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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%B5" title="መስከት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስከት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="مسقط (عمان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسقط (عمان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascat" title="Mascat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mascat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Մասքաթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մասքաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="मस्कट – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मस्कट" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F" title="মাস্কাট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাস্কাট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་སི་ཁ་ཁྲི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་སི་ཁ་ཁྲི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="मस्कट – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मस्कट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqa%C5%A3" title="Masqaţ – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Masqaţ" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Μουσκάτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσκάτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskato" title="Maskato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maskato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="무스카트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무스카트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Մասկատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասկատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4" title="मस्क़त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मस्क़त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAskat_(borg)" title="Múskat (borg) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múskat (borg)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%98" title="מסקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಸ್ಕಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಸ್ಕಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მასკატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასკატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascat" title="Mascat – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mascat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascatum" title="Mascatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mascatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskata" title="Maskata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maskata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskatas" title="Maskatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musc%C3%A0t" title="Muscàt – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Muscàt" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszkat" title="Maszkat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maszkat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मस्कट, ओमान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मस्कट, ओमान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മസ്കറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസ്കറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4" title="मस्कत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मस्कत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მასკატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მასკატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मस्कट, ओमान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्कट, ओमान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="マスカット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスカット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskaat" title="Muskaat – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Muskaat" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat_(Oman)" title="Muskat (Oman) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muskat (Oman)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮਸਕ਼ਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਸਕ਼ਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate" title="Mascate – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mascate" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" title="Muscat, Oman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muscat, Oman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat_(mesto)" title="Maskat (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maskat (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AA" title="مەسقەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەسقەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="மஸ்கத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஸ்கத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqa%E1%B9%AD" title="Masqaṭ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Masqaṭ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="మస్కట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మస్కట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="มัสกัต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัสกัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Масқат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Масқат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маскат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маскат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="مسقط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسقط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مۇسكات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇسكات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Maskat" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4skat" title="Mäskat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mäskat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="马斯喀特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马斯喀特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Muscat" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="馬斯喀特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬斯喀特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat" title="Masqat – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Masqat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="马斯喀特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马斯喀特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat" title="Muskat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Muskat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muscat&params=23_35_20_N_58_24_30_E_region:OM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°35′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">58°24′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.58889°N 58.40833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.58889; 58.40833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Oman</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Oman. For the grape, see <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat (grape)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muscat (disambiguation)">Muscat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and Metropolis in Muscat Governorate, Oman</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Muscat</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسْقَط</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oman" title="List of cities in Oman">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg/288px-Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg/432px-Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg/576px-Sultan_Qaboos_Street_in_Muscat_2019-11-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4926" data-file-height="3284" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Route_1_(Oman)" title="Route 1 (Oman)">Sultan Qaboos Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Alam_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al_Alam_Palace.jpg/127px-Al_Alam_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al_Alam_Palace.jpg/191px-Al_Alam_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Al_Alam_Palace.jpg/254px-Al_Alam_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al_Alam_Palace" title="Al Alam Palace">Al Alam Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg/157px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg/236px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg/314px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_RB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3205" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_house_Muscat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Opera_house_Muscat.jpg/156px-Opera_house_Muscat.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Opera_house_Muscat.jpg/234px-Opera_house_Muscat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Opera_house_Muscat.jpg/312px-Opera_house_Muscat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House_Muscat" title="Royal Opera House Muscat">Royal Opera House Muscat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg/128px-Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg/192px-Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg/256px-Old_city_of_Maskat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Old_Muscat" title="Old Muscat">Old Muscat</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:73px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg/288px-N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg/432px-N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg/576px-N%C3%A1b%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Matry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8372" data-file-height="2132" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Muscat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Muscat"><img alt="Coat of arms of Muscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emblem_of_Muscat.png/93px-Emblem_of_Muscat.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emblem_of_Muscat.png/139px-Emblem_of_Muscat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emblem_of_Muscat.png/186px-Emblem_of_Muscat.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="365" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Pearl of Arabia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscat is located in Oman"><img alt="Muscat is located in Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oman_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Oman_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oman_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Oman_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oman_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Oman_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.813%;left:79.618%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Muscat"><img alt="Muscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Muscat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Muscat in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Oman</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscat is located in Asia"><img alt="Muscat is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.91%;left:19.366%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Muscat"><img alt="Muscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Muscat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Muscat (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muscat&params=23_35_20_N_58_24_30_E_region:OM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°35′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">58°24′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.58889°N 58.40833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.58889; 58.40833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Oman" title="Governorates of Oman">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman" title="Sultan of Oman">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitham bin Tariq Al Said">Haitham bin Tariq Al Said</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,797 km<sup>2</sup> (1,466 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,720,000 (urban area)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 31,409 (Old Muscat Wilayat)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">491/km<sup>2</sup> (1,270/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,720,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4">UTC+4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Standard Time">GST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mm.gov.om/Default.aspx">mm.gov.om</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muscat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسْقَط</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>Masqaṭ</i></i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmasqatˤ]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> and most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(governorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (governorate)">Governorate of Muscat</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information" title="National Centre for Statistics and Information">National Centre for Statistics and Information</a> (NCSI), the population of the Muscat Governorate in 2022 was 1.72 million.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsi.gov.om_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsi.gov.om-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metropolitan area includes six <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Oman" title="Provinces of Oman">provinces</a>, called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wilayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat">wilayats</a></i></span>, and spans approximately 3,500 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest city by area on the Arabian Peninsula.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Known since the early 1st century CE as a leading port for trade between the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">west</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">east</a>, Muscat was ruled successively by various indigenous tribes, as well as by foreign powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the 18th century, Muscat was a regional military power: its influence extended as far as <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>. As an important port town in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, Muscat attracted foreign traders and settlers such as the Persians, the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>. Beginning in 1970, after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of Oman, Muscat experienced rapid infrastructural development; it developed a vibrant economy and became a multi-ethnic society. The <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> classifies Muscat as a Beta-level <a href="/wiki/Global_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Global City">Global City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a> dominate the view from Muscat. The city lies on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, along the Gulf of Oman, near the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Hormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Hormuz">Straits of Hormuz</a>. Low-lying white buildings are a typical feature of its architecture. The city's <a href="/wiki/Mina_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Qaboos">port district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Corniche" title="Corniche">corniche</a> and harbour, are at the north-eastern edge of the city. Muscat's economy is dominated by trade, petroleum, liquified natural gas and porting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i>Map of Arabia</i> identifies the territories of <i>Cryptus Portus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_1844,_p.231_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_1844,_p.231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Moscha Portus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars are divided in opinion on which of the two is related to the city of <i>Muscat</i>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrianus</a> references <i>Omana</i> and <i>Moscha</i> in <i>Voyage of Nearchus</i>. Interpretations of Arrianus' work by <a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_(priest)" title="William Vincent (priest)">William Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville">Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville</a> conclude that <i>Omana</i> was a reference to <i>Oman</i>, while <i>Moscha</i> referred to <i>Muscat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, other scholars identify <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s reference to <i>Amithoscuta</i> to be <i>Muscat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_1844,_p.231_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_1844,_p.231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the word <i>Muscat</i> is disputed. Some authors claim that the word has <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> origins – from <i>moscha</i>, meaning an <i>inflated hide</i> or <i>skin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors claim that the name <i>Muscat</i> means <i><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_(shipping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage (shipping)">anchorage</a></i> or <i>the place of "letting fall the anchor"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other derivations include <i>muscat</i> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, meaning <i>strong-scented</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, meaning <i>falling-place</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>hidden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cryptus Portus</i> is synonymous with Oman ("hidden land"). But "Ov-man" (Omman), and the old Sumerian name <i>Magan (Maa-kan)</i>, means sea-people in Arabic. An inhabitant is a <i>Muscatter</i>, <i>Muscatian</i>, <i>Muscatite</i> or <i>Muscatan</i>. In 1793 AD the capital was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Rustaq" title="Rustaq">Rustaq</a> to Muscat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Muscat" title="Timeline of Muscat">Timeline of Muscat</a>.</div> <p>Evidence of communal activity in the area around Muscat dates back to the 6th millennium BC in Ras al-Hamra, where burial sites of fishermen have been found. The graves appear to be well formed and indicate the existence of burial rituals. South of Muscat, remnants of <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> pottery indicate some level of contact with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscat's notability as a port was acknowledged as early as the 1st century AD by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, who referred to it as <i>Cryptus Portus</i> (the <i>Hidden Port</i>), and by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, who called it <i>Amithoscuta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The port fell to a <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> invasion in the 3rd century AD, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while conversion to Islam occurred during the 7th century. Muscat's importance as a trading port continued to grow in the centuries that followed, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd dynasty</a>, a local tribe. The establishment of the First <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a> in the 9th century was the first step in consolidating disparate Omani tribal factions under the banner of an <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> state. However, tribal skirmishes continued, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to conquer Oman. The Abbasids occupied the region until the 11th century, when they were driven out by the local Yahmad tribe. Power over Oman shifted from the Yahmad tribe to the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azdi</a> Nabahinah clan, during whose rule, the people of coastal ports such as Muscat prospered from maritime trade and close alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, at the cost of the alienation of the people of the interior of Oman. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> sailed to Muscat in 1507, in an attempt to establish trade relations. As he approached the harbour, his ships were fired on. He then decided to conquer Muscat. Most of the city burned to the ground during and after the fighting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png/250px-MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png/375px-MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png/500px-MASCATE_Ant%C3%B3nio_Bocarro.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Muscat (Mascate) Portuguese Fortress in the 17th century. António Bocarro Book of Fortress.</figcaption></figure><p> The Portuguese maintained a hold on Muscat for over a century, despite challenges from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and a bombardment of the town by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks twice captured Muscat from the Portuguese, in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">Capture of Muscat (1552)</a> and 1581–88. The election of <a href="/wiki/Nasir_bin_Murshid" title="Nasir bin Murshid">Nasir bin Murshid Al-Ya'rubi</a> as Imam of Oman in 1624 changed the balance of power again in the region, from the Persians and the Portuguese to local Omanis. Among the most important castles and forts in Muscat, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jalali_Fort" title="Al Jalali Fort">Al Jalali Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Mirani_Fort" title="Al-Mirani Fort">Al-Mirani Fort</a> are the most prominent buildings left by the Portuguese. On August 16, 1648, the Imam dispatched an army to Muscat, which captured and demolished the high towers of the Portuguese, weakening their grip over the town. Decisively, in 1650, a small but determined body of the Imam's troops attacked the port at night, forcing an eventual Portuguese surrender on January 23, 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A civil war and repeated incursions by the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> in the 18th century destabilised the region, and further strained relations between the interior and Muscat. This power vacuum in Oman led to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Sa%27id_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bu Sa'id Dynasty">Al Bu Sa‘id dynasty</a>, which has ruled Oman ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Muscat is a large and very populous town, flanked on both sides with high mountains and the front is close to the water's edge; behind, towards the interior, there is a plain as large as the square of Lisbon, all covered with salt pans. [T]here are orchards, gardens, and palm groves with wells for watering them by means of swipes and other engines. The harbour is small, shaped like a horse-shoe and sheltered from every wind." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, after the fall of Muscat, in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_1997,_p.147_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles_1997,_p.147-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></div> </div> <p>Muscat's naval and military supremacy was re-established in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a>, who signed a treaty with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s representative <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a> on September 21, 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained control over <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, in 1840 Said moved his capital to <a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stone Town</a>, the ancient quarter of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_City" title="Zanzibar City">Zanzibar City</a>; however, after his death in 1856, control over Zanzibar was lost when it became an independent sultanate under his sixth son, <a href="/wiki/Majid_bin_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Majid bin Said">Majid bin Said</a> (1834/5–1870), while the third son, <a href="/wiki/Thuwaini_bin_Said" title="Thuwaini bin Said">Thuwaini bin Said</a>, became the Sultan of Oman. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Persian_problem;_an_examination_of_the_rival_positions_of_Russia_and_Great_Britain_in_Persia,_with_some_account_of_the_Persian_gulf_and_the_Bagdad_railway_(1903)_(14577292147)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Persian_problem%3B_an_examination_of_the_rival_positions_of_Russia_and_Great_Britain_in_Persia%2C_with_some_account_of_the_Persian_gulf_and_the_Bagdad_railway_%281903%29_%2814577292147%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/370px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Persian_problem%3B_an_examination_of_the_rival_positions_of_Russia_and_Great_Britain_in_Persia%2C_with_some_account_of_the_Persian_gulf_and_the_Bagdad_railway_%281903%29_%2814577292147%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/555px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Persian_problem%3B_an_examination_of_the_rival_positions_of_Russia_and_Great_Britain_in_Persia%2C_with_some_account_of_the_Persian_gulf_and_the_Bagdad_railway_%281903%29_%2814577292147%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/740px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>A view of Muscat, ca. 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 19th century, a large Hindu merchant community in the port city dominated its commercial life. It is argued that their settlement at least since the fifteenth century; one of the reasons is that the Portuguese relied heavily on them to secure a trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf area. The <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> were amongst the first during this era, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_people" title="Kutchi people">Kutchis</a>. The merchant community played an important role in expelling the Europeans in 1650. They were not affected by civil war that established the <a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Sa%27id_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bu Sa'id Dynasty">Al Bu Sa‘id dynasty</a> and continued to prosper under <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Said_al-Busaidi" title="Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi">Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi</a>. Important trade existed between the city and <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a>, expanding to other parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscat_harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Muscat_harbor.jpg/220px-Muscat_harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Muscat_harbor.jpg/330px-Muscat_harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Muscat_harbor.jpg/440px-Muscat_harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Muscat harbour, ca. 1903. Visible in the background is <a href="/wiki/Fort_Al_Jalali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Al Jalali">Fort Al Jalali</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the second half of the 19th century, the fortunes of the Al Bu Sa‘id declined and friction with the Imams of the interior resurfaced. Muscat and <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a> were attacked by tribes from the interior in 1895 and again in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tentative ceasefire was brokered by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India">British</a>, which gave the interior more autonomy. However, conflicts among the disparate tribes of the interior, and with the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> continued into the 1950s, and eventually escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a> (1962). The rebellion forced the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur" title="Said bin Taimur">Said bin Taimur</a> to seek the assistance of the British in quelling the uprisings from the interior. The failed assassination attempt of April 26, 1966 on Said bin Taimur led to the further isolation of the Sultan, who had moved his residence from Muscat to <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a>, amidst the civilian armed conflict. On July 23, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a>, son of the Sultan, staged a bloodless<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> in the Salalah palace with the assistance of the British, and took over as ruler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg/220px-Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg/330px-Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg/440px-Muscat_between_years_1914_and_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Muscat harbour during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the assistance of the British, Qaboos bin Said put an end to the Dhofar uprising and consolidated disparate tribal territories. He renamed the country the <i><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Oman">Sultanate of Oman</a></i> (called <i>Muscat and Oman</i> hitherto), in an attempt to end to the interior's isolation from Muscat. Qaboos enlisted the services of capable Omanis to fill positions in his new government,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing from such corporations as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Development_Oman" title="Petroleum Development Oman">Petroleum Development Oman</a>. New ministries for social services such as health and education were established. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Qaboos">Mina Qaboos</a>, a new port conceived initially by Sa‘id bin Taimur, was developed during the early days of Qaboos' rule. Similarly, a <a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">new international airport</a> was developed in Muscat's <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">Seeb</a> district. A complex of offices, warehouses, shops and homes transformed the old village of <a href="/wiki/Ruwi" title="Ruwi">Ruwi</a> in Muttrah into a commercial district.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five-year development plan in 1976 emphasised infrastructural development of Muscat, which provided new opportunities for trade and tourism in the 1980s–1990s, attracting migrants from around the region. On June 6, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gonu" title="Cyclone Gonu">Cyclone Gonu</a> hit Muscat causing extensive damage to property, infrastructure and commercial activity. </p><p>Early photographs of the city and harbour, taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burchardt" title="Hermann Burchardt">Hermann Burchardt</a>, are now held at the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum of Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_towards_Qantab,_Muscat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg/220px-Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg/330px-Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg/440px-Road_towards_Qantab%2C_Muscat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Muscat's rugged terrain, with plutonic <a href="/wiki/Central_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hajar Mountains">Central Hajar Mountains</a> dotting the landscape</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg/220px-Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg/330px-Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg/440px-Muscat_SPOT_1089.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Muscat by SPOT Satellite</figcaption></figure> <p>Muscat is located in northeast Oman. The <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> passes south of the area. It is bordered to its west by the plains of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah Region</a> and to its east by <a href="/wiki/Ash_Sharqiyah_Region_(Oman)" title="Ash Sharqiyah Region (Oman)">Ash Sharqiyah Region</a>. The interior plains of <a href="/wiki/Ad_Dakhiliyah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Dakhiliyah Region">Ad Dakhiliyah Region</a> border Muscat to the south, while the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> forms the northern and western periphery of the city. The water along the coast of Muscat runs deep, forming two natural <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a> and Muscat. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hajar Mountains">Central Hajar Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-OmanTourism_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OmanTourism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BradtOman2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BradtOman2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> run through the northern coastline of the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>, predominantly serpentinite and <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a> are apparent in the Muscat area and extend along the Gulf of Oman coast for ten or twelve 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the district of Darsait to Yiti.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic</a> rocks constitute the hills and mountains of Muscat and span approximately 30 miles (48 km) from Darsait to Ras Jissah. These <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, typical of rocks in southeastern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. South of Muscat, the volcanic rock strata are broken up and distorted, rising to a maximum height of 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in <a href="/wiki/Ad_Dakhiliyah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Dakhiliyah Region">Al-Dakhiliyah</a>, a region which includes <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a>, the country's highest range. The hills in Muscat are mostly devoid of vegetation but are rich in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Halophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytic">halophytic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkha</a></i> type desert vegetation is predominant in Muscat.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qurum" title="Qurum">Qurum</a> Nature Reserve contains plants such as the <i>Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">Halopeplis Perfoliata</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> are common in Muscat. <i><a href="/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">Acropora</a></i> reefs exist in the sheltered bays of the satellite towns of Jussah and Khairan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Porites" title="Porites">Porites</a></i> reef colonies exist in Khairan, which have fused to form a flat-top pavement that is visible at low tide. <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">spiny crayfish</a> are found in the waters of the Muscat area, as are <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_glassfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic glassfish">Glassfish</a> are common in freshwater <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, such as the Qurum Nature Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan Qaboos Street forms the main artery of Muscat, running west-to-east through the city. The street eventually becomes Al Nahdah Street near Al Wattayah. Several inter-city roads such as Nizwa Road and Al Amrat Road, intersect with Al Sultan Qaboos Road (in Rusail and <a href="/wiki/Ruwi" title="Ruwi">Ruwi</a>, respectively). <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a>, with the Muscat Harbour, <a href="/wiki/Corniche" title="Corniche">Corniche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mina_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Qaboos">Mina Qaboos</a>, is located in the north-eastern coastline of the city, adjacent to the Gulf of Oman. Other coastal districts of Muscat include <a href="/wiki/Darsait" title="Darsait">Darsait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_Al_Fahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Al Fahal">Mina Al Fahal</a>, Ras Al Hamar, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qurum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qurum">Al Qurum</a> Heights, Al Khuwair, and <a href="/wiki/Seeb,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeb, Oman">Al Seeb</a>. Residential and commercial districts further inland include <a href="/wiki/Al_Hamriyah" title="Al Hamriyah">Al Hamriyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Kabir" title="Wadi Kabir">Al Wadi Al Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruwi" title="Ruwi">Ruwi</a>, Al Wattayah, <a href="/wiki/Madinat_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinat Qaboos">Madinat Qaboos</a>, Al Azaiba and <a href="/wiki/Al_Ghubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ghubra">Al Ghubra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Muscat" title="Climate of Muscat">Climate of Muscat</a></div> <p>Muscat features a hot, <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BWh</i>) with long, sweltering summers and warm winters. Annual <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> in Muscat is about 10 centimetres or 4 inches, falling mostly from December to April. In general, precipitation is scarce in Muscat, with the months May to November typically receiving only a trace of rainfall. However, in recent years, heavy precipitation events from tropical systems originating in the Arabian Sea have struck the city. <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gonu" title="Cyclone Gonu">Cyclone Gonu</a> in June 2007 and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Phet" title="Cyclone Phet">Cyclone Phet</a> in June 2010 affected the city with damaging winds and rainfall amounts exceeding 100 millimetres or 4 inches in just a single day. The climate generally is very hot and also very humid in the summer, with temperatures sometimes reaching as high as 45 °C or 113 °F. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Muscat (<a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">Muscat International Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #D00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.9<br />(112.8) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.3<br />(118.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(119.3) </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.1<br />(120.4) </td> <td style="background: #940000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.2<br />(120.6) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(117.0) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(110.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #940000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.2<br />(120.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.3<br />(83.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(0.56) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(0.26) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(0.45) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(0.45) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(0.28) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(0.27) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.3<br />(2.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.8 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">278.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">292.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.4 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">277.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">278.6 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.9 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.9 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,493.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (humidity and sun 1991–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_(13346080234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg/220px-Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg/330px-Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg/440px-Land_Rover_and_Extreme_Sailing_Series%E2%84%A2_enjoy_thrill_of_Stadium_Racing_in_Muscat_%2813346080234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Offshore Sailing in Muscat</figcaption></figure> <p>Muscat's economy, like that of Oman, is dominated by trade. The more traditional exports of the city included <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>, and fish. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souks</a> of Muttrah sell these items and traditional <a href="/wiki/Omani" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani">Omani</a> artefacts. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Development_Oman" title="Petroleum Development Oman">Petroleum Development Oman</a> has been central to Muscat's economy since at least 1962 and is the country's second largest employer, after the government. Its major shareholders include <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, Total, and Partex and its production is estimated to be about 720,000 barrels per day (114,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d). Muscat also has major trading companies such as the Suhail Bahwan Group, which is a trading partner for corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAK_Ceramics" title="RAK Ceramics">RAK Ceramics</a>; Saud Bahwan Group whose trading partners are <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>, KIA and <a href="/wiki/Hertz_Rent-a-Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertz Rent-a-Car">Hertz Rent-a-Car</a>; Zubair Automotive whose trading partners include <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> brands such as Dodge; and <a href="/wiki/Moosa_AbdulRahman_Hassan" title="Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan">Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan</a> which operates as one of the oldest automotive agencies in the entire region having been established in 1927.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The private Health Care sector of Muscat, Oman has numerous hospitals and clinics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Securities_Market" title="Muscat Securities Market">Muscat Securities Market</a> is the principal stock exchange of Oman. It is located in Central Business District of Muscat and it was established in 1988, and has since distinguished itself as a pioneer among its regional peers in terms of transparency and disclosure regulations and requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat,_Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg/220px-Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg/330px-Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg/440px-Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3459" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>Ruwi, the main business district of Muscat</figcaption></figure> <p>Mina'a Sultan Qaboos, Muscat's main trading port, is a trading hub between the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the Far East with an annual volume of about 1.6 million tons. However, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Ali_Free_Zone" title="Jebel Ali Free Zone">Jebel Ali Free Zone</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, has made that port the premier maritime trading port of the region with about 44 million tons traded in cargo annually. Many infrastructural facilities are owned and operated by the government of Oman. <a href="/wiki/Omantel" title="Omantel">Omantel</a> is the major telecommunications organization in Oman and provides local, long-distance and international dialing facilities and operates as the country's only <a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Provider">ISP</a>. Recent liberalization of the mobile telephone market has seen the establishment of a second provider, <a href="/wiki/Ooredoo" title="Ooredoo">Ooredoo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muscat is home to multibillion-dollar conglomerate CK Industries with their headquarters located in <a href="/wiki/Ruwi" title="Ruwi">Ruwi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amtek.ae_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amtek.ae-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a> based Amtek Industries also have a couple of offices around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-amtek.ae_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amtek.ae-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to Galfar Engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headed by P. Mohammed Ali. </p><p>The airline <a href="/wiki/Oman_Air" title="Oman Air">Oman Air</a> has its head office on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">Muscat International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> conducted by the Oman Ministry of National Economy, the population of Muscat is over 630,000, which included 370,000 males and 260,000 females.<sup id="cite_ref-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscat formed the second largest governorate in the country, after <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a>, accounting for 27% of the total population of Oman. As of 2003, <a href="/wiki/Omani" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani">Omanis</a> constituted 60% of the total population of Muscat, while expatriates accounted for about 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of the city was 162.1 per km<sup>2</sup>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg/218px-Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg/327px-Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg/436px-Shangri_La_resort_in_Muscat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Shangri la in Muscat</figcaption></figure> <p>The governorate of Muscat comprises six <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wilayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat">wilayats</a></i></span>: <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a>, Bawshar, <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">Seeb</a>, Al Amrat, Muscat and <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Qurayyat</a>. Seeb, located in the western section of the governorate, was the most populous (with over 220,000 residents), while Muttrah had the highest number of expatriates (with over 100,000).<sup id="cite_ref-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 71% of the population was within the 15–64 age group, with the average Omani age being 23 years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 10% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">illiterate</a>, an improvement when compared to the 18% illiteracy rate recorded during the 1993 census. Expatriates accounted for over 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a>, dominated by males, who accounted for 80% of the city's total labour. A majority of expatriates (34%) was in engineering-related occupations, while most Omanis worked in engineering, clerical, scientific or technical fields. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_of_Oman" title="Royal Army of Oman">defense</a> sector was the largest employer for Omanis, while construction, <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> trade employed the largest number of expatriates. </p><p>The ethnic makeup of Muscat has historically been influenced by people not native to the Arabian Peninsula. <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliamentary</a> papers dating back to the 19th century indicate the presence of a significant <a href="/wiki/Hindu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu people">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarati</a> <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, four <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temples</a> existed in Muscat ca. 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> flourished in Oman (Bēṯ Mazūnāyē "land of the Maganites"; a name deriving from its Sumerian designation) from the late 4th century to the 7th century. Missionary activity by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian People">Assyrians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> resulted in a significant Christian population living in the region, with a bishop being attested by 424 AD under the Metropolitan of Fars and Arabia. The rise of Islam saw the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and Arabic-speaking Christian population eventually disappear. It is thought to have been brought back in by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> established a hospital in Muscat in the 19th century. </p><p>Like the rest of Oman, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic (language)">Arabic</a> is the predominant language of the city. In addition, <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are spoken by the residents of Muscat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in the city, with most followers being <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. Non-Muslims are allowed to practise their religion, but may not <a href="/wiki/Proselytize" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytize">proselytize</a> publicly or distribute religious literature. In 2017 the Sultanate of Oman unveiled the <i>Mushaf Muscat</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Interactive_computing" title="Interactive computing">interactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy#Islamic_world" title="Calligraphy">calligraphic</a> Quran following a brief from the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Ministry_of_Endowments_and_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs">Omani Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_landmarks">Notable landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Muscat" title="Special:EditPage/Muscat">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_(47954080007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg/220px-Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg/330px-Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg/440px-Riyam_Park_with_incense_burner_Mabkhara_%2847954080007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4958" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>Riyam Park with Incense Burner</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has numerous mosques including the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque</a>, Ruwi Mosque, Saeed bin Taimoor and <a href="/wiki/Zawawi_Mosque" title="Zawawi Mosque">Zawawi Mosque</a>. A few Shi'ite mosques also exist here. Muscat has a number of museums. These include <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Omani_Heritage" title="Museum of Omani Heritage">Museum of Omani Heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Oman">National Museum of Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman_Children%27s_Museum" title="Oman Children's Museum">Oman Children's Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bait_Al_Zubair" title="Bait Al Zubair">Bait Al Zubair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman_Oil_and_Gas_Exhibition_Centre" title="Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre">Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omani_French_Museum" title="Omani French Museum">Omani French Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan%27s_Armed_Forces_Museum" title="Sultan's Armed Forces Museum">Sultan's Armed Forces Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Aquarium_and_Marine_Science_and_Fisheries_Centre" title="Omani Aquarium and Marine Science and Fisheries Centre">Omani Aquarium and Marine Science and Fisheries Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bait Al Falaj Fort played an important role in Muscat's military history. </p><p>Recent projects include an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House_Muscat" title="Royal Opera House Muscat">opera house</a> which opened on October 14, 2011. One of the most notable new projects is the Oman National Museum. It is expected to be an architectural jewel along with the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque</a>. Visitors are also encouraged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to visit <a href="/wiki/Old_Muscat" title="Old Muscat">Old Muscat</a> and the Old Palace. The main shopping district is situated in <a href="/wiki/Al_Qurum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qurum">Al Qurum</a> Commercial Area. However, shopping malls are found throughout the city. One of the largest malls in Oman is <a href="/wiki/Oman_Avenues_Mall" title="Oman Avenues Mall">Oman Avenues Mall</a>, located in Ghubra. The fourth largest mall is in <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">Seeb</a>, near the international airport, called <a href="/wiki/City_Centre_Muscat" title="City Centre Muscat">City Centre Muscat</a>, housing all major international brands and the largest <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a> hypermarket. Two new megamalls opened during 2019 and 2020: in the Mabela area of Muscat are Al Araimi Boulevard and Mall of Muscat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Mall of Muscat is also home to the Oman Aquarium. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall_Of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mall Of Oman (page does not exist)">Mall Of Oman</a>, the largest shopping mall in Oman was opened in Summer 2021 housing over 100+ stores including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snow_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snow Oman (page does not exist)">Snow Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vox_Cinemas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vox Cinemas (page does not exist)">Vox Cinemas</a>, an arcade (Magic Planet) and various food chains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Muscat" title="Special:EditPage/Muscat">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Waterways</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos,_Muscat,_Oman_20120408_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg/220px-Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg/330px-Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg/440px-Costa_Victoria_in_Port_Sultan_Qaboos%2C_Muscat%2C_Oman_20120408_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7932" data-file-height="2991" /></a><figcaption>The Port Sultan Qaboos</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan Qaboos Port serves as one of the most important ports of <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat Governorate</a>, which is well known for being sailing of many commercial ships and boats. Here also, the traditional boats of Arabian Peninsula named <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhows</a> can be also seen. This port since many centuries have been a main commercial and financial centre in terms of its international maritime trade. </p> <dl><dt>Airport</dt></dl> <p>The main <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> is <a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">Muscat International Airport</a> (formerly known as Seeb International Airport) around 25 km (16 mi) from the city's business district of Ruwi and 15 to 20 km from the main residential localities of Al-Khuwair, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Shati Al-Qurm and Al-Qurm. Muscat is the headquarters for the local <a href="/wiki/Oman_Air" title="Oman Air">Oman Air</a>, which flies to several destinations within the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa and Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg/220px-New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg/330px-New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg/440px-New_terminal_under_construction_at_Muscat_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">Muscat International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Road transportation</dt></dl> <p>The Muscat area is well serviced by paved roads and <a href="/wiki/Dual-carriageway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-carriageway">dual-carriageway</a> connects most major cities and towns in the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/220px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/330px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/440px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Mutrah</figcaption></figure> <p>Since November 2015, Public transportation in Muscat has been revamped with a bus network connecting most important parts of the city with a fleet of modern Mwasalat (earlier Oman National Transport Company buses. Mwasalat buses procured from VDL of the Netherlands and MAN of Germany have several hi-tech features, including free Wi-Fi. </p> <ul><li>Route 1 (Ruwi-Mabela) serves people travelling major shopping destinations (Oman Avenues Mall, Muscat Grand Mall, Qurum City Centre, Muscat City Centre, Markaz al Bhaja) and Muscat Airport.</li> <li>Route 2 (Ruwi-Wadi Kabir) serves the residential and industrial district of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Kabir" title="Wadi Kabir">Wadi Kabir</a>.</li> <li>Route 3 (Ruwi-Wadi Adei) serves the downmarket residential belt of Wadi Adei.</li> <li>Route 4 (Ruwi-Mattrah) serves the tourist destination of Muttrah Corniche, Al Alam Palace, Muttrah Fort, National Museum and Port Sultan Qaboos and churches/temples.</li> <li>Route 5 (Ruwi-Amerat) serves the rapidly developing Amerat suburb.</li> <li>Route 6 (Ruwi-SQU&KOM) serves the student community of Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) and the office commuters of Knowledge Oasis Muscat (KOM).</li> <li>Route 7 serves the three major malls in Muscat – Al Araimi Boulevard, Mall of Muscat and Markaz al Bhaja and Muscat City Centre.</li> <li>Route 8 serves Al Khuwair and Al Mouj Integrated Complex</li> <li>Route 9 serves Ansab and Misfah industrial area.</li> <li>Route 10 serves Seeb Souq and Mawelah Vegetable Market.</li> <li>Route 12 serves Oman Convention and Exhibition, Ghala areas.</li> <li>Route 14 serves Petroleum Development Oman, Qurm Natural Park, Qurm City Centre, Khoula Hospital.</li> <li>Routes 1b and 1A are special buses to Muscat International Airport.</li></ul> <p>Several forms of public transport are popular in Oman. Most popular are the "Baiza" buses, so named for the lower denomination of the <a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a>, the baiza (an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> lower denomination <a href="/wiki/Paisa" title="Paisa">paisa</a>). These are relatively inexpensive and service all major roadways, as well as a wide and loose network of smaller byways in the greater Muscat metropolitan area, opportunistically dropping off and picking up passengers at any location. Less popular and slightly more expensive are large public buses, coloured red and green, whose service is limited to major roadways and point-to-point travel routes between Oman's major cities and towns. Taxis, also colour-coded orange and white, provide semi-personal transportation in the form of both individual hire and the same opportunistic roadway service as Baiza buses. </p><p>Baiza buses and colour-coded orange-and-white taxis are unmetered, after several government initiatives to introduce meters were rejected. The fare is set by way of <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a>, although taxi drivers usually adhere to certain unwritten rules for fares within the city. In many countries, one is advised to negotiate a fare with the driver before getting into a taxi. However, in Oman, asking for the fare beforehand often demonstrates a passenger's newness and unfamiliarity with the area. One should always find out the normally accepted fare for one's journey from one's hotel or host before looking for a taxi. Taxis also generally take passengers to locations out of the city, including <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buraimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi">Buraimi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Culture of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DhowMuscat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/220px-DhowMuscat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/330px-DhowMuscat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/440px-DhowMuscat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a>, an enduring symbol of Oman<sup id="cite_ref-coosoo_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coosoo-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Outwardly, Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these similarities, important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics.<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively recent and artificial nature of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> of Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture;<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oman's cultural diversity is greater than that of its Arab neighbours, given its historical expansion to the Swahili Coast and the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-kcom_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Oman has a long tradition of shipbuilding, as maritime travel played a major role in the Omanis' ability to stay in contact with the civilisations of the ancient world. <a href="/wiki/Sur,_Oman" title="Sur, Oman">Sur</a> was one of the most famous shipbuilding cities of the Indian Ocean. The Al Ghanja ship takes one whole year to build. Other types of Omani ship include As Sunbouq and Al Badan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG/220px-Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG/330px-Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG/440px-Qasr_Al_Alam_Royal_Palace_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Oman Council building in Muscat</figcaption></figure><p>In March 2016, archaeologists working off Al-Hallaniyah Island identified a shipwreck believed to be that of the <i>Esmeralda</i> from <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s 1502–1503 fleet. The wreck was initially discovered in 1998. Later underwater excavations took place between 2013 and 2015 through a partnership between the Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_Recoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Water Recoveries">Blue Water Recoveries</a> Ltd., a shipwreck recovery company. The vessel was identified through such artifacts as a "Portuguese coin minted for trade with India (one of only two coins of this type known to exist) and stone cannonballs engraved with what appear to be the initials of Vincente Sodré, da Gama's maternal uncle and the commander of the <i>Esmeralda</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al_Barwani" title="Mohammed Al Barwani">Mohammed Al Barwani</a> (born 1952), billionaire and founder of <a href="/wiki/MB_Holding" title="MB Holding">MB Holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicii" title="Avicii">Avicii</a> (1989–2018), Swedish music producer and DJ, died in Muscat Hills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi" title="Mahesh Bhupathi">Mahesh Bhupathi</a> (born 1974), Indian tennis player. He studied at the Indian School, Muscat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah-Jane_Dias" title="Sarah-Jane Dias">Sarah-Jane Dias</a> (born 1974), Indian actress. She studied at the Indian School, Muscat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Fisher" title="Isla Fisher">Isla Fisher</a> (born 1976), Australian actress, born to Scottish parents and lived in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_McRae" title="Tate McRae">Tate McRae</a> (born 2003), Canadian singer-songwriter, studied at The American International School Muscat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Habsi" title="Ali Al-Habsi">Ali Al-Habsi</a> (born 1981), professional footballer, captain of the Oman national and goalkeeper for Saudi club <a href="/wiki/Al-Hilal_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hilal FC">Al Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amad_Al-Hosni" title="Amad Al-Hosni">Amad Al-Hosni</a> (born 1984), professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al_Harthy" title="Ahmad Al Harthy">Ahmad Al Harthy</a> (born 1981), racecar driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Al-Nabhani" title="Fatma Al-Nabhani">Fatma Al-Nabhani</a> (born 1991), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Masoud_al_Sunaidy" title="Ali bin Masoud al Sunaidy">Ali bin Masoud al Sunaidy</a> (born 1964), former Omani Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneha_Ullal" title="Sneha Ullal">Sneha Ullal</a> (born 1987), Indian Bollywood Actress. She studied at the Indian School, Muscat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitya_Vidyasagar" title="Nitya Vidyasagar">Nitya Vidyasagar</a> (born 1985), American actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Faisal_Al_Zubair" title="Al Faisal Al Zubair">Al Faisal Al Zubair</a> (born 1998), racecar driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamed_Al-Wahaibi" title="Hamed Al-Wahaibi">Hamed Al-Wahaibi</a> (born 1968), rally driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzna_Al_Musafer" title="Muzna Al Musafer">Muzna Al Musafer</a> (born 1987) first female film director in Oman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Oman portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Muscat" title="Old Muscat">Old Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Haitham_City" title="Sultan Haitham City">Sultan Haitham City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncusar.org/blog/2016/05/oman-pearl-of-arabia/">"Oman, the Pearl of Arabia"</a>. 3 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413220056/https://ncusar.org/blog/2016/05/oman-pearl-of-arabia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oman%2C+the+Pearl+of+Arabia&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncusar.org%2Fblog%2F2016%2F05%2Foman-pearl-of-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Centre_for_Statistics_and_Information" class="citation web cs1">National Centre for Statistics and Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.om/OMPOP2016/population">"Population"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423172856/https://data.gov.om/OMPOP2016/population">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population&rft.au=National+Centre+for+Statistics+and+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.om%2FOMPOP2016%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=OMAN">"UNdata - country profile - Oman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126184914/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Oman">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNdata+-+country+profile+-+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FCountryProfile.aspx%3FcrName%3DOMAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncsi.gov.om-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncsi.gov.om_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsi.gov.om/News/Pages/NewsCT_20150628133452428.aspx">"The population of the Sultanate by the end of May 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014554/https://www.ncsi.gov.om/News/Pages/NewsCT_20150628133452428.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+population+of+the+Sultanate+by+the+end+of+May+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsi.gov.om%2FNews%2FPages%2FNewsCT_20150628133452428.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>الدراسات الاجتماعية</i>. Ministry of Education, Sultanate of Oman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Sultanate+of+Oman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>GaWC - Research Network</i>. Globalization and World Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC+-+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster_1844,_p.231-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_1844,_p.231_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_1844,_p.231_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (1844), p.231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (1844), p.241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (1844), p.173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (1844), p.173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p.468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hailman (2006), p.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philips (1966), p.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Room (2003), p.246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice (1994), p.255-256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster (1844), p.234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter (2002), p.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p.167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p.256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles_1997,_p.147-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles_1997,_p.147_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p.147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCotheal1854" class="citation journal cs1">Cotheal, Alexander I. (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592284">"Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaṭ: The Arabic Text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(free)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>4</b>: 341, <span class="nowrap">343–</span>356, here: 341–343. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592284">592284</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828021312/https://www.jstor.org/stable/592284">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+Sult%C3%A2n+of+Mas%E1%B8%B3a%E1%B9%AD%3A+The+Arabic+Text&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=341%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E356%2C+here%3A+341-343&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cotheal&rft.aufirst=Alexander+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen1981" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Calvin H. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X00104392/type/journal_article">"The Indian merchant community of Masqaṭ"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00104392">10.1017/S0041977X00104392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Indian+merchant+community+of+Masqa%E1%B9%AD&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00104392&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Calvin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0041977X00104392%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JE Peterson's Britannica entry (1990), p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (2007), p.188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle East Policy (2004), p.126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle East Policy (2004), p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/626045">"Ansicht der Stadt & Stadtmauer von der Landseite"</a>. <i>Ethnologisches Museum</i> (in German). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162729/https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/626045">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Ansicht+der+Stadt+%26+Stadtmauer+von+der+Landseite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecherche.smb.museum%2Fdetail%2F626045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/626041">"Tor nach der Landseite hin"</a>. <i>Ethnologisches Museum</i> (in German). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531143823/https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/626041">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Tor+nach+der+Landseite+hin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecherche.smb.museum%2Fdetail%2F626041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OmanTourism-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OmanTourism_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715202249/http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/home/experiences/nature/mountains">"Mountains in Oman"</a>. Ministry of Tourism, Sultanate of Oman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/home/experiences/nature/mountains">the original</a> on 2011-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountains+in+Oman&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Sultanate+of+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omantourism.gov.om%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fmot%2Ftourism%2Foman%2Fhome%2Fexperiences%2Fnature%2Fmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BradtOman2010-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BradtOman2010_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarke2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Darke" title="Diana Darke">Darke, Diane</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6QKSXYG5tYC&q=oldest+mosque+oman+sumail&pg=PA189"><i>Oman: The Brad Travel Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides" title="Bradt Travel Guides">Bradt Travel Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623320" title="Special:BookSources/9781841623320"><bdi>9781841623320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630150558/https://books.google.com/books?id=J6QKSXYG5tYC&q=oldest+mosque+oman+sumail&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oman%3A+The+Brad+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781841623320&rft.aulast=Darke&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6QKSXYG5tYC%26q%3Doldest%2Bmosque%2Boman%2Bsumail%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghazanfar (1998), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salm (1993), p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1997), p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barth (2002), p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/OM/41256.TXT">"Seeb Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeb+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fdossier.ogp.noaa.gov%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FRA-II%2FOM%2F41256.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Oman/CSV/Muscat_Int_41256.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F4.4%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FOman%2FCSV%2FMuscat_Int_41256.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/worldclimate/graphs.php?climate=9120&code=41256">"MUSCAT INT'L AIRPORT Climate: 1991–2020"</a>. Starlings Roost Weather<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSCAT+INT%27L+AIRPORT+Climate%3A+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=Starlings+Roost+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarlingsroost.ddns.net%2Fweather%2Fworldclimate%2Fgraphs.php%3Fclimate%3D9120%26code%3D41256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab-exchanges.org/member/muscat-securities-market-msm/">"Muscat Stock Exchange (MSX) – Arab Federation of Capital Markets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913195907/https://arab-exchanges.org/member/muscat-securities-market-msm/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muscat+Stock+Exchange+%28MSX%29+%E2%80%93+Arab+Federation+of+Capital+Markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab-exchanges.org%2Fmember%2Fmuscat-securities-market-msm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amtek.ae-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amtek.ae_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amtek.ae_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205259/http://www.amtek.ae/about.html">"Amtek"</a>. Amtek.ae. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amtek.ae/about.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtek&rft.pub=Amtek.ae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famtek.ae%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207064055/http://galfar.com/contact">"Contact"</a>. Galfar.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galfar.com/contact">the original</a> on 2014-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=Galfar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalfar.com%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120074026/http://www.omanair.com/wy/about-us/global-offices">"Contact Us"</a>. Omanair.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omanair.com/wy/about-us/global-offices">the original</a> on 2012-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=Omanair.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omanair.com%2Fwy%2Fabout-us%2Fglobal-offices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oman_Census_2003,_p.6_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman Census (2003), p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman Census (2003), p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman Census(2003), Data and Other Indicators</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Parliamentary Papers (1876), p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kechichian (1995), p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahlbusch (1999), p. 829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson (2004), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lejeune" title="Martin Lejeune">Martin Lejeune</a>, 15 June 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/oman-unveils-world-s-1st-interactive-calligraphic-quran/842512">Oman unveils world’s 1st interactive calligraphic Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523075112/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/oman-unveils-world-s-1st-interactive-calligraphic-quran/842512">Archived</a> 2021-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201084319/http://www.omanet.om/english/tourism/entert/museums.asp?cat=tour&subcat=entert1">"Museums"</a>. Omanet.om. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omanet.om/english/tourism/entert/museums.asp?cat=tour&subcat=entert1">the original</a> on February 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums&rft.pub=Omanet.om&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omanet.om%2Fenglish%2Ftourism%2Fentert%2Fmuseums.asp%3Fcat%3Dtour%26subcat%3Dentert1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.skidxb.com/en-om/snow-oman/plan-your-visit/your-guide">https://www.skidxb.com/en-om/snow-oman/plan-your-visit/your-guide</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coosoo-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coosoo_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omansultanate.com/culture.htm">"Culture of Oman"</a>. Sultanate of Oman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206045024/http://www.omansultanate.com/culture.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Oman&rft.pub=Sultanate+of+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omansultanate.com%2Fculture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kcom-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kcom_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommon" class="citation web cs1">Common, Richard K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol6iss2/3_Common_pp215-229_jm.pdf">"Barriers To Developing 'Leadership' In The Sultanate Of Oman"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Journal of Leadership Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409204103/https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol6iss2/3_Common_pp215-229_jm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barriers+To+Developing+%27Leadership%27+In+The+Sultanate+Of+Oman&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Leadership+Studies&rft.aulast=Common&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regent.edu%2Facad%2Fglobal%2Fpublications%2Fijls%2Fnew%2Fvol6iss2%2F3_Common_pp215-229_jm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301092624/https://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/detailsp/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3j_oMBgNz9XEwODED9zA09PE3MTLxdjYzcnE_2CbEdFANHQ-q8!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/mot_english_lib/mot/experience/culture/crafts/ship+building">"The Ship Building Industry"</a>. Ministry of Tourism, Sultanate of Oman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/portal/mot/tourism/oman/detailsp/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3j_oMBgNz9XEwODED9zA09PE3MTLxdjYzcnE_2CbEdFANHQ-q8!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/mot_english_lib/mot/experience/culture/crafts/ship+building">the original</a> on 2021-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ship+Building+Industry&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Sultanate+of+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omantourism.gov.om%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fmot%2Ftourism%2Foman%2Fdetailsp%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fc4%2F04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3j_oMBgNz9XEwODED9zA09PE3MTLxdjYzcnE_2CbEdFANHQ-q8%21%2F%3FWCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT%3D%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fmot_english_lib%2Fmot%2Fexperience%2Fculture%2Fcrafts%2Fship%2Bbuilding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Romey, Kristin (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022757/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/20160314-oman-shipwreck-explorer-vasco-da-gama-age-of-exploration-india-route/">"Shipwreck Discovered from Explorer Vasco da Gama's Fleet"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/20160314-oman-shipwreck-explorer-vasco-da-gama-age-of-exploration-india-route/">the original</a> on March 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Shipwreck+Discovered+from+Explorer+Vasco+da+Gama%27s+Fleet&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F03%2F20160314-oman-shipwreck-explorer-vasco-da-gama-age-of-exploration-india-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarth,_Hans-JörgBenno_Böer2002" class="citation book cs1">Barth, Hans-Jörg; Benno Böer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7fIy_Rwgc8C&pg=PA99"><i>Sabkha Ecosystems: The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Countries</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-0504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabkha+Ecosystems%3A+The+Arabian+Peninsula+and+Adjacent+Countries&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6&rft.au=Barth%2C+Hans-J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Benno+B%C3%B6er&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO7fIy_Rwgc8C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch,_ErwinGeoffrey_William_BromileyDavid_B._Barrett1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA829"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8&rft.au=Fahlbusch%2C+Erwin&rft.au=Geoffrey+William+Bromiley&rft.au=David+B.+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC%26pg%3DPA829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ForsterCTheHistoricalGeographyOfArabiaOrThePatriarchalEvidencesOfRevealedReligionVol11844/Forster%20C%20-%20The%20Historical%20Geography%20of%20Arabia%2C%20or%2C%20The%20Patriarchal%20Evidences%20of%20Revealed%20Religion%20Vol%201%20-%201844#page/n5/mode/2up">Forster, Charles, <i>The Historical Geography of Arabia: Or, The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion: a Memoir,</i> Duncan and Malcolm, 1844</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhazanfarFisher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shahina_A._Ghazanfar" title="Shahina A. Ghazanfar">Ghazanfar, Shahina A.</a>; Fisher, Martin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OPniyjxTu-UC"><i>Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5015-6"><bdi>978-0-7923-5015-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5015-6&rft.aulast=Ghazanfar&rft.aufirst=Shahina+A.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOPniyjxTu-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHailman2006" class="citation book cs1">Hailman, John R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bIfz0aP0cYC&pg=PA49"><i>Thomas Jefferson on Wine</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-841-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+on+Wine&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-841-8&rft.aulast=Hailman&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bIfz0aP0cYC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKechichian,_Joseph_A.1995" class="citation book cs1">Kechichian, Joseph A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIns4vhNgRkC"><i>Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy</i></a>. Great Britain: RAND Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-2332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-2332-2"><bdi>978-0-8330-2332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oman+and+the+World%3A+The+Emergence+of+an+Independent+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-2332-2&rft.au=Kechichian%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIns4vhNgRkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong,_David_E.Reich,_BernardGasiorowski,_Mark2007" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard; Gasiorowski, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpGGbueEuXsC"><i>The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4361-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-4361-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4361-7&rft.au=Long%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Reich%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Gasiorowski%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpGGbueEuXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles,_Samuel_BarrettRobin_Bidwell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barrett_Miles" title="Samuel Barrett Miles">Miles, Samuel Barrett</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Leonard_Bidwell" title="Robin Leonard Bidwell">Robin Bidwell</a>. <i>The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf</i>. Garnet & Ithaca Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Countries+and+Tribes+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pub=Garnet+%26+Ithaca+Press&rft.au=Miles%2C+Samuel+Barrett&rft.au=Robin+Bidwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2007" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, J. E. (2007). "Chronology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gNu4_uHo7CQC"><i>Historical Muscat</i></a>. Brill. p. 117+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15266-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15266-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15266-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Historical+Muscat&rft.pages=117%2B&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15266-3&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgNu4_uHo7CQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Wendell1966" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Wendell (1966). <i>Unknown Oman</i>. D. McKay Co. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+Oman&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Co.&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Wendell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter,_LawrenceSick,_Gary2002" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Lawrence; Sick, Gary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYphS6AV8OwC"><i>Security in the Persian Gulf</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23950-3"><bdi>978-0-312-23950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23950-3&rft.au=Potter%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Sick%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYphS6AV8OwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice,_Michael1994" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWRfe7AdVaYC"><i>The Archeology of the Arabian Gulf</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1"><bdi>978-0-415-03268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archeology+of+the+Arabian+Gulf&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03268-1&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWRfe7AdVaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoom,_Adrian2003" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA246"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1814-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-1814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+Over+5000+Natural+Features%2C+Countries%2C+Capitals%2C+Territories%2C+Cities+and+Historic+Sites&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5&rft.au=Room%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzIer-wYbnQC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalm,_Rodney_V.Rolf_A.C._JensenVassili_Papastavrou1993" class="citation book cs1">Salm, Rodney V.; Rolf A.C. Jensen; Vassili Papastavrou (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OPniyjxTu-UC"><i>Marine Fauna of Oman</i></a>. IUCN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0180-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0180-6"><bdi>978-2-8317-0180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Fauna+of+Oman&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0180-6&rft.au=Salm%2C+Rodney+V.&rft.au=Rolf+A.C.+Jensen&rft.au=Vassili+Papastavrou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOPniyjxTu-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Muscat,_Oman#Bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Muscat, Oman">Bibliography of the history of Muscat, Oman</a></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304135525/http://www.omancensus.net/new/images/stories/docs/2010_Preliminary_Results.pdf">omancensus.net</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304135525/http://www.omancensus.net/new/images/stories/docs/2010_Preliminary_Results.pdf">2010 Preliminary Results</a> (PDF)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Administration" class="citation web cs1">Census Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062038/http://www.omancensus.net/english/pdf_files/final_results.pdf">"Final Results of the Census 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omancensus.net/english/pdf_files/final_results.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Results+of+the+Census+2003&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+National+Economy%2C+Government+of+Oman&rft.au=Census+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omancensus.net%2Fenglish%2Fpdf_files%2Ffinal_results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Administration" class="citation web cs1">Census Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613154426/http://www.omancensus.net/english/selected_data_population_muscat.asp">"Data & Indicators of the Population"</a>. Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omancensus.net/english/selected_data_population_muscat.asp">the original</a> on 2008-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+%26+Indicators+of+the+Population&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+National+Economy%2C+Government+of+Oman&rft.au=Census+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omancensus.net%2Fenglish%2Fselected_data_population_muscat.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA181"><i>Parliamentary Papers</i></a>. London: United Kingdom Parliament. 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Papers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Parliament&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UMTAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Muscat" class="extiw" title="commons:Muscat"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Muscat</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Muscat#Q3826" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Muscat">Muscat</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.om">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omantourism.gov.om/">Official Ministry Of Tourism site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Oman_Muscat_Governorate82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscat_Governorate" title="Template:Muscat Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscat_Governorate" title="Template talk:Muscat Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscat_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscat Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Oman_Muscat_Governorate82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Oman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Oman"><img alt="Flag of Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/20px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/30px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Amarat" title="Al Amarat">Al Amarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawshar" title="Bawshar">Bawshar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">Seeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nukhayl" title="Abu Nukhayl">Abu Nukhayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Duwaykah" title="Ad Duwaykah">Ad Duwaykah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Amarat" title="Al Amarat">Al Amarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bustan,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bustan, Oman">Al Bustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jafnayn" title="Al Jafnayn">Al Jafnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khawd" title="Al Khawd">Al Khawd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Shutayfi" title="Ash Shutayfi">Ash Shutayfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Jissah" title="Bandar Jissah">Bandar Jissah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Khayran" title="Bandar Khayran">Bandar Khayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawshar" title="Bawshar">Bawshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al_Falaj" title="Bayt al Falaj">Bayt al Falaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_%60Umran" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin `Umran">Bin `Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaj">Falaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaj_ash_Sham" title="Falaj ash Sham">Falaj ash Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fath_al_Bu_Sa%60id" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath al Bu Sa`id">Fath al Bu Sa`id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghallah" title="Ghallah">Ghallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghubrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghubrah">Ghubrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghursheba" title="Ghursheba">Ghursheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halban,_Oman" title="Halban, Oman">Halban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamriyah" title="Hamriyah">Hamriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramil" title="Haramil">Haramil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayl_al_%60Umayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayl al `Umayr">Hayl al `Umayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal,_Oman" title="Jal, Oman">Jal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jifar_(village)" title="Jifar (village)">Jifar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbuh" title="Kalbuh">Kalbuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ansab" title="Al Ansab">Al Ansab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%60abilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma`abilah">Ma`abilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumah" title="Manumah">Manumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrah">Matrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawalih" title="Mawalih">Mawalih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%60skar_al_Murtafi%60ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu`skar al Murtafi`ah">Mu`skar al Murtafi`ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qantab" title="Qantab">Qantab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyam" title="Riyam">Riyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusayl" title="Rusayl">Rusayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwi" title="Ruwi">Ruwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sad,_Oman" title="Sad, Oman">Sad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruq,_Oman" title="Saruq, Oman">Saruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayh_al_Malih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayh al Malih">Sayh al Malih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeb,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeb, Oman">Seeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidab" title="Sidab">Sidab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraj,_Oman" title="Suraj, Oman">Suraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawiyan" title="Tawiyan">Tawiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawiyan_Yiti" title="Tawiyan Yiti">Tawiyan Yiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taww" title="Taww">Taww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Kabir" title="Wadi Kabir">Wadi Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutayyah" title="Wutayyah">Wutayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenkit" title="Yenkit">Yenkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiti" title="Yiti">Yiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1374" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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