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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sarapion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarapion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Sarapion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarapion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foundation and origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Medieval Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mogadishu_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mogadishu_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Mogadishu Sultanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mogadishu_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Mogadishu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Mogadishu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Medieval Mogadishu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Mogadishu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_period_(1700s–1900s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_period_(1700s–1900s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early Modern period (1700s–1900s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_period_(1700s–1900s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiraab_Imamate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiraab_Imamate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Hiraab Imamate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiraab_Imamate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geledi_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geledi_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Geledi Sultanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geledi_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Somaliland_(late_1800s–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Somaliland_(late_1800s–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Italian Somaliland (late 1800s–1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Somaliland_(late_1800s–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_Republic_(1960–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Republic_(1960–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Somali Republic (1960–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Republic_(1960–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Municipal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Diplomatic missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Landmarks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Landmarks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Places of worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Palaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_libraries_and_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Museums, libraries and theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Institutes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hotels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Hotels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mogadishu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisjoe" title="Mogadisjoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mogadisjoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%89%83%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%BE" title="ሞቃዲሾ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞቃዲሾ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisc%C5%AB" title="Mogadiscū – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mogadiscū" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="مقديشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقديشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadixo" title="Mogadixo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mogadixo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadixu" title="Mogadixu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mogadixu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogand%C3%ADsio" title="Mogandísio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mogandísio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moqadi%C5%9Fo" title="Moqadişo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moqadişo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88" title="موقادیشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موقادیشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81" title="মোগাদিশু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোগাদিশু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Магадыша – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магадыша" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%83" title="Магадышу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магадышу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83" title="Могадишу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Могадишу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་ག་དི་ཤུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་ག་དི་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1" title="Mogadiš – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mogadiš" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqdisho" title="Muqdisho – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Muqdisho" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Somaliya)" title="Mogadishu (ulohang dakbayan sa Somaliya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mogadishu (ulohang dakbayan sa Somaliya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1o" title="Mogadišo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mogadišo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadischu" title="Mogadischu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mogadischu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqdisho" title="Muqdisho – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muqdisho" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μογκαντίσου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογκαντίσου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%9Do" title="Mogadiŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mogadiŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqdisho" title="Muqdisho – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muqdisho" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88" title="موگادیشو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موگادیشو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisj%C3%BB" title="Mogadisjû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mogadisjû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogaidisi%C3%BA" title="Mogaidisiú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mogaidisiú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadixo" title="Mogadixo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mogadixo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B0%80%EB%94%94%EC%8A%88" title="모가디슈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모가디슈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B8" title="Մոգադիշո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոգադիշո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82" title="मोगादीशू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोगादीशू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1" title="Mogadiš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mogadiš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3gadisj%C3%BA" title="Mógadisjú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mógadisjú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="מוגדישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוגדישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogaadisiyo" title="Mogaadisiyo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mogaadisiyo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D" title="მოგადიშო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოგადიშო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqdisho" title="Muqdisho – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Muqdisho" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moukdicho" title="Moukdicho – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moukdicho" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogad%C3%AE%C5%9F%C3%BB" title="Mogadîşû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mogadîşû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscium" title="Mogadiscium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mogadiscium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogad%C4%AB%C5%A1o" title="Mogadīšo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mogadīšo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadischu" title="Mogadischu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mogadischu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1as" title="Mogadišas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mogadišas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1o" title="Mogadišo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mogadišo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugadiss" title="Mugadiss – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mugadiss" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83" title="Могадишу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Могадишу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%81" title="മൊഗാദിഷു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊഗാദിഷു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82" title="मोगादिशू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोगादिशू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D" title="მოგადიშო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოგადიშო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="مقديشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مقديشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88" title="موگادیشو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موگادیشو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83" title="Могадишу – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Могадишу" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="モガディシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モガディシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadischu" title="Mogadischu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mogadischu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisho" title="Mogadisho – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Mogadisho" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisho" title="Mogadisho – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mogadisho" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisho" title="Mogadisho – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mogadisho" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82" title="ਮਕਦੀਸ਼ੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਕਦੀਸ਼ੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88" title="موگادیشو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موگادیشو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiss" title="Mogadiss – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mogadiss" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadischu" title="Mogadischu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mogadischu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiszu" title="Mogadiszu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mogadiszu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogad%C3%ADscio" title="Mogadíscio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mogadíscio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisho" title="Mogadisho – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mogadisho" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugadishu" title="Mugadishu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mugadishu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogad%C3%ACsciu" title="Mogadìsciu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mogadìsciu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="موغاديشو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موغاديشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1o" title="Mogadišo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mogadišo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1" title="Mogadiš – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mogadiš" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiszu" title="Mogadiszu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mogadiszu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqdisho" title="Muqdisho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muqdisho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%86" title="مۆگادیشۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆگادیشۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Могадиш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Могадиш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82" title="முக்தீசூ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முக்தீசூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugadiccu" title="Mugadiccu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mugadiccu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9" title="โมกาดิชู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมกาดิชู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%9Fu" title="Mogadişu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mogadişu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадишо – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Могадишо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Могадішо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Могадішо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="مقديشو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقديشو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mogadiscio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadi%C5%A1o" title="Mogadišo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mogadišo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mogadishu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadisu" title="Mogadisu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mogadisu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%8A%A0%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99" title="摩加迪沙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩加迪沙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mogadishu&params=02_02_21_N_45_20_31_E_region:SO-BN_type:city">02°02′21″N 45°20′31″E / 2.03917°N 45.34194°E / 2.03917; 45.34194</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and the largest city of Somalia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mogadishu (disambiguation)">Mogadishu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Banaadir, Somalia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mogadishu مقديشو (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Muqdisho (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Xamar (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>) حمر (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) Mogadiscio (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan monument, Lido Beach, the Old Fishing Harbour, and Mosque of Islamic Solidarity."><img alt="Clockwise from top: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan monument, Lido Beach, the Old Fishing Harbour, and Mosque of Islamic Solidarity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mogadishu.png/250px-Mogadishu.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mogadishu.png/375px-Mogadishu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mogadishu.png/500px-Mogadishu.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a> monument, <a href="/wiki/Lido_Beach,_Mogadishu" title="Lido Beach, Mogadishu">Lido Beach</a>, the Old Fishing Harbour, and <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a>.</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mogadishu,_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)"><img alt="Flag of Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg/96px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg/144px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg/193px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mogadishu_City_and_Banaadir_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="945" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_07d9906714206b117d54b887b809de40efbc3d81"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mogadishu&revid=1259089888&groups=_07d9906714206b117d54b887b809de40efbc3d81" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mogadishu&revid=1259089888&groups=_07d9906714206b117d54b887b809de40efbc3d81 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Somalia"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Somalia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1338" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.701%;left:42.473%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mogadishu مقديشو (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Somalia</div>Show map of Somalia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Horn of Africa"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Horn of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Horn_of_Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1438" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.046%;left:58.008%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mogadishu مقديشو (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Horn of Africa</div>Show map of Horn of Africa</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Africa"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic) is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.404%;left:86.048%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mogadishu مقديشو (Arabic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Mogadishu مقديشو (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Africa</div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mogadishu&params=02_02_21_N_45_20_31_E_region:SO-BN_type:city">02°02′21″N 45°20′31″E / 2.03917°N 45.34194°E / 2.03917; 45.34194</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /> <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">720AD<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu" title="Mayor of Mogadishu">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hussein_Jimaale" title="Yusuf Hussein Jimaale">Yusuf Hussein Jimaale</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Dwua-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">127 km2 (49 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,726,815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">21,000/km2 (56,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maqdishawi or Hamarawi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">East Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSh" class="mw-redirect" title="BSh">BSh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.459<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Somalia_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Somalia by Human Development Index">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bra.gov.so/">bra.gov.so</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mogadishu,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia_by_population" title="List of cities in Somalia by population">most populous city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. The city has served as an important port connecting traders across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> for millennia and has an estimated urban population of 2,610,483.<a href="#cite_note-pop-9">[8]</a> Mogadishu is located in the coastal <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> region on the Indian Ocean, which, unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a maamul goboleed (federal state).<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient period</a> up until the present, serving as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> in the 9th-13th century, which for many centuries controlled the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> gold trade and eventually came under the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> in the 13th century which was an important player in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> maritime trade. Mogadishu enjoyed the height of its prosperity during the 14th and 15th centuries<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and was during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> considered the wealthiest city on the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast, as well as the center of a thriving <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the <a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a>. In the 19th century, it came under the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a>'s sphere of influence. In 1894, the Somali chief had signed a treaty of peace, friendship, and protection with Filonardi of the Commercial Company of Benadir.<a href="#cite_note-Italy_Parlamento-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somalia_e_Benadir_viaggio_di_esplorazione_nell'Africa_orientale_Prima_traversata_della_Somalia_compiuta_per_incarico_della_Societa_geografica_italiana-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ricordi_Del_Benadir-15">[14]</a> The onset of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian colonial rule</a> occurred in stages, with treaties signed in the 1880s followed by economic engagement between Somali clans and the Commercial Company of Benadir, and then direct governance by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> after 1906, <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somaliland)" title="British Military Administration (Somaliland)">British Military Administration of Somalia</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the 1950s. This was followed by independence in 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> era during <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>'s presidency (1969–1991). The three-decade long <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> afterwards devastated the city. As of the late 2010s and 2020s, a period of major reconstruction commenced.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The origins of the name Mogadishu (Muqdisho) have many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> words Muuq and Disho which mean "Sight Killer" or "Blinder", possibly referring to the city's blinding beauty.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Magh'ad-e shāh (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: مقعد شاه) is another phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, meaning "seat of the Shah/merchant Shah" which reflects the city's early Persian influence.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The Arabic 'mads', meaning "hallowed (place)" may also be a root after establishment. The 16th century explorer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> knew the city as Magadazo (alt. Magadoxo).<a href="#cite_note-Leo-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mogadishu" title="History of Mogadishu">History of Mogadishu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime history of Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg/220px-Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg/330px-Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg/440px-Fakr_Ud_Din_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>19th century engraving of the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Fakr_ad-Din_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakr ad-Din Mosque">Fakr ad-Din Mosque</a> built by Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sarapion">Sarapion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sarapion">edit</a>]</div> The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a> is believed to have been the predecessor state of Mogadishu. It is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, a Greek travel document dating from the first century AD, as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali littoral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJama196219-20">[19]</a> According to the Periplus, maritime trade already connected peoples in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntingford198094-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> During ancient times Mogadishu was part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_maritime_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali maritime history">Somali city-states</a> that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> merchants with <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemic Egypt</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataea">Nabataea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the <a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">beden</a> to transport their cargo.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_origins">Foundation and origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foundation and origins">edit</a>]</div> The founding ethnicity of Mogadishu and its subsequent sultanate has been a topic of intrigue in <a href="/wiki/Somali_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Studies">Somali Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Lewis" title="Ioan Lewis">Ioan Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli" title="Enrico Cerulli">Enrico Cerulli</a> believed that the city was founded and ruled by a council of Arab and Persian families.<a href="#cite_note-LewisPeoples-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-LewisModern-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> However, the reference I.M Lewis and Cerulli received traces back to one 19th century text called the Kitab Al-Zunuj, which has been discredited by modern scholars as unreliable and unhistorical.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> More importantly, it contradicts oral, ancient written sources and archaeological evidence on the pre-existing civilizations and communities that flourished on the Somali coast, and to which were the forefathers of Mogadishu and other coastal cities. Thus, the Persian and Arab founding "myths" are regarded as an outdated false colonialist reflection on Africans ability to create their own sophisticated states.<a href="#cite_note-Jama-32">[31]</a> It has now been widely accepted that there were already communities on the Somali coast with ethnic Somali leadership, to whom the Arab and Persian families had to ask for permission to settle in their cities. It also seems the local Somalis retained their political and numerical superiority on the coast while the Muslim immigrants would go through an assimilation process by adopting the local language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Mogadishu along with <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and other Somali coastal cities was founded upon an indigenous network involving hinterland trade and that happened even before significant Arab migrations or trade with the Somali coast. That goes back approximately four thousand years and are supported by archaeological and textual evidences.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> This is corroborated by the first century AD Greek document the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, detailing multiple prosperous port cities in ancient Somalia, as well as the identification of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a> with the city that would later be known as Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited the Sultanate in the 14th century, he identified the Sultan as being of <a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbara</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> an ancient term to describe the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali people</a>. According to Ross E. Dunn neither Mogadishu, or any other city on the coast could be considered alien enclaves of Arabs or Persians, but were in-fact African towns.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, a Muslim medieval geographer in the year 1220 describes Mogadishu as the most prominent town on the coast. Yaqut also mentioned Mogadishu as being a town inhabited by Berbers, described as "dark-skinned" and considered ancestors of modern Somalis.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> By the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Sa'id</a> described Mogadishu, <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Barawa</a> located in the Benadir coast had become Islamic and commercial centers in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. He said the local people in the Benadir coast and the interior were predominantly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> with a minority of Arab, Persian and Indian merchants living in the coastal towns.<a href="#cite_note-Fage_et_al_139-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir" title="Ibn al-Mujawir">Ibn al-Mujawir</a> mentions the Banu Majid who fled the Mundhiriya region in Yemen in the year 1159 and settled in Mogadishu and also traders from the port towns of Abyan and Haram.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Mogadishu is traditionally inhabited by four clans. These are the Moorshe, Iskashato, DhabarWeyne, and the Bandawow.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Moorshe is regarded the oldest group in Mogadishu and is considered to be a sub-clan of <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)" title="Ajuran (clan)">Ajuran</a> who established one of the most powerful medieval kingdoms in Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Gibil Madow (Dark Skins) faction of the Benadiri are said to hail from the Somali clan groups from inland which make up the majority of Benadiris with a small minority being Gibil Cads (Light Skins) which descend from Muslim immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Period">Medieval Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mogadishu_Sultanate">Mogadishu Sultanate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mogadishu Sultanate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishan_currency.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mogadishan_currency.JPG/100px-Mogadishan_currency.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mogadishan_currency.JPG/150px-Mogadishan_currency.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mogadishan_currency.JPG/200px-Mogadishan_currency.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_currency" title="Mogadishu currency">Mogadishan currency</a></figcaption></figure> The Mogadishu Sultanate was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia#Medieval" title="History of Somalia">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> sultanate centered in southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> under the rule of Fakhr ad-Din before becoming part of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a> in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> trade, minted its own <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_currency" title="Mogadishu currency">currency</a>, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> A local city-state which much influence over the hinterland neighbouring coastal towns.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG/170px-Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG/255px-Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG/340px-Coral_house_mogadishu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of a <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> stone house in Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> For many years Mogadishu functioned as the pre-eminent city in the بلد البربر (Bilad al Barbar – "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>"), as medieval Arabic-speakers named the Somali coast.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Following his visit to the city, the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> (a former slave of Greek origin) wrote a global history of many places he visited Mogadishu and called it the richest and most powerful city in the region and was an Islamic center across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzzaffar_(Mogadishu_area)_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg/220px-Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg/330px-Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg/440px-Muzzaffar_%28Mogadishu_area%29_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Mogadishu area according to a 1576 map by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient-Almnara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient-Almnara.jpg/220px-Ancient-Almnara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient-Almnara.jpg/330px-Ancient-Almnara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient-Almnara.jpg/440px-Ancient-Almnara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Almnara Tower, Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Mogadishu">Medieval Mogadishu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval Mogadishu">edit</a>]</div> During his travels, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi</a> (1213–1286) noted that Mogadishu city had already become the leading Islamic centre in the region.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>-born traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">ibn Battuta</a>'s appearance on the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Somalia" title="Coastline of Somalia">coastline of Somalia</a> in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> that it exported to <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, among other places.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> He also describes the hospitality of the people of Mogadishu and how locals would put travellers up in their home to help the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Battuta added that the city was ruled by a Somali <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar,<a href="#cite_note-Versteegh-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61">[60]</a> He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali) but was also fluent in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Bulliet_313-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Sultan also had a retinue of <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>, legal experts, commanders, royal <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>, and other officials at his beck and call.<a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332 to 1406) noted in his book that Mogadishu was a massive <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>. He also claimed that the city was very populous with many wealthy <a href="/wiki/Merchants" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchants">merchants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Khaldun-64">[63]</a> This period gave birth to notable figures like <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_of_Mogadishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu">Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu</a> who was described as the governor and island chief of <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> by ibn Battuta.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> After him is named the Abdul-Aziz Mosque of Mogadishu, which survived for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The island's appellation "Madagascar" is not of local origin but rather was popularized in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Cousins-69">[68]</a> The name Madageiscar was first recorded in the memoirs of 13th-century Venetian explorer <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> as a corrupted transliteration of the name Mogadishu, the famous port with which Polo had confused the island.<a href="#cite_note-Room_2006,_p._230-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and large palaces in its centre and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> noted that many ships from the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat#Muslim_Period" title="History of Gujarat">Cambaya</a> sailed to Mogadishu with cloths and spices for which they in return received <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Mogadishu, the center of a thriving weaving industry known as toob benadir (specialized for the markets in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>),<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Barawa</a> also served as transit stops for <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> merchants from <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> and for the gold trade from <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> merchants from <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> also brought their Indian textile and fruit to the Somali coast in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> and wood.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a>, the famous Portuguese traveller, wrote about Mogadishu (c 1517–1518):<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It has a king over it, and is a place of great trade in merchandise. Ships come there from the kingdom of Cambay (India) and from Aden with stuffs of all kinds, and with spices. And they carry away from there much gold, ivory, beeswax, and other things upon which they make a profit. In this town there is plenty of meat, wheat, barley, and horses, and much fruit: it is a very rich place.</blockquote> In 1542, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> commander João de Sepúvelda led a small fleet on an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir" title="Battle of Benadir">expedition to the Somali coast</a>. During this expedition, he briefly attacked Mogadishu, capturing an Ottoman ship and firing upon the city, which compelled the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace treaty with the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> According to the 16th-century explorer, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> indicates that the native inhabitants of the Mogadishu polity were of the same origins as the denizens of the northern people of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> the capital of <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>. They were generally tall with an olive skin complexion, some darker. They would wear traditional rich white silk wrapped around their bodies and have Islamic turbans, and coastal people only wore sarongs and wrote in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. Their weaponry consisted of traditional Somali weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">battle axe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrows</a>. However, they received assistance from its close ally, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and with the import of firearms such as <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>. Most were Muslims, although a few adhered to <a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">pre-Islamic beliefs</a>; there were also some <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo Christians</a> further inland. Mogadishu itself was a wealthy, and well-built city-state, which maintained commercial trade with kingdoms across the world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> city was surrounded by walled stone fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-Leo_Africanus_source-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> collapsed in the 17th century due to heavy taxation against their subjects, which started a rebellion. The ex-subjects became a new wave of Somali migrants, the <a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a>, moved both into the <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_River" title="Shebelle River">Shebelle River</a> basin and Mogadishu. A new political elite led by <a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a> Yaquub <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>, with ties to the new leaders in the interior, moved into the <a href="/wiki/Shangani_District" title="Shangani District">Shangani District</a> of the city. Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)" title="Ajuran (clan)">Ajuran</a> lived in the other key-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Hamar_Weyne_District" title="Hamar Weyne District">Hamar Weyne District</a>. Ajuran merchants began to look for new linkages and regional trade opportunities since the Abgaal had commandeered the existing trading networks.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_period_(1700s–1900s)">Early Modern period (1700s–1900s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Modern period (1700s–1900s)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hiraab_Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hiraab Imamate">edit</a>]</div> By the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a> was a powerful kingdom that ruled large parts of southern and central Somalia. It successfully revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline due to internal problems, the Imamate also faced challenges from Imperialist kingdoms, the Zanzibari Sultan from the coast and <a href="/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geledi Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hobyo_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobyo Sultanate">Hobyo Sultanate</a> from the interior from both directions.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_V._Cassanelli_1982-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geledi_Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geledi Sultanate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg/220px-Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg/330px-Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg/440px-Sef_bin_Ahmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>A picture of Sef bin Ahmed in the year 1891, the brother of the former <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani</a> appointed representative to Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Geledi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Geledi">Sultanate of Geledi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a> vied over who would be the superior power on the Benadir Coast, with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim" title="Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim">Yusuf Mahamud</a> ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a> even paying tribute to him in order to keep <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani</a> representatives in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Mogadishu under <a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a> control had been in a period of decline and disarray near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate" title="Hiraab Imamate">Hiraab Imamate</a>. Following a struggle between the two leading figures of each respective quarter (<a href="/wiki/Shangani_District" title="Shangani District">Shingani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamar_Weyne_District" title="Hamar Weyne District">Hamarweyn</a>) Sultan Yusuf marched into the city with an 8,000 strong army and ruled in favour of the Shingani leader, with the loser fleeing the city. Yusuf would nominate a relative of the deposed chief to lead the Hamarweyn quarter ending the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Sultan Yusuf is even referred to as the governor of Mogadishu in some sources, highlighting the power he exerted over the city.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Despite the Somali political decline, trade with <a href="/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geledi Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</a> flourished during Geledi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_(Gobroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)">Ahmed Yusuf</a>'s reign. British explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a> visited the region in 1873 and noted a variety of things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and <a href="/wiki/Merka" class="mw-redirect" title="Merka">Merka</a> filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior. Kirk met the Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. The <a href="/wiki/Shabelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabelle">Shabelle</a> river itself was referred to as the 'Geledi river' by Kirk, perhaps in respect of the volume of produce that the Sultanate output. In <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Barawa</a> there was little grain instead a large quantity of ivory and skins which had already been loaded onto ships destined for <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The Geledi Sultans were at the height of their power. They dominated the East African <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> trade, and also held sway over the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Valley" title="Jubba Valley">Jubba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_Valley" title="Shebelle Valley">Shebelle</a> valleys in the hinterland. The Omani Sultans' authority in Mogadishu, however, was largely nominal (existing by name only).<a href="#cite_note-Adonis_&_Abbey_Publishers_Ltd-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> When Imam <a href="/wiki/Azzan_bin_Qais,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Azzan bin Qais, Sultan of Muscat and Oman">Azzan bin Qais of Oman</a> sought to build a fort in the city, he was thus obligated to request permission from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_(Gobroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)">Ahmed Yusuf</a> the real power broker who in turn convinced the Hiraab Imam to acquiesce to the decision.<a href="#cite_note-Aitncte-91">[90]</a> Omani and later Zanzibari officials were mere representatives of the Sultan to collect customs and needed the fort for their own security rather than control of the city.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adonis_&_Abbey_Publishers_Ltd-89">[88]</a> The Fort of Garessa was eventually constructed in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The Sultan of Zanzibar later leased and then sold the infrastructure that he had built to the Italians, but not the land itself, which was Somali owned.<a href="#cite_note-Ghalib25-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Somaliland_(late_1800s–1960)">Italian Somaliland (late 1800s–1960)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italian Somaliland (late 1800s–1960)">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mogadishu_1923.jpg/220px-Mogadishu_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mogadishu_1923.jpg/330px-Mogadishu_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mogadishu_1923.jpg/440px-Mogadishu_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>View of Italian Mogadishu in 1923.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials,_c.1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg/258px-Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg/387px-Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg/516px-Group_portrait_of_Somali_officials%2C_c.1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>A group of senior <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> officials recently returned from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in Mogadishu, 1939.</figcaption></figure> In 1905, Italy made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>. The Italians subsequently spelled the name of the city as Mogadiscio. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the surrounding territory came under Italian control with some resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200728-95">[94]</a> Thousands of Italians and other people from the Italian empire began to settle in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies across Somalia. They also developed some agricultural areas in the south near the capital, such as <a href="/wiki/Janale" title="Janale">Janale</a> and the Villaggio duca degli Abruzzi (present-day <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevilacquaClementiFranzina2001233-96">[95]</a> In the 1930s, new buildings and avenues were built. A 114 km (71 mi) narrow-gauge railway was laid from Mogadishu to Jowhar. An asphalt road, the Strada Imperiale, was also constructed and intended to link Mogadishu to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichstaedt201041-97">[96]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italo-Somali</a> population numbered 22,000, accounting for over 44% of the city's population of 50,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Mogadishu remained the capital of Italian Somaliland throughout the latter polity's existence. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> it was captured by British forces in February 1941. After World War II Mogadishu was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a>, an Italian administered fiduciary political entity under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UNO</a> mandate, for ten years (1950–1960). <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali_Republic_(1960–1991)">Somali Republic (1960–1991)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Somali Republic (1960–1991)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg/220px-Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg/330px-Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg/440px-Mogadishu_city_centre_-_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Mogadishu Avenue, 1963</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> became independent on 26 June 1960 as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2002835-100">[99]</a> On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, with Mogadishu serving as the nation's capital. A government was formed by <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa" title="Abdullahi Issa">Abdullahi Issa</a> and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bashir_Ismail_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf">Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf</a> as President of the Somali National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Abdullah_Osman_Daar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Abdullah Osman Daar">Aden Abdullah Osman Daar</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Somalia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Ali_Shermarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirashid Ali Shermarke">Abdirashid Ali Shermarke</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, the people of Somalia ratified a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, which was first drafted in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreystone1967338-101">[100]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod" title="Las Anod">Las Anod</a>, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Somalia">Somali Army</a> seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The <a href="/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Somali coup d'état">putsch</a> was spearheaded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, who at the time commanded the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachs1988290-102">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mogadishu.jpg/220px-Mogadishu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mogadishu.jpg/330px-Mogadishu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mogadishu.jpg/440px-Mogadishu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Metropolitan Mogadishu in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> Alongside Barre, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a> (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Salaad_Gabeyre_Kediye" title="Salaad Gabeyre Kediye">Salaad Gabeyre Kediye</a> and Chief of Police <a href="/wiki/Jama_Ali_Korshel" title="Jama Ali Korshel">Jama Ali Korshel</a>. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution," and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamFord1997226-103">[102]</a> The SRC subsequently renamed the country the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFageOliverCrowder1984478-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmericana_Corporation1976214-105">[104]</a> arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,<a href="#cite_note-Metz3-106">[105]</a> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiles1982279-107">[106]</a> The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programmes, including the <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Stadium" title="Mogadishu Stadium">Mogadishu Stadium</a>. In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> programme of industry and land, the Mogadishu-based new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, eventually joining the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel1992306-108">[107]</a> After fallout from the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden campaign</a> of the late 1970s, the Barre administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the <a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Somali coup d'état attempt">1978 coup d'état attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEARR1978602-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-110">[109]</a> Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_People_Media_Centre200594–105-111">[110]</a> However, several officials escaped abroad and started to form dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald200225-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_riots_of_July_1989" title="Mogadishu riots of July 1989">Mogadishu riots of July 1989</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></div> By the late 1980s, Barre's regime had become increasingly unpopular. The authorities became ever more <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a>, encouraged by Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> administration, sprang up across the country. Mogadishu saw its first major outbreak of violence during the <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_riots_of_July_1989" title="Mogadishu riots of July 1989">14 July 1989 riots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:6-113">[112]</a> during the crackdown Barres forces killed approximately 400 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[113]</a> The July 1989 riots resulted in a large exodus of foreigners from the city and intensification of opposition towards the regime.<a href="#cite_note-:7-115">[114]</a> This incident and other events over the following months led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in 1991, the toppling of Barre's government, and the disbandment of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Somalia">Somali National Army</a>. Many of the opposition groups began competing for influence in the <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> that followed the ouster of Barre's regime. Armed factions led by United Somali Congress commanders General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farah_Aidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Farah Aidid">Mohamed Farah Aidid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Mohamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Mahdi Mohamed">Ali Mahdi Mohamed</a>, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Lirs-116">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg/220px-A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg/330px-A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg/440px-A_view_over_the_Mogadishu_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>A view over destroyed Mogadishu coast during the civil war</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerialmog2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerialmog2.jpg/220px-Aerialmog2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerialmog2.jpg/330px-Aerialmog2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerialmog2.jpg/440px-Aerialmog2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of a residential area in Mogadishu (1992)</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">United Nations Operation in Somalia II</a> several <a href="/wiki/Gun_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun battle">gun battles</a> took place in Mogadishu between Somali factions, volunteers and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a>. Among these was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu of 1993</a>, a US apprehension of two high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Alliance" title="Somali National Alliance">Somali National Alliance</a>. The UN soldiers withdrew altogether from the country on 3 March 1995, having incurred more significant casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeddon2013476-117">[116]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU), an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> organization, assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and imposed <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law. The new <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG), established two years earlier, sought to establish its authority. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMISOM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMISOM">AMISOM</a> peacekeepers and air support by the United States, it drove out the rival ICU and solidified its rule.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> On 8 January 2007, as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a>, raged, TFG President and founder <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed</a>, a former colonel in the Somali Army, entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a> in Mogadishu from its interim location in <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>, marking the first time since the fall of the Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-PNT2011-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TanksRoad3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/TanksRoad3a.jpg/220px-TanksRoad3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/TanksRoad3a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>An armoured column of M1A1 Abrams Tanks and M2 Bradley IFVs of 1-64th Armor move down a dirt road outside</figcaption></figure> Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into factions. Some of the more radical elements, including a youth milita within the courts military wing known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a>, regrouped to continue their <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> against the TFG and oppose the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian military</a>'s presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> brokered by the UN. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected a new president.<a href="#cite_note-2009factbook-121">[120]</a> With the help of a small team of African Union troops, the coalition government also began a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2009-)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2009-)">counteroffensive</a> in February 2009 to retake control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its control of southern Somalia, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a</a>, a moderate <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> militia.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In November 2010, a new <a href="/wiki/Technocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocrat">technocratic</a> government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms, especially in the security sector.<a href="#cite_note-Swscmos-123">[122]</a> By August 2011, the new administration and its AMISOM allies had managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants.<a href="#cite_note-Asdilr-124">[123]</a> Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction spearheaded by the Somali diaspora, the municipal authorities, and Turkey, a historic ally of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Hmeanbd-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apsassnlrmdm-126">[125]</a> In October 2017, over 500 people were killed by <a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">a truck bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:587-127">[126]</a> In March 2022, al-Shabaab killed over 60 people in <a href="/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks" title="March 2022 Somalia attacks">a series of attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In October 2022, an al-Shabaab <a href="/wiki/October_2022_Mogadishu_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2022 Mogadishu bombings">double car bombing</a> killed over 120 people.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 14 March, militants <a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_YSL_Hotel_attack_and_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Mogadishu YSL Hotel attack and siege">attacked and sieged the SYL Hotel in Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In July 2024, At least eight people are killed and twenty-one others injured in a shootout between security forces and inmates in a Mogadishu prison during an escape attempt. The prisoners who attempted to escape were members of Al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> On 14 July, 10 people were injured in a cafe due to a car bombing done by Al-Shabaab. In August 2024, 37 people were killed by an Al-Shabaab suicide bomber at Lido Beach.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg/220px-Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg/330px-Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg/440px-Mogadishu_in_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Mogadishu Overview, 2017</figcaption></figure> In August 2011, militant group al Shabaab made a strategic withdrawal from Mogadishu to return to hit-and-run tactics.<a href="#cite_note-mogtechbabaea-133">[132]</a> Mayor Mohamed Nur recognized the opportunity as critical to stabilizing and rebuilding the city. Working closely with the UN, USAID, and DRC, Nur's administration started large-scale rehabilitation of roads and general infrastructure, with residents cooperating with the civil and police authorities to tighten up on security.<a href="#cite_note-Mclrtnatata-134">[133]</a> Nur recognized the opportunity to transform Mogadishu although resources were limited. Working with urban strategist Mitchell Sipus, the Benadir government sought to design and deploy a data-driven approach to post-war reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-mogtechgege-135">[134]</a> With the passing of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">Constitution</a> in 2012 and the subsequent election of an inaugural President in the new <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government</a>, the mayorship continued to oversee Mogadishu's ongoing post-conflict reconstruction. Building off the initial pilot, the <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Benadir</a> administration launched a citywide street naming, <a href="/wiki/House_numbering" title="House numbering">house numbering</a> and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Bolmssssenp-136">[135]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are postal codes for 156 localities and sub-localities, including the Mogadishu metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu,_Somalia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG/220px-Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG/330px-Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG/440px-Mogadishu%2C_Somalia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Mogadishu as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> Mogadishu is situated on the Indian Ocean coast of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> of Northeast Africa, in the <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> administrative region (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">gobol</a>) in southeastern Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-138">[137]</a> The region itself is coextensive with the city and is much smaller than the historical province of <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a>. The city is administratively divided into eighteen districts of <a href="/wiki/Abdiaziz_District" title="Abdiaziz District">Abdiaziz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bondhere_District" title="Bondhere District">Bondhere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daynile_District" title="Daynile District">Daynile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharkenley_District" title="Dharkenley District">Dharkenley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamar-Jajab_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamar-Jajab District">Hamar-Jajab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamar-Weyne_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamar-Weyne District">Hamar-Weyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliwa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliwa District">Heliwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hodan_District" title="Hodan District">Hodan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howl-Wadag_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Howl-Wadag District">Howl-Wadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karan_District" title="Karan District">Karan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shangani_District" title="Shangani District">Shangani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibis_District" title="Shibis District">Shibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waberi_District" title="Waberi District">Waberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadajir_District" title="Wadajir District">Wadajir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wardhigley_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardhigley District">Wardhigley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqshid_District" title="Yaqshid District">Yaqshid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stados-139">[138]</a> Features of the city include the Hamarwein old town, the <a href="/wiki/Bakaara_Market" title="Bakaara Market">Bakaara Market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira Beach">Gezira Beach</a>. The sandy beaches of Mogadishu have vibrant coral reefs, and are prime real estate for the first tourist resorts in many years.<a href="#cite_note-Milmsrhtap-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_River" title="Shebelle River">Shebelle River</a> (Webiga Shabelle) rises in central <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and comes within 30 km (19 mi) of the Indian Ocean near Mogadishu before turning southwestward. Usually dry during February and March, the river provides water essential for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UsaPublications2007-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogaerial2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mogaerial2.jpg/220px-Mogaerial2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mogaerial2.jpg/330px-Mogaerial2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mogaerial2.jpg/440px-Mogaerial2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Mogadishu beachfront</figcaption></figure> For a city situated so near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, Mogadishu has a dry climate. It is classified as hot and dry-winter (winter is hotter than summer) <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> (BShw), as with much of southeastern Somalia. Summer (Jun-Aug) is the coldest and rainiest reason. By contrast, towns in northern Somalia generally have a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">hot arid climate</a> (Köppen BWh).<a href="#cite_note-Peel-142">[141]</a> While the city is relatively dry, due to its coastal location, relative humidity is rather high, averaging 79% for the year. Mogadishu is located in or near the tropical thorn woodland biome of the <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge</a> global bioclimatic scheme. The mean temperature in the city year-round is 27 °C (81 °F), with an average maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) and an average minimum of 24 °C (75 °F). Mean temperature readings per month vary by 3 °C (5.4 °F), corresponding with a hyperoceanic and subtype truly hyperoceanic <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continentality</a> type. Precipitation per year averages 429.2 mm (16.9 in). There are 47 wet days annually, which are associated with a 12% annual daily probability of rainfall. The city has an average of 3,066 hours of sunshine per year, with 8.4 hours of sunlight per day. Mean daylight hours and minutes per day are 8 hours and 24 minutes. The percentage of possible sunshine is 70%. Average <a href="/wiki/Solar_azimuth_angle" title="Solar azimuth angle">sun altitude</a> at solar noon on the 21st day of the month is 75%.<a href="#cite_note-Moclate-143">[142]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mogadishu </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">428 (16.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,082.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><a href="#cite_note-DWD-144">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<a href="#cite_note-faosun-145">[144]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a></div> The Government of Somalia has its seat in Mogadishu, the nation's capital. The <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG) was the internationally recognized central government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012. Based in Mogadishu, it constituted the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch of government. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> was established on 20 August 2012 at the end of the TFG's interim mandate.<a href="#cite_note-Fcacsunesinpshm-146">[145]</a> It represented the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Fcacsunesinpshm-146">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Federal Parliament of Somalia</a> serves as the government's <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-Gttsdpc-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal">Municipal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Municipal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg/220px-MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg/330px-MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg/440px-MogadishuHeadquarters.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Mogadishu municipality headquarters</figcaption></figure> Mogadishu's municipal government is led by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Finnish" title="Omar Finnish">Omar Mohamud Mohamed (Finnish)</a>, who succeeded the late mayor <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Omar_Osman" title="Abdirahman Omar Osman">Abdirahman Omar Osman (Yariisow)</a> in August 2019 after Osman was killed in a <a href="/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">suicide bomb attack</a> that targeted his office.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Among the administration's development initiatives are a US$100 million urban renewal project, the creation of garbage disposal and incineration plants, the launch of a citywide cleanup project, the creation of asphalt and cement plants, rehabilitation of the Town Hall and parliament buildings, reconstruction of the former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Somalia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Somalia)">Defence Ministry</a> offices, reconstruction of correctional facilities, rehabilitation and construction of health facilities, establishment of a Police Training Center and a permanent base in Jasiira for the new <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somali Armed Forces</a>, rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Postal_Service" title="Somali Postal Service">Somali Postal Service</a> headquarters, and rehabilitation of public playgrounds in several districts.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched the House Numbering and Post Code System.<a href="#cite_note-Bolmssssenp-136">[135]</a> It also began distributing national identity cards in March of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Gmmwtsdcm-151">[150]</a> In addition, the municipal authorities started renovating important local government centers in September 2014, including the capital's former Fisho Guverno compound.<a href="#cite_note-Gbaptrgs-152">[151]</a> In January 2015, the Benadir administration also opened a new Health & Safety Office to supervise health and safety practices in the city,<a href="#cite_note-Swpcotpotgtjt-153">[152]</a> and launched a municipal beautification campaign ahead of various international conferences that are slated to be held there.<a href="#cite_note-Gbacstbc-154">[153]</a> In March 2015, the Benadir administration completed the SECIL project in conjunction with the EU and <a href="/wiki/UN%E2%80%93Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN–Habitat">UN–Habitat</a>. The 3.5 million EUR initiative lasted three and a half years, and saw the establishment in Mogadishu of a sustainable waste collection system, a technical training centre, water quality testing laboratories, better access to clean drinking water, improved employment and livelihood opportunities in the low-cost fuel production sector, strengthened skills training and regulation in the construction sector, and laboratories for the testing of construction material quality.<a href="#cite_note-Geauhispim-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogturkemb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mogturkemb.jpg/220px-Mogturkemb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mogturkemb.jpg/330px-Mogturkemb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mogturkemb.jpg/440px-Mogturkemb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Turkey's embassy in Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> A number of countries maintain <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somalia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Somalia">foreign embassies and consulates</a> in Mogadishu. As of January 2014, these diplomatic missions include the embassies of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Japan, China,<a href="#cite_note-Aaiaeim-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scooeist-157">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Qdimm-158">[157]</a> Embassies that are scheduled to reopen in the city include those of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Italy and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Aaiaeim-156">[155]</a> In May 2015, in recognition of the sociopolitical progress made in Somalia and its return to effective governance, US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> announced a preliminary plan to reestablish the US embassy in Mogadishu. He indicated that although there was no set timetable for the premises' relaunch, the US government had immediately begun upgrading its diplomatic representation in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Kimsrtegiao-159">[158]</a> President of Somalia <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdirashid_Ali_Sharmarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke">Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke</a> also presented to Kerry the real estate <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deed</a> for land reserved for the new US embassy compound.<a href="#cite_note-Gmgdnwnsemt-160">[159]</a> Mohamud concurrently signed an Establishment Agreement with the EU Head of Delegation in Somalia Michele Cervone d’Urso, which facilitates the opening of more embassies in Mogadishu by <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states. The EU also announced that it had opened a new EU Delegation office in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Edotois-161">[160]</a> In February 2014, Somalia's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Duale_Beyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirahman Duale Beyle">Abdirahman Duale Beyle</a> announced that the federal government was slated to reopen the former Institute of Diplomacy in Mogadishu. The centre historically served as one of the most important national institutions for diplomacy and international relations. Beyle also pledged to reestablish the institute's diplomacy department, its information and broadcasting department, as well as its library.<a href="#cite_note-Ssgtrfiod-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormuud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hormuud.jpg/170px-Hormuud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hormuud.jpg/255px-Hormuud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Hormuud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom" title="Hormuud Telecom">Hormuud Telecom</a> is one of many firms with headquarters in Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre. Before the importation of mass-produced cloth from Europe and America, the city's textiles were forwarded throughout the interior of the continent, as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and as far as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Mogadishu's economy has grown rapidly since the city's pacification in mid-2011. The SomalFruit processing factory was reopened once again, as well as the local <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> factory, which was also refurbished.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> In May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/First_Somali_Bank" title="First Somali Bank">First Somali Bank</a> was established in the capital, representing the first commercial bank to open in southern Somalia since 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Pwsstc-164">[163]</a> The Somali civil engineer and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Nasra_Agil" title="Nasra Agil">Nasra Agil</a> opened the city's first <a href="/wiki/Dollar_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar store">Dollar store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hiwd-165">[164]</a> The Historic Central Bank was regenerated, with the Moumin Business Centre likewise under construction.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> The galvanization of Mogadishu's real estate sector was in part facilitated by the establishment of a local construction yard in November 2012 by the Municipality of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Red_Crescent" title="Turkish Red Crescent">Turkish Red Crescent</a>. 50 construction trucks and machines were imported from Turkey. The yard produces concrete, asphalt and paving stones for building projects and entrepreneurs. The Istanbul Municipality was also scheduled to bring in 100 specialists to accelerate the construction initiative which ultimately aims to modernize the capital's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Toocyim-166">[165]</a> In mid-2012, Mogadishu held its first ever <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">Technology, Entertainment, Design</a> (TEDx) conference. The event was organized by the FirstSomali Bank to showcase improvements in business, development and security to potential Somali and international investors.<a href="#cite_note-Pwsstc-164">[163]</a> A second consecutive TEDx entrepreneurial conference was held the following year in the capital, highlighting new enterprises and commercial opportunities, including the establishment of the city's first <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a> business in several years.<a href="#cite_note-Aschet-167">[166]</a> A number of large firms have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these is the <a href="/wiki/Trans-National_Industrial_Electricity_and_Gas_Company" title="Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company">Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company</a>, an energy <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> founded in 2010 that unites five major <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia" title="List of companies of Somalia">Somali companies</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Other firms based in the city include <a href="/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom" title="Hormuud Telecom">Hormuud Telecom</a>, the largest telecommunications company in southern and central Somalia. <a href="/wiki/Telcom_(Somalia)" title="Telcom (Somalia)">Telcom</a> is another telecommunications service provider that is centered in the capital. The local <a href="/wiki/Somali_Energy_Company" title="Somali Energy Company">Somali Energy Company</a> specializes in the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power to residents and businesses within its service area in Banaadir.<a href="#cite_note-Secmv-169">[168]</a> Villa and Mansion Architects, an international architectural firm founded by the Somali-British architect Alexander Yusuf has its regional offices in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-Vamac-170">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_of_Somalia" title="International Bank of Somalia">International Bank of Somalia</a>, which opened downtown in 2014, offers <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic finance</a> and international banking services via a <a href="/wiki/Swift_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift code">swift code</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Abosoim-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Insurance_Company" title="Islamic Insurance Company">Islamic Insurance Company</a> (First Takaful and Re-Takaful Insurance Company) is the city's first full service insurance firm in many years.<a href="#cite_note-Gsoficioty-172">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank of Somalia</a>, the national monetary authority, also has its headquarters in Mogadishu. In June 2013, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Farah_Shirdon" title="Abdi Farah Shirdon">Abdi Farah Shirdon</a> signed a new <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> law. The draft bill was prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in conjunction with government attorneys. Approved by the Cabinet, it establishes a secure legal framework for foreign investment in Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Wspmwfilabfsitrd-173">[172]</a> In October 2014, the firm Tawakal Money Express (Tawakal) began construction of the seven-storey Tawakal Plaza Mogadishu. The new high rise is slated to be completed by the end of 2015, and will feature a Tawakal Global Bank customer and financial services center, a large, 338 square meter supermarket, a 46-room luxury hotel, restaurant and coffee shop facilities, and conference and event halls.<a href="#cite_note-Stmeabpthutgbs-174">[173]</a> In addition, the Nabaad Supermarket provides major retail service to local shoppers. Open daily until 10 pm, the convenience chain imports most of its products from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and China.<a href="#cite_note-Sanimctltorc-175">[174]</a> The Al Buruuj firm also launched a major real estate project in January 2015, Daru-Salam City. Financed by the <a href="/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank" title="Salaam Somali Bank">Salaam Somali Bank</a>, the new urban complex includes town houses, apartment flats, a mosque, recreational areas, playgrounds, a supermarket and roads. It is slated to be erected just outside the northern part of the capital, within a 7-kilometer radius of the Industrial Road.<a href="#cite_note-Swpcotpotgtjt-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">55,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1953</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,332</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,222</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">171,312</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+47.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">172,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1972</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">230,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+117.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1984</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">570,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+93.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,425,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+120.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Sources: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland#British_Military_Administration_(BMA)" title="Italian Somaliland">British Military Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and Mogadishu municipal estimates and censuses; Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mogadishu is inhabited by All Somali clan-families, with the most dominated being the Abgaal and Murusade clans.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> that have inhabited the city since the beginning, several minorities have also historically lived in the city. With the beginning of Islam, Arab and Persian migrants began to settle during the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Anthropological_Institute195350–51-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199847-183">[182]</a> Centuries of intermarriage between the various ethnic groups, which also include Bantus, produced a minority people called <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_people" title="Benadiri people">Benadiris</a>, or ‘Ad’ad (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Cadcad),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbink199918-184">[183]</a> who mainly inhabit the oldest districts of Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In the colonial period, European expatriates, primarily <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italians</a>, would also contribute to the city's cosmopolitan populace. Following a greatly improved security situation in the city in 2012, Somali expatriates and many of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">diaspora</a> began returning to Mogadishu for investment opportunities and to take part in the post-conflict reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-Meanbd-186">[185]</a> Through both private efforts and public initiatives like the Somali Diaspora Corps, they have participated in the renovation of schools, hospitals, banks and other infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Meanbd-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sgsdc-187">[186]</a> They have also helped to propel the local real estate market.<a href="#cite_note-Mtjedhaba-188">[187]</a> Since 2015, Mogadishu and many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">north</a> of the country have seen a rise in refugees and migrants mainly those who are returning from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> or are from war torn <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> countries particularly those who are <a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Yemenis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> who are fleeing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> According to Demographia, Mogadishu has a population of around 2,425,000 residents as of April 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit">[update]</a>. It is the 210th largest city in the world by population size. The urban area occupies 91 km2 (35 sq mi), with a population density of around 26,800/km2 (69,000/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Dwua-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a> assisted the Ministry in the project, which is slated to be finalized ahead of the planned plebiscite and local and national elections in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Sgtlpcaote-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Places of worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosislsol2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg/220px-Mosislsol2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg/330px-Mosislsol2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Mosislsol2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a> is the largest masjid in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques. <a href="/wiki/Arba%27a_Rukun_Mosque" title="Arba'a Rukun Mosque">Arba'a Rukun Mosque</a> is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital. It was built circa 667 (1268–9 AD) along with the <a href="/wiki/Fakr_ad-Din_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakr ad-Din Mosque">Fakr ad-Din Mosque</a>. Arba'a Rukun's <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> contains an inscription dated from the same year, which commemorates the masjid's late founder, Khusra ibn Mubarak al-Shirazi (Khusrau ibn Muhammed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAARP197510-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlake196610-193">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a> was constructed in 1987 with financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud Foundation</a>. It is the main mosque in the city, and an iconic building in Somali society. With a capacity of up to 10,000 worshippers, it is the single largest masjid in the Horn region. In 2015, the federal authorities completed formal refurbishments on the mosque's infrastructure. The upgrades are part of a larger governmental renovation campaign aimed at all of the masjids in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-Dwpcotpotgjf-194">[193]</a> To this end, the municipal authority is refurbishing the historic Central Mosque, situated downtown.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a> was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland. Known as the "Cattedrale di Mogadiscio", it was constructed in a <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a> style, based on the <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The church served as the traditional seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadiscio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio">Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> It later incurred significant damage during the civil war. In April 2013, after a visit to the site to inspect its condition, the Diocese of Mogadiscio announced plans to refurbish the building.<a href="#cite_note-Afasifsoh-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces">Palaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Palaces">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">palace</a> and principal workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a>. It sits on high ground that overlooks the city on the Indian Ocean, with access to both the harbour and airport.<a href="#cite_note-Rsnasvtio-197">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_of_Mogadishu" title="Governor's Palace of Mogadishu">Governor's Palace of Mogadishu</a> was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland">governor</a> of Italian Somaliland, and then the administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_libraries_and_theatres">Museums, libraries and theatres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Museums, libraries and theatres">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg/400px-Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg/600px-Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Old_fort_Mogadishu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Old fort used as Museum <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">National Museum of Somalia</a> </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">National Museum of Somalia</a> was established after independence in 1960, when the old Garesa Museum was turned into a National Museum. The National Museum was later moved in 1985, renamed to the Garesa Museum, and converted to a regional museum.<a href="#cite_note-unescorap1-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> After shutting down, the National Museum later reopened. As of January 2014, it holds many culturally important artefacts, including old coins, bartering tools, traditional artwork, ancient weaponry and pottery items.<a href="#cite_note-Ampoi-200">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Somalia" title="National Library of Somalia">National Library of Somalia</a> was established in 1975, and came under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education (Somalia)">Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education</a>. In 1983, it held approximately 7,000 books, little in the way of historical and cultural archival material, and was open to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-unescodev-201">[200]</a> The National Library later closed down in the 1990s. In June 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Heritage Institute for Policy Studies">Heritage Institute for Policy Studies</a> organized a shipment of 22,000 books from the United States to Somalia as part of an initiative to restock the library.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In December of the year, the Somali authorities officially launched a major project to rebuild the National Library. With Zainab Hassan serving as Director, the $1 million federal government-funded initiative will see a new library complex built in the capital within six months. In preparation for the relaunch, 60,000 additional books from other Arab League states are expected to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-Wstrnl-203">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Somalia" title="National Theatre of Somalia">National Theatre of Somalia</a> opened in 1967 as an important cultural landmark in the national capital. It closed down after the start of the civil war in the early 1990s but reopened in March 2012 after reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct the National Theatre of Somalia in addition to several other major infrastructural landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-Sgcosca-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markets">Markets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Markets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakaara_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bakaara_Market.jpg/220px-Bakaara_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bakaara_Market.jpg/330px-Bakaara_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bakaara_Market.jpg/440px-Bakaara_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bakaara_Market" title="Bakaara Market">Bakaara Market</a> in the heart of Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bakaara_Market" title="Bakaara Market">Bakaara Market</a> was created in late 1972 by the Barre administration. It served as an open market for the sale of goods and services, including produce and clothing. After the start of the civil war, the market was controlled by militant groups, who used it as a base for their operations. Following Mogadishu's pacification in 2011, renovations resumed at the market. Shops were rehabilitated, selling everything from fruit and garments to building materials.<a href="#cite_note-Alcatssr-206">[205]</a> As in the rest of the city, Barkaara Market's real estate values have also risen considerably. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the local Tabaarak firm was renting out a newly constructed warehouse at the market for $2,000 per month.<a href="#cite_note-Wfribm-207">[206]</a> In February 2014, the Benadir administration began renovations at the <a href="/wiki/Ansaloti_Market" title="Ansaloti Market">Ansaloti Market</a> in the Hamar Jajab district. It was one of the largest markets in the city before closing down operations in the early 1990s. In September 2014, the municipal authorities reopened the Ansaloti to the public, with officials supervising all parts of the market. According to the Benadir Political Affairs Vice Chairman Mohamed Adan "Anagel", the facility is now open for business and will compete with other regional markets.<a href="#cite_note-Amimr-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutes">Institutes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Institutes">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Somali_Language_Academy" title="Regional Somali Language Academy">Regional Somali Language Academy</a> is an intergovernmental regulating body for the <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> in the Horn region. In January 2015, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced that the institute was slated to be finalized in conjunction with the governments of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gspouslod-209">[208]</a> Among the scheduled projects was the construction of a new headquarters for the academy in Mogadishu, in recognition of Somalia's traditional position as the centre for the development and promotion of the Somali language.<a href="#cite_note-Spouosaoloc-210">[209]</a> In February 2015, the foundation stone for the new Regional Somali Language Academy was officially laid at an inauguration ceremony in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Gpsdlnrsla-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotels">Hotels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hotels">edit</a>]</div> Mogadishu has a number of hotels, most of which were recently constructed. The city's many returning expatriates, investors and foreign workers are among these establishments' main customers. To meet the growing demand, hotel representatives have also begun participating in international industry conferences, such as the Africa Hotel Investment Forum.<a href="#cite_note-Sirfismho-212">[211]</a> Among the new hotels is the six-floor Jazeera Palace Hotel. It was built in 2010 and opened in 2012. Situated within 300m of the Aden Adde International Airport, it has a 70-room capacity with a 70% occupancy rate. The hotel expects to host over 1,000 visitors by 2015, for which it plans to construct a larger overall building and conference facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Sirfismho-212">[211]</a> A new landslide hotel within the airport itself is also slated to be completed by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Atfos-213">[212]</a> Other hotels in the city include the Lafweyn Palace Hotel, Amira Castle Hotel, Sahafi Hotel, Hotel Nasa-Hablod, Oriental Hotel, Hotel Guuleed, Hotel Shamo, Peace Hotel, Aran Guest House, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Muna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Muna">Muna Hotel</a>, Hotel Taleex, Hotel Towfiq, Benadir Hotel, Ambassador Hotel, Kuwait Plaza Hotel, Safari Hotel Diplomat, Dayax Hotel, Safari Guesthouse and Bin Ali Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-Aaiamh-214">[213]</a> The Posh Hotel was mostly destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bomber">suicide bomber</a> in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic institutions. As part of the government's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the country are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. Compulsory education lasts 15 years, Primary and middle school is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between the ages of 7 and 19, and by 2015 enrollment of children in this age range was nearly 55%. Secondary or high school education is not mandatory but required in order to then progress to <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogauniv1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mogauniv1.jpg/220px-Mogauniv1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mogauniv1.jpg/330px-Mogauniv1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mogauniv1.jpg/440px-Mogauniv1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_University" title="Mogadishu University">Mogadishu University</a> main campus</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_University" title="Somali National University">Somali National University</a> (SNU) was established in the 1950s, during the trusteeship period. In 1973, its programmes and facilities were expanded. The SNU developed over the next 20 years into an expansive institution of higher learning, with 13 departments, 700 staff and over 15,000 students. On 14 November 2013, the Cabinet unanimously approved a federal government plan to reopen the Somali National University, which had been closed down in the early 1990s. The refurbishing initiative cost US$3.6 million,<a href="#cite_note-Ceptrsnu-216">[215]</a> and was completed in August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Gfgrsnu-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_University" title="Mogadishu University">Mogadishu University</a> (MU) is a non-governmental university that is governed by a board of trustees and a University Council. It is the brainchild of a number of professors from the Somali National University as well as other Somali intellectuals. Financed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, as well as other donor institutions, the university counts hundreds of graduates from its seven faculties, some of whom continue on to pursue <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's degrees">Master's degrees</a> abroad thanks to a scholarship programme. Mogadishu University has established multiple partnerships with several other academic institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aalborg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Aalborg">University of Aalborg</a> in Denmark, three universities in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, seven universities in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Djibouti" title="University of Djibouti">University of Djibouti</a>, and two universities in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit">[update]</a>, MU also has accreditation with the Board of the Intergovernmental Organization EDU.<a href="#cite_note-IOAHL-218">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg/220px-Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg/330px-Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg/440px-Hammar_Jab_Jab_School.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The Hamar Jajab School in Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> In 1999, the Somali Institute of Management and Administration (SIMAD) was co-established in Mogadishu by incumbent president of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. The institution subsequently grew into the <a href="/wiki/SIMAD_University" title="SIMAD University">SIMAD University</a>, with Mohamud acting as <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Spostpc-219">[218]</a> It offers a range of undergraduate courses in various fields, including economics, statistics, business, accountancy, technology, computer science, health sciences, education, law and public administration.<a href="#cite_note-SIMAD-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benadir_University" title="Benadir University">Benadir University</a> (BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. It has since expanded into other fields. Another tertiary institution in the city is the Zamzam University of Science and Technology and <a href="/wiki/Jamhuriya_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology">Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology</a> . The Turkish Boarding School was also established, with the Mogadishu Polytechnic Institute and Shabelle University campus likewise undergoing renovations. Additionally, a New Islamic University campus is being built.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> In April 2014, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed">Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed</a> also laid the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the former meteorological school in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-Qsplfsfmsim-221">[220]</a> A new national Aviation Training Academy is likewise being built at the Aden Adde International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-Rshpmasalfs-222">[221]</a> This is the first of its kind. <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Mogadishu" class="mw-redirect" title="City University of Mogadishu">City University</a> was established in 2012 with the aim of providing instruction and research. The college is staffed by an accredited Master's-level faculty, and governed by a board of trustees consisting of academics and prominent entrepreneurs. City University's syllabus features a curriculum and foundation programs in English. Its campus includes physical and digital libraries, as well as IT and scientific laboratories. The university is a member of the Somali Research and Educational Network, and is authorized as a degree-granting institution by the national Ministry of Education Directorate of Higher Education and Culture. Other tertiary institutions in the capital include <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Zamzam University of Science and Technology">Zamzam University of Science and Technology</a>. In 2012, Zamzam foundation started agricultural training school declared its purpose to be “rebuilding food production system of the country and accelerate its yield, while promoting income generation for low-income families”. The School conducted 22 training programs during that period. in 2013 the Agricultural training school became Zamzam University of Science & Technology (ZUST). the first classes for the bachelor's degree September 2014, followed by the faculty of Medicine in 2015. Currently the ZUST has six faculties and centre for graduate studies. The permanent campus of the university is located in the KM11 Weydoow Mogadishu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> As Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu has many important national institutions. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> established in August 2012, with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia Federal Parliament</a> serving as the government's <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> branch. Abdirahman Omar Osman has been the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu" title="Mayor of Mogadishu">Mayor of Mogadishu</a> since January 2018. <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">palace</a> and principal workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a>. In May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/First_Somali_Bank" title="First Somali Bank">First Somali Bank</a> was established in the capital, which organized Mogadishu's first-ever <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">Technology, Entertainment, Design</a> (TEDx) conference, opened by Liban Egal. The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city's real-estate sector. <a href="/wiki/Arba%27a_Rukun_Mosque" title="Arba'a Rukun Mosque">Arba'a Rukun Mosque</a> is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital, built circa <a href="/wiki/Anno_hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno hegirae">AH</a> 667 (1268–69 CE). The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity" title="Mosque of Islamic Solidarity">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a> in Mogadishu is the largest masjid in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a> region. <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a> was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somalia in a <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a> style, and served as the traditional seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadiscio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio">Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">National Museum of Somalia</a> is based in Mogadishu and holds many culturally important artefacts. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Somalia" title="National Library of Somalia">National Library of Somalia</a> is undergoing a US$1.5 million Somali federal government funded renovation, including a new library complex. Mogadishu is home to scholastic and media institutions. As part of the municipality's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. The <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_University" title="Somali National University">Somali National University</a> (SNU) was established in the 1950s, and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_University" title="Mogadishu University">Mogadishu University</a> (MU). <a href="/wiki/Benadir_University" title="Benadir University">Benadir University</a> (BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu, including the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Football_Federation" title="Somali Football Federation">Somali Football Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Olympic_Committee" title="Somali Olympic Committee">Somali Olympic Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Stadium" title="Mogadishu Stadium">Mogadishu Stadium</a> was constructed in 1978 during the <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. It hosts <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> matches with teams from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_First_Division" title="Somali First Division">Somali First Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_Cup" title="Somalia Cup">Somalia Cup</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Port of Mogadishu</a> serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia. <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu International Airport</a> is the capital's main airport. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_(8394616568).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg/220px-2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg/330px-2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg/440px-2012_01_12_MGD_Stadiums_e_%288394616568%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Banadir_Stadium" title="Banadir Stadium">Banadir Stadium</a> being renovated</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Stadium" title="Mogadishu Stadium">Mogadishu Stadium</a> was constructed in 1978 during the Barre administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. The facility was mainly used for hosting sporting activities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_Cup" title="Somalia Cup">Somalia Cup</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> matches with teams from the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia League">Somalia League</a>. Presidential addresses and political rallies, among other events, were also held there.<a href="#cite_note-Drproc-223">[222]</a> In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks, including the Mogadishu Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Sgcosca-205">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Banadir_Stadium" title="Banadir Stadium">Banadir Stadium</a> and Konis Stadium are two other major sporting facilities in the capital. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Football_Federation" title="Somali Football Federation">Somali Football Federation</a> launched a renovation project at the Konis facility, during which artificial football turf contributed by FIFA was installed at the stadium. The Ex-Lujino basketball stadium in the <a href="/wiki/Abdiaziz_District" title="Abdiaziz District">Abdulaziz District</a> also underwent a $10,000 rehabilitation, with funding provided by the local Hormuud Telecom firm.<a href="#cite_note-Mltfrss-224">[223]</a> Additionally, the municipal authority oversaw the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Banadir_Stadium" title="Banadir Stadium">Banadir Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> National sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these are the Somali Football Federation, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Olympic_Committee" title="Somali Olympic Committee">Somali Olympic Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia national basketball team">Somali Basketball Federation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_Taekwondo_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia national Taekwondo team">Somali Karate and Taekwondo Federation</a> is likewise centered in the city, and manages the <a href="/wiki/Somalia_national_Taekwondo_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia national Taekwondo team">national Taekwondo team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wtfs-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu1d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mogadishu1d.jpg/220px-Mogadishu1d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mogadishu1d.jpg/330px-Mogadishu1d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mogadishu1d.jpg/440px-Mogadishu1d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Newly constructed roads and buildings in Mogadishu (2015)</figcaption></figure> Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries. The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network. In October 2013, major construction began on the 23-kilometer road leading to the airport. Overseen by Somali and Turkish engineers, the upgrade was completed in November and included lane demarcation. The road construction initiative was part of a larger agreement signed by the Somali and Turkish governments to establish Mogadishu and Istanbul as sister cities, and in the process bring all of Mogadishu's roads up to modern standards.<a href="#cite_note-Smrgmnug-226">[225]</a> Following the treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_International_Cooperation_and_Development_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency">Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency</a> (TIKA) launched a citywide cleaning project in conjunction with the municipal cleaning department. The initiative saw around 100 rubbish collection vehicles and other equipment operated by TIKA clean the city's roads, with the Benadir municipality taking over operation of the cleaning project in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Gthcpim-227">[226]</a> In 2012–2013, Mogadishu's municipal authority in conjunction with the British and Norwegian governments began a project to install solar-powered street lights on all of the capital's major roads.<a href="#cite_note-Atfos-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mmrsliomr-228">[227]</a> With equipment imported from Norway, the initiative cost around $140,000 and lasted several months. The solar panels have helped to improve night-time visibility and enhance the city's overall aesthetic appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Mmrsliomr-228">[227]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_(9656572232).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg/220px-2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg/330px-2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg/440px-2013_09_01_Mogadishu_Taxi_Company_017_%289656572232%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>Mogadishu taxis</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibuses</a> are the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> in Mogadishu. The next most frequently used public vehicles in the city are <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a> (bajaj). They number around 3,000 units and come in various designs. The auto-rickshaws represent a lower cost alternative to taxis and minibuses, typically charging half the price for the same distance, with flexible rates. Due to their affordability, capacity to negotiate narrow lanes and low fuel consumption, the three-wheeled vehicles are often appealing investment opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurs. They are generally preferred for shorter commutes.<a href="#cite_note-Gartptim-229">[228]</a> In June 2013, two new taxi companies also started offering road transportation to residents. Part of a fleet of over 100 vehicles, Mogadishu Taxi's trademark yellow cabs offer rides throughout the city at flat rates of $5. City Taxi, the firm's nearest competitor, charges the same flat rate, with plans to add new cabs to its fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Ntcpmtmr-230">[229]</a> In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched a citywide street naming, house numbering and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to former Mayor Mohamed Ahmed Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Bolmssssenp-136">[135]</a> In March 2015, the Benadir administration likewise launched a renovation project on the Hawo Asir-Fagah major road in Mogadishu. The government-public partnership aims to facilitate vehicle access in the area. According to Karaan district commissioner Ahmed Hassan Yalah'ow, the reconstruction initiative will also make the road all-weather resistant and is slated to be completed shortly.<a href="#cite_note-Gbarhafrim-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> During the post-independence period, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu International Airport</a> offered flights to numerous global destinations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the mid-1960s, the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers, with the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Somali_Airlines" title="Somali Airlines">Somali Airlines</a> providing regular trips to many major cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstituto_di_Zoologia1966342-232">[231]</a> By 1969, the airport's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B-type aircraft.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png/220px-Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png/330px-Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png/440px-Somali_Airlines_6O-SBN_FRA_1984-8-16.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Somali_Airlines" title="Somali Airlines">Somali Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-338C</a> in flight (1984). The Mogadishu-based national carrier was relaunched in late 2013.</figcaption></figure> The facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after successive renovation projects. With the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s, Mogadishu International Airport's flight services experienced routine disruptions and its grounds and equipment were largely destroyed. In the late 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/K50_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="K50 Airport">K50 Airport</a>, situated 50 kilometers to the south, served as the capital's main airport while Mogadishu International Airport, now renamed Aden Adde International Airport, briefly shut down.<a href="#cite_note-airwaysv14i7-233">[232]</a> However, in late 2010, the security situation in Mogadishu had significantly improved, with the federal government eventually managing to assume full control of the city by August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Asdilr-124">[123]</a> In May 2011, the Ministry of Transport announced that SKA-Somalia had been contracted to manage operations at the re-opened Aden Adde International Airport over a period of ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Smnssemaaia-234">[233]</a> Among its first initiatives, worth an estimated $6 million, SKA invested in new airport equipment and expanded support services by hiring, training and equipping 200 local workers to meet international airport standards. The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations, restored a dependable supply of electricity, revamped the <a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">baggage handling</a> facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges, put into place electronic <a href="/wiki/Check-in" title="Check-in">check-in</a> systems, and firmed up on security and work-flow. Additionally, SKA connected the grounds' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency (SCAMA) and immigration, customs, commercial airlines and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Police_Force" title="Somali Police Force">Somali Police Force</a> officials to the internet.<a href="#cite_note-Smnssemaaia-234">[233]</a> By January 2013, the firm had introduced <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus" title="Shuttle bus">shuttle buses</a> to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal.<a href="#cite_note-Smnsthpossama-235">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg/220px-Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg/330px-Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg/440px-Aden_Abdullah_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Aden Adde International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2011, the Turkish government unveiled plans to further modernize the airport as part of Turkey's broader engagement in the local post-conflict reconstruction process. Among the scheduled renovations were new systems and infrastructure, including a modern control tower to monitor the airspace.<a href="#cite_note-Tctsdmfim-236">[235]</a> In September 2013, the Turkish company Favori LLC began operations at the airport. The firm announced plans to renovate the aviation building and construct a new one, as well as upgrade other modern service structures. A $10 million project, it will increase the airport's existing 15 aircraft capacity to 60.<a href="#cite_note-Aksam-237">[236]</a> In January 2015, a new, state-of-the-art terminal was opened at the airport.<a href="#cite_note-Gpresv-238">[237]</a> Featuring modern passenger facilities and a <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">glass façade</a>, it will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60, with a throughput of around 1,000 passengers per hour.<a href="#cite_note-Atfos-213">[212]</a> As of January 2015, the largest airline services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali-owned private carriers <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Airways" title="Jubba Airways">Jubba Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines" title="Daallo Airlines">Daallo Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_Express_Airways" title="African Express Airways">African Express Airways</a>, in addition to UN charter planes, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tctsdmfim-236">[235]</a> The airport also offers flights to other cities in Somalia, such as <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport">Galkayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera_Airport" title="Berbera Airport">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hargeisa International Airport">Hargeisa</a>, as well as to international destinations like <a href="/wiki/Djibouti-Ambouli_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">Jeddah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McGinley2010-239">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk International Airport">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tctsdmfim-236">[235]</a> In July 2012, Mohammed Osman Ali (Dhagah-tur), the General Director of the Ministry of Aviation and Transport, also announced that the Somali government had begun preparations to revive the Mogadishu-based national carrier, Somali Airlines.<a href="#cite_note-Lstrnaaty-240">[239]</a> The first new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Tlasaicb-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG/330px-Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG/440px-Aerial_view_of_the_port_of_Mogadishu.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Port of Mogadishu</a> serves as a major national seaport.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Port of Mogadishu</a>, also known as the Mogadishu International Port,<a href="#cite_note-Towotmip-242">[241]</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> of Mogadishu. Classified as a major class port,<a href="#cite_note-Icsti-243">[242]</a> it is the largest harbour in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Adctrmp-244">[243]</a> After incurring some damage during the civil war, the federal government launched the Mogadishu Port Rehabilitation Project,<a href="#cite_note-Towotmip-242">[241]</a> an initiative to rebuild, develop and modernize the port.<a href="#cite_note-Adctrmp-244">[243]</a> The renovations included the installation of Alpha Logistics technology.<a href="#cite_note-Noidpauim-150">[149]</a> A joint international delegation consisting of the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Djibouti" title="Port of Djibouti">Port of Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> officials specializing in infrastructure reconstruction visited the facility in June 2013. According to Mogadishu Port manager Abdullahi Ali Nur, the delegates along with local Somali officials received reports on the port's functions as part of the rebuilding project's planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-Adctrmp-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cddvmptpr-245">[244]</a> In 2013, the Port of Mogadishu's management reportedly reached an agreement with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> company Simatech Shipping LLC to handle vital operations at the seaport. Under the name Mogadishu Port Container Terminal, the firm is slated to handle all of the port's technical and operational functions.<a href="#cite_note-Adctrmp-244">[243]</a> In October 2013, the federal Cabinet endorsed an agreement with the Turkish firm Al-Bayrak to manage the Port of Mogadishu for a 20-year period. The deal was secured by the Ministry of Ports and Public Works, and also assigns Al-Bayrak responsibility for rebuilding and modernizing the seaport.<a href="#cite_note-Pshim-246">[245]</a> In September 2014, the federal government officially delegated management of the Mogadishu Port to Al-Bayrak. The firm's modernization project will cost $80 million.<a href="#cite_note-Shomsttc-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> There were projects during the 1980s to reactivate the 114 km (71 mi) <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu%E2%80%93Villabruzzi_Railway" title="Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway">railway</a> between Mogadishu and <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a>, built by the Italians in 1926 but dismantled in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by British troops. It was originally intended that this railway would reach <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson197729-248">[247]</a> Only a few remaining tracks inside Mogadishu's harbour area are still used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Somalia">Media in Somalia</a></div> Mogadishu has historically served as a media hub. In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Film_Agency" title="Somali Film Agency">Somali Film Agency</a> (SFA), the nation's film <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory body</a>, was established in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakrLabibKandil198525-249">[248]</a> The SFA also organized the annual Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis), which brought together an array of filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe, including other parts of Northeast Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, as well as Asia and Europe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_(10795923906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg/220px-2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg/330px-2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg/440px-2013_11_07_Radio_Mogadishu_C.jpg_%2810795923906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mogadishu" title="Radio Mogadishu">Radio Mogadishu</a> analog-to-digital machine</figcaption></figure> In addition, there are a number of radio news agencies based in Mogadishu. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mogadishu" title="Radio Mogadishu">Radio Mogadishu</a> is the federal government-run public broadcaster. Established in 1951 in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, it initially aired news items in both <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Billboard-250">[249]</a> The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1965126-251">[250]</a> After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the broadcaster was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government.<a href="#cite_note-Stnglrm-252">[251]</a> Other radio stations headquartered in the city include <a href="/wiki/Mustaqbal_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaqbal Radio">Mustaqbal Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabelle_Media_Network" title="Shabelle Media Network">Radio Shabelle</a>, Radio Bar-Kulan, Radio Kulmiye, Radio Dannan, Radio Dalsan, Radio Banadir, Radio Maanta, Gool FM, Radio Xurmo, and Radio Xamar, also known as Voice of Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> The Mogadishu-based <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Television" title="Somali National Television">Somali National Television</a> (SNTV) is the central government-owned broadcaster. On 4 April 2011, the Ministry of Information of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> officially re-launched the station as part of an initiative to develop the national telecommunications sector.<a href="#cite_note-Atyspinats-254">[253]</a> SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.<a href="#cite_note-Slntv-255">[254]</a> Somali popular music enjoys a large audience in Mogadishu, and was widely sold prior to the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Smuwmb-256">[255]</a> With the government managing to secure the city in mid-2011, radios once again play music. On 19 March 2012, an open concert was held in the city, which was broadcast live on local television.<a href="#cite_note-Apsassnlrmdm-126">[125]</a> In April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Waayaha_Cusub" title="Waayaha Cusub">Waayaha Cusub</a> ensemble also organized the Reconciliation Music Festival, the first international music festival to be held in Mogadishu in two decades.<a href="#cite_note-Mmfhcmpsow-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isws-258">[257]</a> Mogadiscio also includes the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Bilan_Media" title="Bilan Media">Bilan Media</a>, a Somali newspaper composed exclusively of women, founded in 2020 with the support of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a>, President of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Aydurus" title="Sharif Aydurus">Sharif 'Aydarus Sharif Ali Al-Nudari</a>, famous scholar of Islamic and Somali history and pan-Islamic leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Sufi" title="Shaykh Sufi">Shaykh Sufi</a>, 19th-century scholar, poet, reformist, astrologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawa_Abdi" title="Hawa Abdi">Hawa Abdi</a>, physician, social activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasmine_Allas" title="Yasmine Allas">Yasmine Allas</a>, actress, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Jeylani_Aweys" title="Faisal Jeylani Aweys">Faisal Jeylani Aweys</a>, taekwondo practitioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Daud" title="Ayub Daud">Ayub Daud</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ali_Farah" title="Cristina Ali Farah">Cristina Ali Farah</a>, author, intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abshir_Farah" title="Hassan Abshir Farah">Hassan Abshir Farah</a>, MP, former Prime Minister of Somalia, former Mayor of Mogadishu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Mohammed Ghedi</a>, former Prime Minister of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, model, actress, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27naan" title="K'naan">K'naan</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rageh_Omaar" title="Rageh Omaar">Rageh Omaar</a>, journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriye_Osman" title="Diriye Osman">Diriye Osman</a>, writer, visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Siad" title="Fatima Siad">Fatima Siad</a>, model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladan_Osman" title="Ladan Osman">Ladan Osman</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Mogadishu" title="Sa'id of Mogadishu">Sa'id of Mogadishu</a>, 14th century Islamic scholar, traveler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a>, former Prime Minister, President of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed" title="Mustafa Mohamed">Mustafa Mohamed</a>, long-distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nur" title="Mohamed Nur">Mohamed Nur</a>, former Mayor of Mogadishu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musse_Olol" title="Musse Olol">Musse Olol</a>, engineer, social activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdirashid_Ali_Sharmarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke">Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke</a>, former Prime Minister of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_Yusuf_Omar" title="Samia Yusuf Omar">Samia Yusuf Omar</a>, athlete who died while trying to cross the Mediterranean sea as a migrant in order to attend the <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame" title="Yasmin Warsame">Yasmin Warsame</a>, model</li></ul></div> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdirashid_Ali_Sharmarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke">Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke</a> Former Somali Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Abdullahi_Deni" title="Said Abdullahi Deni">Said Abdullahi Deni</a> President of Puntland State of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulqawi_Ahmed_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf">Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf</a> Former President of International Court of Justice</li> Mogadishu-born citizens of other countries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>, Dutch citizen. Former politician and member of the Dutch parliament, activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Anglana" title="Saba Anglana">Saba Anglana</a>, Italian citizen. Singer, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Bani" title="Zahra Bani">Zahra Bani</a>, Italian citizen. Javelin thrower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Kadigia_Bove" title="Elisa Kadigia Bove">Elisa Kadigia Bove</a>, Italian citizen. Actress, activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, English citizen. Distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Nageeye" title="Abdi Nageeye">Abdi Nageeye</a>, Dutch citizen. Long-distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, American citizen. U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Suleiman" title="Linda Suleiman">Linda Suleiman</a>, orthopaedic surgeon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Mogadishu is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey<a href="#cite_note-Gmatca-261">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, Turkey<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Madinah_al-Munawwarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah">Medina</a>, Saudi Arabia<a href="#cite_note-Gmatca2-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul (city)">Saint Paul</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɒɡəˈdiːʃuː, -ˈdɪʃ-/</a>, also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmoʊɡ-, ˌmɔːɡ-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Muqdisho, <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>مُقْدِشو‎ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[muq'diʃo]</a> or Xamar, <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حَمَرْ‎ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ħamar]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مقديشو, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Mogadiscio </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInsoll2003" class="citation book cs1">Insoll, Timothy (3 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC&dq=mogadishu+dated&pg=PA62">The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521657020" title="Special:BookSources/9780521657020"><bdi>9780521657020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241003103937/https://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC&dq=mogadishu+dated&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <q>Conflicting dates as to the foundation of the city exists. I.M Lewis suggests that along with Brawa Mogadishu was founded in the tenth century. [...] However Jama discounts this tradition on the basis of epigraphic evidence, namely a tombstone of a woman which was found in Mogadishu that was dated to 720CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Islam+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.isbn=9780521657020&rft.aulast=Insoll&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrC8SAu9QxQC%26dq%3Dmogadishu%2Bdated%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwua-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwua_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwua_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Area"</a> (PDF) (13 ed.). Demographia. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18">A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</a>. James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-280-3"><bdi>978-0-85255-280-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-280-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26q%3DOman%2Bsuzerainty%2Bmogadishu%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Horn and Crescent Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, by Randall L. Pouwels – Notes to Pages 37–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy_Parlamento-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Italy_Parlamento_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParlamento1897" class="citation book cs1">Parlamento, Italy (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSxRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA34-PA236">Atti Parlimentari</a>. p. 234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305034057/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSxRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA34-PA236">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atti+Parlimentari&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Parlamento&rft.aufirst=Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSxRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA34-PA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somalia_e_Benadir_viaggio_di_esplorazione_nell'Africa_orientale_Prima_traversata_della_Somalia_compiuta_per_incarico_della_Societa_geografica_italiana-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Somalia_e_Benadir_viaggio_di_esplorazione_nell'Africa_orientale_Prima_traversata_della_Somalia_compiuta_per_incarico_della_Societa_geografica_italiana_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobecchi_Bricchetti1899" class="citation book cs1">Robecchi Bricchetti, Luigi (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmUMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA522">Somalia e Benadir viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale Prima traversata della Somalia compiuta per incarico della Societa geografica italiana</a>. p. 522. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305034057/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmUMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA522">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+e+Benadir+viaggio+di+esplorazione+nell%27Africa+orientale+Prima+traversata+della+Somalia+compiuta+per+incarico+della+Societa+geografica+italiana&rft.pages=522&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Robecchi+Bricchetti&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmUMAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricordi_Del_Benadir-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Ricordi_Del_Benadir_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrentino1912" class="citation book cs1">Sorrentino, Giorgio (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibb.co/gdg1DRF">Ricordi del Benadir</a>. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715163919/https://ibb.co/gdg1DRF">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ricordi+del+Benadir&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Sorrentino&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibb.co%2Fgdg1DRF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Urbano, Annalisa. "A "Grandiose Future for Italian Somalia": Colonial Developmentalist Discourse, Agricultural Planning, and Forced Labor (1900–1940)." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 69–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Horn of Africa – Volume 2, Issue 4 – Page 34, 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"David D. Laitin and khadar ali. <italic>Somalia: Nation in Search of a State</italic>. (Profiles/Nations of Contemporary Africa.) Boulder, Colo.: Westview or Gower, London. 1987. Pp. xvii, 198. $28.00". The American Historical Review. October 1989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F94.4.1148">10.1086/ahr/94.4.1148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=David+D.+Laitin+and+khadar+ali.+%3Citalic%3ESomalia%3A+Nation+in+Search+of+a+State%3C%2Fitalic%3E.+%28Profiles%2FNations+of+Contemporary+Africa.%29+Boulder%2C+Colo.%3A+Westview+or+Gower%2C+London.+1987.+Pp.+xvii%2C+198.+%2428.00&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F94.4.1148&rft.issn=1937-5239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Leo_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Africanus1526" class="citation book cs1">Leo Africanus (1526). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up">The History and Description of Africa</a>. Hakluyt Society. pp. 51–54. Retrieved 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Description+of+Africa&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1526&rft.au=Leo+Africanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryanddescr03porygoog%23page%2Fn180%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJama196219-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJama196219_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJama1962">Jama 1962</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntingford198094-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntingford198094_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntingford1980">Huntingford 1980</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephMaruf2018" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Dan; Maruf, Harun (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aBxDwAAQBAJ&q=sarapion&pg=PA7">Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03751-0"><bdi>978-0-253-03751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Al-Shabaab%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Al-Qaeda%27s+Most+Powerful+Ally&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-253-03751-0&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Maruf%2C+Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aBxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsarapion%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">^</a> Journal of African History p.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelliniCampioliPeroTalamo2022" class="citation book cs1">Bellini, Oscar Eugenio; Campioli, Andrea; Pero, Claudio Del; Talamo, Cinzia M. L.; Chiaroni, Davide; Guidarini, Stefano; Magni, Camillo (19 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfycEAAAQBAJ&q=sarapion&pg=PA55">Innovative Approach for the Development of Sustainable Settlements in East Africa: Affordable Housing for Mogadishu</a>. Springer Nature. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-00284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-00284-7"><bdi>978-3-031-00284-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134644/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfycEAAAQBAJ&q=sarapion&pg=PA55#v=snippet&q=sarapion&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovative+Approach+for+the+Development+of+Sustainable+Settlements+in+East+Africa%3A+Affordable+Housing+for+Mogadishu&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft.isbn=978-3-031-00284-7&rft.aulast=Bellini&rft.aufirst=Oscar+Eugenio&rft.au=Campioli%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Pero%2C+Claudio+Del&rft.au=Talamo%2C+Cinzia+M.+L.&rft.au=Chiaroni%2C+Davide&rft.au=Guidarini%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Magni%2C+Camillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfycEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsarapion%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisPeoples-25"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisPeoples_25-0">^</a> I.M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Issue 1, (International African Institute: 1955), p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisModern-26"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisModern_26-0">^</a> I.M. Lewis, The modern history of Somaliland: from nation to state, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 1965), p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Renewers of the Age Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir - Page 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> H. Neville Chittick, "The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean", in <a href="/wiki/John_Fage" title="John Fage">J. D. Fage</a> and R. Oliver (eds.), The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c.1050 to c. 1600 (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 183–231, at 194–195 and 198. The account in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zanj" title="Book of the Zanj">Book of the Zanj</a> of pre-Islamic immigration of Arabs from Himyar in southern Arabia, their founding of most of the more important towns of the coast from Mogadishu to Mombasa, and also Kilwa, together with their subsequent conversion to Islam, is uncorroborated by other sources and unsupported by the archaeological evidence and must be dismissed as unhistorical. The suggestion that these families must have come from Siraf to the Somali coast before the eleventh century must therefore be regarded as unproven. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The Cambridge History of Africa, Volum 3 – Page 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa By Timothy Insoll – Page 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Gervase Mathew, "The East African Coast until the Coming of the Portuguese", in R. Oliver and G. Mathew (eds.), History of East Africa, Volume 1 (Clarendon Press, 1963), pp. 94–127, at 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jama-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Jama_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJama1996" class="citation book cs1">Jama, Ahmed (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJsSAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA33">The Origins and Development of Mogadishu AD 1000 to 1850: A Study of the Urban Growth Along the Benadir Coast of Southern Somalia</a>. Studies in African archaeology. Vol. 12. Uppsala University. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789150611236" title="Special:BookSources/9789150611236"><bdi>9789150611236</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0284-5040">0284-5040</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928111614/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJsSAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+Mogadishu+AD+1000+to+1850%3A+A+Study+of+the+Urban+Growth+Along+the+Benadir+Coast+of+Southern+Somalia&rft.series=Studies+in+African+archaeology&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0284-5040&rft.isbn=9789150611236&rft.aulast=Jama&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJsSAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia edited by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley Page 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanzenVitzthum2001" class="citation book cs1">Janzen, Jörg; Vitzthum, Stella von (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&dq=mogadishu+benadiri+people&pg=PA13">What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope? : Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996</a>. Verlag Hans Schiler. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86093-230-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86093-230-8"><bdi>978-3-86093-230-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134747/https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&dq=mogadishu+benadiri+people&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=mogadishu%20benadiri%20people&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+Somalia%27s+Development+Perspectives%3F%3A+Science+Between+Resignation+and+Hope%3F+%3A+Proceedings+of+the+6th+SSIA+Congress%2C+Berlin+6-9+December+1996&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Verlag+Hans+Schiler&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-86093-230-8&rft.aulast=Janzen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Vitzthum%2C+Stella+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZJPm2j2iz4C%26dq%3Dmogadishu%2Bbenadiri%2Bpeople%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMire2020" class="citation book cs1">Mire, Sada (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa</a>. University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. Routledge. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-76924-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-76924-5"><bdi>978-0-429-76924-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606063336/https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Fertility%3A+The+Continuity+in+Transformation+of+an+Ideology+of+Sacred+Kinship+in+Northeast+Africa&rft.series=University+College+London+Institute+of+Archaeology+Publications&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-429-76924-5&rft.aulast=Mire&rft.aufirst=Sada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6nODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 – Page 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354: Volume II Page 375 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveller of the Fourteenth Century Page 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> The History of Somalia – Page 36 by Raphael Chijioke Njoku · 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fage_et_al_139-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Fage_et_al_139_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1977" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J.D (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA139">The Cambridge History of Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209816" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209816"><bdi>9780521209816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928111615/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521209816&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWjxR61xAe0C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1977" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J.D (1977). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209816" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209816"><bdi>9780521209816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521209816&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2008" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Scott Steven (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fb4UYAPUhYoC&q=Ajuran+morshow">Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir</a>. BRILL. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16729-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewers+of+the+Age%3A+Holy+Men+and+Social+Discourse+in+Colonial+Benaadir&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16729-2&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Scott+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfb4UYAPUhYoC%26q%3DAjuran%2Bmorshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1996" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Scott Steven (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeuwAAAAIAAJ&q=Amin+journey">Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic Learning, Commerce and Somali Urban Identity in the Nineteenth Century</a>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patricians+of+the+Benaadir%3A+Islamic+Learning%2C+Commerce+and+Somali+Urban+Identity+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Scott+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeuwAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAmin%2Bjourney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idcVAQAAIAAJ&q=gibil+madow">Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society By I'M Lewis</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850658986" title="Special:BookSources/9781850658986"><bdi>9781850658986</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309215434/https://books.google.nl/books?hl=no&id=idcVAQAAIAAJ&dq=morshe+mogadishu+oldest&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gibil+madow">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Somalia+and+Somaliland%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+Society+By+I%27M+Lewis&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781850658986&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidcVAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgibil%2Bmadow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landinfo.no/asset/1091/1/1091_1.pdf">"Reer Xamar"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923194540/https://www.landinfo.no/asset/1091/1/1091_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reer+Xamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landinfo.no%2Fasset%2F1091%2F1%2F1091_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdurahman2003" class="citation book cs1">Abdurahman, Abdillahi (25 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=mogadishu+ajuran+province&pg=PA62">Making Sense of Somali History</a>. Vol. 1. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909112-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909112-79-7"><bdi>978-1-909112-79-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041026/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=mogadishu+ajuran+province&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Somali+History&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-909112-79-7&rft.aulast=Abdurahman&rft.aufirst=Abdillahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1dDDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmogadishu%2Bajuran%2Bprovince%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Everett (1 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=military+assistance+sultanate+of+mogadishu+adal&pg=PA49">The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronolog</a>. Mcfarland. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476608891" title="Special:BookSources/9781476608891"><bdi>9781476608891</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041024/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=military+assistance+sultanate+of+mogadishu+adal&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronolog&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Mcfarland&rft.date=2000-07-01&rft.isbn=9781476608891&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmilitary%2Bassistance%2Bsultanate%2Bof%2Bmogadishu%2Badal%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage">The Cambridge history of Africa, volume 3</a>. 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209816" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209816"><bdi>9780521209816</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 August 2020 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Africa%2C+volume+3&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521209816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory03fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-sultanates-of-somalia/">"The Sultanates of Somalia | World Civilization"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203065252/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-sultanates-of-somalia/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. 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UNESCO. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101709-4"><bdi>978-92-3-101709-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606064015/https://books.google.com/books?id=tw0Q0tg0QLoC&pg=PA600">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. 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Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Wynn_Brereton_Huntingford" title="George Wynn Brereton Huntingford">George Wynn Brereton Huntingford</a>, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 7, (Cambridge University Press.: 1966), p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> I.M. Lewis, A modern history of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 2nd edition, revised, illustrated, (Westview Press: 1988), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dumper,_Bruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. US: ABC-CLIO. p. 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=US&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Michael+Dumper%2C+Bruce+E.+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> P. L. Shinnie, The African Iron Age, (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Chapin_Metz1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Helen Chapin Metz</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz">Somalia: A Country Study</a>. US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0844407753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0844407753"><bdi>978-0844407753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0844407753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomaliacountryst00metz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330418799" title="Special:BookSources/9780330418799"><bdi>9780330418799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330418799&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versteegh-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Versteegh_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4</a>. Brill. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004144767" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004144767"><bdi>978-9004144767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016014246/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004144767&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laisas-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-2">c</a> David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulliet_313-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulliet_313_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2011" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bec8AAAAQBAJ&q=abu+bakr+had+skin+darker+than+his+own+and+spoke+a+different+native+language+%28Somali%29&pg=PA313">The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition, Complete</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133171102" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133171102"><bdi>978-1133171102</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115041605/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bec8AAAAQBAJ&q=abu+bakr+had+skin+darker+than+his+own+and+spoke+a+different+native+language+(Somali)&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Brief+Edition%2C+Complete&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1133171102&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBec8AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dabu%2Bbakr%2Bhad%2Bskin%2Bdarker%2Bthan%2Bhis%2Bown%2Band%2Bspoke%2Ba%2Bdifferent%2Bnative%2Blanguage%2B%2528Somali%2529%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p.58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Khaldun-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldun_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett1999" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6r9mAAAAMAAJ&q=ibn+khaldun+book">Ibn Khaldun and the Medieval Maghrib</a>. Ashgate/Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860787723" title="Special:BookSources/9780860787723"><bdi>9780860787723</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041025/https://books.google.com/books?id=6r9mAAAAMAAJ&q=ibn+khaldun+book">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun+and+the+Medieval+Maghrib&rft.pub=Ashgate%2FVariorum&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=9780860787723&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6r9mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dibn%2Bkhaldun%2Bbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesBishop2004" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew; Bishop, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYffX9B0lpIC&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta">The Maldives: Kingdom of a Thousand Isles</a>. Odyssey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-217-710-9"><bdi>978-962-217-710-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041025/https://books.google.com/books?id=vYffX9B0lpIC&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maldives%3A+Kingdom+of+a+Thousand+Isles&rft.pub=Odyssey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-962-217-710-9&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYffX9B0lpIC%26q%3Daziz%2Bmogadishu%2Bibn%2Bbattuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2017" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, Purnima Mehta (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PucrDwAAQBAJ&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta&pg=PT63">The African Diaspora in India: Assimilation, Change and Cultural Survivals</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37365-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-37365-4"><bdi>978-1-351-37365-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041025/https://books.google.com/books?id=PucrDwAAQBAJ&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta&pg=PT63">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Diaspora+in+India%3A+Assimilation%2C+Change+and+Cultural+Survivals&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-37365-4&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Purnima+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPucrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daziz%2Bmogadishu%2Bibn%2Bbattuta%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s61AAAAAYAAJ&q=Abd+al+-+Aziz+al+-+Makdashawi">Kenya Past and Present</a>. Kenya Museum Society. 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041026/https://books.google.com/books?id=s61AAAAAYAAJ&q=Abd+al+-+Aziz+al+-+Makdashawi">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Kenya+Museum+Society&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds61AAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAbd%2Bal%2B-%2BAziz%2Bal%2B-%2BMakdashawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikL0ImjztDsC&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta">The Somali Nation and Abyssinian Colonialism</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Somali Democratic Republic. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041026/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikL0ImjztDsC&q=aziz+mogadishu+ibn+battuta">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somali+Nation+and+Abyssinian+Colonialism&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Somali+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikL0ImjztDsC%26q%3Daziz%2Bmogadishu%2Bibn%2Bbattuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cousins-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Cousins_69-0">^</a> Cousins (1895), pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Room_2006,_p._230-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Room_2006,_p._230_70-0">^</a> Room (2006), p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._G._Ravenstein2010" class="citation book cs1">E. G. Ravenstein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwcPInJC__gC&pg=PA88">A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497–1499</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01296-6"><bdi>978-1-108-01296-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journal+of+the+First+Voyage+of+Vasco+Da+Gama%2C+1497%E2%80%931499&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01296-6&rft.au=E.+G.+Ravenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwcPInJC__gC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> East Africa and its Invaders pg.38[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpers1976" class="citation journal cs1">Alpers, Edward A. (1976). "Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 9 (1): 22–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F217389">10.2307/217389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/217389">217389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Gujarat+and+the+Trade+of+East+Africa%2C+c.+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-44&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F217389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F217389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alpers&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Nigel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oyoVIIlMQC&pg=PA22">The Return of Cosmopolitan Capital: Globalization, the State and War</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-786-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-786-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124754/https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oyoVIIlMQC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Cosmopolitan+Capital%3A+Globalization%2C+the+State+and+War&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-786-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3oyoVIIlMQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarendse2002" class="citation book cs1">Barendse, Rene J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45835-7"><bdi>978-1-317-45835-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418005713/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Seas%3A+The+Indian+Ocean+World+of+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+Indian+Ocean+World+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45835-7&rft.aulast=Barendse&rft.aufirst=Rene+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3ClDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&q=Portugees+Duarte+Barbosa+mogadishu&pg=PA18">Culture and Customs of Somalia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041026/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&q=Portugees+Duarte+Barbosa+mogadishu&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26q%3DPortugees%2BDuarte%2BBarbosa%2Bmogadishu%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurhammer1977" class="citation book cs1">Schurhammer, Georg (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n117/mode/1up">Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Volume II: India, 1541–1545</a>. Translated by Costelloe, Joseph. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Xavier%3A+His+Life%2C+His+Times.+Volume+II%3A+India%2C+1541%E2%80%931545&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Jesuit+Historical+Institute&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Schurhammer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffx-schurhammer2%2Fpage%2Fn117%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> pp. 98–99. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrandes1968" class="citation book cs1">Strandes, Justus (1968). The Portuguese Period in East Africa. Transactions of the Kenya History Society. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19225">19225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Period+in+East+Africa&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+Kenya+History+Society&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=East+African+Literature+Bureau&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19225&rft.aulast=Strandes&rft.aufirst=Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoku2013" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C&q=portuguese+mogadishu&pg=PA39">The History of Somalia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37857-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37857-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522143208/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C&q=portuguese+mogadishu&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Somalia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37857-7&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=Raphael+Chijioke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlL2vE_qRQ8C%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bmogadishu%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo_Africanus_source-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Leo_Africanus_source_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Africanus)1969" class="citation web cs1">(Africanus), Leo (6 April 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up">"A Geographical Historie of Africa"</a>. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa&rft.pub=Theatrum+Orbis+Terrarum&rft.date=1969-04-06&rft.aulast=%28Africanus%29&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryanddescr03porygoog%23page%2Fn180%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1987" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Ross E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresofibnb00ross_0">The Adventures of Ibn Battuta</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2021. <q>Meanwhile the Hawiye clan mainly live in South/Central Somalia, their most influential subdivisions are the Abgal and Habr Gedir, which are both dominant in Mogadishu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Home+Office&rft.atitle=Country+Policy+and+Information+Note+Somalia%3A+Majority+clans+and+minority+groups+in+south+and+central+Somalia&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F773526%2FSomalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthuma2007" class="citation web cs1">Muthuma, Gitau (6 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/06/clansandcrisisinsomalia">"Clans and crisis in Somalia"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2021. <q>The key Hawiye subclans that dominate Mogadishu (including the Abgal, Habr Geidr, and Murosade) are all split internally between those that support the TFG, those that support the insurgency, and those (probably the majority) that are hedging their bets between the two and attempting to survive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Forum&rft.atitle=Somalia%27s+Endless+Transition%3A+Breaking+the+Deadlock&rft.volume=257&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=Le+Sage&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F120328%2FSF257.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Anthropological_Institute195350–51-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Anthropological_Institute195350–51_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyal_Anthropological_Institute1953">Royal Anthropological Institute 1953</a>, p. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199847-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199847_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1998">Lewis 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbink199918-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbink199918_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbink1999">Abbink 1999</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/13/SOM104241.E.pdf">"Somalia: The Reer Hamar and/or Benadiri, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans"</a> (PDF). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: 1. 3 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305014226/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/13/SOM104241.E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2021. <q>In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a UK-based independent researcher who lived in Somalia for 25 years and completed her doctoral thesis on the Reer Hamar/Benadiri people stated that the Reer Hamar "belong to the lineage groups that are associated with stone-town Mogadishu, the oldest part of the city ... which was historically known as Hamar"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+The+Reer+Hamar+and%2For+Benadiri%2C+including+the+location+of+their+traditional+homeland%2C+affiliated+clans+and+risks+they+face+from+other+clans&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Feoir%2Flegacy%2F2013%2F12%2F13%2FSOM104241.E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meanbd-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meanbd_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meanbd_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulupi2012" class="citation news cs1">Mulupi, Dinfin (21 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/">"Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"</a>. How We Made It in Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627101741/http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=How+We+Made+It+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Mogadishu%3A+East+Africa%27s+newest+business+destination%3F&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft.aulast=Mulupi&rft.aufirst=Dinfin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howwemadeitinafrica.com%2Fmogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination%2F17661%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sgsdc-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Sgsdc_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310224935/https://startsomegood.com/Venture/somali_diaspora_corps">"Somali Diaspora Corps"</a>. SSG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://startsomegood.com/Venture/somali_diaspora_corps">the original</a> on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali+Diaspora+Corps&rft.pub=SSG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstartsomegood.com%2FVenture%2Fsomali_diaspora_corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mtjedhaba-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Mtjedhaba_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_T._Jones" class="citation web cs1">Mark T. Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310234543/http://bnmagazine.co.uk/index.php/2013/07/08/opportunity-somalia/">"Opportunity Somalia"</a>. BN Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnmagazine.co.uk/index.php/2013/07/08/opportunity-somalia/">the original</a> on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BN+Magazine&rft.atitle=Opportunity+Somalia&rft.au=Mark+T.+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnmagazine.co.uk%2Findex.php%2F2013%2F07%2F08%2Fopportunity-somalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemeni-refugees-integrate-smoothly-into-somali-society/2481940">"Yemeni refugees integrate smoothly into Somali society"</a>. www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Yemeni+refugees+integrate+smoothly+into+Somali+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fyemeni-refugees-integrate-smoothly-into-somali-society%2F2481940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_syrian-refugees-somalia-enrich-culture-contribute-economy/6207092.html">"Syrian Refugees in Somalia Enrich Culture, Contribute to Economy"</a>. Voice of America. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Syrian+Refugees+in+Somalia+Enrich+Culture%2C+Contribute+to+Economy&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fafrica_syrian-refugees-somalia-enrich-culture-contribute-economy%2F6207092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sgtlpcaote-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Sgtlpcaote_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warqabad.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/">"SOMALIA: Gov't to launch population census ahead of 2016 elections"</a>. RBC Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140921154130/http://www.warqabad.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SOMALIA%3A+Gov%27t+to+launch+population+census+ahead+of+2016+elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warqabad.com%2Fsomalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAARP197510-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAARP197510_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAARP1975">AARP 1975</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlake196610-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlake196610_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlake1966">Garlake 1966</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwpcotpotgjf-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Dwpcotpotgjf_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150125010914/http://www.dayniilecom.com/January2015/24January10.htm">"Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government"</a>. Dayniile. 24 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayniilecom.com/January2015/24January10.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Weekly+Press+Conference+on+the+Progress+of+the+Government&rft.date=2015-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dayniilecom.com%2FJanuary2015%2F24January10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Tebaldi2001" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Tebaldi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulXZAAAAMAAJ">Consolata Missionaries in the World (1901-2001)</a>. Paulines. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789966210234" title="Special:BookSources/9789966210234"><bdi>9789966210234</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522143215/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulXZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolata+Missionaries+in+the+World+%281901-2001%29&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Paulines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789966210234&rft.au=Giovanni+Tebaldi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulXZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afasifsoh-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Afasifsoh_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fides.org/en/news/pdf/33502">"AFRICA/SOMALIA – "I found signs of hope," said Bishop Bertin who has just returned from Mogadishu"</a>. Agenzia Fides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223349/http://www.fides.org/en/news/pdf/33502">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFRICA%2FSOMALIA+%E2%80%93+%22I+found+signs+of+hope%2C%22+said+Bishop+Bertin+who+has+just+returned+from+Mogadishu&rft.pub=Agenzia+Fides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fides.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpdf%2F33502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rsnasvtio-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Rsnasvtio_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlUaAQAAIAAJ">Reports Service: Northeast Africa series, Volume 13, Issue 1</a>. American Universities Field Staff. 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125092118/http://www.google.com/books?id=SlUaAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+Service%3A+Northeast+Africa+series%2C+Volume+13%2C+Issue+1&rft.pub=American+Universities+Field+Staff&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlUaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescorap1-198"><a href="#cite_ref-unescorap1_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo-Toral,_H.1988" class="citation news cs1">Crespo-Toral, H. 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Retrieved 23 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Museum+development+and+monuments+conservation%3A+Somalia&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Crespo-Toral%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0007%2F000787%2F078773eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengyel,_Oguz_Janos1982" class="citation news cs1">Lengyel, Oguz Janos (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000519/051939eo.pdf">"National Museum of Somalia, Mogadiscio: Roof Restoration Project"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112064116/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000519/051939eo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=National+Museum+of+Somalia%2C+Mogadiscio%3A+Roof+Restoration+Project&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lengyel%2C+Oguz+Janos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0005%2F000519%2F051939eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ampoi-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Ampoi_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mogadishuairport.com/discover-mogadishu/mogadishu-attractions/">"Mogadishu Points of interest"</a>. Aden Adde International Airport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140257/http://mogadishuairport.com/discover-mogadishu/mogadishu-attractions/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014. 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Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keydmedia+Online&rft.atitle=The+long+awaited+Somali+Airlines+is+Coming+Back%21&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keydmedia.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fthe_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Towotmip-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Towotmip_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Towotmip_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/">"The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port"</a>. Mogadishu Port. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. 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Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istanbul+conference+on+Somalia+21+%E2%80%93+23+May+2010+%E2%80%93+Draft+discussion+paper+for+Round+Table+%22Transport+infrastructure%22&rft.pub=Government+of+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalitalk.com%2F2010%2Fmay%2Fistambul%2Ftransport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adctrmp-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adctrmp_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adctrmp_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adctrmp_244-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adctrmp_244-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalif2013" class="citation news cs1">Khalif, Abdulkadir (12 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619094759/http://www.africareview.com/News/Djibouti-and-China-to-rebuild-Mogadishu-port/-/979180/1880672/-/t3o1wqz/-/index.html">"Djibouti and China to rebuild Mogadishu port"</a>. Africa Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africareview.com/News/Djibouti-and-China-to-rebuild-Mogadishu-port/-/979180/1880672/-/t3o1wqz/-/index.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Review&rft.atitle=Djibouti+and+China+to+rebuild+Mogadishu+port&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft.aulast=Khalif&rft.aufirst=Abdulkadir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africareview.com%2FNews%2FDjibouti-and-China-to-rebuild-Mogadishu-port%2F-%2F979180%2F1880672%2F-%2Ft3o1wqz%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cddvmptpr-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Cddvmptpr_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2013/06/13/newsbrief-04">"Chinese-Djiboutian delegation visits Mogadishu port to plan reconstruction"</a>. Sabahi. 13 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011402/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2013/06/13/newsbrief-04">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabahi&rft.atitle=Chinese-Djiboutian+delegation+visits+Mogadishu+port+to+plan+reconstruction&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabahionline.com%2Fen_GB%2Farticles%2Fhoa%2Farticles%2Fnewsbriefs%2F2013%2F06%2F13%2Fnewsbrief-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pshim-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Pshim_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/insight-and-opinion/the-strategist/holidays-in-mogadishu">"Holidays in Mogadishu"</a>. Port Strategy. 5 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092412/http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/insight-and-opinion/the-strategist/holidays-in-mogadishu">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Port+Strategy&rft.atitle=Holidays+in+Mogadishu&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portstrategy.com%2Fnews101%2Finsight-and-opinion%2Fthe-strategist%2Fholidays-in-mogadishu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shomsttc-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Shomsttc_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001054403/http://diplomat.so/2014/09/21/somalia-hands-over-mogadishu-seaport-to-turkish-company/">"Somalia hands over Mogadishu seaport to Turkish company"</a>. Diplomat.so. 21 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diplomat.so/2014/09/21/somalia-hands-over-mogadishu-seaport-to-turkish-company/">the original</a> on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Somalia+hands+over+Mogadishu+seaport+to+Turkish+company&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiplomat.so%2F2014%2F09%2F21%2Fsomalia-hands-over-mogadishu-seaport-to-turkish-company%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson197729-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson197729_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1977">Robertson 1977</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakrLabibKandil198525-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakrLabibKandil198525_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakrLabibKandil1985">Bakr, Labib & Kandil 1985</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Billboard-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Billboard_250-0">^</a> World radio TV handbook, (Billboard Publications., 1955), p.77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1965126-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1965126_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1965">Blair 1965</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stnglrm-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Stnglrm_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=25342">"SOMALIA: TNG launches "Radio Mogadishu""</a>. IRIN. 24 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927145408/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/25342/somalia-tng-launches-%E2%80%9Cradio-mogadishu%E2%80%9D">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SOMALIA%3A+TNG+launches+%22Radio+Mogadishu%22&rft.pub=IRIN&rft.date=2001-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportID%3D25342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustaqbalradio.com/">Mustaqbal Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051254/http://www.mustaqbalradio.com/">Archived</a> 19 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bar-kulan.com/listen-live/">Bar-Kulan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406093817/http://www.bar-kulan.com/listen-live/">Archived</a> 6 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulmiyenews.com/">Radio Kulmiye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620134417/http://www.kulmiyenews.com/">Archived</a> 20 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiodanan.net/">Radio Dannan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113010939/http://radiodanan.net/">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalsanradio.com/">Radio Dalsan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403075003/http://www.dalsanradio.com/">Archived</a> 3 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiobanadir.com/">Radio Banadir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207014726/http://www.radiobanadir.com/">Archived</a> 7 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomaanta.com/">Radio Maanta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034933/http://radiomaanta.com/">Archived</a> 19 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goolfm.net/">Gool FM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131125210323/http://www.goolfm.net/">Archived</a> 25 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xurmo.net/">Radio Xurmo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216041113/http://www.xurmo.net/">Archived</a> 16 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xamarradio.com/">Radio Xamar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219035548/http://www.xamarradio.com/">Archived</a> 19 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atyspinats-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Atyspinats_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816213931/http://gantdaily.com/2011/04/04/after-20-years-somali-president-inaugurates-national-tv-station/">"After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station"</a>. AHN. 4 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gantdaily.com/2011/04/04/after-20-years-somali-president-inaugurates-national-tv-station/">the original</a> on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AHN&rft.atitle=After+20+years%2C+Somali+president+inaugurates+national+TV+station&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgantdaily.com%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fafter-20-years-somali-president-inaugurates-national-tv-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slntv-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Slntv_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201152445/http://vlex.cn/vid/somalia-launches-national-tv-268406422">"Somalia launches national TV"</a>. Vlex.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlex.cn/vid/somalia-launches-national-tv-268406422">the original</a> on 1 February 2014. 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Retrieved 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+Musicians+undaunted+with+music+ban&rft.pub=Africanews.com&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2Fsite%2Flist_message%2F28604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mmfhcmpsow-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Mmfhcmpsow_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202175420/http://www.ficdc.org/cdc3221?lang=fr">"Mogadishu music festival helps city move past sounds of war"</a>. Fédération internationale des coalitions pour la diversité culturelle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ficdc.org/cdc3221?lang=fr">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mogadishu+music+festival+helps+city+move+past+sounds+of+war&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+internationale+des+coalitions+pour+la+diversit%C3%A9+culturelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ficdc.org%2Fcdc3221%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isws-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Isws_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130421100225/https://conx.state.gov/event/somali-webchat-series-falis-abdi/">"Somali Webchat Series"</a>. IIP CO.NX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conx.state.gov/event/somali-webchat-series-falis-abdi/">the original</a> on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali+Webchat+Series&rft.pub=IIP+CO.NX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconx.state.gov%2Fevent%2Fsomali-webchat-series-falis-abdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/24/somalie-bilan-le-premier-media-100-feminin-qui-brise-les-tabous_6196202_3212.html">"Somalie : « Bilan », le premier média 100 % féminin qui brise les tabous"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 24 October 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Somalie+%3A+%C2%AB+Bilan+%C2%BB%2C+le+premier+m%C3%A9dia+100+%25+f%C3%A9minin+qui+brise+les+tabous&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2023%2F10%2F24%2Fsomalie-bilan-le-premier-media-100-feminin-qui-brise-les-tabous_6196202_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressO000173" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000173">"Mogadishu (id: O000173)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Mogadishu+%28id%3A+O000173%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gmatca-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Gmatca_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara?mobile=1">"Twin Cities of Ankara"</a>. Greater Municipality of Ankara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116113534/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara?mobile=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+Cities+of+Ankara&rft.pub=Greater+Municipality+of+Ankara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fen%2Fforeign-relations-department%2Fsister-cities-of-ankara%3Fmobile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somaliagenda.com/mungaab-seeks-dohas-help-in-reviving-mogadishu/">"Mungaab seeks Doha's help in reviving Mogadishu"</a>. Somali Agenda. 13 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092857/https://somaliagenda.com/mungaab-seeks-dohas-help-in-reviving-mogadishu/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mungaab+seeks+Doha%27s+help+in+reviving+Mogadishu&rft.pub=Somali+Agenda&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsomaliagenda.com%2Fmungaab-seeks-dohas-help-in-reviving-mogadishu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdbb.org.tr/?p=18697&lang=en">"Konya and Mogadishu Signed Sister City Protocol"</a>. Union of Turkish World Municipalities. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222050125/http://www.tdbb.org.tr/?p=18697&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konya+and+Mogadishu+Signed+Sister+City+Protocol&rft.pub=Union+of+Turkish+World+Municipalities&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdbb.org.tr%2F%3Fp%3D18697%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gmatca2-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Gmatca2_264-0">^</a> } </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAARP1975" class="citation book cs1">AARP (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXVXAAAAMAAJ">Art and Archaeology Research Papers</a>. AARP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Archaeology+Research+Papers&rft.pub=AARP&rft.date=1975&rft.au=AARP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXVXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1999" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsAWAQAAIAAJ">The Total Somali Clan Genealogy: A Preliminary Sketch</a>. African Studies Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Total+Somali+Clan+Genealogy%3A+A+Preliminary+Sketch&rft.pub=African+Studies+Centre&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsAWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamFord1997" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ">Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century</a>. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-073-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-073-9"><bdi>978-1-56902-073-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mending+rips+in+the+sky%3A+options+for+Somali+communities+in+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-073-9&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Hussein+Mohamed&rft.au=Ford%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0m9yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmericana_Corporation1976" class="citation book cs1">Americana Corporation (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6yJnAEACAAJ">The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac</a>. Americana Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0106-8"><bdi>978-0-7172-0106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+complete+in+thirty+volumes.+Skin+to+Sumac&rft.pub=Americana+Corporation&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0106-8&rft.au=Americana+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6yJnAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARR1978" class="citation book cs1">ARR (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SWHVAAAAMAAJ">Arab Report and Record</a>. Economic Features, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Report+and+Record&rft.pub=Economic+Features%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1978&rft.au=ARR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSWHVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakrLabibKandil1985" class="citation book cs1">Bakr, Yahya Abu; Labib, Saʻad; Kandil, Hamdy (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pERiAAAAMAAJ">Development of communication in the Arab states: needs and priorities</a>. Unesco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102082-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+communication+in+the+Arab+states%3A+needs+and+priorities&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102082-7&rft.aulast=Bakr&rft.aufirst=Yahya+Abu&rft.au=Labib%2C+Sa%CA%BBad&rft.au=Kandil%2C+Hamdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpERiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevilacquaClementiFranzina2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bevilacqua, Piero; Clementi, Andreina De; Franzina, Emilio (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJS4zYSJCHgC">Storia dell'emigrazione italiana</a> (in Italian). Donzelli Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7989-655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7989-655-9"><bdi>978-88-7989-655-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dell%27emigrazione+italiana&rft.pub=Donzelli+Editore&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-7989-655-9&rft.aulast=Bevilacqua&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft.au=Clementi%2C+Andreina+De&rft.au=Franzina%2C+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJS4zYSJCHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1965" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Thomas Lucien Vincent (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6gSAQAAMAAJ">Africa: a market profile</a>. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+a+market+profile&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Lucien+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6gSAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sá1898" class="citation book cs1">De Sá, João (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amXCE7J87DQC">A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497–1499</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120611368" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120611368"><bdi>978-8120611368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journal+of+the+First+Voyage+of+Vasco+Da+Gama%2C+1497%E2%80%931499&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-8120611368&rft.aulast=De+S%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamXCE7J87DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.1991" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJQoAQAAIAAJ">The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Marcopædia</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8"><bdi>978-0-85229-529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Marcop%C3%A6dia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-529-8&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJQoAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2002" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2"><bdi>978-0-85229-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-787-2&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoVUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichstaedt2010" class="citation book cs1">Eichstaedt, Peter H. (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q70Pr7P-poAC&pg=PA41">Pirate State: Inside Somalia's Terrorism at Sea</a>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-774-0"><bdi>978-1-56976-774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirate+State%3A+Inside+Somalia%27s+Terrorism+at+Sea&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-774-0&rft.aulast=Eichstaedt&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq70Pr7P-poAC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageOliverCrowder1984" class="citation book cs1">Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Crowder, Michael (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKbAnAEACAAJ">The Cambridge history of Africa. From 1905 to 1940</a>. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521222150" title="Special:BookSources/9780521222150"><bdi>9780521222150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Africa.+From+1905+to+1940&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780521222150&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=John+Donnelly&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+Anthony&rft.au=Crowder%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKbAnAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageOliver1986" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. 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Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-104-0"><bdi>978-1-56902-104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Somali%2C+Afar+and+Saho&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1998-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-104-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3QwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzLibrary_of_Congress._Federal_Research_Division1993" class="citation book cs1">Metz, Helen Chapin; Library of Congress. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333193174" title="Special:BookSources/9780333193174"><bdi>9780333193174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+as+empire-builder%3A+Europe+and+Africa%2C+1932-36&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780333193174&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Esmonde+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IZoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Anthropological_Institute1953" class="citation book cs1">Royal Anthropological Institute (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paURAAAAIAAJ">Man</a>. Vol. 53. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man&rft.pub=Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaURAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2008" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Ken (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tnoj2QxT4oC">Humanitarianism Under Fire: The US and UN Intervention in Somalia</a>. Kumarian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56549-260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56549-260-8"><bdi>978-1-56549-260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanitarianism+Under+Fire%3A+The+US+and+UN+Intervention+in+Somalia&rft.pub=Kumarian+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56549-260-8&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Tnoj2QxT4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter2003" class="citation book cs1">Rutter, Jill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supportingrefuge0000rutt">Supporting Refugee Children in 21st Century Britain: A Compendium of Essential Information</a>. Trentham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-292-6"><bdi>978-1-85856-292-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supporting+Refugee+Children+in+21st+Century+Britain%3A+A+Compendium+of+Essential+Information&rft.pub=Trentham+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-292-6&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupportingrefuge0000rutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1988" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Moshe Y. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xclWAAAAMAAJ">Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations</a>. Worldmark Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62406-6"><bdi>978-0-471-62406-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+encyclopedia+of+the+nations&rft.pub=Worldmark+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-471-62406-6&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Moshe+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxclWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2013" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, David (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zys7iZLGM8gC&pg=PA476">A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35555-5"><bdi>978-1-135-35555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35555-5&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZys7iZLGM8gC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnie1971" class="citation book cs1">Shinnie, P.L. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z5497hNCclIC">The African Iron Age</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Iron+Age&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Shinnie&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz5497hNCclIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (29 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C">The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64629-1"><bdi>978-0-521-64629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Career+and+Legend+of+Vasco+Da+Gama&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64629-1&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA3bu058pI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenter1975" class="citation book cs1">Venter, Al J. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6QEAQAAIAAJ">Africa Today</a>. Macmillan South Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86954-023-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86954-023-7"><bdi>978-0-86954-023-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Today&rft.pub=Macmillan+South+Africa&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-86954-023-7&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=Al+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6QEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14476-7&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles1982" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Peter John de la Fosse (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgMOAAAAQAAJ">The New Communist Third World: An Essay in Political Economy</a>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2709-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2709-9"><bdi>978-0-7099-2709-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Communist+Third+World%3A+An+Essay+in+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2709-9&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Peter+John+de+la+Fosse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgMOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mogadishu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mogadishu#Q2449" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mogadishuimages.tumblr.com/">Mogadishu today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mogadishuimages.wordpress.com/">Mogadishu in the past</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118024340/http://www.mogadishucity.net/">Benadir Regional Administration</a> at Mogadishucity.net</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mukdishu">"Mukdishu" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mukdishu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogadishu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Somalia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_topics" title="Template talk:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somalia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somalia-related_articles" title="Index of Somalia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion (1986–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)">Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">(2009–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia" title="List of cities in Somalia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Somalia" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somalia">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskushuban" title="Iskushuban">Iskushuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somalia">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountains of Somalia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bahaya" title="Mount Bahaya">Bahaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somalia" title="Category:Islands of Somalia">Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari,_Somalia" title="Bari, Somalia">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galguduud" title="Galguduud">Galguduud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Juba" title="Middle Juba">Middle Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Juba" title="Lower Juba">Lower Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia" title="Nugal, Somalia">Nugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Shebelle">Middle Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Shebelle">Lower Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Woqooyi Galbeed">Woqooyi Galbeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia" title="States and regions of Somalia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatumo">Khatumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirshabelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirshabelle">Hirshabelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia" title="South West State of Somalia">South West Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somalia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia" title="Elections in Somalia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia" title="Foreign relations of Somalia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia" title="Judiciary of Somalia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law (Xeer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Somalia" title="Political history of Somalia">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia" title="List of political parties in Somalia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia" title="List of companies of Somalia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia" title="Mineral industry of Somalia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland" title="Oil exploration in Puntland">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Shilling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia" title="Communications in Somalia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia" title="Tourism in Somalia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia" title="Transport in Somalia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somalia" title="Category:Society of Somalia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed" title="Qolobaa Calankeed">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somalia" title="Health in Somalia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Somalia" title="Mental health in Somalia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somalia" title="Public holidays in Somalia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a> (claimed)/<a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a> (political)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (proclaimed), <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> (de facto)1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150085428">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXrDkd7cbjm8wqgCCPcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4210605-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090023">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135720905">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135720905">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456902">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550349605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/818db98d-8d9d-404b-adc1-caccc79652aa">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052653749">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044563">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&oldid=1259089888">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogadishu&oldid=1259089888</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mogadishu" title="Category:Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-millennium_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1st-millennium establishments in Africa">1st-millennium establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Category:Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_Africa" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ksxdk","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_07d9906714206b117d54b887b809de40efbc3d81":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2449","properties":{"title":"Mogadishu","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#000000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2449","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Mogadishu"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[45.341944444444444,2.0391666666666666],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Mogadishu","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.286","walltime":"3.662","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23420,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":682922,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47367,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":920053,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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[\"CITEREFAliGabobe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpers1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmericana_Corporation1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAp1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakrLabibKandil1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarendse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattutah2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelliniCampioliPeroTalamo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevilacquaClementiFranzina2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulliet2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrespo-Toral,_H.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyril1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Sá1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._G._Ravenstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichstaedt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEng.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFage1977\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFageOliver1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFageOliverCrowder1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbesBishop2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarlake1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhalib2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiovanni_Tebaldi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreystone1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuled2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaji2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_Chapin_Metz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntingford1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsoll2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstituto_di_Zoologia1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJama1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJama1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanzenVitzthum2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJibril2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJosephMaruf2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalif2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalif2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKusimba1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaitinSamatar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Sage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLengyel,_Oguz_Janos1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeo_Africanus1526\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuling1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_T._Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzLibrary_of_Congress._Federal_Research_Division1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Dumper,_Bruce_E._Stanley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMire2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiriri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulupi2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMuthuma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_People_Media_Centre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliverFage1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPNT_The_Gazette_Edition2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParlamento1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrime_Minister’s_Media_Office2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReclus,_Elisee1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobecchi_Bricchetti1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Anthropological_Institute1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutherford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurhammer1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeddon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShephard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinnie1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorrentino1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrandes1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTermentin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnesco_International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenter1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersteegh2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWiles1982\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitals of Arab countries\"] 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