史事件</span></a></div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:秦朝歷史事件">秦朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:漢朝歷史事件">漢朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:三國歷史事件">三國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:晉朝歷史事件">晉朝</a>／<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五胡十六國歷史事件">十六國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:南北朝歷史事件">南北朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:隋朝歷史事件">隋朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:唐朝歷史事件">唐朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五代十國歷史事件">五代十國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:宋朝歷史事件">宋朝</a>／<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%A4%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:遼金夏歷史事件">遼金夏</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:元朝歷史事件">元朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:明朝歷史事件">明朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <b>清朝</b> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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