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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" data-vue-meta-server-rendered> <head>   <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f" type="text/javascript"></script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F" data-cookieconsent="statistics"></script> <script data-cookieconsent="statistics"> window.gaDebug = false; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { if (window.gaDebug) { console.log("XXX gaDebug:", arguments); } dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); (function () { try { var g = localStorage.getItem('ga_debug') || ''; window.gaDebug = (g == 'true'); } catch (e) { console.log("ga_debug error:", e); } gtag('config', 'G-DTTE7J8M7F', { 'debug_mode': window.gaDebug, 'send_page_view': false, // 'cookie_domain': 'none', }); })(); </script> <title>Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation | IntechOpen</title> <meta data-vue-meta="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="description" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation. Edited by: Maria Wolmesjö. ISBN 978-1-80356-134-9, eISBN 978-1-80356-135-6, PDF ISBN 978-1-80356-136-3, Published 2023-03-22"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="title" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation | IntechOpen"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="category" content="Book"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" property="og:type" content="book"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" property="og:url" content="https://www.intechopen.com/books/11095"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" property="og:title" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation | IntechOpen"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" property="og:description" content="This edited volume, <i>Social Work – Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation</i>, presents a variety of perspectives and reflections from social work theories and practice on how to manage, lead and organize social work in different parts of the world. The authors share their experiences and knowledge from a variety of perspectives, focusing on education, practice, user participation, leading social work with responsibility for handling different ethical dilemmas, and organizing a sustainable and healthy work-life for both staff members and their clients. Global collaboration enables reflection on social work leadership and organization from different professional perspectives and organizational levels. The book addresses students, politicians, lecturers and researchers, practitioners, users, relatives and others who are interested in social work and want to improve their understanding of social work leadership and organization from an international perspective."><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="twitter:title" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation | IntechOpen"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="twitter:description" content="This edited volume, <i>Social Work – Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation</i>, presents a variety of perspectives and reflections from social work theories and practice on how to manage, lead and organize social work in different parts of the world. The authors share their experiences and knowledge from a variety of perspectives, focusing on education, practice, user participation, leading social work with responsibility for handling different ethical dilemmas, and organizing a sustainable and healthy work-life for both staff members and their clients. Global collaboration enables reflection on social work leadership and organization from different professional perspectives and organizational levels. The book addresses students, politicians, lecturers and researchers, practitioners, users, relatives and others who are interested in social work and want to improve their understanding of social work leadership and organization from an international perspective."><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="DC.Identifier" content="10.5772/intechopen.96846"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="DC.Title" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="DC.Date" content="2023-03-22"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="citation_doi" content="10.5772/intechopen.96846"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="citation_title" content="Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="citation_publication_date" content="2023-03-22"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="citation_online_date" content="2023-03-22"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="citation_isbn" content="978-1-80356-135-6"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" property="og:image" 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h3[data-v-0935c155]{font-size:18px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;padding-bottom:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1}.popup .header p[data-v-0935c155]{font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif;line-height:1}.popup .close[data-v-0935c155]{position:relative;top:25px;left:calc(100% - 20px);cursor:pointer}.popup .body[data-v-0935c155]{padding:0px;background-color:#fffdea}.popup .body img[data-v-0935c155]{width:100%}.popup .body .relative-d6[data-v-0935c155]{font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif}.popup .body .relative-d6 .bold[data-v-0935c155]{font-weight:700}.popup .body .description[data-v-0935c155]{padding:10px;text-align:center}.popup .body .description p[data-v-0935c155]{line-height:150%}.popup .body .description a[data-v-0935c155]{color:#e10000;text-decoration:none}.popup .body .btn[data-v-0935c155]{display:inline-block;font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.5rem;text-align:center;color:#fffdea;padding:1rem 1.5rem;border:1px solid #e10000;border-radius:4px;background-color:#e10000}.popup .body .btn[data-v-0935c155]:hover{background-color:#870000;border-color:#870000} .breadcrumbs[data-v-a2e71dd8]{padding-top:3.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.breadcrumbs[data-v-a2e71dd8]{padding-top:2.7rem}}.breadcrumbs__items[data-v-a2e71dd8]{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;color:#fffdea}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.breadcrumbs__items[data-v-a2e71dd8]{overflow-x:visible}} .mathlab[data-v-2c7f52da]{width:100%;max-width:510px;background:#e10000;color:#FFFAD2;font-size:2rem;margin-bottom:3.5rem;padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width: 47.9375em){.mathlab[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:1.5rem;max-width:380px}}.previewNotification[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2rem;display:block;padding:2rem;margin:1rem;align-items:center;background-color:#a1f542;border:2px;border-style:dashed}.leadTitle[data-v-2c7f52da]{display:inline-block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0.8rem;background-color:#ffffff;box-shadow:8px 2.4rem 8.7rem rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-radius:6px;margin-bottom:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.leadTitle[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2.4rem;letter-spacing:1.5px}}.leadTitle img[data-v-2c7f52da]{display:inline-block;width:1.6rem;height:1.6rem;margin-right:1.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.leadTitle img[data-v-2c7f52da]{width:2.4rem;height:2.4rem;margin-right:1.5rem}}.title[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem;margin-bottom:1.8rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.title[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:4rem;line-height:5.5rem;margin-top:2.4rem;margin-bottom:2.4rem}}.caption[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.caption[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.text[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.text[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.text[data-v-2c7f52da] img,.text[data-v-2c7f52da] span{display:none !important}.book-intro[data-v-2c7f52da]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;margin-top:2.4rem}.book-intro__additonal[data-v-2c7f52da]{margin-top:2.4rem}.book-intro__ito-score[data-v-2c7f52da]{display:flex;max-width:37.3rem;padding:1.5rem;margin-top:3.2rem;background-color:#ffffff;box-shadow:0px 2.4rem 8.8rem rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.book-intro__ito-score-ring[data-v-2c7f52da]{width:8.4rem !important;height:8.4rem !important;margin-right:2rem}.book-intro__ito-score-ring svg[data-v-2c7f52da]{display:block;max-width:100%;height:100%}.book-intro__ito-score-caption[data-v-2c7f52da],.book-intro__ito-score-text[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}.book-intro__ito-score-text[data-v-2c7f52da]{font-family:'Relative Book', 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62.5625em){.contributor-box[data-v-75d262c7]{padding:2.4rem 8.1rem;margin-top:6.4rem}}.contributor-box__title[data-v-75d262c7]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.contributor-box__title[data-v-75d262c7]{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}}.contributor-box__text[data-v-75d262c7]{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-top:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.contributor-box__text[data-v-75d262c7]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.contributor-box__text a[data-v-75d262c7]{color:#e10000;text-decoration:underline}.contributor-box .btn[data-v-75d262c7]{display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;padding:1.4rem 7.75rem;margin-top:4rem}.delivery-icons[data-v-75d262c7]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start}@media screen and (max-width: 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48em){.sdgHubStyle[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:2.8rem;line-height:2.1rem;margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.sdgHubStyle[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:3.2rem;line-height:2.4rem;margin-bottom:0rem;margin-top:3rem}}.book-item[data-v-1b1bb206],.chapter-item[data-v-1b1bb206]{margin:0 auto;width:100%}.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]{display:block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;text-align:center;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;color:#fffdea;padding:1rem 2.35rem;border-radius:4px;background:#e10000;cursor:pointer}.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]:hover{background:#870000}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.cta[data-v-1b1bb206]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}} .swiper-body[data-v-32859338]{position:relative}.pages[data-v-32859338]{display:flex;margin-right:2.4rem}.pages[data-v-32859338] 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62.5625em){.title[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.edited[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-align:left}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.edited[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3em;line-height:1.69231em;color:#fffdea;padding:1px .76923em 0;background:#e10000;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-top:1.5rem}.tag[data-v-50c7af74]:hover{background:#b40000}.deadline[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;text-align:left;margin-bottom:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.deadline[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.deadline .highlight[data-v-50c7af74]{display:block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.deadline .highlight[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.deadline .strikethrough[data-v-50c7af74]{text-decoration:line-through}a.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{display:inline-block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;max-width:19.4rem;margin:0 auto 0 0;padding:0.8rem 1.7rem;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){a.tag[data-v-50c7af74]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;padding:1.4rem 3.2rem}}.published-date[data-v-50c7af74]{font-family:'Relative Bold', 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62.5625em){.call-for-authors .inner[data-v-2619f083]{padding-left:10rem;height:30rem}}.call-for-authors .img-container[data-v-2619f083]{height:13.4rem;background:#333}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .img-container[data-v-2619f083]{height:100%}}.call-for-authors .img-container img[data-v-2619f083]{width:100%;height:100%}.call-for-authors h2[data-v-2619f083]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors h2[data-v-2619f083]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.call-for-authors h3[data-v-2619f083]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem;margin-top:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors h3[data-v-2619f083]{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:4.4rem}}.call-for-authors .cta[data-v-2619f083]{display:inline-block;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;color:#e10000;background-color:#fffdea;padding:1rem 1.8rem;margin-top:2.4rem;border-radius:4px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .cta[data-v-2619f083]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;padding:1.4rem 4.5rem;margin-top:5.6rem}}.call-for-authors .actions[data-v-2619f083]{position:absolute;right:10%;bottom:0;transform:translateY(50%)}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .actions[data-v-2619f083]{right:0;top:3.1rem;transform:translateX(50%)}}.call-for-authors .explore-circle[data-v-2619f083],.call-for-authors .ofs-circle[data-v-2619f083]{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .explore-circle[data-v-2619f083],.call-for-authors .ofs-circle[data-v-2619f083]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.call-for-authors .explore-circle img[data-v-2619f083],.call-for-authors .ofs-circle img[data-v-2619f083]{margin-top:1.6rem}.call-for-authors .ofs-circle[data-v-2619f083]{width:17.8rem;height:17.8rem;padding:1.725rem;border-radius:100%;background-color:#fffdea;color:#e10000}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .ofs-circle[data-v-2619f083]{width:19.6rem;height:19.6rem;transform:rotate(6deg)}}.call-for-authors .explore-circle[data-v-2619f083]{position:absolute;left:0;transform:translate(-75%, 10%) rotate(-15deg);width:9.3rem;height:9.3rem;border:2px solid #fffdea;border-radius:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.call-for-authors .explore-circle[data-v-2619f083]{transform:translate(-75%, 80%) rotate(-15deg);width:12.4rem;height:12.4rem}} .footer[data-v-8693b6c8]{background:#000;color:#fffad2}.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:117em;margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 2em}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding:0 1.5em}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{padding:0 2em}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}.inner .main .inner[data-v-8693b6c8]{max-width:60em;margin:0 auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.inner .wrap[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:table;width:100%}.inner .aside[data-v-8693b6c8]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;width:27em;padding-left:2em}.inner .aside 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data-v-3640cb1f>Edited by Maria Wolmesjö</span></div></a> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/ku.svg" class="ku-logo" data-v-3640cb1f>  </figure></div>  <div class="book-intro__ito-score score" data-v-2c7f52da><div class="book-intro__ito-score-ring" data-v-2c7f52da><svg viewBox="0 0 36 36" class="progress-ring" style="cursor:pointer;" data-v-0626afd8 data-v-2c7f52da><path d="M18 2.0845 a 15.9155 15.9155 0 0 1 0 31.831 a 15.9155 15.9155 0 0 1 0 -31.831" class="progress-ring__background" data-v-0626afd8></path>  <image xlink:href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/logoSmall.svg" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/svg/logoSmall.svg" x="50" y="50" height="50%" width="50%" transform="translate(-40,-40)" data-v-0626afd8></image></svg></div> <div data-v-2c7f52da><p class="book-intro__ito-score-caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Book metrics overview</p> <p class="book-intro__ito-score-text" data-v-2c7f52da> 2,391 Chapter Downloads </p> <a 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attention for this book and its chapters</p></div></div> <div class="citations stat" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__heading white-bg" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__heading-icon" data-v-4e88ca3c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/quotation_red.svg" alt="Citations" data-v-4e88ca3c></div> <span data-v-4e88ca3c>Citations</span></div> <div class="stat__box white-bg" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__logo stat__logo--dimension" data-v-4e88ca3c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/institutions/dimension-trimmed.svg" alt="Dimensions" data-v-4e88ca3c></div> <div class="stat__row" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__col" data-v-4e88ca3c><div data-style="small_circle" data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.96846" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat__box-value" data-v-4e88ca3c></div> <p class="stat__box-desc" data-v-4e88ca3c>Book Citations</p></div> <div class="stat__col" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__box-value" data-v-4e88ca3c>8</div> <p class="stat__box-desc" data-v-4e88ca3c>Total Chapter Citations</p></div></div></div> <div class="stat__box white-bg" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__logo stat__logo--crossref" data-v-4e88ca3c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/institutions/crossref.svg" alt="Crossref" data-v-4e88ca3c></div> <div class="stat__row" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__col" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__box-value" data-v-4e88ca3c>1</div> <p class="stat__box-desc" data-v-4e88ca3c>Book Citations</p></div> <div class="stat__col" data-v-4e88ca3c><div class="stat__box-value" data-v-4e88ca3c>7</div> <p class="stat__box-desc" data-v-4e88ca3c>Total Chapter Citations</p></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="book-intro__contributors" data-v-2c7f52da> <div class="profile-group" data-v-2c7f52da><h2 class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Academic Editor</h2> <div class="editor" data-v-6abf993b data-v-2c7f52da><div class="editor__image" data-v-6abf993b><figure class="profile-img filter" data-v-231a3921 data-v-6abf993b><span class="lazy-image ar" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-231a3921><img alt="Maria Wolmesjö" class="image cover-image-9975" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span></figure></div> <div class="editor__details" data-v-6abf993b> <a href="/profiles/306136" class="editor__name" data-v-6abf993b>Maria Wolmesjö</a> <p class="editor__position" data-v-6abf993b>University of Borås<span data-v-6abf993b>,<br data-v-6abf993b>Sweden</span></p>  </div></div>    </div>  </div></section> <section class="abstract-and-meta" data-v-2c7f52da><div class="meta" data-v-2c7f52da><div class="book-meta" data-v-2c7f52da><div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Published</span>22 March 2023</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Doi</span>10.5772/intechopen.96846</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>ISBN</span>978-1-80356-135-6</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Print ISBN</span>978-1-80356-134-9</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>eBook (PDF) ISBN</span>978-1-80356-136-3</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Copyright year</span>2023</p></div> <div class="book-meta__item" data-v-2c7f52da><p data-v-2c7f52da><span class="caption" data-v-2c7f52da>Number of pages</span>240</p></div>  </div></div> <div class="abstract" data-v-2c7f52da> <p aria-hidden="true" class="text" style="display:;" data-v-2c7f52da>This edited volume, <i>Social Work – Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation</i>, presents a variety of perspectives and reflections from social work theories and practice on how to manage, lead and organize social work in different parts of the world. The authors share their experiences and knowledge from a variety of perspectives, focusing on education, practice, user participation, leading ...</p> <p class="text" style="display:none;" data-v-2c7f52da>This edited volume, <i>Social Work – Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation</i>, presents a variety of perspectives and reflections from social work theories and practice on how to manage, lead and organize social work in different parts of the world. The authors share their experiences and knowledge from a variety of perspectives, focusing on education, practice, user participation, leading social work with responsibility for handling different ethical dilemmas, and organizing a sustainable and healthy work-life for both staff members and their clients. Global collaboration enables reflection on social work leadership and organization from different professional perspectives and organizational levels. The book addresses students, politicians, lecturers and researchers, practitioners, users, relatives and others who are interested in social work and want to improve their understanding of social work leadership and organization from an international perspective.</p> <a class="caption cta-toggle" data-v-2c7f52da>Read more</a> <div class="cta-box" data-v-2c7f52da><a class="cta-button cta-button--red" data-v-2c7f52da>Order Print Copy</a> <button class="cta-button cta-button--outline" data-v-2c7f52da>Recommend to Your Library</button> <span data-v-3b1bf31a data-v-2c7f52da><div class="modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-3b1bf31a><div class="modal-content" data-v-3b1bf31a><button class="close-btn" data-v-3b1bf31a><svg width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-v-3b1bf31a><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.0607 9.06066C25.6464 8.47487 25.6464 7.52513 25.0607 6.93934C24.4749 6.35355 23.5251 6.35355 22.9393 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The Effect of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Care Workers: Challenges for Social Services Leaders</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Magdalena Calderón-Orellana, Alejandra Inostroza and Paula Miranda Sánchez</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>160</span></div> <div class="stat-row" data-v-05b13c55><div class="badge" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/industry/crossref.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> <div class="number-box" data-v-05b13c55>1</div></div> <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.105603" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82333" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>2. Social Work Leadership for Patient Safety</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Joanne Travaglia</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>155</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83148" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>3. Private Practice Social Work in the Arab World: Sultanate of Oman as a Model</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Emad Saleh</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>180</span></div> <div class="stat-row" data-v-05b13c55><div class="badge" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/industry/crossref.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> <div class="number-box" data-v-05b13c55>2</div></div> <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.106284" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83097" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>4. The Challenge of Migration in Swedish Eldercare: Experiences of Everyday Racism</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Linda Lill</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>143</span></div> <div class="stat-row" data-v-05b13c55><div class="badge" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/industry/crossref.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> <div class="number-box" data-v-05b13c55>2</div></div> <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.106609" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83805" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>5. Experiences of Socio-Environmental Organizations and Movements in the Framework of Environmental Justice in Curicó, Chile and Antioquia, Colombia: An Exploratory Study</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Nélida Ramírez Naranjo</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>136</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83282" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>6. Social Workers in Iceland in the Pandemic: Job Satisfaction, Stress, and Burnout</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Freydís Jóna Freysteinsdóttir</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>122</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82550" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>7. Communication Strategy for Organizational Leadership and Relationships: Liberating Structures</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Yoko Kawamura</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>181</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82454" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>8. Prospects and Pitfalls Experienced by Social Workers Working in a Confounding Environment in a South African Setting</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Simon Murote Kang’ethe</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>200</span></div> <div class="stat-row" data-v-05b13c55><div class="badge" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/industry/crossref.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> <div class="number-box" data-v-05b13c55>1</div></div> <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.105604" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82337" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>9. Perspective Chapter: Leading Welfare Organisations from an Integrated Leadership Approach - Responding to Modern Social Problems</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Maditobane Robert Lekganyane</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>219</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82834" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>10. Perspective Chapter: Social Work Education in University Curricula for Sustainable Development</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Upul Lekamge</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>130</span></div> <div class="stat-row" data-v-05b13c55><div class="badge" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/industry/crossref.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> <div class="number-box" data-v-05b13c55>1</div></div> <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.106246" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83734" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>11. Perspective Chapter: Disability-Inclusive Sustainable Services – The Role of Social Workers</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Augustina Naami, Rita Adoma Parry and Alfred Ofori</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>189</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/82945" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>12. Perspective Chapter: The Significance of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Social Work Leadership</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Marian S. Harris</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>358</span></div>  <div data-doi="10.5772/intechopen.106608" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="hover-top" data-style="large_rectangle" class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ stat-row" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div><div class="chapters-table__row" data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter" data-v-05b13c55 data-v-f946db4c><div class="chapter__header" data-v-05b13c55><div class="unlock-icon-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" data-v-05b13c55></div> </div> <div class="chapter__body" data-v-05b13c55><div class="chapter__details" data-v-05b13c55><a href="/chapters/83368" class="chapter__title" data-v-05b13c55>13. Perspective Chapter: Fostering Effective Leadership in Social Work Organisations</a> <p class="chapter__contributors" data-v-05b13c55><span data-v-05b13c55>By Stella Chipo Takaza, Diana Kanyere and Chipo Chitereka</span></p> </div> <div class="chapter__statistics" data-v-05b13c55><div data-v-05b13c55><div class="stat-row download-stat-container" data-v-05b13c55><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-download.svg" data-v-05b13c55> <span data-v-05b13c55>218</span></div>   </div></div>  <div class="chapter__abstract" data-v-05b13c55><button role="button" class="abstract-toggle" data-v-05b13c55> View Abstract <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.044/series/icons/ic-pointer.svg" class="abstract-toggle__icon" data-v-05b13c55></button> </div></div></div> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div id="statistics" class="container book-statistics" data-v-7164251b data-v-e1bd4d7e><h4 data-v-7164251b>IMPACT OF THIS BOOK AND ITS CHAPTERS</h4> <div 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C49.1533493,31.7199085 48.9746028,30.6460493 48.0927754,30.247493" data-v-eb7322e6></path></g></g></svg> <div class="text text-style-2b3b" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Anopheles mosquitoes</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>New insights into malaria vectors</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Sylvie Manguin</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/3092" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Anopheles mosquitoes</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/50017" data-v-50c7af74>Sylvie Manguin</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/371" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae 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style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Artificial Neural Networks</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applic...</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Kenji Suzuki</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/117" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Artificial Neural Networks</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/3095" data-v-50c7af74>Kenji Suzuki</a> </span></p>   </div> </div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-1b1bb206><div class="book-item" style="width:undefinedpx;" data-v-50c7af74 data-v-1b1bb206><figure class="cover-wrap top" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/5066" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants" class="image cover-image-761f" data-v-c6fa12ae 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data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the ...</span> <span class="sub-title" data-v-eb7322e6>Environmental and Analytical Update</span>  <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Tomasz Puzyn</span></div></a></figure> <h4 class="title" data-v-50c7af74><a href="/books/872" data-v-50c7af74> <span data-v-50c7af74>Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention</span></a></h4> <p class="edited" data-v-50c7af74> Edited by <span data-v-50c7af74><a href="/profiles/84887" data-v-50c7af74>Tomasz Puzyn</a> </span></p>   </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="swiper-pagination-c7b0" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div class="nav-btns" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206><div id="swiper-button-prev-c7b0" class="swiper-button swiper-button--prev" data-v-32859338 data-v-1b1bb206></div> <div id="swiper-button-next-c7b0" class="swiper-button swiper-button--next" data-v-32859338 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We hope to keep supporting Book Aid International in the years to come.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"},{\"imagePath\":\"\u002Fmedia\u002Fthumbnail\u002F780x430\u002F268\",\"type\":\"mediaComponent\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image\u002Fjpeg\",\"caption\":\"Alison Tweed, Chief Executive at Book Aid International and Dr. Sara Uhac, Chief Executive Officer at IntechOpen, at the Frankfurt Book Fair, 2022\",\"originalUrl\":\"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F268\",\"alignment\":\"center\"},{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":null},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is pleased to announce that we have recently donated books to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbookaid.org\u002F\"\u003EBook Aid International\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, UK’s leading international book donation and library support charity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe books donated bring research in science, technology, and medicine, representing the viewpoints of world-renowned scientists who have made significant contributions to their fields, including authors who have won or were nominated for the Nobel Prize and the most cited authors worldwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEven though we are the first native publisher of Open Access books, with +6,000 OA books available online to read, share and download for free, we were driven by demand to make our books available in print. Books donated to the Book Aid represent a selection of print-on-demand sample copies and office copies collected over the years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Cstrong\u003EAlison Tweed, Chief Executive at Book Aid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, the organisation focuses its work on low-income countries in Africa and beyond, often in areas where conflict has disrupted education or where university faculties have few or no new books. \u003Cem\u003E“We are extremely proud to collaborate with IntechOpen, who share our belief that information, knowledge and research should be accessible to everyone. Together, we look forward to providing brand new books to hospitals, universities and public libraries around the world, building the next generation of professionals and change makers.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDr. Sara Uhac, Chief Executive Officer at IntechOpen added that\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E “This initiative is of great importance to IntechOpen because, in the spirit of making knowledge available to all, it allows our publications to be shared with researchers and professionals living in countries with reduced access to online resources. With Book Aid International's long history and commitment to sharing the power of books to advance progress and promote equity, this initiative is a natural fit for us. We hope to keep supporting Book Aid International in the years to come.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"},{"imagePath":"\u002Fmedia\u002Fthumbnail\u002F780x430\u002F268","type":"mediaComponent","mediaType":"image","mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","caption":"Alison Tweed, Chief Executive at Book Aid International and Dr. Sara Uhac, Chief Executive Officer at IntechOpen, at the Frankfurt Book Fair, 2022","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F268","alignment":"center"},{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325","title":"ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership"},{"slug":"new-intechopen-book-series-annual-volumes-published-in-2024-20250120","title":"New IntechOpen Book Series Annual Volumes Published in 2024"},{"slug":"third-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-report-published-20241230","title":"Third Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report Published"},{"slug":"intechopen-books-now-indexed-in-ebsco-s-open-access-collection-20241219","title":"IntechOpen Books Now Indexed in EBSCO’s Open Access Collection"},{"slug":"intechopen-journals-inaugural-best-reviewer-award-for-2024-20241217","title":"Inaugural Best Reviewer Award for 2024 - IntechOpen Journals"},{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals"},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment"},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"11095","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation","title":"Social Work","subtitle":"Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"This edited volume, \u003Ci\u003ESocial Work – Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, presents a variety of perspectives and reflections from social work theories and practice on how to manage, lead and organize social work in different parts of the world. The authors share their experiences and knowledge from a variety of perspectives, focusing on education, practice, user participation, leading social work with responsibility for handling different ethical dilemmas, and organizing a sustainable and healthy work-life for both staff members and their clients. Global collaboration enables reflection on social work leadership and organization from different professional perspectives and organizational levels. The book addresses students, politicians, lecturers and researchers, practitioners, users, relatives and others who are interested in social work and want to improve their understanding of social work leadership and organization from an international perspective.","isbn":"978-1-80356-135-6","printIsbn":"978-1-80356-134-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-80356-136-3","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.96846","price":119,"priceEur":135,"priceUsd":150,"priceCbs":null,"slug":"social-work-perspectives-on-leadership-and-organisation","numberOfPages":240,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":null,"isInBkci":false,"hash":"12dcddfd27f6a5e7b2359efc141424a8","bookSignature":"Maria Wolmesjö","publishedDate":"March 22nd 2023","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11095.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F11095\u002F1718281145-2095015399\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F11095\u002F1718281145-2095015399\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":2391,"numberOfViews":null,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":7,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":1,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":8,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":1,"hasAltmetrics":1,"totalAltmetricsMentions":2,"numberOfTotalCitations":15,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"February 8th 2022","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"March 1st 2022","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"April 30th 2022","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"July 19th 2022","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"September 17th 2022","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":true,"sdgRelated":true,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"cbsWebsiteURL":null,"noAds":1,"editors":[{"id":"306136","title":"Dr.","name":"Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Wolmesjö","slug":"maria-wolmesjo","fullName":"Maria Wolmesjö","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F306136\u002F1721313157\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Maria Wolmesjö, Ph.D., is a professor in social work and the research leader of Work Life and Social Welfare: Sustainable Management, Organisation and Leadership in Social Welfare (SOLWE) at the University of Borås, Sweden. She has a long and solid experience of leading positions as first-line manager and director of home-help care organisations for older adults and persons with disabilities, and as head of department and program director in academic social work organisations. She has served as chair of the Academic Appointments Committee and chaired different national and international evaluation committees. She has a broad national and international network through several collaborative projects. Her research focuses on sustainable leadership, healthy organisations, age management, ethical dilemmas, inter-professional collaboration, user participation, eldercare, missing persons, professional education and development.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":{"name":"University of Borås","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Sweden"}},"countryString":"Sweden"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"1336","title":"Social Services","slug":"social-services"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":null,"subseries":null,"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"82470","title":"The Effect of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Care Workers: Challenges for Social Services Leaders","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105603","slug":"the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-quality-of-life-of-care-workers-challenges-for-social-services-leaders","totalDownloads":160,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":"Stressful situations are likely to impact health and social care workers’ quality of life negatively. Indeed, mental, physical, and emotional health problems have been reported in relation to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of health care workers. Instead of health care workers’ reality, and despite the care sector’s relevance, studies of the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of care workers have not been sufficiently explored. Recognizing the effect of COVID on the quality of life of care workers will collaborate with leaders of organizations, social work practitioners, and academics in the design of policies that promote better working conditions. Therefore, during 2021, a study was carried out in Chile where 150 social services and care workers were surveyed in Chile using a version of COV19-QoL in Spanish. The impact of COVID on quality of life is described, and the challenges that this reality implies to social service leaders are presented.","signatures":"Magdalena Calderón-Orellana, Alejandra Inostroza and Paula Miranda Sánchez","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82470","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82470","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"456043","title":"Prof.","name":"Magdalena","surname":"Calderón-Orellana","slug":"magdalena-calderon-orellana","fullName":"Magdalena Calderón-Orellana"},{"id":"457426","title":"Dr.","name":"Alejandra","surname":"Inostroza","slug":"alejandra-inostroza","fullName":"Alejandra Inostroza"},{"id":"457427","title":"Dr.","name":"Paula","surname":"Miranda Sánchez","slug":"paula-miranda-sanchez","fullName":"Paula Miranda Sánchez"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"82333","title":"Social Work Leadership for Patient Safety","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105535","slug":"social-work-leadership-for-patient-safety","totalDownloads":155,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":"Social workers are rarely considered as key personnel in the field of patient safety. The clinical nature of many, if not most, errors means that it is much more likely that doctors, nurses and pharmacists are involved both in the errors themselves and in attempts to improve the quality and safety of care. Yet, despite best efforts around the world for the last two decades the overall rate of errors has not decreased. In this chapter I argue that there is great potential for social work leadership to improve the quality and safety of care for patients and clients, and in particular for vulnerable individuals and groups. One way of understanding this potential is through the lens of a social epidemiology of patient safety, which can then be linked to the competencies required by social workers in leading this new approach to patient\u002Fclient safety and quality improvement. Drawing on evidence both from research and from patient safety inquiries around the world, I look at how the social context and status of patients contributes to errors, particularly of vulnerable individuals and groups, and the unique leadership role that social workers can take in preventing and responding to errors and adverse events.","signatures":"Joanne Travaglia","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82333","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82333","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"453688","title":"Prof.","name":"Joanne F.","surname":"Travaglia","slug":"joanne-f.-travaglia","fullName":"Joanne F. Travaglia"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"83148","title":"Private Practice Social Work in the Arab World: Sultanate of Oman as a Model","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106284","slug":"private-practice-social-work-in-the-arab-world-sultanate-of-oman-as-a-model","totalDownloads":180,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":"This chapter aims to discuss the reality of the private practice social work profession in the Arab world from both research and practice perspectives. Furthermore, it identifies the most significant obstacles to the spread of its agencies. Additionally, this chapter discusses several fundamental concepts in this field, such as private practice, private practice agencies, and private practitioners. By referring to scientific research undertaken in the Arab world and, in particular, Oman society, a systematic scientific approach is significant to private practice and its themes. Finally, the author will wrap up the chapter by discussing the findings of one of his studies that identified the obstacles to the spread of private practice.","signatures":"Emad Saleh","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F83148","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F83148","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"224586","title":"Prof.","name":"Emad","surname":"Saleh","slug":"emad-saleh","fullName":"Emad Saleh"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"83097","title":"The Challenge of Migration in Swedish Eldercare: Experiences of Everyday Racism","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106609","slug":"the-challenge-of-migration-in-swedish-eldercare-experiences-of-everyday-racism","totalDownloads":143,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":"In this chapter, I discuss the significant challenges that migration constitutes in the eldercare work. The chapter emphasises work experiences, expressions of racism in eldercare services and how staff members deal with racism. The purpose has been to get eldercare personnel to reflect on the concrete actions they handle in their work and the results from interviews with eight women working in eldercare. Essed’s theory of everyday racism provides the framework for analysing their stories. The results show how eldercare staff deals with discrimination and vulnerability in the workplace. Staff members also describe their encounters with people who humiliate them and continue working under challenging conditions. Their statements demonstrate aspects of the struggle in working life to maintain both the profession’s status and value as a human being. With this knowledge in place, workplaces in eldercare services can actively determine work methods that promote an antiracist working life and equality in the workplace.","signatures":"Linda Lill","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F83097","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F83097","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"454236","title":"Dr.","name":"Linda","surname":"Lill","slug":"linda-lill","fullName":"Linda Lill"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"83805","title":"Experiences of Socio-Environmental Organizations and Movements in the Framework of Environmental Justice in Curicó, Chile and Antioquia, Colombia: An Exploratory Study","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106282","slug":"experiences-of-socio-environmental-organizations-and-movements-in-the-framework-of-environmental-jus","totalDownloads":136,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":"This chapter presents the results of the exploratory qualitative research “Experiences of environmental justice of socio-environmental organizations and movements in Curicó-Chile and Antioquia-Colombia,” carried out in 2020. The study allowed us to identify the purposes and foundations of social movements in the struggle for environmental justice in their territories. This gave us a glimpse of their link with social work intervention in general and specifically with leadership and organization for sustainability. The findings show that collective action is the articulating axis of socio-environmental organizations and movements, which constitutes a social force for the struggle against environmental inequality, defense of territory, and water.","signatures":"Nélida Ramírez Naranjo","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F83805","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F83805","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"458015","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Nélida","surname":"Ramírez Naranjo","slug":"nelida-ramirez-naranjo","fullName":"Nélida Ramírez Naranjo"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"83282","title":"Social Workers in Iceland in the Pandemic: Job Satisfaction, Stress, and Burnout","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106515","slug":"social-workers-in-iceland-in-the-pandemic-job-satisfaction-stress-and-burnout","totalDownloads":122,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to find out how the position is regarding various factors related to social workers in Iceland following the pandemic. A questionnaire was send to all social workers registered in the social worker association in Iceland. The response rate was 46%. The results showed that most of them worked in the social services or 60%, and most of them used empowerment and solution-focused approach as their theoretical approach. Most of the social workers were satisfied with the management, social environment, content of their work, work condition, and salaries. Nearly 90% of the social workers thought that the stress was high, and nearly 80% of them were experiencing one or more stress symptoms or six on the average. The most common stress symptoms were lack of energy, worries, and sleep difficulties. Child protection workers were experiencing the highest number of stress symptoms. One fifth of social workers had experienced burnout in the past. The higher the employment ratio, the more likely a social worker was to have experienced burnout. Nearly a third of the participants thought that they would change jobs in the near future.","signatures":"Freydís Jóna Freysteinsdóttir","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F83282","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F83282","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"455847","title":"Dr.","name":"Freydís Jóna","surname":"Freysteinsdóttir","slug":"freydis-jona-freysteinsdottir","fullName":"Freydís Jóna Freysteinsdóttir"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"82550","title":"Communication Strategy for Organizational Leadership and Relationships: Liberating Structures","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105806","slug":"communication-strategy-for-organizational-leadership-and-relationships-liberating-structures","totalDownloads":181,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":7,"abstract":"Communication is human life itself. Because of the information technologies we have nowadays, the communication process is adoptively complex and getting even more complex at an accelerated pace. Understanding how we can make communication better is the key to the individual and organizational well-being, which leaders should prioritize to perform and produce good outcomes and impacts in the society. This chapter tries to introduce social workers to some of the strategies leaders can use for organizational and individual development. After discussing theoretical aspects, Liberating Structures will be introduced as a very practical toolset. I have the experience of working with community social workers in the community of Japan, and my work has been related to the empowerment of social workers’ skills to better communicate with community members and other professionals and often among peers and staff members. Based on my experience, I showcase examples of Liberating Structures’ practical usages.","signatures":"Yoko Kawamura","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82550","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82550","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"454557","title":"Dr.","name":"Yoko","surname":"Kawamura","slug":"yoko-kawamura","fullName":"Yoko Kawamura"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"82454","title":"Prospects and Pitfalls Experienced by Social Workers Working in a Confounding Environment in a South African Setting","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105604","slug":"prospects-and-pitfalls-experienced-by-social-workers-working-in-a-confounding-environment-in-a-south","totalDownloads":200,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":8,"abstract":"While social workers are professionally and aptly placed to facilitate a turn-around environment rife with a conglomeration of challenges such as poverty, ignorance, and diseases, the chapter discusses the developmental prospects and pitfalls that confound their practice in South Africa. Opportunely, social work interventions continue to gain developmental mileage through increased training of social workers, their increased deployment in various versatile domains of social and economic development and increased widening of the scope of social work research, especially current research in fields such as HIV\u002FAIDS and coronavirus. On the other side of the coin, the chapter discusses social work pitfalls attributed to professional curricular gaps as social work continue to follow a western-centric curriculum; the presence of various metaphysical beliefs and myths that weaken or derail social work interventions and a weaker research environment to offer a plausible and timely solution to the prevalent problems. The chapter concludes by calling for a paradigm shift in the social work curriculum as well as its indigenization to productively respond to the South African socio-cultural and geographical milieu.","signatures":"Simon Murote Kang’ethe","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82454","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82454","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"454816","title":"Prof.","name":"Simon","surname":"Murote Kang’ethe","slug":"simon-murote-kang'ethe","fullName":"Simon Murote Kang’ethe"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"82337","title":"Perspective Chapter: Leading Welfare Organisations from an Integrated Leadership Approach - Responding to Modern Social Problems","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.105586","slug":"perspective-chapter-leading-welfare-organisations-from-an-integrated-leadership-approach-responding-","totalDownloads":219,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":9,"abstract":"Organisational leadership plays an important role in addressing societal problems. For welfare organisations, effective leadership is even more crucial given the nature of problems presented to these organisations, which are complex and affecting mostly vulnerable population groups. Despite the contribution of traditional leadership approaches in resolving some of the social problems, research evidence have proven that the traditional approaches to leadership have not been effective, with some researchers calling for an integrated approach to leadership. The call is considered legitimate given the complexity and dynamic nature of social problems to which welfare organisations respond. A leadership approach for an organisation should adapt to the broad and diverse contexts in which welfare organisations exist (including its own internal environment) in order to effectively respond to these complex and diverse social issues that are often presented for intervention. The aim of this chapter is to argue for an integrated leadership approach as an appropriate leadership approach for leading a welfare organisation. Drawing from the leader-oriented and relationship-oriented approaches to leadership, the chapter demonstrates how the conventional approaches to leadership can be adopted interchangeably or even collectively in an integrated fashion to respond to a single-presenting problem within the welfare organisational context.","signatures":"Maditobane Robert Lekganyane","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82337","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82337","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"456131","title":"Dr.","name":"Maditobane","surname":"Robert Lekganyane","slug":"maditobane-robert-lekganyane","fullName":"Maditobane Robert Lekganyane"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"82834","title":"Perspective Chapter: Social Work Education in University Curricula for Sustainable Development","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106246","slug":"perspective-chapter-social-work-education-in-university-curricula-for-sustainable-development","totalDownloads":130,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":10,"abstract":"Universities of both global North and South have been changing from the traditional teaching-learning centers to cater to sustainability issues of those countries. Yet, there is a remarkable difference between the universities in the developed and the developing world. It has been found out that the different disciplines of university curricula can be integrated to address and minimize the adverse effects of unsustainability issues. The graduates of the universities will be the future leaders who have to cater to the needs and cope with the challenges of the next generation. There is a dearth of professional social workers to provide the necessary services as numerous catastrophes occur. The global society needs individuals who are equally sound in the knowledge of theory and the experience of practice. As the contemporary global issues become complex, the world needs competent social workers who can serve in different fields of practice. Social work could be the pivotal discipline in understanding common tragedies of the people to apply problem-solving model with the practitioners who are equipped with twenty-first century skills. Social work has to take a transition from a unidisciplinary to a multi- and trans-disciplinary perspective in achieving this objective.","signatures":"Upul Lekamge","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F82834","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F82834","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"454034","title":"Dr.","name":"Upul","surname":"Lekamge","slug":"upul-lekamge","fullName":"Upul Lekamge"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"83734","title":"Perspective Chapter: Disability-Inclusive Sustainable Services – The Role of Social Workers","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.106283","slug":"perspective-chapter-disability-inclusive-sustainable-services-the-role-of-social-workers","totalDownloads":189,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":11,"abstract":"Over the years, social workers have played diverse roles in engaging individuals, groups, families, communities, and organisations in their quest to promote overall well-being. However, persons with disabilities (PWDs) continue to face several challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic adds a layer to their vulnerabilities. While several interventions have been put in place to address the needs of persons with disabilities in developed countries, their counterparts in low-income countries, such as Ghana, continue to face marginalisation and exclusion. Using user-perspective and co-production approaches, we analyse existing services for Ghanaians with disabilities and the relevance and usefulness of these services. We also attempt unpack the complexities of both service providers and recipients. 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However, many social work organizations continuously pay little or no attention to staff diversity, equity, and inclusion. Leadership plays a crucial role in creating and sustaining a climate of diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations. Valuing diversity, equity, and inclusion entails a process but should also be the goal of all social work organizations. Recruiting, training, retaining, supervising, and managing an organization’s human resources are ongoing responsibilities primarily undertaken by social work leaders. This chapter will explore the role of leaders in creating and sustaining diversity, equity, and inclusion throughout all facets of a social work organization. A description of what it means to lead a social work organization with diversity, equity, and inclusion including qualities demonstrated by a leader in this type of organization will be provided. 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The leadership explanations and classifications have been developed to understand how social work leadership in organizations is producing favourable returns. This has been a major concern among governments, policy makers, and academics, formal and informal organizations. Social work leadership is needed by any professional organization that seeks to provide basic social services to the society. So far, many organizations including social work have been using different leadership approaches to achieve their goals and objectives which ultimately help them to motivate their employees for profit or non-profit gains. As such the chapter is based on qualitative information on different leadership models social work organizations use to expand their activities. The study findings demonstrate that there is need for much understanding on leadership approaches used to promote the growth of an organization from social work perspectives. The chapter suggests relevant leadership theories or models that could be used to enhance the full functioning of social work organizations being it local, national, regional or international the world over. 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She co-authors over 100 scientific papers, of which 55 are in “SCI and SCI-Expanded” indexed medical journals. She has expertise in cataract, glaucoma, and corneal transplantation surgeries, with surgical experience in more than 20,000 cases, and performs high-risk surgeries that need a multi-disciplinary approach.","equalEditorOneBiosketch":null,"equalEditorTwoBiosketch":null,"equalEditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":"Professor Melis Palamar has been head of the Ege University Ophthalmology Department since October 2023. Her research interests are cataracts, contact lenses, cornea, eye-banking, ocular infection, and ocular oncology","coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"hasEditors":true,"ofsPageFlags":null,"editors":[{"id":"518581","title":"Prof.","name":"Canan Aslı","middleName":null,"surname":"Utine Yıldırım","slug":"canan-asli-utine-yildirim","fullName":"Canan Aslı Utine Yıldırım","cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":"Academic Background\n\nDr. Utine graduated from Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine in 2001, ranking first in graduation. She completed her residency training in ophthalmology at Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital in 2005 and her master of science degree in biomedical engineering at Bogazici University in 2006. She worked as a clinical research fellow for an entire year at Johns Hopkins University, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Cornea, Ocular Surface Clinic in 2009. She was promoted to associate professor of ophthalmology in 2012. She was the owner of the Prof Dr. Ihsan Dogramaci Award in 2001, the American Academy of Ophthalmology Troutman Award and JHU Wilmer Research Grant Award in 2009, the European Board of Ophthalmology Alan Ridgway Award in 2012, Prof Dr. Demir Basar Award in 2013, III. Izmir Innovation Award in 2015, Turkish Academy of Sciences Outstanding Young Scientists Award in 2016. She co-authors over 100 scientific papers, of which 55 are in “SCI and SCI-Expanded” indexed medical journals. Her main clinical and research topics include cornea and ocular surface diseases, corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis, glaucoma, and refractive surgery.\n\nClinical Practice\n\nDr Utine has expertise in cataract, glaucoma, and corneal transplantation surgeries, with surgical experience in more than 20,000 cases. She performs high-risk surgeries that need a multi-disciplinary approach. She has vast experience in premium (multifocal) lens implantation for continuous far-intermediate-near vision and corneal refractive surgery including femto-LASIK, SMILE, and PRK; glaucoma surgeries, including trabeculectomy, seton shunt implantation, and transscleral cyclo-photocoagulation; transscleral sutured intraocular lens implantation, internal fixation of the subluxated or dislocated lenses, aniridia correcting IOL implantation, ocular surface tumors' management and rehabilitation with amniotic membrane transplantation and tarsorraphies. Her main expertise lies in the field of corneal transplantation techniques for various corneal pathologies, including penetrating keratoplasty (PK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and Boston type 1 \u002F type 2 keratoprosthesis (KPro) surgeries for end-stage corneal diseases with otherwise no hope for vision.","institutionString":null,"countryString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"0","institution":{"name":"Dokuz Eylül University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":{"id":"634137","title":"Prof.","name":"Melis","middleName":null,"surname":"Palamar","slug":"melis-palamar","fullName":"Melis Palamar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F634137\u002F1738667173\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Melis Palamar graduated from Ege University Faculty of Medicine (1993-1999) and Anadolu University, Management of Health Institutions (2004 - 2008). She finished her ophthalmology residency at Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology (2000-2004). She attended an ocular oncology research fellowship at Thomas Jefferson University, Wills Eye Hospital, Ocular Oncology Department (2007-2008). On September 26, 2012, Prof. Palamar became an associate professor at Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology. Between 2014 and 2019, she was the Eye Bank Laboratory Curator and since 2019, she has been the Eye Bank Manager. Prof. Palamar has also been the head of the Ege University Ophthalmology Department since October 2023. Professor Palamar's research interests are cataracts, contact lenses, cornea, eye-banking, ocular infection, and ocular oncology in which she presented free papers, and posters and gave speeches. She is the assistant editor of the European Eye Research Journal.","institutionString":null,"countryString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"0","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"0","institution":{"name":"Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"191","title":"Ophthalmology","slug":"medicine-ophthalmology"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":null,"subseries":null,"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"1000046","firstName":"Marica","lastName":"Novakovic","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","imageUrl":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","email":"marica@info.intechopen.com","biography":null},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,400","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"194,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":458108,"crossrefCitations":210516},"isFromSpain":false,"regionId":"","selectedRegionStatistics":null,"srcParam":"O-F-2","pageFlags":{}},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"9534","title":"Air Pollution Determination Using Remote Sensing Technique","doi":"10.5772\u002F8319","slug":"air-pollution-determination-using-remote-sensing-technique","body":"\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EEnvironmental pollution become more and more serious due to today’s development all around the world. Environmental pollution is our concern nowadays because all the daily activities are related to the environment. In order to ensure this situation is under control, Malaysia’s government has already established a network throughout Malaysia to monitor this situation. Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which concentrates mostly in cities. Air pollution in Asian cities has grown with the progressing industrialization and urbanization. Air quality standards often refer to respirable suspended particulate matter (PM), being aerosols with a diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) (UNEP). Fine particles are of the greatest concern since they are capable of being easily transported over long distances on currents of air. Also, fine particles may be drawn into the respiratory airways where they may adversely affect health. Recently, the attention of scientists has been drawn towards studying the PM2.5 fraction and even smaller particles, which can penetrate the very deepest parts of the lung (Environmental Protection Service Tameside MBC Council Offices, 2008). The effects of environmental pollution in the study area are shown in \u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The objective of air quality monitoring is to obtain an estimate of pollutant (total suspended particulates TSP) concentrations (\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EUng, et al., 2001a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2001b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). First, compared to atmospheric gases, aerosol is highly inhomogeneous and variable; that is, aerosol observations have to be global and continuous. Second, the available accuracy of aerosol characterization is often not sufficient. For instance, in situ measurements traditionally considered as the most reliable observations are inappropriate for global monitoring of aerosol radiative forcing parameters and usually do not characterize the aerosol in the total atmospheric column (\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EDubovik, et al., 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERemote sensing has been widely used for environmental application such as for air quality and water quality studies. But the atmosphere affects satellite images of the Earth’s surface in the solar spectrum. So, the signal observe by the satellite sensor was the sum of the effects from the ground and atmosphere. Tropospheric aerosols act to significantly alter the Earth’s radiation budget, but quantification of the change in radiation is difficult because atmospheric aerosol distributions vary greatly in type, size, space and time (\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EPenner, et al. 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Surface reflectance is a key to the retrieval of atmospheric components from remotely sensed data. Optical atmospheric effects may influence the signal measured by a remote sensor in two ways: radiometrically and geometrically. This means that they can modify the signal’s intensity through scattering or absorption processes and its direction by refraction (\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ESifakis and Deschamps, 1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe problem of particulate pollution in the atmosphere has attracted a new interest with the recent scientific evidence of the ill-health effects of small particles. Aerosol optical thickness in the visible (or atmospheric turbidity), which is defined as the linear integral of the extinction coefficient due to small airborne particles, can be considered as an overall air pollution indicator in urban areas (\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ESifakis, et al., 1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Air pollution has long been a problem in the industrial nations of the West. It has now become an increasing source of environmental degradation in the developing nations of East Asia. The lack of detailed knowledge of the optical properties of aerosols results in aerosol being one of the largest uncertainties in climate forcing assessments. Monitoring of atmospheric aerosol is a fundamentally difficult problem. The problem of particulate pollution in the atmosphere has attracted a new interest with the recent scientific evidence of the ill-health effects of small particles. Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which concentrates mostly in cities. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles suspended in the air from natural or man-made sources (\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EKaufman, et al., 1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe main objective of the present study is to test the performance of our proposed algorithm for mapping PM10 using Landsat satellite images. In situ measurements were needed for algorithm calibration. We used a DustTrak Aerosol Monitor 8520 to collect the in situ data. We collected the PM10 data simultaneously during the satellite Landsat overpass the study area. An algorithm was developed to determine the PM10 concentration on the earth surface. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was determined based on the correlation coefficient (R) and root-mean-squares deviation, RMS. Finally, the PM10 map was generated using the proposed algorithm. In addition, the PM10 map was also geometrically corrected and colour-coded for visual interpretation. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage1.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EAir pollution was found at (a) Kuching and (b) Penang, Malaysia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Remote Sensing\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERemote sensing is a technique for collecting information about the earth without taking a physical sample of the earth’s surface or touching the surface using sensors placed on a platform at a distance from it. A sensor is used to measure the energy reflected from the earth. This information can be displayed as a digital image or as a photograph. Sensors can be mounted on a satellite orbiting the earth, or on a plane or other airborne structure. Because of this energy requirement, passive solar sensors can only capture data during daylight hours. The major applications of remote sensing include environmental pollution, land cover\u002Fuse mapping, urban planning, and earth management. We have to understand the basic concept of electromagnetic waves well enough for applying to the remote sensing techniques in our studies. We classify electromagnetic energy by its wavelength. This electromagnetic radiation gives an energy source to illuminate the target except the sensed energy that is being emitted by the target (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage2.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERemote sensing instrument (\u003Cxref rid=\"B7\" ref-type=\"bibr\"\u003EJensen, 2006\u003C\u002Fxref\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThere are two basic types of sensors: passive and active sensors (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Passive remote sensors detect reflected energy from the sun back to the sensor; they do not emit energy itself. But active sensors can emit energy or provide its own source of energy and detect the reflected energy back from the target. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage3.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Ea) Passive sensor and (b) Active sensor (Fundamentals of Remote Sensing - http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca\u002Fresource\u002Ftutor\u002Ffundam\u002Fpdf\u002Ffundamentals_e.pdf.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Study Area\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe study area is the Penang Island, Malaysia, located within latitudes 5\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E 9’ N to 5\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E 33’ N and longitudes 100\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E 09’ E to 100\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E 30’ E. The map of the study area is shown in \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Penang Island is located in equatorial region and enjoys a warm equatorial weather the whole year. Therefore, it is impossible to get the 100 % cloud free satellite image over Penang Island. But, the satellite image chosen is less than 10 % of cloud coverage over the study area. Penang Island located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EPenang is one of the 13 states of the Malaysia and the second smallest state in Malaysia after Perlis. The state is geographically divided into two different entities - Penang Island (or “Pulau Pinang” in Malay Language) and a portion of mainland called “Seberang Perai” in Malay Language. Penang Island is an island of 293 square kilometres located in the Straits of Malacca and “Seberang Perai” is a narrow hinterland of 753 square kilometres (Penang-Wikipedia, 2009). The island and the mainland are linked by the 13.5 km long Penang Bridge and ferry. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EPenang Island is predominantly hilly terrain, the highest point being Western Hill (part of Penang Hill) at 830 metres above sea level. The terrain consists of coastal plains, hills and mountains. The coastal plains are narrow, the most extensive of which is in the northeast which forms a triangular promontory where George Town, the state capital, is situated. The topography of “Seberang Perai” is mostly flat. Butterworth, the main town in “Seberang Perai”, lies along the “Perai” River estuary and faces George Town at a distance of 3 km (2 miles) across the channel to the east (Penang-Wikipedia, 2009).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe Penang Island climate is tropical, and it is hot and humid throughout the year. with the average mean daily temperature of about 27oC and mean daily maximum and minimum temperature ranging between 31.4\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003EC and 23.5\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003EC respectively. However, the individual extremes are 35.7\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003EC and 23.5\u003Csup\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fsup\u003EC respectively. The mean daily humidity varies between 60.9% and 96.8%. The average annual rainfall is about 267 cm and can be as high as 624 cm (Fauziah, et al, 2006).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F4\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage4.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EThe study area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Satellite Remote Sensing Data\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EFor our research in USM, we use satellite images from passive sensors in our analysed. Images acquired by Landsat TM 5. On March 1, 1984, NASA launched Landsat 5 were used in this study, the agency’s last originally mandated Landsat satellite. Landsat 5 was designed and built at the same time as Landsat 4 and carried the same payload: the Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM) instruments. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F5\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage5.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 5.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ELandsat Satellite TM\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Algorithm Model\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe atmospheric reflectance due to molecule, R\u003Csub\u003Er\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, is given by (\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ELiu, et al., 1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E1\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn001.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eτ\u003Csub\u003Er\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = Rayleigh optical thickness\u003C\u002Fp\u003EP\u003Csup\u003Er\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E(\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn002.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E) = Rayleigh scattering phase function\u003Cp\u003Eµ\u003Csub\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = Cosine of viewing angle\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eµ\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = Cosine of solar zenith angle\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWe assume that the atmospheric reflectance due to particle, Ra, is also linear with the τa [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EKing, et al., (1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EFukushima, et al., (2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)]. This assumption is valid because \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ELiu, et al., (1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) also found the linear relationship between both aerosol and molecule scattering. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E2\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn003.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Ewhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eτ\u003Csub\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = Aerosol optical thickness\u003C\u002Fp\u003EP\u003Csub\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E(\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn004.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E) = Aerosol scattering phase function\u003Cp\u003EAtmospheric reflectance is the sum of the particle reflectance and molecule reflectance, R\u003Csub\u003Eatm\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, (\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EVermote, et al., (1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E3\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Eatm\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn005.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ER\u003Csup\u003Eatm\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E=atmospheric reflectance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ER\u003Csub\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E=particle reflectance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ER\u003Csub\u003Er\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E=molecule reflectance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E4\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn006.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E5\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE5\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn007.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe optical depth is given by \u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECamagni and Sandroni, (1983\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), as in equation (5). From the equation, we rewrite the optical depth for particle and molecule as equation (6)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E6\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn008.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eτ = optical depth\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eσ = absorption\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Es = finite path\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn009.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECamagni and Sandroni, 1983\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E7\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn010.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E8\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eτ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn011.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EEquations (6) are substituted into equation (4). The result was extended to a three bands algorithm as equation (7) Form the equation; we found that PM10 was linearly related to the reflectance for band 1 and band 2. This algorithm was generated based on the linear relationship between τ and reflectance. \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ERetalis et al., (2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), also found that PM10 was linearly related to τ and the correlation coefficient for linear was better that exponential in their study (overall). This means that reflectance was linear with PM10. In order to simplify the data processing, the air quality concentration was used in our analysis instead of using density, ρ, values. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E9\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn012.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E10\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn013.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E11\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EG\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn014.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E12\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eμ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eσ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EG\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EΘ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn015.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E13\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Et\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Em\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn016.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EP = Particle concentration (PM10)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EG = Molecule concentration\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ER\u003Csub\u003Eatmi\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E= Atmospheric reflectance, i = 1 and 2 are the band number \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Ea\u003Csub\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E= algorithm coefficients, j = 0, 1, 2, … are then empirically determined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E6. Data Analysis and Results\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERemote sensing satellite detectors exhibit linear response to incoming radiance, whether from the Earth’s surface radiance or internal calibration sources. This response is quantized into 8-bit values that represent brightness values commonly called Digital Numbers (DN). To convert the calibrated digital numbers to at-aperture radiance, rescaling gains and biases are created from the known dynamic range limits of the instrument. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E14\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ERadiance\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E,\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E L \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E Bias \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E[\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003EGain \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E x DN \u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E]\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn017.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Ewhere \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eλ = band number.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EL is the radiance expressed in Wm\u003Csup\u003E-2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E sr\u003Csup\u003E-1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003Em\u003Csup\u003E-1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe spectral radiance, as calculated above, can be converted to at sensor reflectance values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E15\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eρ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eπ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003EL(\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msup\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mn\u003E0\u003C\u002Fmml:mn\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eλ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Ecos\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mi\u003Eθ\u003C\u002Fmml:mi\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mfrac\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn018.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EWhere\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eρ* = Sensor Reflectance values\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EL ()= Apparent At-Sensor Radiance (Wm-2 sr-1m-1)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Ed = Earth-Sun distance in astronomical units \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003E= {1.0-0.016729cos [0.9856(D-4)]} where (D = day of the year)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EE0 () = mean solar exoatmospheric irradiance (Wm-2 m-1)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Eθ= solar Zenith angle (degrees)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe rescaling gain and offset values for Landsat TM 5 used in this paper are listed in \u003Ca href=\"#T1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Chander, et al. 2007) and Solar Exoatmospheric spectral irradiances are given in \u003Ca href=\"#T2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Chander and Markham, 2003).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"0\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"51.9\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"44.05\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"35.2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"44.1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"35.25\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"44.15\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"35.25\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"44.15\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"32.8\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"9\" align=\"center\"\u003ELandsat TM 5\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"9\" align=\"center\"\u003ERescaling Gain and Bias\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EProcessing Date\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EMar 1, 1984 - May 4, 2003\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EMay 5, 2003 - Apr 1, 2007\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"4\" align=\"center\"\u003EApr 2, 2007 ? Present\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EAcquisition Date\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EMar 1, 1984 - May 4, 2003\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EMay 5, 2003 - Apr 1, 2007\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EMar 1, 1984 - Dec 31, 1991\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EJan 1, 1992 - Present\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBand\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EGain\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBias\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EGain\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBias\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EGain\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBias\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EGain\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBias\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.602431\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.52\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.762824\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.52\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.668706\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.52\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.762824\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.52\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.175100\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-2.84\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.442510\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-2.84\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.317020\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-2.84\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.442510\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-2.84\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.805765\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.17\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.039880\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.17\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.039880\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.17\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.039880\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.17\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.814549\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.51\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.872588\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.51\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.872588\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.51\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.872588\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-1.51\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.108078\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.37\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.119882\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.37\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.119882\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.37\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.119882\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.37\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.055158\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.2378\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.055158\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.2378\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.055158\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.2378\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.055158\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1.2378\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.056980\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.15\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.065294\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.15\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.065294\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.15\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E0.065294\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E-0.15\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERescaling gains and biases used for the conversion of calibrated digital numbers to spectral radiance for Landsat TM 5\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"36.65\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"147.6\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccol width=\"147.6\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"\u003EUnit: ESUN = Wm -2 m -1\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003EBand\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003ELandsat TM 5\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1957\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1826\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1554\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E1036\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E215.0\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" align=\"center\"\u003E80.67\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 2.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESolar Exoatmospheric spectral irradiances in Wm\u003Csup\u003E-2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E m\u003Csup\u003E-1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E for Landsat TM 5\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ELandsat TM satellite data set was selected corresponding to the ground truth measurements of the pollution levels. The PCI Geomatica version 10.1 image processing software was used in all the analyses. The Landsat TM 5 satellite images were acquired on 15th February 2001 (\u003Ca href=\"#F6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), 17th January 2002 (\u003Ca href=\"#F7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), 6th March 2002 (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and 5th February 2003 (\u003Ca href=\"#F9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERaw digital satellite images usually contain geometric distortion and cannot be used directly as a map. Some sources of distortion are variation in the altitude, attitude and velocity of the sensor. Other sources are panoramic distortion, earth curvature, atmospheric refraction and relief displacement. So, to correct the images, we have to do geometric correction. After applying the correction, the digital data can then be used for other processing steps (Anderson, et al. 1976). Image rectification was performed by using a second order polynomial transformation equation. The images were geometrically corrected by using a nearest neighbour resampling technique. Sample locations were then identified on these geocoded images. Regression technique was employed to calibrate the algorithm using the satellite multispectral signals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F6\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage23.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 6.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERaw Landsat TM satellite image of 15th February 2001.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F7\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage24.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 7.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERaw Landsat TM satellite image of 17th January 2002.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F8\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage25.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 8.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERaw Landsat TM satellite image of 6th March 2002\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F9\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage26.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 9.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ERaw Landsat TM satellite image of 5th February 2003\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIt should be noted that the relfectance values at the top of atmospherr is the sum of the surface reflectance and atmospheric relfectance. The signals measured in each of these visible bands represent a combination of surface and atmospheric effects, usually in different proportions depending on the condition of the atmosphere. Therefore, it is required to determine the surface contribution from the total reflectance received at the sensor. In this study, we extracted the surface reflectance from mid-infrared band because the surface reflectance at various bands across the solar spectrum are correlated to each other to some extended. The surface reflectances of dark targets in the blue and red bands were estimated using the measurements in the mid-infrared band (\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EQuaidrari and Vermote, 1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Over a simple black target, the observed atmospheric reflectance is the sum of reflectance of aerosols and Rayleigh contributions (\u003Ca href=\"#E10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"disp-formula\"\u003EEquation 10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This simplification, however, is not valid at short wavelengths (less than 0.45 pm) or large sun and view zenith angles (\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EVermote and Roger, 1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In this study, a simple form of the equation was used in this study (\u003Ca href=\"#E11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"disp-formula\"\u003EEquation 11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This equation also used by other research in their study (\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EPopp, 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E16\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E–\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E TR\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E R\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Eatm\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn019.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\u003Calternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cdiv id=\"df_E17\" class=\"formula panel\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" display=\"block\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003ER\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Es\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E–\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E R\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Er\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E \u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmml:mo\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003E R\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cmml:mtext\u003Eatm\u003C\u002Fmml:mtext\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:msub\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:mrow\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmml:math\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cspan class=\"equ\"\u003EE17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cgraphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\" Eqn020.wmf\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fgraphic\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Falternatives\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003Ewhere:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERs = reflectance recorded by satellite sensor\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERr = reflectance from surface references\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ERatm = reflectance from atmospheric components (aerosols and molecules) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003ET= transmittance \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EIt should be noted that the relfectance values at the top of atmosphere was the sum of the surface reflectance and atmospheric relfectance. In this study, we used ATCOR2 image correction software in the PCI Geomatica 9.1 image processing software for creating a surface reflectance image. And then the reflectance measured from the satellite [reflectance at the top of atmospheric, ρ(TOA)] was subtracted by the amount given by the surface reflectance to obtain the atmospheric reflectance. And then the atmospheric reflectance was related to the PM10 using the regression algorithm analysis (\u003Ca href=\"#E7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"disp-formula\"\u003EEquation 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In this study, Landsat TM signals were used as independent variables in our calibration regression analyses. The atmospheric reflectances for each band corresponding to the ground-truth locations were determined. The atmospheric reflectance were determined for each band using different window sizes, such as, 1 by 1, 3 by 3, 5 by 5, 7 by 7, 9 by 9 and 11 by 11. In this study, the atmospheric reflectance values extracted using the window size of 3 by 3 was used due to the higher correlation coefficient (R) with the ground-truth data. The extracted atmospheric reflectance values were regressed with their respective ground -truth data and the proposed algorithm to obtain the regression coefficients. PM10 maps for all the images were then generated using the proposed calibrated algorithm and filtered by using a 3 x 3 pixel smoothing filter to remove random noise. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThe data points were then regressed to obtain all the coefficients of equation (7). Then the calibrated algorithm was used to estimate the PM10 concentrated values for each image. The proposed model produced the correlation coefficient of 0.8 and root-mean-square error 16 µg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. The PM10 maps were generated using the proposed calibrated algorithm. The generated PM10 map was colour-coded for visual interpretation [Landsat TM 5 - 15th February 2001 (\u003Ca href=\"#F10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), 17th January 2002 (\u003Ca href=\"#F11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), 6th March 2002 (\u003Ca href=\"#F12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and 5th February 2003 (\u003Ca href=\"#F13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)]. Generally, the concentrations above industrial and urban areas were higher compared to other areas. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F10\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage29.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 10.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMap of PM10 around Penang Island, Malaysia-15\u002F2\u002F2001 (Blue < 40 μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Green = (40-80) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Yellow = (80-120) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Orange = (120-160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Red = (>160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and Black = Water and cloud area)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F11\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage30.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 11.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMap of PM10 around Penang Island, Malaysia-17\u002F1\u002F2002 (Blue < 40 μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Green = (40-80) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Yellow = (80-120) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Orange = (120-160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Red = (>160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and Black = Water and cloud area)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F12\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage31.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 12.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMap of PM10 around Penang Island, Malaysia-6\u002F3\u002F2002 (Blue < 40 μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Green = (40-80) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Yellow = (80-120) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Orange = (120-160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Red = (>160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and Black = Water and cloud area)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F13\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage32.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 13.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EMap of PM10 around Penang Island, Malaysia-5\u002F2\u002F2003 (Blue < 40 μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Green = (40-80) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Yellow = (80-120) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Orange = (120-160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Red = (>160) μg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and Black = Water and cloud area)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E7. Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThis study indicates that Landsat TM satellite data can provide very useful information for estimating and mapping air pollution. The proposed algorithm is considered superior based on the values of the correlation coefficient, R=0.8 and root-mean-square error, RMS=16 µg\u002Fm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. This technique has been proved to be reliable and cost effective for such environmental study. Further study will be carried out to verify the results. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cp\u003EThis project was supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Malaysia under Grant 06-01-05-SF0298 “ Environmental Mapping Using Digital Camera Imagery Taken From Autopilot Aircraft.“, and also supported by the Universiti Sains Malaysia under short term grant “ Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) studies for air quality retrieval from remote sensing data“. We would like to thank the technical staff who participated in this project. Thanks are also extended to USM for support and encouragement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\t\t\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":null,"chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F9534.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F9534.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F9534\u002F1671796184\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F9534","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F9534","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F9534\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":10205,"totalViews":5050,"totalCrossrefCites":5,"totalDimensionsCites":6,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":2,"impactScorePercentile":80,"impactScoreQuartile":4,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":null,"dateReviewed":null,"datePrePublished":null,"datePublished":"October 1st 2009","dateFinished":null,"readingETA":"0","abstract":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F9534","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F9534","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"3343","type":"book","title":"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing","slug":"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing","publishedDate":"October 1st 2009","bookSignature":"Gary Jedlovec","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3343.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1713434070-2003867859\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1713434070-2003867859\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1718270716-1225421739\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1718270716-1225421739\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1718107852-29765658\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F3343\u002F1718107852-29765658\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":null,"price":159,"printIsbn":"978-953-307-005-6","pdfIsbn":"978-953-51-4901-9","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":201,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":true,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"4191","title":"Dr.","name":"Gary","middleName":null,"surname":"Jedlovec","slug":"gary-jedlovec","fullName":"Gary Jedlovec"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"653"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"9551","type":"chapter","title":"Enhancing the Unmixing Algorithm through the Spatial Data Modeling for Limnological Studies","slug":"enhancing-the-unmixing-algorithm-through-the-spatial-data-modeling-for-limnological-studies","totalDownloads":2888,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Enner Herenio Alcantara, Jose Luiz Stech, Evlyn Marcia Leso de Moraes Novo and Claudio Clemente Faria Barbosa","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"9547","type":"chapter","title":"Application of Remote Sensing to the Estimation of Sea Ice Thickness Distribution","slug":"application-of-remote-sensing-to-the-estimation-of-sea-ice-thickness-distribution","totalDownloads":3447,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"signatures":"Takenobu Toyota","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"9532","type":"chapter","title":"Correction of NDVI Calculated from ASTER L1B and ASTER (AST07) Data Based on Ground Measurement","slug":"correction-of-ndvi-calculated-from-aster-l1b-and-aster-ast07-data-based-on-ground-measurement","totalDownloads":4829,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Hoshino Buho, Masami Kaneko and Kenta Ogawa","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[null]},{"id":"9550","type":"chapter","title":"Environmental Hazards in the El-Temsah Lake, Suez Canal District, Egypt","slug":"environmental-hazards-in-the-el-temsah-lake-suez-canal-district-egypt","totalDownloads":4260,"totalCrossrefCites":5,"signatures":"Kaiser, M. 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MatJafri, K. Abdullah and C. J. Wong","authors":null,"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Remote Sensing","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_3","title":"3. Study Area","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_4","title":"4. Satellite Remote Sensing Data","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_5","title":"5. Algorithm Model","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_6","title":"6. Data Analysis and Results","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_7","title":"7. Conclusion","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_8","title":"Acknowledgments","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ECamagni\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESandroni\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Optical Remote sensing of air pollution, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDubovik\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EO.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHolben\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EEck\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET. F.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESmirnov\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKaufman\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EY. J.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKing\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM. 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J.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ETanre\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ENakajima\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Remote sensing of tropospheric aerosold form space: past, present and future, Bulletin of the American Meteorological society, \u003Cfpage\u003E2229\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E2259\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPenner\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ. E.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EZhang\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES. Y.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChin\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EChuang\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC. C.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EFeichter\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EFeng\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EY.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EGeogdzhayev\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EI. V.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EGinoux\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHerzog\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHigurashi\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKoch\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ELand\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ELohmann\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EU.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EMishchenko\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ENakajima\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPitari\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EG.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESoden\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ETegen\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EI.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EStowe\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EL.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E A Comparison of Model And Satellite-Derived Optical Depth And Reflectivity. [Online} available: \u003Cext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.engin.umich.edu\u002FPenner\u002Fpaper3.pdf\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fdata.engin.umich.edu\u002FPenner\u002Fpaper3.pdf\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPopp\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESchläpfer\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EBojinski\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESchaepman\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EItten\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EK. I.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Evaluation of Aerosol Mapping Methods using AVIRIS Imagery. R. Green (Editor), 13th Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop. JPL Publications, March 2004, Pasadena, CA, 10\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EQuaidrari\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003Edan\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EVermote. E. F.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Operational atmospheric correction of Landsat TM data, Remote Sensing Environment, \u003Cvolume\u003E70\u003C\u002Fvolume\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cfpage\u003E4\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E15\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E .\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ERetalis\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESifakis\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EN.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EGrosso\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EN.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EParonis\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ESarigiannis\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Aerosol optical thickness retrieval from AVHRR images over the Athens urban area, [Online] available: \u003Cext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsat2.space.noa.gr\u002Frsensing\u002Fdocuments\u002FIGARSS2003_AVHRR_Retalisetal_web.pdf\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fsat2.space.noa.gr\u002Frsensing\u002Fdocuments\u002FIGARSS2003_AVHRR_Retalisetal_web.pdf\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Ccollab\u003EUNEP Assessment Report,\u003C\u002Fcollab\u003E Part I: The South Asian Haze: Air Pollution, Ozone and Aerosols, [Online] available: \u003Cext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.rrcap.unep.org\u002Fissues\u002Fair\u002Fimpactstudy\u002FPart%20I.pdf\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.rrcap.unep.org\u002Fissues\u002Fair\u002Fimpactstudy\u002FPart%20I.pdf\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B16","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B16\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EUng\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EWeber\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EPerron\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EG.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EHirsch\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EKleinpeter\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EWald\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EL.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ERanchin\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E2001a\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Air Pollution Mapping Over A City- Virtual Stations And Morphological Indicators. 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C.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cyear\u003E1996\u003C\u002Fyear\u003E Advances in the use of NOAA AVHRR data for land application: Radiative transfer modeling for calibration and atmospheric correction, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\u002FBoston\u002FLondon, \u003Cfpage\u003E49\u003C\u002Ffpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Clpage\u003E72\u003C\u002Flpage\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cperson-group\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EVermote\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003ETanre\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Csurname\u003EDeuze\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ. 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Romanov","authors":[{"id":"111143","title":"Dr.","name":"Alexander","middleName":null,"surname":"Gelfan","fullName":"Alexander Gelfan","slug":"alexander-gelfan"},{"id":"113368","title":"Dr.","name":"Eugene","middleName":null,"surname":"Muzylev","fullName":"Eugene Muzylev","slug":"eugene-muzylev"},{"id":"113370","title":"Dr.","name":"Zoya","middleName":null,"surname":"Startseva","fullName":"Zoya Startseva","slug":"zoya-startseva"},{"id":"113371","title":"Dr.","name":"Alexander","middleName":null,"surname":"Uspensky","fullName":"Alexander Uspensky","slug":"alexander-uspensky"},{"id":"113372","title":"Dr.","name":"Peter","middleName":null,"surname":"Romanov","fullName":"Peter Romanov","slug":"peter-romanov"}]},{"id":"37535","title":"High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based Catastrophe Assessment Method","slug":"high-resolution-remote-sensing-images-based-catastrophe-assessment-method","signatures":"Qi Wen, Yida Fan, Siquan Yang, Shirong Chen, Haixia He, Sanchao Liu, Wei Wu, Lei Wang, Juan Nie, Wei Wang, Baojun Zhang, Feng Xu, Tong Tang, Zhiqiang Lin, Ping Wang and Wei Zhang","authors":[{"id":"113084","title":"Dr.","name":"Qi","middleName":null,"surname":"Wen","fullName":"Qi Wen","slug":"qi-wen"},{"id":"136919","title":"Dr.","name":"Haixia","middleName":null,"surname":"He","fullName":"Haixia He","slug":"haixia-he"},{"id":"136920","title":"Dr.","name":"Sanchao","middleName":null,"surname":"Liu","fullName":"Sanchao Liu","slug":"sanchao-liu"},{"id":"136921","title":"Dr.","name":"Wei","middleName":null,"surname":"Wu","fullName":"Wei Wu","slug":"wei-wu"},{"id":"136922","title":"Dr.","name":"Lei","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","fullName":"Lei Wang","slug":"lei-wang"},{"id":"136923","title":"Mrs.","name":"Juan","middleName":null,"surname":"Nie","fullName":"Juan Nie","slug":"juan-nie"},{"id":"136924","title":"Dr.","name":"Wei","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","fullName":"Wei Wang","slug":"wei-wang"},{"id":"136925","title":"Dr.","name":"Baojun","middleName":null,"surname":"Zhang","fullName":"Baojun Zhang","slug":"baojun-zhang"},{"id":"136926","title":"Mr.","name":"Feng","middleName":null,"surname":"Xu","fullName":"Feng Xu","slug":"feng-xu"},{"id":"136927","title":"Mrs.","name":"Tong","middleName":null,"surname":"Tang","fullName":"Tong Tang","slug":"tong-tang"},{"id":"136928","title":"Mr.","name":"Zhiqiang","middleName":null,"surname":"Lin","fullName":"Zhiqiang Lin","slug":"zhiqiang-lin"},{"id":"136929","title":"Mr.","name":"Ping","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","fullName":"Ping Wang","slug":"ping-wang"},{"id":"136930","title":"Dr.","name":"Wei","middleName":null,"surname":"Zhang","fullName":"Wei Zhang","slug":"wei-zhang"},{"id":"151289","title":"Prof.","name":"Yida","middleName":null,"surname":"Fan","fullName":"Yida Fan","slug":"yida-fan"},{"id":"151290","title":"Prof.","name":"Siquan","middleName":null,"surname":"Yang","fullName":"Siquan Yang","slug":"siquan-yang"},{"id":"151291","title":"Dr.","name":"Shirong","middleName":null,"surname":"Chen","fullName":"Shirong Chen","slug":"shirong-chen"}]},{"id":"37536","title":"Automatic Mapping of the Lava Flows at Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, by Combining Thermal Data in Near and Visible Infrared","slug":"automatic-mapping-of-the-lava-flows-at-piton-de-la-fournaise-volcano-by-combining-thermal-data-i","signatures":"Z. 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Chiu, Si Gao and Chung-Lin Shie","authors":[{"id":"108574","title":"Prof.","name":"Long","middleName":"S","surname":"Chiu","fullName":"Long Chiu","slug":"long-chiu"},{"id":"113172","title":"Dr.","name":"Si","middleName":null,"surname":"Gao","fullName":"Si Gao","slug":"si-gao"},{"id":"113173","title":"Dr.","name":"Chung-Lin","middleName":null,"surname":"Shie","fullName":"Chung-Lin Shie","slug":"chung-lin-shie"}]},{"id":"37539","title":"Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Direction Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds","slug":"multi-wavelength-and-multi-direction-remote-sensing-of-atmospheric-aerosols-and-clouds","signatures":"Hiroaki Kuze","authors":[{"id":"113390","title":"Prof.","name":"Hiroaki","middleName":null,"surname":"Kuze","fullName":"Hiroaki Kuze","slug":"hiroaki-kuze"}]},{"id":"37540","title":"Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation","slug":"remote-sensing-of-submerged-aquatic-vegetation","signatures":"Hyun Jung Cho, Deepak Mishra and John Wood","authors":[{"id":"103213","title":"Dr.","name":"Hyun Jung","middleName":null,"surname":"Cho","fullName":"Hyun Jung Cho","slug":"hyun-jung-cho"}]},{"id":"37541","title":"Remote Sensing and Environmental Sensitivity for Oil Spill in the Amazon, Brazil","slug":"remote-sensing-and-environmental-sensitivity-for-oil-spill-in-the-amazon-brazil","signatures":"Milena Andrade and Claudio Szlafsztein","authors":[{"id":"109951","title":"MSc.","name":"Milena","middleName":"Marilia Nogueira","surname":"Andrade","fullName":"Milena Andrade","slug":"milena-andrade"},{"id":"113594","title":"Dr.","name":"Claudio","middleName":null,"surname":"Szlafsztein","fullName":"Claudio Szlafsztein","slug":"claudio-szlafsztein"}]},{"id":"37542","title":"Satellite Remote Sensing of Coral Reef Habitats Mapping in Shallow Waters at Banco Chinchorro Reefs, México: A Classification Approach","slug":"satellite-remote-sensing-for-coral-reef-habitat-mapping-in-shallow-waters-at-banco-chinchorro-re","signatures":"Ameris Ixchel Contreras-Silva, Alejandra A. López-Caloca, F. Omar Tapia-Silva and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada","authors":[{"id":"19571","title":"Dr.","name":"Felipe Omar","middleName":null,"surname":"Tapia Silva","fullName":"Felipe Omar Tapia Silva","slug":"felipe-omar-tapia-silva"},{"id":"19577","title":"Dr.","name":"Alejandra","middleName":"A.","surname":"López-Caloca","fullName":"Alejandra López-Caloca","slug":"alejandra-lopez-caloca"},{"id":"107500","title":"MSc.","name":"Ameris","middleName":null,"surname":"Contreras-Silva","fullName":"Ameris Contreras-Silva","slug":"ameris-contreras-silva"},{"id":"150351","title":"Dr.","name":"Sergio","middleName":null,"surname":"Cerdeira-Estrada","fullName":"Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada","slug":"sergio-cerdeira-estrada"}]},{"id":"37543","title":"Predictability of Water Sources Using Snow Maps Extracted from the Modis Imagery in Central Alborz, Iran","slug":"predictability-of-water-sources-using-snow-maps-extracted-from-the-modis-imagery-in-central-albo","signatures":"Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, Somayeh Talebi and Farshad Amiraslani","authors":[{"id":"113521","title":"Dr","name":null,"middleName":null,"surname":"Alavi Panah","fullName":"Alavi Panah","slug":"alavi-panah"}]},{"id":"37544","title":"Remote Sensing of Cryosphere","slug":"remote-sensing-of-cryosphere","signatures":"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige and Kabindra Joshi","authors":[{"id":"103394","title":"Dr.","name":"Shrinidhi","middleName":null,"surname":"Ambinakudige","fullName":"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige","slug":"shrinidhi-ambinakudige"},{"id":"110648","title":"Mr.","name":"Kabindra","middleName":null,"surname":"Joshi","fullName":"Kabindra Joshi","slug":"kabindra-joshi"}]},{"id":"37545","title":"Remote Sensing Application in the Maritime Search and Rescue","slug":"remote-sensing-application-in-the-maritime-search-and-rescue","signatures":"Jing Peng and Chaojian Shi","authors":[{"id":"110809","title":"Dr.","name":"Jing","middleName":null,"surname":"Peng","fullName":"Jing Peng","slug":"jing-peng"},{"id":"113201","title":"Prof.","name":"Chaojian","middleName":null,"surname":"Shi","fullName":"Chaojian Shi","slug":"chaojian-shi"}]},{"id":"37546","title":"Object-Based Image Analysis of VHR Satellite Imagery for Population Estimation in Informal Settlement Kibera-Nairobi, Kenya","slug":"object-based-image-analysis-of-vhr-satellite-imagery-for-population-estimation-in-informal-settl","signatures":"Tatjana Veljanovski, Urša Kanjir, Peter Pehani, Krištof Oštir and Primož Kovačič","authors":[{"id":"114617","title":"Dr.","name":"Tatjana","middleName":null,"surname":"Veljanovski","fullName":"Tatjana Veljanovski","slug":"tatjana-veljanovski"},{"id":"136824","title":"BSc.","name":"Urša","middleName":null,"surname":"Kanjir","fullName":"Urša Kanjir","slug":"ursa-kanjir"},{"id":"136826","title":"Prof.","name":"Krištof","middleName":null,"surname":"Oštir","fullName":"Krištof Oštir","slug":"kristof-ostir"}]},{"id":"37547","title":"Remote Sensing Applications in Archaeological Research","slug":"remote-sensing-applications-in-archaeology","signatures":"Dimitrios D. Alexakis, Athos Agapiou, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis and Apostolos Sarris","authors":[{"id":"101025","title":"Prof.","name":"Diofantos","middleName":"G.","surname":"Hadjimitsis","fullName":"Diofantos Hadjimitsis","slug":"diofantos-hadjimitsis"},{"id":"113775","title":"Dr.","name":"Dimitrios","middleName":null,"surname":"Alexakis","fullName":"Dimitrios Alexakis","slug":"dimitrios-alexakis"},{"id":"113778","title":"Dr.","name":"Athos","middleName":null,"surname":"Agapiou","fullName":"Athos Agapiou","slug":"athos-agapiou"},{"id":"113781","title":"Dr.","name":"Apostolos","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarris","fullName":"Apostolos Sarris","slug":"apostolos-sarris"}]},{"id":"37548","title":"The Mapping of the Urban Growth of Kinshasa (DRC) Through High Resolution Remote Sensing Between 1995 and 2005","slug":"the-mapping-of-the-urban-growth-of-kinshasa","signatures":"Kayembe wa Kayembe Matthieu, Mathieu De Maeyer and Eléonore Wolff","authors":[{"id":"117224","title":"Dr","name":null,"middleName":null,"surname":"Wa Kayembe","fullName":"Wa Kayembe","slug":"wa-kayembe"}]},{"id":"37549","title":"Remote Sensing for Medical and Health Care Applications","slug":"remote-sensing-for-medical-and-healthcare-applications","signatures":"Satoshi Suzuki and Takemi Matsui","authors":[{"id":"110480","title":"Prof.","name":"Satoshi","middleName":null,"surname":"Suzuki","fullName":"Satoshi Suzuki","slug":"satoshi-suzuki"}]},{"id":"37550","title":"Demonstration of Hyperspectral Image Exploitation for Military Applications","slug":"demonstration-of-hyperspectral-image-exploitation-for-military-applications","signatures":"Jean-Pierre Ardouin, Josée Lévesque, Vincent Roy, Yves Van Chestein and Anthony Faust","authors":[{"id":"113852","title":"Mr.","name":"Jean-Pierre","middleName":null,"surname":"Ardouin","fullName":"Jean-Pierre Ardouin","slug":"jean-pierre-ardouin"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"75109","title":"Warming-Up for Resistance Training and Muscular Performance: A Narrative Review","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.96075","slug":"warming-up-for-resistance-training-and-muscular-performance-a-narrative-review","body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EThe warm-up is widely understood as a preparation practice to perform before any physical exercise. It is usually used by athletes, coaches, and general physical activity participants, to obtain an optimal physical and psychological state and to get kinetic and coordinative preparation in the prevention of injuries during the practice [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EBased on previous studies, the main benefits of the warm-up were increased body temperature, decreased muscle and joint stiffness, [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] increased efficiency in the transmission of nerve impulses, [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] and, simultaneously, the increase in metabolic reactions, leading to the improvement of muscle power [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. It may also lead to an increase in the dissociation of oxygen, hemoglobin, and myoglobin, causing vasodilation and, consequently, an increase in muscle blood flow [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. These changes could be promoted by two basic types of warm-up, specifically, the active and passive warm-up [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Hot water bags, short waves, hot baths, sauna, are some of the means used to complete a passive warm-up [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This type of warm-up provides an increase in muscle and central temperature without energy expenditure, with the use of external heating [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. On the other hand, the active warm-up can be performed through the use of physical activity, for instance, walking, running, swimming, cycling, or any other specific exercises [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. One of the main advantages of the active warm-up is its specificity, as it prepares the muscles that will be used during the activity and could benefit from the movement itself [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EDespite the positive influence of warm-up on sports performance, [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] there is still a lack of specific investigations about the variables that compose it, the optimal warm-up design as well as its effects on the force production and strength training performance [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Any movement performed during physical activity requires the use of specific muscles to produce movement. The movement depends on muscle performance and therefore force production, either in maximal or submaximal efforts so that the exercise could be carried out successfully. The role of muscle strength performance is widely recognized in the scientific and sports context [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Maximizing the strength and optimizing force production should be a priority to any person participating or willing to participate in sports performance or physical exercise. For this performance improvement, in physical activity and sport context, resistance training (strength training exercises where muscles exert a force against an external load) assumes an important role to develop individual capacities. Moreover, to improve the efficiency of resistance training and force production, the warm-up could be essential. It is important to understand the way that warm-ups can influence strength training and performance, to analyze the effects, and then to provide a useful strategy to apply in the real context. With this knowledge, professionals are able to design a warm-up that will optimize resistance training and thus, maximizing strength gains, force production, and resulting in improvements in physical exercise performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003EIt is then important to understand the effect of warm-up in strength performance and this may be through the assessment of maximum dynamic strength (load at 1 repetition maximum: 1RM), isometric strength, or even through the rate of production of muscle strength [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Previous findings suggested that the warm-up procedure (for example, aerobic exercise, specific activity, and stretching) seems to influence the results of the 1RM assessment, as well as to improve the strength produced during the assessments [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Generally, it is recommended that the warm-up routine prior to a 1RM test includes general (aerobic) and specific (imitating target activity) exercises [\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The general warm-up is usually completed using an aerobic activity of low to moderate intensity with the main purpose to increase the muscle temperature, which can be performed with different types of aerobic activity (for example, running or cycling) [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Stretching exercises can also be performed as part of a typical warm-up routine. Regarding the specific warm-up, it is recommended to perform it by including exercises that use the same or similar movements as the main activity at progressively higher intensities in an attempt to increase neuromuscular activation [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In fact, there is suitable scientific evidence in the literature to support the implementation of only specific warm-ups before exercise, [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] however, the effects of general warm-up on strength measurements are not clear yet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EIn order to design an effective warm-up, several parameters and variables are associated with it, which seems to be extremely difficult to select an ideal type of warm-up for all sports. Then, it is necessary to understand what type of warm-up is more appropriate to the variable that influences performance in all exercises, i.e. force production. Thus, our narrative review aimed to analyze and discuss the main results of the literature on the effects of warm-up on force production and strength, by analyzing responses during resistance training and assessments of maximum strength. The results determined in this study, aimed to elucidate sport-related professionals about the effects of warm-up and help them to design their training.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EThe current study intended to summarize the findings and evidence reported in the literature about the effect of warm-up protocols in force production, strength evaluation and resistance training. In order to identify relevant articles on this topic, an extensive bibliographic search was carried out. Of all the articles identified, only nine were chosen, which corresponded to the theme addressed here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 Search strategy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003EA search in the literature that studied different types of warm-up was conducted, where the focus was to understand the effects of warm-up in strength performance. Considering that active warm-up is the most commonly used by people engaged in sports and physical exercise and that is the most investigated, it was only included original articles that focused on the effects of active warm-up. Original research articles published between 2010 and 2020 were selected to identify studies in which warm-up and strength performance were reported. The search for scientific articles was performed in 4 databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect) in which the keywords “warming-up”, “resistance training” and “strength” with multiple combinations were used and with no restrictions of language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 Inclusion and exclusion procedures\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003ETo carry out this research, the studies had to respect inclusion criteria such as, being focused on active warm-up, being cross-sectional studies, focusing on measures of strength, being carried out by healthy individuals, aged 18 years or over. As exclusion criteria, all types of review (qualitative review, systematic review and meta-analysis) were excluded, the non-use of at least one active warm-up and studies with young participants (<18 years old). Articles that were not written in English were also excluded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Results\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EThe literature search found 163 relevant articles, of which 152 did not meet the defined inclusion criteria. These studies were excluded based on the focus on other physical activities rather than strength-related ones, such as running performance, anthropometric characteristics, or strength evaluation performed in participants of other chronological ages including children. Consequently, a total of 11 studies were considered for further analysis. These studies were published between 2009 and 2020. The studies focus on the results that different types of warm-ups may cause in resistance training (\u003Ca href=\"#tab1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"tab1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\"\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth\u003EAuthors\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth\u003EObjective\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth\u003ESample\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth\u003EWarm-ups\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth\u003EMain outcomes\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Fthead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ERibeiro et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EVerify the effects of three specific warm-ups on squat and bench press resistance training.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E14 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E3 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003E40% of training load\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003E80% of training load\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003E40% and 80% of training load\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThe results showed that the strength outputs were optimized mainly by warm-up with 80% of the training load in the squat training and by the warm-up that brought the two loads together (40% and 80%) in the bench press training.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EKrzysztofik and Wilk [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EDetermine the effects of plyometric push-ups as a conditioning activity on high-loaded bench press performance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E24 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E2 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003Econditioning activity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003Eaerobic warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThe results demonstrated that plyometric push-ups lead to performance enhancement of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ERodrigues et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate the acute effect of three different warm-up protocols on a maximal isokinetic strength test.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E22 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E3 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003Egeneral warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003Estretching warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003Especific warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ENone of warm-ups were able to change the total work of maximal isokinetic strength.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EMina et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EExamine the influence of another form of variable resistance during a warm-up on subsequent free-weight 1RM back squat performance compared to free-weight resistance alone.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E16 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E2 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003Efree-weight resistance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003Echain-loaded resistance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThe results are indicative of a potentiating effect of chain-loaded resistance in a warm-up.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ERibeiro and Romanzini [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate the acute effect of different warm-up procedures on the repetition performance of a fatiguing resistance training protocol designed to induce metabolic stress.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E15 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E4 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003Econtrol\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003Especific\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003Eaerobic\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003Ecombined\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ENo significant difference for the sum of repetitions or for fatigue index among conditions for the 3 exercises.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EAbad et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate whether the combination of a general with a specific warm-up protocol would improve leg press 1RM values compared with a specific warm- up protocol.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E13 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E2 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003Ecombination of a general with a specific warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003Especific warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThese results suggest that a general with a specific warm-up protocol induced temperature-dependent neuromuscular adjustments that increased muscle force production capacity.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EChattong et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate the potentiating effects of different levels of external resistance during box jumps on vertical jump performance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E12 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E5 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003EControl\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003E5, 10, 15, or 20% of their body weight\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EPerforming an active dynamic warm-up with or without a weighted vest produced significantly greater posttest vertical jump performance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ESotiropoulos et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EDetermine the effects of a specific warm-up using half-squats at low and moderate intensity on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity of the thigh muscles.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E26 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E2 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003Elow intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003Emoderate intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThe use of a specific warm-up that includes half-squats performed explosively with low to moderate intensity, improves countermovement jump performance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EBarroso et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate the effect of different intensities and durations of general warm-up on 1RM performance.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E16 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E5 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003Econtrol\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p41\"\u003Eshort duration and low intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p42\"\u003Elong duration and low intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p43\"\u003Eshort duration and moderate-intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p44\"\u003Elong duration and moderate-intensity\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ELong-duration low-intensity general warm-up seems to be appropriate to improve 1RM performance in strength-trained individuals\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EResende et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EAnalyze different types of warm-up on the physical performance of Paralympic powerlifting athletes.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E12 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E3 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p46\"\u003Ewithout warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p47\"\u003Etraditional warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p48\"\u003Estretching warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EThe different types of warm-up methods did not seem to provide significant differences in the force indicators in elite Paralympic powerlifting athletes.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EGirard et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003EInvestigate the influence of two warm-up protocols on neural and contractile parameters of knee extensors\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E10 males\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E2 protocols:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p50\"\u003Erunning-based warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p51\"\u003Estrength-based warm-up\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003ERunning and strength-based warm-ups induce a similar increase in knee extensors force-generating capacity by improving muscle activation.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftbody\u003E\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p52\"\u003EMain characteristics of studies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Discussion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p53\"\u003EIt has been evidenced that the warm-up brings positive effects to the subsequent physical exercise, so it is very important to study it and understand how it can be manipulated according to the specificity of exercise training and performance. The purpose of this investigation aimed to analyze and discuss the main results of the literature regarding the effects of warm-up on force production, as well as to analyze those responses during resistance training and maximal strength assessments. The scarcity of research on warm-up protocols in resistance training and strength performance is notorious. Nevertheless, it is possible to verify that the results obtained in most studies are positive. The use of warm-up causes enhancement of performance when external loads are used, especially when the intensity is high. However, more research should be carried out on this topic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p54\"\u003EThe selected articles of this review tend to focus on the effects that warm-up produces on resistance training, namely the effects on strength performance. Due to the scarcity of articles about the addressed issue, it was difficult to compare the different types and approaches of warm-ups. Moreover, it was also noticed that exercises were not the same in different studies, which also difficult outcomes analysis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p55\"\u003EIn the study of Rodrigues and collaborators, [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] three different types of warm-up were compared: a general warm-up, a specific warm-up, and a warm-up through stretching, to understand whether it would influence maximal isokinetic training. The results reported that the three types of warm-up had no adverse effect or any type of improvement in acute muscle strength. However, it is important to highlight that the peak of concentric torque reported a lower value in the specific warm-up protocol when compared to the control group, which may mean that the use of a specific warm-up tends to reveal positive results when compared to the control group, which did not perform any type of warm-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p56\"\u003EThe study by Ribeiro and Romanzini [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] aimed to compare the effects of three types of warm-ups on the performance of resistance training: a specific warm-up, an aerobic warm-up, and a combined warm-up of both, also using a control group. This study had the particularity of evaluating the performance using repetitions until failure, thus observing whether the conditions would affect resistance training. As in the abovementioned study, none of these conditions showed significant differences in resistance training, although no negative effects were observed after applying a warm-up. This study seems to suggest that the warm-up protocols used do not contribute to the development of strength.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p57\"\u003EAlthough the previous two studies have not found a significantly positive response in the strength assessment, the literature reported several benefits on the human body when considering the implementation of warm-up before resistance training [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In the study by Abad and his collaborators, [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] the aim was to understand if the implementation of a general warm-up before a specific warm-up would be beneficial when compared with a specific warm-up only. The tests were measured in the leg-press exercise, being evaluated by its 1RM. Two protocols were used in order to determine the effects of warm-up on training: combined warm-up (general with specific) and specific warm-up. The results of the combined warm-up were higher values in the force production, in comparison with the specific warm-up. Considering the positive results of the tests, a combined warm-up would have more benefits than a specific warm-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p58\"\u003EBarroso and his collaborators, [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] purposed to understand the best intensity to use in the general warm-up before the specific warm-up. Thus, four combined warm-up protocols were performed, with different intensities and durations, which were compared with each other and with a control group, which performed only a specific warm-up, with no general warm-up. These researchers found that a general warm-up followed by a specific warm-up would be more beneficial to increase the strength when compared to a specific warm-up that reported lower results. The authors also suggested that when performing the aerobic component of general warm-up, it should be long lasting with low intensity for better results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p59\"\u003EOn the other hand, the results of Krzysztofik and Wilk [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] did not corroborate with the studies of Abad and his collaborators [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] and Barroso and his collaborators [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This study aimed to compare a specific warm-up (named conditioning activity) with a general warm-up, performed before a bench press exercise. In this study, the specific warm-up was performed with a different exercise (plyometric push-ups) from the training exercise (in this case, bench press). The researchers concluded that the use of a specific warm-up had significant results in the strength assessment compared to the general warm-up. The outcomes showed improvement in the bench press exercise performance, being incongruent with the previously mentioned results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p60\"\u003EOtherwise, Ribeiro and colleagues, [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] aimed to understand the best intensity to use when only a specific warm-up was performed. This study verified if three types of warm-ups would have an effect on strength training, and its protocols would use three types of external loads in the warm-up exercise: 40% of the training load, 80% of the training load, and the combination of the 40% and 80% of the training load. Positive effects in force production were found when warming-up with higher loads (80% of the training load) before the squat exercise training. The same authors also reported that, when performing a warm-up with low loads and repetitions, there was no effect on strength training performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p61\"\u003ESimilar to Ribeiro and colleagues, [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] Minas and collaborators [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] evaluated a specific warm-up in their study. These authors, although also used the squat exercise in their study, used two different warm-ups. A protocol with a chain-loaded (as external weight) and another where it would be used only with the weight of the body, without any help from external loads. The aim of this study was to perceive the effect of another form of variable resistance in a warm-up compared to a warm-up with only bodyweight. After applied the two defined protocols, it was concluded that using a chain-loaded weight as the body’s external weight can enhance our results in the field of strength. Then, it is possible to notice that this study is in agreement with the previous one, although it cannot be directly compared. Both concluded that when using a warm-up with external loads to our body, the results tend to be better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p62\"\u003ESotiropoulos and his collaborators [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] carried out a study to determine the effects of a specific warm-up using low and moderate-intensity squats in the vertical jump. In his study, two warm-up protocols were performed using two different external loads (low and moderate), before performing the countermovement jump. Both protocols demonstrated to be effective when performed before the vertical jump, reporting significant results in the acute force production and the electromyographic activity, showing to be quite beneficial for the countermovement jump.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p63\"\u003EIn the study of Chattong and his companions, [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] which aimed to investigate the potentiating effects of different levels of external resistance (weight vest) during box jumps in the vertical jump, five different warm-ups were assessed. The control condition was performed without any external load and then, the experimental warm-ups were performed with additional weight from 5% to 20% of bodyweight. In this study, the researchers concluded that no improvements in force production were found when increasing the load in the different warm-ups, not even any between using a vest or without it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p64\"\u003EThe study by Resende and his collaborators [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] aimed to analyze three different types of protocols, to understand their effect on the physical performance of paralympic powerlifting athletes. The protocols applied were: without warm-up, traditional warm-up and stretching warm-up. The results indicated by the researchers revealed that there were no significant differences when applying any of the protocols studied. Although the results did not show significant results, it is important to note that the participants were highly trained athletes and this might have triggered these results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p65\"\u003EGerard and his colleagues, [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] performed the following protocols: running-based warm-up and strength-based warm-up to investigate the influence of two warm-up protocols on the neural and contractile parameters of the knee extensors. It was revealed a significant shortening of time to contract, while the other twitch parameters did not change significantly. Thus, they concluded that both protocols can influence strength training and muscle contraction during training.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p66\"\u003EAfter analyzing these studies, there is still controversy around the issue of warming. All studies included in this narrative review are relatively recent, but a consensus has not yet been reached, neither what is the best type of warming up that will have the best results on force production and strength performance. Further investigations should be developed to provide a consensus and clarify the subject. For future studies, it would be interesting to explore this topic a little more. We suggest to study the effect of warm-up on strength training, exploring different types of intensities, in order to achieve more robust and concrete results. The same studies should not be based on a single exercise, but rather deepen the study on several exercises performed in a sequence. It is true that, in a real training context, no single exercise is performed. For example, most resistance training includes more than one exercise and for different muscular groups. It would also be interesting to verify if it will be necessary to warm-up before each exercise and specifically for each exercise, or if the first warm-up before training is enough to guaranty better results during the entire training.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p67\"\u003EWith this narrative review, we could verify that there is a great lack of studies on the subject of warm-up for strength performance, resistance training performance, and force production. It was also possible to show that some authors did not report benefits after warm-up, however, others found quite significant results in their studies. These positive results were either after using only a specific warm-up or using a general warm-up followed by a specific warm-up. So, it is possible to determine that special attention on this topic is needed. Nevertheless, most of the studies tended to suggest that a warm-up should be performed before resistance training is performed. The increased strength outcomes seemed to be better when a higher load is used during warm-up, with few repetitions. Moreover, the use of a general warm-up showed to be beneficial in some specific assessments. Therefore it can also be a strategy to be applied and combined with the specific warm-up. Further investigations should be developed to better understand and determine the effects of warm-up, or even other studies using another type of exercise, so we can provide a more in-depth conclusion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p68\"\u003EThis work was supported by national funding through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under project UIDB\u002F04045\u002F2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"strength, performance, pre-exercise, warm-up, training control","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F75109.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F75109.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F75109\u002F1672091271\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F75109","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F75109","cdnMediaBaseUrl":null,"totalDownloads":992,"totalViews":2878,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"dateSubmitted":"January 15th 2021","dateReviewed":"January 18th 2021","datePrePublished":"March 9th 2021","datePublished":"November 24th 2021","dateFinished":"February 5th 2021","readingETA":"0","abstract":"Warming-up is an indispensable component of any type of training, aiming to prepare the body for the intensity required by the following exercises. The use of different types of warm-up seems to produce different results, mainly because of the effects on force production. However, the research is not clear and further research is needed. The present study aimed to analyze and discuss the main results of the literature regarding the effects of warm-up on force production, as well as to analyze those responses during resistance training and maximal strength assessments. Additionally, based on the outcomes, we intended to suggest some practical recommendations for sports-related professionals and researchers, providing essential knowledge for their intervention near the athletes, and also to contribute to the performance optimization during training and in the competition. For this, a search on four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect) for original research published until November 2020 was performed, and then the outcomes were critically analyzed. The literature revealed that there is still little agreement on what should be the best warm-up to be used for strength performance and training. We, therefore, concluded that more research must be carried out and new approaches must be taken to clarify this issue.","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F75109","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F75109","signatures":"Pedro P. Neves, Ana R. Alves, Daniel A. Marinho and Henrique P. Neiva","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"10615","type":"book","title":"Contemporary Advances in Sports Science","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Contemporary Advances in Sports Science","slug":"contemporary-advances-in-sports-science","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 24th 2021","bookSignature":"Redha Taiar","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10615.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1713444900-36136033\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1713444900-36136033\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1718280290-862838126\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1718280290-862838126\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1724328362-1701138156\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10615\u002F1724328362-1701138156\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83969-141-6","printIsbn":"978-1-83969-140-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83969-142-3","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"81693","title":"Dr.","name":"Redha","middleName":null,"surname":"Taiar","slug":"redha-taiar","fullName":"Redha Taiar"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"177359","title":"Dr.","name":"Daniel A.","middleName":"Almeida","surname":"Marinho","fullName":"Daniel A. Marinho","slug":"daniel-a.-marinho","email":"marinho.d@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F177359\u002F1706265257\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institution":{"name":"University of Beira Interior","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},{"id":"213786","title":"Dr.","name":"Henrique","middleName":"P.","surname":"Neiva","fullName":"Henrique Neiva","slug":"henrique-neiva","email":"henriquepn@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F213786\u002F1734031002\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institution":{"name":"University of Beira Interior","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},{"id":"338784","title":"MSc.","name":"Pedro P.","middleName":null,"surname":"Neves","fullName":"Pedro P. Neves","slug":"pedro-p.-neves","email":"pedroneves93@hotmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"338785","title":"Dr.","name":"Ana R.","middleName":null,"surname":"Alves","fullName":"Ana R. Alves","slug":"ana-r.-alves","email":"anasofiaruivoalves@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.044\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Methods","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1 Search strategy","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2 Inclusion and exclusion procedures","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_5","title":"3. Results","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_6","title":"4. Discussion","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_7","title":"5. Conclusion","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_8","title":"Acknowledgments","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EWeineck J. Treinamento ideal. São Paulo: Manole. 2003\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EFradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010:24(1), 140-148. DOI: 10.1519\u002FJSC.0b013e3181c643a0\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBishop D. Warm up II: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. 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APA DOI: 10.2466\u002F25.29.PMS.119c17z7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EAbad CC, Prado ML, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Barroso R. Combination of general and specific warm-ups improves leg-press one repetition maximum compared with specific warm-up in trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2011:25.8 2242-2245.\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EChattong C, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Noffal GJ. Effect of a dynamic loaded warm-up on vertical jump performance. 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Currently, Dr. Kumar serves as the R&D Head In-Charge at M\u002FS Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt. Ltd., collaborating with the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani. \nDr. Kumar has published numerous research articles, review papers, and book chapters in high-impact journals. 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Now he is a member of the European society of intensive care medicine (ESICM), the American college of emergency physicians (ACEP) and international society of surgery (MISS\u002FSIC). He has published more than 32 studies including original, case report and review articles all over the world, in addition to a book in Human anatomy and a chapter of Splenic artery aneurysm in a book titled (Aneurysm) at 2012. He has been participating very actively in large groups of conferences as presenter, supervised post graduate candidates, as well as sharing his clinical work as emergency physician and surgeon, training undergraduate medical students, and leading many researchers to achieve and publish their studies.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar","country":{"name":"Qatar"}}},{"id":"241806","title":"Dr.","name":"Thomas J.","middleName":null,"surname":"FitzGerald","slug":"thomas-j.-fitzgerald","fullName":"Thomas J. 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His basic science interest is in hematopoietic stem cell biology and cellular adhesion molecules as they pertain to therapeutic resistance and mitigation of injury from therapy.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"UMass Memorial Medical Center","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"159703","title":"Dr.","name":"Pouya","middleName":null,"surname":"Jamshidi","slug":"pouya-jamshidi","fullName":"Pouya Jamshidi","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F159703\u002F1716168397\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Pouya Jamshidi received his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) from University of California, San Diego and Medical Degree (M.D.) from Weill Cornell Medicine. He then pursued an NIH-funded post-doctoral fellowship at the Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. He completed Anatomic Pathology residency at University of Chicago – NorthShore and a fellowship in Neuropathology at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. He then joined the Department of Pathology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. His academic interests include medical education, advanced molecular diagnostics in neuropathology and neurodegenerative diseases.","institutionString":"Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine","institution":null},{"id":"257388","title":"Distinguished Prof.","name":"Lulu","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","slug":"lulu-wang","fullName":"Lulu Wang","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F257388\u002F1719907872\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Lulu Wang is a Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, at Shenzhen Technology University, China. Dr. Wang is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Physiological Society of New Zealand (PSNZ), and Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ). Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. Over the past five years, Dr. Wang has authored more than seventy peer-reviewed publications, two ASME books, seven book chapters, and ten issued patents. She is an active reviewer of numerous journals, books, and conferences. She has edited four books and three special issues of international journals. She has received multiple national and international awards from various professional societies and organizations. She is an active organizer of several international conferences, including the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition and the International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering Sciences. She has been selected as the World’s Top 2% Scientists 2021 (by Stanford University).","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Reykjavík University","country":{"name":"Iceland"}}},{"id":"598663","title":"Dr.","name":"Jie","middleName":null,"surname":"Huang","slug":"jie-huang","fullName":"Jie Huang","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F598663\u002F1727348381\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Jack (Jie) Huang is currently the Chief Scientist at International In Vitro Diagnostic Research Institute, Chongqing Medical University and Beituo Qiming Biomedical Research Institute Ltd, Chongqing, China. CSTEAM Biotechnology LLC, Dublin, Ohio, USA. He is also recognized as a Medical Science Writer. Dr. Huang completed his M.D.\u002FPh.D. at Shiga University of Medical Science (SUMS) in Japan in 2000. He then pursued postdoctoral training in immunology at the University of Tokyo, followed by a role as Research Assistant Professor at Tohoku University until 2005. In the U.S., he served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and as an Oncologist and Senior Research Scientist at Ohio State University (OSU) Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH), focusing on oncology research until 2018, when he launched his company specializing in biological models and biochips. Additionally, Dr. Huang holds leadership roles including Director of the Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center at the Industry Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University. His research interests, which span genetic engineering biological models, gene-edited stem cells, immune cell drugs, and biochip, has led to numerous publications and patents. He is also writing academic and popular medical science books to further education in his fields of study.","institutionString":"(1) International In Vitro Diagnostic Research Institute, Chongqing Medical University and Beituo Qiming Biomedical Research Institute Ltd, Chongqing, China. (2) CSTEAM Biotechnology LLC, Dublin, Ohio, USA","institution":null},{"id":"454366","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Christos","middleName":null,"surname":"Damaskos","slug":"christos-damaskos","fullName":"Christos Damaskos","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F454366\u002F1734030953\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Christos Damaskos graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, where he completed his postgraduate studies (Minimally Invasive Surgery, Robotic Surgery and Telesurgery) and also completed his Doctoral and Post-Doctoral studies. Since 2019 he is a Scientific Associate at N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research and Chairman of the Commitee of Research Protocol Evaluation.\nHe specialized in General Surgery at the 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery; Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Now his is Curator of Surgery at the Kidney Transplantation Unit of Laiko Hospital.\nHis teaching work consists in participation in university lectures \u002F educational procedures for medical students as well as in courses of specialized doctors.\nIn parallel with his clinical and teaching work, Christos Damaskos has shown particular interest in research. His scientific work lists over 170 English publications indexed in PubMed and his has over 1500 citations. He also articipates in various research protocols. At the same time, he is the author of monographs and chapters in Greek and foreign books. Finally, he has participated with presentations and presentations-announcements in numerous international and Greek conferences.","institutionString":"Renal Transplantation Unit, Laiko General Hospital; N.S. 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In 2018, he became Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology—Assisted Reproduction. In 2019, he took over the management of the University Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic at the Medical Department of the Democritus University of Thrace. His scientific work includes more than 100 publications in international journals and many invited lectures at international and Greek conferences.","institutionString":"Democritus University of Thrace","institution":{"name":"Democritus University of Thrace","country":{"name":"Greece"}}},{"id":"48837","title":"Prof.","name":"Panagiotis","middleName":null,"surname":"Tsikouras","slug":"panagiotis-tsikouras","fullName":"Panagiotis Tsikouras","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F48837\u002F1740724727\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Panagiotis Tsikouras is a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, perinatal medicine, and contraception at the School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. He is also head of the Family Planning Centre and Gynecological Cytology Laboratory at the same university. Dr. Tsikouras is a fellow of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis\u002FHemostasis. His scientific activities focus on pediatric and adolescent medicine, gynecological oncology, and high-risk pregnancies. He is a reviewer for several international journals and has numerous scientific publications to his credit, including papers and book chapters. He has also contributed to international and national guidelines on coagulation and thrombosis in obstetrics and gynecology.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Democritus University of Thrace","country":{"name":"Greece"}}},{"id":"624193","title":"Dr.","name":"Ingrid","middleName":"Karmane","surname":"Sumou","slug":"ingrid-sumou","fullName":"Ingrid Sumou","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F624193\u002F1740453902\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"599895","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Emran","middleName":null,"surname":"Habibi","slug":"emran-habibi","fullName":"Emran 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