National Institute of Standards and Technology

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/","20240204234439","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1707090279"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.251.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.251.1",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),a(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.251.1.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.251.1.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-se+MgwtmnbdP/MASClg+GOgpTkSpcEndd09loplWI8jtivCRtbuBQGqwgSDauFr6FUmrBsb2ccq/Hk5NZDAKMQ=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","node_id":"783411","content_type":"Homepage"});</script> <meta name="description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta property="og:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.subject" content="Working with industry and science to advance innovation and improve quality of life."/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2024-01-30T13:14-05:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="9802F04AC0DBFA09E639BA8F2E349685"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2024-01-30T13:14:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "name": "NIST", "description": "NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg", "width": "220", "height": "220" }, "datePublished": "2016-03-24T14:44-04:00", "dateModified": "2024-01-30T13:14-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="homepage"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>National Institute of Standards and Technology</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240204234439cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_hYVyuaKgKfiMtjUm9p3GvCf2k364uzuAaH2RlXwPnIU.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240204234439cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20240204234439cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240204234439cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_a_aPvBNLK21ntDbBDMqv_xe37eeWY0ck2ghJ66R_-pI.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"/> <script src="/web/20240204234439js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"></script> </head> <body class="node-783411"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--full" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <ul class="usa-nav__secondary-links"> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/shop">Shop</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="bg-base-darkest"> <div class="nist-hero nist-hero--homepage grid-row"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet-lg:grid-col-6 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/new-nccoe-guide-helps-major-industries-observe-incoming-data-while-using"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=0PeUVkpT 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1600w_x_800h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=goJtoCY- 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=ZpMOtfsx 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=uyPR3ARn 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=1HMh5QXZ 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.webp?itok=Cp_lVrvs 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png.jpg?itok=0PeUVkpT" width="800" height="400" alt="Illustration shows a website with https:// at the top and and the NIST TLS 1.3 Visibility Practice Guide on the screen. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/new-nccoe-guide-helps-major-industries-observe-incoming-data-while-using"> <div class="text">New NCCoE Guide Helps Major Industries Observe Incoming Data While Using Latest Internet Security Protocol</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/cells-electric-fields-keep-nanoparticles-bay-scientists-confirm"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=8w2BiGMR 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=t7wqbkk_ 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=j9Zi8AOM 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=z2bbZDFr 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=TpU41UvU 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.webp?itok=SMY_381h 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png.jpg?itok=8w2BiGMR" width="400" height="400" alt="A negatively charged membrane at top (in red) attracts small, positively charged molecules (purple circles), which crowd the membrane and push away a far larger, neutral (pink) nanoparticle." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/cells-electric-fields-keep-nanoparticles-bay-scientists-confirm"> <div class="text">Cells’ Electric Fields Keep Nanoparticles at Bay, Scientists Confirm</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/polymer-scientist-wrestles-literally-and-figuratively-frustrations-plastic"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=AjCNK8HN 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=A7z6b0M- 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=gGXcYZt0 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=i6N7S7-9 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=kxIy0YaE 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.webp?itok=uy4_KjuI 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2024/01/04/kate_beers_orange_in_plastic_packaging.jpg.jpg?itok=AjCNK8HN" width="400" height="400" alt="A small orange is packaged in a plastic container with a lid. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/polymer-scientist-wrestles-literally-and-figuratively-frustrations-plastic"> <div class="text">A Polymer Scientist Wrestles — Literally and Figuratively — With the Frustrations of Plastic Packaging</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-slogan"> <h2 class="nist-slogan__title">INNOVATION UNLEASHED</h2> <p class="nist-slogan__content">Working with industry and academia to enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.</p> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Services & Resources</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://csrc.nist.gov/">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/http://www.time.gov/">Official U.S. Time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software">Software</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Laboratories</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/ctl">Communications Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/el">Engineering Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/itl">Information Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/mml">Material Measurement Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Extramural Programs</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/mep">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.manufacturingusa.com/" class="ext extlink">Manufacturing USA<span class="ext" aria-label="(link is external)"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap">NVLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/tpo">Technology Transfer</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chips-banner"> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 flex-align-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__title"> <h2 class="margin-y-1"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov">CHIPS <span class="text-italic">for</span> America</a></h2> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-auto chips-banner__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.webp?v1" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" alt="CHIPS.gov logo" width="100" height="76" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__text"> <div class="maxw-mobile margin-x-auto tablet:margin-left-0"> Investments in innovation, resilience and a more competitive American future | <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov" class="chips-banner__more">Learn more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-accent-cool text-center font-body-xl">Featured Topics</h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/ai.png?v1" alt="Artificial Intelligence" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/climate"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/environment.png?v1" alt="Climate" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/climate">Climate</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/communications.png?v1" alt="Communications" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications">Communications</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/cybersecurity.png?v1" alt="Cybersecurity" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/health.png?v1" alt="Health & Bioscience" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience">Health & Bioscience</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/infrastructure.png?v1" alt="Infrastructure" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/manufacturing.png?v1" alt="Manufacturing" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/quantum_science2.png?v1" alt="Quantum Science" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science">Quantum Science</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-primary text-center font-body-xl">Standards & Measurements</h2> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--primary-lighter margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.jpg 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/jpg" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <img src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg" width="1160" height="800" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <p class="mobile-lg:margin-top-neg-105 font-sans-md">NIST’s portfolio of services for measurements, standards, and legal metrology provide solutions that ensure measurement traceability, enable quality assurance, and harmonize documentary standards and regulatory practices.</p> <ul class="add-list-reset margin-top-4"> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--measure"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Calibrations</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/documentary-standards" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-text2"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Documentary Standards</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-binary"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Data</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--prescription"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Materials</div></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6 margin-top-4"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-e6659be14f9e4018784232590494620400a1a1f49cea2c0c87cceeae0c21724e"> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/new-nccoe-guide-helps-major-industries-observe-incoming-data-while-using" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/new-nccoe-guide-helps-major-industries-observe-incoming-data-while-using" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/30/TLS_graphic.png?itok=BTm8cRcK" width="100" height="67" alt="Illustration shows a website with https:// at the top and and the NIST TLS 1.3 Visibility Practice Guide on the screen. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/new-nccoe-guide-helps-major-industries-observe-incoming-data-while-using"><span property="schema:name">New NCCoE Guide Helps Major Industries Observe Incoming Data While Using Latest Internet Security Protocol</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-30T12:00:00Z">January 30, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The new draft practice guide can help companies in key industries use TLS 1.3 while performing required audits on incoming internet traffic. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/cells-electric-fields-keep-nanoparticles-bay-scientists-confirm" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/cells-electric-fields-keep-nanoparticles-bay-scientists-confirm" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/22/24NCNR001-Biomembrane-final.png?itok=Ohg1xZqI" width="100" height="58" alt="A negatively charged membrane at top (in red) attracts small, positively charged molecules (purple circles), which crowd the membrane and push away a far larger, neutral (pink) nanoparticle." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/cells-electric-fields-keep-nanoparticles-bay-scientists-confirm"><span property="schema:name">Cells’ Electric Fields Keep Nanoparticles at Bay, Scientists Confirm</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-23T12:00:00Z">January 23, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The surprisingly strong effect could have implications for drug design and delivery. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-and-nsf-award-nearly-71-million-15-universities-support-disaster" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-and-nsf-award-nearly-71-million-15-universities-support-disaster" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/08/21/OptimoTRA.png?itok=fO8CTmMr" width="100" height="73" alt="Groups of people sit or lie in a parking lot surrounded by low buildings as fires burn in the forest beyond. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-and-nsf-award-nearly-71-million-15-universities-support-disaster"><span property="schema:name">NIST and NSF Award Nearly $7.1 Million to 15 Universities to Support Disaster Resilience</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-18T12:00:00Z">January 18, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The grants will fund research that will improve the ability of buildings, infrastructure and communities to withstand severe natural hazards. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-offers-guidance-measuring-and-improving-your-companys-cybersecurity" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-offers-guidance-measuring-and-improving-your-companys-cybersecurity" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/16/shutterstock_1831742065.jpg?itok=HmAF446g" width="100" height="56" alt="A man's hand reaches for an open laptop with a transparent overlay of metrics symbols like a bar chart, a shield, gears and targets. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-offers-guidance-measuring-and-improving-your-companys-cybersecurity"><span property="schema:name">NIST Offers Guidance on Measuring and Improving Your Company’s Cybersecurity Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-17T12:00:00Z">January 17, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Draft publication can help with evaluating information security efforts. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/search">View All News</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Events</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-b3265be0234dd2f739b3c2bd9e77dcb18c4100703fb1de05a9d0825f20f6db8e"> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/analytical-and-data-challenges-surrounding-drug-detection-identification-and" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/analytical-and-data-challenges-surrounding-drug-detection-identification-and"><span>Analytical and Data Challenges Surrounding Drug Detection, Identification, and Monitoring</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Feb 13 - Wed, Feb 14 2024</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The Analytical and Data Challenges Surround Drug Detection, Identification, and Monitoring workshop is a two-day event </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/quantum-matters-materials-science-workshop" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/quantum-matters-materials-science-workshop" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/08/04/QMMS_Graphic%202024%20copy.png?itok=nJQhAdYl" width="100" height="56" alt="QMMS Conference Identifier" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/quantum-matters-materials-science-workshop"><span>Quantum Matters in Materials Science Workshop</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Wed, Feb 21 - Thu, Feb 22 2024</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> As a part of the JARVIS workshops series, NIST is organizing the 3rd Quantum Matters in Materials Science (QMMS) </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/5x5-public-safety-innovation-summit" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/5x5-public-safety-innovation-summit" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/12/28/5x5_2024_Social_Register_Op1.jpg?itok=ta1_zQfd" width="100" height="53" alt="Graphic reads "5x5 the public safety innovation summit. Register now!"" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/5x5-public-safety-innovation-summit"><span>5x5: The Public Safety Innovation Summit</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Jun 25 - Thu, Jun 27 2024</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> 5x5 ― the confirmation of a strong and clear signal ― and the place to make your voice heard and drive public safety </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/event-archive">View Past Events</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events">View All Upcoming Events</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20240204234439im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/national-institute-standards-and-technology" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/783411","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":true,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-social","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240204234439js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_L4s-xoxkQ67XMK98eQiz0h1j1ibNkR1AmjhYszY77y0.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234439js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20240204234439js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_QyCqx83qyFFTtjxWcpiMrJORM1k2kQKf3MQTsss6GA8.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1joFuwyAMRH-IhU9CJnjg1cEMQ1n_fiRt1ahSJYR8z6fzeVgvrsl8xfrX7H7U-A8rWiWbKBIZHWTgW6NV7TswmbS5b5osyMgsEFyrM4ZytBHua6WGtJUqV7TvYK9wsJZww3lZ2EN1mwQbSMHPYKZ8MXrThttsqHj4bWTxwOf56xFlE0LA-pRujHF2n_Ruwb-2H7Ch9gK8PKS5Eg61x7_MMp3RFKgQK5SkT_OLLD2X7pk0YbiXwN8O7BJSTO0f1_aXDQ"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":40,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

National Institute of Standards and Technology