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<li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools,_organizations,_buildings_and_ships_named_after_Cardozo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools,_organizations,_buildings_and_ships_named_after_Cardozo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Schools, organizations, buildings and ships named after Cardozo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools,_organizations,_buildings_and_ships_named_after_Cardozo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Cardozo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%86._%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="بنجامين إن. كاردوزو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنجامين إن. كاردوزو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86._%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="بنجامین ان. کاردوزو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنجامین ان. کاردوزو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin N. Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Cardozo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamin Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="بنجامین کاردوزو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنجامین کاردوزو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Cardozo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_N._%EC%B9%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%A1%B0" title="벤저민 N. 카도조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤저민 N. 카도조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Nathan_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Nathan_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Nathan_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benjamin Nathan Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95" title="בנג'מין קרדוזו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנג'מין קרדוזו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86._%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="بينچامين ان. كاردوزو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينچامين ان. كاردوزو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BE" title="ベンジャミン・カードーゾ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンジャミン・カードーゾ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Cardozo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benjamin Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" title="Benjamin Cardozo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamin Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кардозо, Бенджамин Натан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кардозо, Бенджамин Натан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benjamin N. Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benjamin N. Cardozo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Бенджамін Натан Кардозо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенджамін Натан Кардозо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7N%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%90" title="本杰明·N·卡多佐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本杰明·N·卡多佐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Benjamin N. Cardozo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Cardozo <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1932</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 14, 1932 – July 9, 1938<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals">Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1927 – March 7, 1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hiscock" title="Frank H. Hiscock">Frank Hiscock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_W._Pound" title="Cuthbert W. Pound">Cuthbert Pound</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 15, 1917 – December 31, 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury_(judge)" title="Samuel Seabury (judge)">Samuel Seabury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Brien_(judge)" title="John F. O'Brien (judge)">John F. O'Brien</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of New York">Supreme Court of New York</a> for the First Judicial Division</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 5, 1914 – January 15, 1917 (Sitting by designation in the Court of Appeals from February 2, 1914)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bartow_S._Weeks" title="Bartow S. Weeks">Bartow S. Weeks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel H. Ordway</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Benjamin Nathan Cardozo</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1870-05-24</span>)</span>May 24, 1870<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-07-09)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York" title="Port Chester, New York">Port Chester, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cardozo" title="Albert Cardozo">Albert Cardozo</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Benjamin Nathan Cardozo</b> (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) was an American lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> who served on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> from 1914 to 1932 and as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1932 until his death in 1938. Cardozo is remembered for his significant influence on the development of American <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> in the 20th century, in addition to his philosophy and vivid prose style. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, Cardozo passed the bar in 1891 after attending <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>. He won an election to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> in 1913 but joined the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> the following year. He won election as chief judge of that court in 1926. As chief judge, he wrote majority opinions in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Palsgraf_v._Long_Island_Railroad_Co." title="Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.">Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.</a></i> </p><p>In 1932, President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> appointed Cardozo to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> Cardozo served on the Court until his death in 1938 and formed part of the liberal bloc of justices known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Musketeers_(Supreme_Court)" title="Three Musketeers (Supreme Court)">Three Musketeers</a>. He wrote the Court's majority opinion in notable cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Condon" title="Nixon v. Condon">Nixon v. Condon</a></i> (1932) and <i><a href="/wiki/Steward_Machine_Co._v._Davis" title="Steward Machine Co. v. Davis">Steward Machine Co. v. Davis</a></i> (1937). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardozo, the son of Rebecca Washington (née Nathan) and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cardozo" title="Albert Cardozo">Albert Jacob Cardozo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-book12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in 1870 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Both Cardozo’s maternal grandparents, Sara Seixas and Isaac Mendes Seixas Nathan, and his paternal grandparents, Ellen Hart and Michael H. Cardozo, were <a href="/wiki/Western_Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sephardim">Western Sephardim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Jews">Portuguese-Jewish</a> community, and affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel" title="Congregation Shearith Israel">Congregation Shearith Israel</a>. Cardozo had his <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> at Shearith Israel in June of 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their ancestors had immigrated to the British colonies from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. </p><p>The family were descended from Jewish-origin <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>. They left the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> for <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-book12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they returned to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Cardozo family tradition held that their <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">marrano</a> (New Christians who maintained crypto-Jewish practices in secrecy) ancestors were from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-book12_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Cardozo’s ancestry has not been firmly traced to that country.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But ”<a href="/wiki/Cardoso_(surname)" title="Cardoso (surname)">Cardozo</a>” (archaic spelling of <i>Cardoso</i>), ”<a href="/wiki/Seixas" title="Seixas">Seixas</a>”, and ”<a href="/wiki/Mendes_(name)" title="Mendes (name)">Mendes</a>” are the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, rather than Spanish, spelling of those common Iberian surnames. </p><p>Benjamin Cardozo had a fraternal twin, his sister Emily. They had four other siblings, including an older sister Nell and older brother. </p><p>Benjamin was named for his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Nathan" title="Benjamin Nathan">Benjamin Nathan</a>, a vice president of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, who was murdered in 1870. The case was never solved.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among their many cousins, given their deep history in the US, was the poet <a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a>. Other earlier relations include <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis_Cardozo" title="Francis Lewis Cardozo">Francis Lewis Cardozo</a> (1836–1903), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cardozo" title="Thomas Cardozo">Thomas Cardozo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cardozo" title="Henry Cardozo">Henry Cardozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free men of color</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. Francis became a Presbyterian minister in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, after education in Scotland, and was elected Secretary of State of South Carolina during the Reconstruction era. Later he worked as an educator in Washington, DC, under a Republican administration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cardozo" title="Albert Cardozo">Albert Cardozo</a>, Benjamin Cardozo’s father, was a judge on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of New York">Supreme Court of New York</a> (the state’s general trial court) until 1868. He was implicated in a judicial corruption scandal sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie Railway">Erie Railway</a> takeover wars and was forced to resign. The scandal also led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Bar_of_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of the Bar of the City of New York">Association of the Bar of the City of New York</a>. After leaving the court, the senior Cardozo practiced law for nearly two decades more until his death in 1885. </p><p>When Benjamin and Emily were young, their mother Rebecca died. The twins were raised during much of their childhood largely by their sister Nell, who was 11 years older. Benjamin remained devoted to her throughout his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Benjamin’s tutors was <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Alger, Jr.">Horatio Alger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Cardozos engaged Alger in 1883 to tutor Benjamin and his older sister Elizabeth, they were unaware that Alger had a history of likely molesting teen boys during his time as a minister in <a href="/wiki/Brewster,_Massachusetts" title="Brewster, Massachusetts">Brewster, Massachusetts</a>, from 1864-1866. There is no evidence that Alger continued this misconduct after the incidents during his ministry, from which he was expelled in 1866 after an inquiry and Alger's not denying the boys' description of events.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reviewing Cardozo’s life, Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Judith_Kaye" title="Judith Kaye">Judith S. Kaye</a> stated Alger provided Cardozo with a superb education, and a love of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 15, Cardozo entered <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earning his BA in 1889 and his MA in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> in 1889. Cardozo wanted to enter a profession that could enable him to support himself and his siblings, but he also hoped to restore the family name, which had been sullied by his father’s actions as a judge. Cardozo left law school after two years without a law degree,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as only two years of law school was required to sit for the bar during this era in New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_practice">Law practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardozo passed the bar examination in 1891 and began practicing appellate law alongside his older brother.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Cardozo practiced law in New York City until year-end 1913 with Simpson, Warren and Cardozo.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yale_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interested in advancement and restoring the family name, Cardozo ran for a judgeship on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a>. In November 1913, Cardozo was elected by a large margin to a 14-year term on that court and took office on January 1, 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_Court_of_Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York Court of Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1914, Cardozo was designated to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> under the Amendment of 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reportedly the first Jewish person to serve on the Court of Appeals. </p><p>In January 1917, he was appointed by the governor to a regular seat on the Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury_(judge)" title="Samuel Seabury (judge)">Samuel Seabury</a>. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1917">November 1917</a>, he was elected on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> tickets to a 14-year term on the Court of Appeals. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1926">1926</a>, he was elected, on both tickets again, to a 14-year term as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals">Chief Judge</a>. He took office on January 1, 1927, and resigned on March 7, 1932 to accept his appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>His tenure was marked by a number of original rulings, in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> law in particular. This is partly due to timing; rapid industrialization was forcing courts to look anew at old common law components to adapt to new settings.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, Cardozo gave the Storrs Lectures at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, which were later published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Judicial_Process" title="The Nature of the Judicial Process">The Nature of the Judicial Process</a></i>, a book that remains valuable to judges today.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Cardozo became a member of the group that founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a>, which crafted a <a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Restatement of the Law">Restatement of the Law</a> of Torts, Contracts, and a host of other private law subjects. He wrote three other books that also became standards in the legal world.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_court_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While on the Court of Appeals, he criticized the <a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">exclusionary rule</a> as developed by the federal courts, saying: ”The criminal is to go free because the constable has blundered”. He noted that many states had rejected the rule, but suggested that the adoption by the federal courts would affect the practice in the sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polenberg_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polenberg-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Supreme_Court">United States Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg/200px-Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg/300px-Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg/400px-Justice_Benjamin_N_Cardozo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3661" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>Justice Cardozo in his judicial robes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardozo_Nomination.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cardozo_Nomination.JPG/130px-Cardozo_Nomination.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cardozo_Nomination.JPG/195px-Cardozo_Nomination.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cardozo_Nomination.JPG/260px-Cardozo_Nomination.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cardozo’s Supreme Court nomination</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 15, 1932, President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">nominated</a> Cardozo as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the United States Supreme Court">associate justice of the United States Supreme Court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> said of Cardozo’s appointment that "seldom, if ever, in the history of the Court has an appointment been so universally commended."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1932-02-16_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1932-02-16-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrat Cardozo's appointment by a Republican president has been referred to as one of the few Supreme Court appointments in history that was not motivated by partisanship or politics, but strictly based on the nominee's contribution to law.<sup id="cite_ref-presidential_leadership_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presidential_leadership-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 24, 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">sworn into office</a> on March 14.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a radio broadcast soon after Cardozo's confirmation, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_C._Dill" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence C. Dill">Clarence C. Dill</a>, a Democratic senator from Washington, called Hoover's appointment of Cardozo "the finest act of his career as President."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> had urged Hoover to nominate Cardozo, as did the deans of the law schools at Harvard, Yale, and Columbia. Justice <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a> strongly urged Hoover to name Cardozo, even offering to resign to make room for him if Hoover had his heart set on someone else (Stone had suggested to <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> that he should nominate Cardozo in 1925 before Stone).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover originally demurred; he was concerned that there were already two justices from New York, and a Jew on the court. Justice <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James McReynolds</a> was a notorious anti-Semite (and once on the Court, McReynolds directed antagonistic antisemitic behavior toward Cardozo, something he had been sheltered from in his prior life<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). When the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Edgar_Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edgar Borah">William E. Borah</a> of Idaho, added his strong support for Cardozo, however, Hoover finally bowed to the pressure. </p><p>Cardozo was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Musketeers_(Supreme_Court)" title="Three Musketeers (Supreme Court)">Three Musketeers</a>, along with Brandeis and Stone, who were considered to be the liberal faction of the Supreme Court. During his tenure in the Court, Cardozo wrote opinions that stressed the necessity for the tightest adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardozo received the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D.</a> from several colleges and universities, including: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> (1915); <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> (1921); <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York</a> (1922); <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a> (1923); <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> (1927); <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)" title="St. John's University (New York City)">St. John’s</a> (1928); <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_University" title="St. Lawrence University">St. Lawrence</a> (1932); <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a> (1932); <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> (1932); <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1932); <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> (1933); and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a> (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG/170px-2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG/255px-2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG/340px-2101_Connecticut_Ave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Cardozo had an apartment in this building in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>As an adult, Cardozo no longer practiced Judaism (he identified as an agnostic), but he was proud of his Jewish heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the six children born to Albert and Rebecca Cardozo, only his twin sister Emily married. She and her husband did not have any children. </p><p>Constitutional law scholar <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Rosen_(legal_academic)" title="Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic)">Jeffrey Rosen</a> noted in a <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> book review of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Polenberg" title="Richard Polenberg">Richard Polenberg</a>'s book on Cardozo: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Polenberg describes Cardozo's lifelong devotion to his older sister Nell, with whom he lived in New York until her death in 1929. When asked why he had never married, Cardozo replied, quietly and sadly, "I never could give Nellie the second place in my life".</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Cardozo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Justice_Cardozo.jpg/150px-Justice_Cardozo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Justice_Cardozo.jpg/225px-Justice_Cardozo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Justice_Cardozo.jpg/300px-Justice_Cardozo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Cardozo's gravesite</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1937, Cardozo had a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, and in early 1938, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. He died on July 9, 1938, at the age of 68. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Beth_Olam_Cemetery" title="Beth Olam Cemetery">Beth Olam Cemetery</a> in Queens.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, renowned Judge <a href="/wiki/Learned_Hand" title="Learned Hand">Learned Hand</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogized</a> Cardozo, describing him as able to "weigh the conflicting factors of his problem without always finding himself on one scale or the other" and noting that "his gentle nature had in it no acquisitiveness" and that he was able to get outside himself and "from this self-effacement came a power greater than the power of him who ruleth a city." Hand stated that Cardozo "was wise because his spirt was uncontaminated, because he knew no violence, or hatred, or envy, or jealousy, or ill-will." Hand found "it was this purity that chiefly made [Cardozo] the judge we so much revere; more than his learning, his acuteness, and his fabulous industry." He asked that people grasp the rare good fortune that a person with Cardozo's qualities existed, pause to "take count of our own coarser selves," and take in the lesson Cardozo taught through example, "a lesson quite at variance with most that we practice, and much that we profess."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardozo's evaluation of himself showed the same flair as his legal opinions: </p> <blockquote><p>In truth, I am nothing but a plodding mediocrity—please observe, a plodding mediocrity—for a mere mediocrity does not go very far, but a plodding one gets quite a distance. There is joy in that success, and a distinction can come from courage, fidelity and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardozo was the second Jewish justice to be appointed to the Supreme Court. The first was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a>, whose family was <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>. </p><p>Cardozo was born into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jewish">Spanish and Portuguese Jewish</a> community, which had traditions distinct from the Ashkenazi. Since the appointment of Justice <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> in the 21st century, some commentators have suggested that Cardozo should be considered the "first Hispanic justice".<sup id="cite_ref-Hispanic?_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hispanic?-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this controversy, Cardozo biographer Andrew Kaufman questioned the usage of the term "Hispanic" in Justice Cardozo's lifetime: "Well, I think he regarded himself as a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jew</a> whose ancestors came from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardozo "confessed in 1937 that" after centuries in British North America, "his family preserved neither the Spanish language nor Iberian cultural traditions".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ancestors had lived in England, the British colonies, and the United States since the 17th century. </p><p>Some Latino advocacy groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Elected_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Latino Elected Officials">National Association of Latino Elected Officials</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_National_Bar_Association" title="Hispanic National Bar Association">Hispanic National Bar Association</a>, consider <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> to be the first Hispanic justice, as in their view she was raised in Hispanic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hispanic?_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hispanic?-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cases">Cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>New York Courts</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital" title="Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital">Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital</a></i>, 105 N.E. 92 (1914) it is necessary to get informed consent from a patient before operation, but a non-profit hospital was not vicariously liable (the latter aspect was reversed in 1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co." title="MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.">MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</a></i>, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916) ending <a href="/wiki/Privity" title="Privity">privity</a> as a prerequisite to duty in <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a> by ruling that manufacturers of products could be held liable for injuries to consumers even if they were not in privity.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Cicco_v._Schweizer" title="De Cicco v. Schweizer">De Cicco v. Schweizer</a></i>, 117 N.E. 807 (1917) where Cardozo approached the issue of <a href="/wiki/Third_party_beneficiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party beneficiary">third party beneficiary</a> law in a contract for marriage case.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></i>, 118 N.E. 214 (1917) on an implied promise to do something constituting <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a> in a contract.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Herzog" title="Martin v. Herzog">Martin v. Herzog</a></i>, 126 N.E. 814 (1920) breach of statutory duty establishes negligence, and the elements of the claim includes proof of causation</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_%26_Youngs_v._Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob & Youngs v. Kent">Jacob & Youngs v. Kent</a></i>, 230 N.Y. 239 (1921), substantial performance of a contract does not lead to a right to terminate, only damages.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hynes_v._New_York_Central_Railroad_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hynes v. New York Central Railroad Company (page does not exist)">Hynes v. New York Central Railroad Company</a></i>, 131 N.E. 898 (1921), a railway owed a <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> despite the victims being trespassers.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanzer_v_Shepard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glanzer v Shepard (page does not exist)">Glanzer v Shepard</a></i>, 233 N.Y. 236, 135 N.E. 275, 23 A.L.R. 1425 (1922), a Caballero bean weighing dispute, with duties imposed by law but growing out of contract</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berkey_v._Third_Avenue_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkey v. Third Avenue Railway">Berkey v. Third Avenue Railway</a></i>, 244 N.Y. 84 (1926), the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate veil">corporate veil</a> cannot be pierced, even in favor of a tort victim unless domination of a subsidiary by the parent is complete.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_v._International_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wagner v. International Railway (page does not exist)">Wagner v. International Railway</a></i>, 232 N.Y. 176 (1926) the <a href="/wiki/Rescue_doctrine" title="Rescue doctrine">rescue doctrine</a>. ”Danger invites rescue. The cry of distress is the summons to relief [...] The emergency begets the man. The wrongdoer may not have foreseen the coming of a deliverer. He is accountable as if he had”.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meinhard_v._Salmon" title="Meinhard v. Salmon">Meinhard v. Salmon</a></i>, 164 N.E. 545 (1928) the <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiduciary duty">fiduciary duty</a> of business partners is, ”Not honesty alone, but the punctilio of an honor the most sensitive”.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palsgraf_v._Long_Island_Railroad_Co." title="Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.">Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.</a></i>, 162 N.E. 99 (1928) the development of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">proximate cause</a> in tort law.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jessie_Schubert_v._August_Schubert_Wagon_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jessie Schubert v. August Schubert Wagon Company (page does not exist)">Jessie Schubert v. August Schubert Wagon Company</a></i>, 164 N.E. 42 (1929) <a href="/wiki/Respondeat_superior" title="Respondeat superior">Respondeat superior</a> and spousal immunity relationship are not related.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_v._Steeplechase_Amusement_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy v. Steeplechase Amusement Park (page does not exist)">Murphy v. Steeplechase Amusement Park</a></i>, 166 N.E. 173 (1929) denied a right to recover for knee injury from riding ”The Flopper” funride since the victim ”assumed the risk”.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultramares_v._Touche" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramares v. Touche">Ultramares v. Touche</a></i>, 174 N.E. 441 (1931) on the limitation of liability of auditors</li></ul> <dl><dt>US Supreme Court</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Condon" title="Nixon v. Condon">Nixon v. Condon</a></i>, 286 U.S. 73 (1932) all white Texas Democratic Party primary unconstitutional</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welch_v._Helvering" title="Welch v. Helvering">Welch v. Helvering</a></i>, 290 U.S. 111 (1933) which concerns Internal Revenue Code Section 162 and the meaning of ”ordinary” business deductions.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i>, 293 U.S. 388 (1935) dissenting from a narrow interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i>, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), concurring in the invalidation of poultry regulations as outside the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce clause">commerce clause</a> power.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter v. Carter Coal Company">Carter v. Carter Coal Company</a></i>, 298 U.S. 238 (1936) dissenting over the scope of the Commerce Clause.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steward_Machine_Company_v._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward Machine Company v. Davis">Steward Machine Company v. Davis</a></i>, 301 U.S. 548 (1937) unemployment compensation and social security were constitutional</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helvering_v._Davis" title="Helvering v. Davis">Helvering v. Davis</a></i>, 301 U.S. 619 (1937) social security not a contributory programme</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">Palko v. Connecticut</a></i>, 302 U.S. 319 (1937) the due process clause incorporated those rights which were ”implicit in the concept of ordered liberty”.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools,_organizations,_buildings_and_ships_named_after_Cardozo"><span id="Schools.2C_organizations.2C_buildings_and_ships_named_after_Cardozo"></span>Schools, organizations, buildings and ships named after Cardozo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Schools, organizations, buildings and ships named after Cardozo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_School_of_Law" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law">Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo Chapter (page does not exist)">Benjamin N. Cardozo Chapter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Alpha_Delta" title="Phi Alpha Delta">Phi Alpha Delta</a> Law Fraternity at The Catholic University of America <a href="/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law" title="Columbus School of Law">Columbus School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cardozo College, a dormitory building at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook,_New_York" title="Stony Brook, New York">Stony Brook, New York</a></li> <li>Benjamin N. Cardozo Lodge #163, <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias" title="Knights of Pythias">Knights of Pythias</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_High_School" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo High School">Benjamin N. Cardozo High School</a> in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li>The Cardozo Hotel, 1300 Ocean Drive, Miami, Florida</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> SS Benjamin N. Cardozo was built by <a href="/wiki/California_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="California Shipbuilding Corporation">California Shipbuilding Corporation</a> and launched on April 5, 1943 and later renamed <a href="/wiki/USS_Serpens_(AK-97)" title="USS Serpens (AK-97)">USS Serpens</a><i>.</i></li> <li>The Cardozo Jewish Legal Society is an affinity group at <a href="/wiki/Albany_Law_School" title="Albany Law School">Albany Law School</a> and other law schools dedicated to representing the interests of the school's Jewish students.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1921), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Judicial_Process" title="The Nature of the Judicial Process">The Nature of the Judicial Process</a></i>, The Storrs Lectures Delivered at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.</li> <li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1924), <i>The Growth of the Law</i>, 5 Additional Lectures Delivered at Yale University.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCardozo1928" class="citation book cs1">Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1928). <i>The Paradoxes of Legal Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843833">843833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradoxes+of+Legal+Science&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843833&rft.aulast=Cardozo&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1931), <i>Law and Literature and Other Essays and Addresses.</i></li> <li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1889), <i>The Altruist in Politics</i>, commencement oration at Columbia College, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1341/1341-h/1341-h.htm">Gutenberg Project version</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_minority_male_lawyers_and_judges_in_New_York" title="List of first minority male lawyers and judges in New York">List of first minority male lawyers and judges in New York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">"Justices 1789 to Present"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justices+1789+to+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fmembers_text.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book12_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book12_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book12_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOJ8QbxAHOIC"><i>Cardozo</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 6–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2"><bdi>0-674-09645-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218025954/https://books.google.com/books?id=eOJ8QbxAHOIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-09645-2&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOJ8QbxAHOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Polenberg, Richard (1997). <i>The World of Benjamin Cardozo</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-96051-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-96051-3"><bdi>0-674-96051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Benjamin+Cardozo&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-96051-3&rft.aulast=Polenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermanPress2009" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Mark; Press, The Associated (2009-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-us-supreme-court-first-hispanic-052609-2009may26-story.html">"First Hispanic justice? Some say it was Cardozo"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=First+Hispanic+justice%3F+Some+say+it+was+Cardozo&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Press%2C+The+Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-us-supreme-court-first-hispanic-052609-2009may26-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1999" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Edmund L. (1999). "The Twenty-Third Street Murder". <i>Studies in Murder</i>. Ohio State University Press. pp. 123–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081425022X" title="Special:BookSources/081425022X"><bdi>081425022X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Twenty-Third+Street+Murder&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Murder&rft.pages=123-164&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=081425022X&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Joe M. ”Francis L. Cardozo: Black educator during reconstruction”. <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> 48.1 (1979): 73–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294618">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727041144/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294618">Archived</a> 2020-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supreme_court-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_court_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_L._Tomlins2005" class="citation book cs1">Christopher L. Tomlins (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessupr00toml"><i>The United States Supreme Court</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessupr00toml/page/467">467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-32969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-32969-4"><bdi>978-0-618-32969-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-32969-4&rft.au=Christopher+L.+Tomlins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatessupr00toml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Polenberg, Richard (1997). <i>The World of Benjamin Cardozo</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-96051-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-96051-3"><bdi>0-674-96051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Benjamin+Cardozo&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-96051-3&rft.aulast=Polenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). <i>Cardozo</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00192-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00192-3"><bdi>0-674-00192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-00192-3&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nycourts.gov/biography/benjamin-nathan-cardozo/">"Benjamin Nathan Cardozo"</a>. <i>Historical Society of the New York Courts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Society+of+the+New+York+Courts&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Nathan+Cardozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nycourts.gov%2Fbiography%2Fbenjamin-nathan-cardozo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928082723/http://www.pbk.org/userfiles/file/Famous%20Members/PBKSupremeCourtJustices.pdf">"Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PBK.org</i>. Phi Beta Kappa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbk.org/userfiles/file/Famous%20Members/PBKSupremeCourtJustices.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBK.org&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Justices+Who+Are+Phi+Beta+Kappa+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbk.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FFamous%2520Members%2FPBKSupremeCourtJustices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4525470?urlappend=%3Bseq=158">"Columbia university alumni register, 1754-1931, compiled by the Committee on general catalogue"</a>. <i>HathiTrust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4525470?urlappend=%3Bseq=158">2027/uc1.b4525470</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=Columbia+university+alumni+register%2C+1754-1931%2C+compiled+by+the+Committee+on+general+catalogue&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4525470%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4525470%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Beryl Harold (November 2007). "Realist Jurisprudence and Prospective Overruling". <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>LIV</b> (17): 10, n. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Realist+Jurisprudence+and+Prospective+Overruling&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=10%2C+n.+31&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Beryl+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Cardozo, Benjamin N". <i>Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. 2003. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardozo%2C+Benjamin+N&rft.btitle=Great+American+Judges%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yale_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Pollak" title="Louis H. Pollak">Pollak, Louis H.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C364VLeAo8gC">"Pollak, Walter Heilprin (1887–1941)"</a>. In Newman, Roger K. (ed.). <i>The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law</i>. Yale University Press. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300113006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300113006"><bdi>978-0300113006</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121083430/https://books.google.com/books?id=C364VLeAo8gC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pollak%2C+Walter+Heilprin+%281887%E2%80%931941%29&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Biographical+Dictionary+of+American+Law&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0300113006&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC364VLeAo8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/02/03/100297987.pdf">Designation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308021943/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/02/03/100297987.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, February 3, 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People of the State of New York v. John Defore</i>, 150 N.E. 585 (1926).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stagg_(judge)" title="Tom Stagg (judge)">Stagg, Tom, Judge, United States District Court Western District of Louisiana</a> (July 15, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/02/opinion/l-when-politics-topples-precedent-that-s-chaos-cardozo-in-context-787691.html">"Letter to the Editor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Shreveport, La. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035104/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/02/opinion/l-when-politics-topples-precedent-that-s-chaos-cardozo-in-context-787691.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor&rft.date=1991-07-15&rft.aulast=Stagg&rft.aufirst=Tom%2C+Judge%2C+United+States+District+Court+Western+District+of+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fl-when-politics-topples-precedent-that-s-chaos-cardozo-in-context-787691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Karl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairamendment.us/Fair%20or%20Foul.htm">"Fair or Foul? Exclusionary rule hurts the innocent by protecting the guilty"</a>. <i>Yo! Liberals! You Call This Progress?</i>. Converse, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Free Press">Chattanooga Free Press</a>/Fielding Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0976682605" title="Special:BookSources/0976682605"><bdi>0976682605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235103/http://www.fairamendment.us/Fair%20or%20Foul.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yo%21+Liberals%21+You+Call+This+Progress%3F&rft.atitle=Fair+or+Foul%3F+Exclusionary+rule+hurts+the+innocent+by+protecting+the+guilty&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0976682605&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairamendment.us%2FFair%2520or%2520Foul.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976682608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976682608">978-0976682608</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polenberg-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polenberg_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Polenberg, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKidV6GZyooC&pg=PA286"><i>The World of Benjamin Cardozo: Personal Values and the Judicial Process</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 203–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674960521" title="Special:BookSources/0674960521"><bdi>0674960521</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Benjamin+Cardozo%3A+Personal+Values+and+the+Judicial+Process&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=203-207&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0674960521&rft.aulast=Polenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKidV6GZyooC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674960527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674960527">978-0674960527</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL33225-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillion2022" class="citation report cs1">McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+1789+to+2020%3A+Actions+by+the+Senate%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+and+the+President&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=McMillion&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL33225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1932-02-16-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1932-02-16_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/16/archives/cardozo-is-named-to-supreme-court-nomination-hailed-hoover-sends.html">"Cardozo is named to Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1932-02-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081451/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/16/archives/cardozo-is-named-to-supreme-court-nomination-hailed-hoover-sends.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cardozo+is+named+to+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1932-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1932%2F02%2F16%2Farchives%2Fcardozo-is-named-to-supreme-court-nomination-hailed-hoover-sends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presidential_leadership-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-presidential_leadership_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Taranto,_Leonard_Leo2004" class="citation book cs1">James Taranto, Leonard Leo (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentiallead00tara"><i>Presidential Leadership</i></a></span>. Wall Street Journal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7226-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-7226-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Leadership&rft.pub=Wall+Street+Journal+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7226-1&rft.au=James+Taranto%2C+Leonard+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentiallead00tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>The New York Times</i>, March 2, 1932, p. 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Handler, 1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). <i>Cardozo</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 479–489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00192-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00192-3"><bdi>0-674-00192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo&rft.pages=479-489&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-00192-3&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Larry M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-journal/benjamin-cardozo-the-tort-whisperer-nine-decades-later/">"Benjamin N. Cardozo: The Tort Whisperer Nine Decades Later"</a>. <i>Florida Bar Journal</i>. <b>95</b> (5): 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Bar+Journal&rft.atitle=Benjamin+N.+Cardozo%3A+The+Tort+Whisperer+Nine+Decades+Later&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridabar.org%2Fthe-florida-bar-journal%2Fbenjamin-cardozo-the-tort-whisperer-nine-decades-later%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3CfAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA67"><i>Death Notices: Supplement to General Alumni Catalog</i></a>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. 1939. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506103231/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3CfAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Notices%3A+Supplement+to+General+Alumni+Catalog&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3CfAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/cardozo.html">Benjamin Cardozo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021233729/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/cardozo.html">Archived</a> 2016-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jewish Virtual Library,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">"Christensen, George A. (1983) <i>Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices</i>, Yearbook"</a>. Archived from the original on 2005-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christensen%2C+George+A.+%281983%29+Here+Lies+the+Supreme+Court%3A+Gravesites+of+the+Justices%2C+Yearbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2F04_library%2Fsubs_volumes%2F04_c20_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See also</i>, Christensen, George A., <i>Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited</i>, <i>Journal of Supreme Court History</i>, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 – 41 (19 Feb 2008), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand1953" class="citation book cs1">Hand, Learned (1953). <i>The Spirit of Liberty, Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand, Mr. Justice Cardozo</i> (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 132–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Liberty%2C+Papers+and+Addresses+of+Learned+Hand%2C+Mr.+Justice+Cardozo&rft.pages=132-133&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Learned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As quoted in <i>Nine Old Men</i> (1936) by Drew Pearson and Robert Sharon Allen, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hispanic?-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hispanic?_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hispanic?_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2009-05-26-courtcardozo_N.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cardozo was first, but was he Hispanic?,' <i>USA Today</i>, May 27, 2009"</a>. May 27, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530075853/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2009-05-26-courtcardozo_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Cardozo+was+first%2C+but+was+he+Hispanic%3F%2C%27+USA+Today%2C+May+27%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2Fjudicial%2F2009-05-26-courtcardozo_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821223222/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7682271">"Mark Sherman, 'First Hispanic Justice? Some Say It Was Cardozo,' Associated Press May 26, 2009"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7682271">the original</a> on August 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Mark+Sherman%2C+%27First+Hispanic+Justice%3F+Some+Say+It+Was+Cardozo%2C%27+Associated+Press+May+26%2C+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D7682271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/blogs/robert-schlesinger/2009/05/26/would-sotomayor-be-the-first-hispanic-supreme-court-justice-or-was-it-cardozo.html">"Robert Schlesinger, <i>Would Sotomayor be the First Hispanic Supreme Court Justice or Was it Cardozo?</i> <i>US News & World Report</i> May 29, 2009"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529010636/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/robert-schlesinger/2009/05/26/would-sotomayor-be-the-first-hispanic-supreme-court-justice-or-was-it-cardozo.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Schlesinger%2C+Would+Sotomayor+be+the+First+Hispanic+Supreme+Court+Justice+or+Was+it+Cardozo%3F+US+News+%26+World+Report+May+29%2C+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fblogs%2Frobert-schlesinger%2F2009%2F05%2F26%2Fwould-sotomayor-be-the-first-hispanic-supreme-court-justice-or-was-it-cardozo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/us/27hispanic.html">"Neil A. Lewis, 'Was a Hispanic Justice on the Court in the '30s?,' <i>The New York Times</i>, May 26, 2009"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 27, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630005302/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/us/27hispanic.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Neil+A.+Lewis%2C+%27Was+a+Hispanic+Justice+on+the+Court+in+the+%2730s%3F%2C%27+The+New+York+Times%2C+May+26%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F27%2Fus%2F27hispanic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviva_Ben-Ur2009" class="citation book cs1">Aviva Ben-Ur (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZQwMhgF8VkC&pg=PA86"><i><span></span></i>Sephardic Jews in America: A Diasporic History<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: NYU Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8632-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-8632-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727093049/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZQwMhgF8VkC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardic+Jews+in+America%3A+A+Diasporic+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8632-1&rft.au=Aviva+Ben-Ur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZQwMhgF8VkC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pad.org/general/custom.asp?page=law_chapter_locator">"Law School Chapter Locator"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+School+Chapter+Locator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pad.org%2Fgeneral%2Fcustom.asp%3Fpage%3Dlaw_chapter_locator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardozospeaks.org">* * * Benjamin N. Cardozo Lodge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224163624/http://www.cardozospeaks.org/">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.cardozospeaks.org</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1999" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry J. (1999). <i>Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton</i> (Revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9"><bdi>0-8476-9604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices%2C+Presidents%2C+and+Senators%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Appointments+from+Washington+to+Clinton&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8476-9604-9&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1957). <i>An Introduction to Law</i>. Cambridge: Harvard Law Review Association. (Chapters by eight distinguished American judges).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Lawrence A. (1995). "Cardozo and Posner: A Study in Contracts". <i>William & Mary Law Review</i>. <b>36</b>: 1379. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=678761">678761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Cardozo+and+Posner%3A+A+Study+in+Contracts&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=1379&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D678761%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cardozo, Benjamin N. [1870–1938]. <i>Essays Dedicated to Mr. Justice Cardozo</i>. [N.p.]: Published by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a>, 1939. [143] pp. Contributors: <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a>, the Rt. Hon. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Maugham">Lord Maugham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vere_Evatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Vere Evatt">Herbert Vere Evatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learned_Hand" title="Learned Hand">Learned Hand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Lehman" title="Irving Lehman">Irving Lehman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Seavey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren Seavey (page does not exist)">Warren Seavey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Corbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Corbin">Arthur L. Corbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>. Also includes a reprint of Cardozo’s essay ”Law And Literature” with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995</i> (2nd ed.). (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>, Congressional Quarterly Books). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%28Supreme+Court+Historical+Society%2C+Congressional+Quarterly+Books%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter, Felix</a>, <i>Mr. Justice Cardozo and Public Law</i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a> 39 (1939): 88–118, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 52 (1939): 440–470, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a> 48 (1939): 458–488.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"><bdi>0-19-505835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505835-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Milton (1995). "Stone's Appointment by Coolidge". <i>The Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Stone%27s+Appointment+by+Coolidge&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?108203-1/cardozo">Presentation by Andrew L. Kaufman on <i>Cardozo</i>, June 14, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cardozo00kauf"><i>Cardozo</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-09645-2"><bdi>0-674-09645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-09645-2&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcardozo00kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"><i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Polenberg, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofbenjaminc00pole/page/320"><i>The World of Benjamin Cardozo: Personal Values and the Judicial Process</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofbenjaminc00pole/page/320">320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96051-0"><bdi>978-0-674-96051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Benjamin+Cardozo%3A+Personal+Values+and+the+Judicial+Process&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-96051-0&rft.aulast=Polenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofbenjaminc00pole%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Posner" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Posner">Posner, Richard A.</a> (1990). <i>Cardozo: A Study in Reputation</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67555-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67555-6"><bdi>0-226-67555-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardozo%3A+A+Study+in+Reputation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-226-67555-6&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seavey, Warren A., <i>Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Torts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a> 39 (1939): 20–55, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 52 (1939): 372–407, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a> 48 (1939): 390–425</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590">590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv%2Fpage%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+N.+Cardozo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_N._Cardozo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Benjamin N. Cardozo</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_N._Cardozo" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Benjamin N. Cardozo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" class="extiw" title="q:Benjamin N. Cardozo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Benjamin_N._Cardozo" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Benjamin N. Cardozo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817637" class="extiw" title="d:Q817637">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378836">Benjamin Nathan Cardozo</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/610">Works by Benjamin Nathan Cardozo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20Nathan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20B%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20Nathan%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22B%2E%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20Nathan%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20Nathan%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20Nathan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20B%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20B%2E%20Nathan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20Nathan%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22B%2E%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20Nathan%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22B%2E%20N%2E%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20Nathan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%20N%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20Cardozo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cardozo%2C%20Benjamin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221870-1938%22%20AND%20Cardozo%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Benjamin N. Cardozo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15378">Works by Benjamin N. Cardozo</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826222955/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/cardozo.htm">Benjamin Cardozo at Michael Ariens.com.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207190754/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c11.html">History of the Court, the Hughes Court at</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/elecbook/thereshallbe/pg100.htm">Listing and portrait of Benjamin N. Cardozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> judge at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Society_of_the_Courts_of_the_State_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York (page does not exist)">Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez Project</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/benjamin_n_cardozo/">U.S. Supreme Court media, Benjamin N. Cardozo.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hiscock" title="Frank H. Hiscock">Frank Hiscock</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals">Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals</a> </b><br />1927–1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_W._Pound" title="Cuthbert W. Pound">Cuthbert Pound</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Holmes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1932–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Jurisprudence&hidebots=0">changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_judges_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ChiefJudgeNYSCoAppeal" 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Jewett">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_C._Bronson" title="Greene C. Bronson">Bronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Ruggles" title="Charles H. Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Denio" title="Hiram Denio">Denio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Johnson" title="Alexander S. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Comstock" title="George F. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Selden" title="Samuel L. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Denio" title="Hiram Denio">Denio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Davies_(judge)" title="Henry E. Davies (judge)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Wright" title="William B. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Earl_(judge)" title="Robert Earl (judge)">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Andrews_(New_York_judge)" title="Charles Andrews (New York judge)">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Ruger" title="William C. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Earl_(judge)" title="Robert Earl (judge)">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Andrews_(New_York_judge)" title="Charles Andrews (New York judge)">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_M._Cullen" title="Edgar M. Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Bartlett" title="Willard Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hiscock" title="Frank H. Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_W._Pound" title="Cuthbert W. Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_E._Crane" title="Frederick E. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Lehman" title="Irving Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Loughran" title="John T. Loughran">Loughran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_H._Lewis" title="Edmund H. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Conway" title="Albert Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Desmond" title="Charles S. Desmond">Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_H._Fuld" title="Stanley H. Fuld">Fuld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Breitel" title="Charles D. Breitel">Breitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Cooke" title="Lawrence H. Cooke">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Wachtler" title="Sol Wachtler">Wachtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Simons" title="Richard D. Simons">Simons</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Kaye" title="Judith Kaye">Kaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Beauchamp_Ciparick" title="Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick">Ciparick</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lippman" title="Jonathan Lippman">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Pigott_Jr." title="Eugene F. Pigott Jr.">Pigott</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_DiFiore" title="Janet DiFiore">DiFiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cannataro" title="Anthony Cannataro">Cannataro</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_D._Wilson" title="Rowan D. Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118668358">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50032400">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343132d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343132d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520546">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35025811">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030429004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX877850">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068553021">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90213228">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000047234&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M6299">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640536105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259477805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058588518706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00902630?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/287841">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/799474">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118668358">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032393423">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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