Publications

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/publications","20240205000135","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1707091295"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.251.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.251.1",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),a(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.251.1.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.251.1.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-se+MgwtmnbdP/MASClg+GOgpTkSpcEndd09loplWI8jtivCRtbuBQGqwgSDauFr6FUmrBsb2ccq/Hk5NZDAKMQ=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Publications","node_id":"1564276","content_type":"Landing page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/node/1564276"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Publications | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Publications"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-08-28T15:16-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Publications"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-08-28T15:16-04:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Publications"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-08-28T15:16:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Publications | NIST", "datePublished": "2019-05-09T10:23-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-08-28T15:16-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="landing"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Publications | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000135cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_9drtsigqd6ddl3kuVEIHY_MTCTPp4FOjGV6sY8MdZ4o.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000135cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20240205000135cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000135cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zxDJPMpCfrT8NQEavjogRlrVmShwu9oesPd2F7606bk.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"/> <script src="/web/20240205000135js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"></script> </head> <body class="node-1564276"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here鈥檚 how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here鈥檚 how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you鈥檝e safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/publications</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link usa-current" href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Publications</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"> <div class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form usa-form filters nist-block" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications"> <form action="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-form"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-k js-form-item-k"> <label for="edit-k" class="usa-label"> Search </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-k" aria-describedby="edit-k--description" type="text" id="edit-k" name="k" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> <div id="edit-k--description" class="description help-block"> Search Title, Abstract, Conference, Citation, Keyword or Author </div> </div> <ul class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered usa-accordion--filters"> <li> <button type="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary-content" role="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary" aria-expanded="false" aria-pressed="false" class="usa-accordion__button display-inline-block">Advanced search</button> <div id="edit-secondary-content" class="usa-accordion__content"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-t js-form-item-t"> <label for="edit-t" class="usa-label"> Title </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-t" type="text" id="edit-t" name="t" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-a js-form-item-a"> <label for="edit-a" class="usa-label"> Author </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-a" type="text" id="edit-a" name="a" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ps js-form-item-ps"> <label for="edit-ps" class="usa-label"> NIST Pub Series </label> <div class="select-wrapper"><select data-drupal-selector="edit-ps" id="edit-ps" name="ps" class="form-select usa-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="8661">All NIST Publications</option><option value="2747816">Advanced Manufacturing Series (NIST AMS)</option><option value="8726">Building Science Series</option><option value="8701">Federal Inf. Process. Stds. (NIST FIPS)</option><option value="8691">Grant/Contract Reports (NISTGCR)</option><option value="8676">Handbook (NIST HB)</option><option value="8736">ITL Bulletin</option><option value="8671">J. Phys. & Chem. Ref. Data (JPCRD)</option><option value="8666">Journal of Research (NIST JRES)</option><option value="8721">Letter Circular</option><option value="8716">Monograph (NIST MN)</option><option value="8706">National Construction Safety Team Act Reports (NIST NCSTAR)</option><option value="8696">Natl Std. Ref. Data Series (NIST NSRDS)</option><option value="8711">NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR)</option><option value="8731">Product Standards</option><option value="8681">Special Publication (NIST SP)</option><option value="8686">Technical Note (NIST TN)</option><option value="8741">Other</option></select></div> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ta js-form-item-ta"> <label for="edit-ta" class="usa-label"> NIST Topic Areas </label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-ta" multiple="multiple" name="ta[]" id="edit-ta" size="9" class="form-select usa-select"><option value="249466">Advanced communications</option><option value="2806886">-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)</option><option value="248311">-Quantum communications</option><option value="2806891">-Spectrum sharing</option><option value="248316">-Wireless (RF)</option><option value="248321">Bioscience</option><option value="2806896">-Bioinformatics</option><option value="248876">-Biomanufacturing</option><option value="248326">-Biomaterials</option><option value="248336">-Cell biology</option><option value="248341">-Engineering / synthetic biology</option><option value="248346">-Genomics</option><option value="248351">-Glycomics</option><option value="2784896">-Metabolomics</option><option value="248361">-Microbial measurements</option><option value="248366">-Proteomics</option><option value="248371">Buildings and Construction</option><option value="248376">-Building codes and standards</option><option value="248381">-Building control systems</option><option value="248386">-Building damage and repair</option><option value="248391">-Building economics</option><option value="248396">-Building materials</option><option value="248551">-Energy efficiency</option><option value="248401">-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment</option><option value="248406">-Indoor air quality</option><option value="248411">-Structural engineering</option><option value="2788796">-Thermal comfort</option><option value="248416">Chemistry</option><option value="248421">-Analytical chemistry</option><option value="248426">-Chemical engineering and processing</option><option value="248431">-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties</option><option value="248436">-Molecular characterization</option><option value="248441">-Theoretical chemistry and modeling</option><option value="248446">-Thermochemical properties</option><option value="248486">Electronics</option><option value="248491">-Electromagnetics</option><option value="248526">-Flexible electronics</option><option value="248496">-Magnetoelectronics</option><option value="248501">-Optoelectronics</option><option value="249491">-Organic electronics</option><option value="248511">-Semiconductors</option><option value="248516">-Sensors</option><option value="248521">-Superconducting electronics</option><option value="248531">Energy</option><option value="248536">-Alternative energy</option><option value="248541">-Conventional energy</option><option value="248546">-Electric power / smart grid</option><option value="248556">-Fuels</option><option value="248561">Environment</option><option value="248566">-Air / water / soil quality</option><option value="2788551">-Climate</option><option value="248571">-Environmental health</option><option value="248576">-Greenhouse gas measurements</option><option value="248581">-Marine science</option><option value="2746596">-Sustainability</option><option value="248586">Fire</option><option value="2746896">-Emergency building evacuation</option><option value="248591">-Fire detection</option><option value="2746901">-Fire dynamics and science</option><option value="248596">-Fire fighting</option><option value="248601">-Fire modeling</option><option value="248606">-Fire risk reduction</option><option value="248611">-Materials flammability</option><option value="2746906">-Structural fire resistance</option><option value="2746911">-Wildland urban interface fire</option><option value="248616">Forensic Science</option><option value="248626">-Digital evidence</option><option value="248636">-Drugs and toxicology</option><option value="248621">-Firearms and toolmarks</option><option value="248641">-Forensic biometrics</option><option value="248631">-Forensic genetics</option><option value="248646">-Trace evidence</option><option value="248651">Health</option><option value="248681">-Biopharmaceuticals</option><option value="248661">-Clinical diagnostics</option><option value="248666">-Dentistry</option><option value="248671">-Food and nutrition</option><option value="248676">-Medical imaging</option><option value="248686">-Precision medicine</option><option value="248656">-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy</option><option value="249421">Information technology</option><option value="2753736">-Artificial intelligence</option><option value="2800826">--AI measurement and evaluation</option><option value="2788806">--Applied AI</option><option value="2788801">--Fundamental AI</option><option value="2800831">--Hardware for AI</option><option value="2800991">--Machine learning</option><option value="2800836">--Trustworthy and responsible AI</option><option value="248701">-Biometrics</option><option value="248706">-Cloud computing and virtualization</option><option value="248711">-Complex systems</option><option value="248716">-Computational science</option><option value="248721">-Conformance testing</option><option value="248726">-Cyber-physical systems</option><option value="2746861">--Smart cities</option><option value="248731">-Cybersecurity</option><option value="248746">--Cryptography</option><option value="2753741">--Cybersecurity education and workforce development</option><option value="2788811">--Cybersecurity measurement</option><option value="248736">--Identity and access management</option><option value="2788816">--Privacy engineering</option><option value="248751">--Risk management</option><option value="2788821">--Securing emerging technologies</option><option value="2788826">--Trustworthy networks</option><option value="2788831">--Trustworthy platforms</option><option value="248756">-Data and informatics</option><option value="248761">--Human language technology</option><option value="248766">--Information retrieval</option><option value="248771">--Natural language processing</option><option value="248781">-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)</option><option value="248786">-Health IT</option><option value="2748441">-Internet of Things (IoT)</option><option value="248796">-Interoperability testing</option><option value="2806901">-Location based services</option><option value="248801">-Mobile</option><option value="248806">-Networking</option><option value="2753766">--Mobile and wireless networking</option><option value="2753756">--Network management and monitoring</option><option value="248811">--Network modeling and analysis</option><option value="2753746">--Network security and robustness</option><option value="2753751">--Network test and measurement</option><option value="248816">--Next generation networks</option><option value="2753761">--Protocol聽design and standardization</option><option value="2753771">--Software defined and virtual networks</option><option value="248821">-Privacy</option><option value="248826">-Software research</option><option value="248841">--Software testing</option><option value="248846">-Usability and human factors</option><option value="248851">--Accessibility</option><option value="248776">-Video analytics</option><option value="2788836">-Virtual / augmented reality</option><option value="248856">-Visualization research</option><option value="248861">-Voting systems</option><option value="2748236">Infrastructure</option><option value="248866">Manufacturing</option><option value="248871">-Additive manufacturing</option><option value="2746601">-Factory communications</option><option value="248886">-Factory operations planning and control</option><option value="248891">-Interoperability in manufacturing</option><option value="248901">-Machining</option><option value="2788841">-Manufacturing economics</option><option value="248906">-Manufacturing systems design and analysis</option><option value="2784921">-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics</option><option value="2748446">-Process improvement</option><option value="248911">-Process measurement and control</option><option value="2748451">-Product data</option><option value="248916">-Quality assurance</option><option value="248921">-Robotics in manufacturing</option><option value="2748476">--Agility and adaptability</option><option value="2748456">--Collaborative robots</option><option value="2748461">--Dexterous grasping</option><option value="2748471">--Manipulation</option><option value="2748466">--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles</option><option value="2748486">--Navigation / actuation / control</option><option value="2748481">--Sensing and perception</option><option value="248926">-Supply chain</option><option value="248931">-Sustainable manufacturing</option><option value="2748491">-Systems engineering</option><option value="2748496">-Systems integration</option><option value="248936">-Technology commercialization</option><option value="248946">Materials</option><option value="248951">-Ceramics</option><option value="248956">-Composites</option><option value="248961">-Concrete / cement</option><option value="248966">-Materials characterization</option><option value="248971">--Composition and structure</option><option value="248981">--Mechanical properties</option><option value="248986">--Thermal properties</option><option value="248991">-Metals</option><option value="248996">-Modeling and computational material science</option><option value="249001">-Polymers</option><option value="249006">-Superconductors</option><option value="249011">Mathematics and statistics</option><option value="249016">-Experiment design</option><option value="249021">-Image and signal processing</option><option value="249031">-Modeling and simulation research</option><option value="249036">-Numerical methods and software</option><option value="249041">-Statistical analysis</option><option value="249046">-Uncertainty quantification</option><option value="249051">Metrology</option><option value="249061">-Amount of substance</option><option value="249066">-Dimensional metrology</option><option value="249071">-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</option><option value="249081">-Flow metrology and rheology</option><option value="249086">-Force metrology</option><option value="249091">-Humidity metrology</option><option value="249096">-Ionizing radiation metrology</option><option value="249101">-Mass metrology</option><option value="2746606">-Metric</option><option value="249106">-Optical / photometry / laser metrology</option><option value="249111">-Pressure and vacuum metrology</option><option value="249116">-Thermometry metrology</option><option value="249121">-Time and frequency metrology</option><option value="2746611">-Weights and measures</option><option value="249126">Nanotechnology</option><option value="249131">-Nanobiotechnology</option><option value="249136">-Nanochemistry</option><option value="249141">-Nanoelectronics</option><option value="249146">-Nanofabrication / manufacturing</option><option value="249151">--Lithography</option><option value="249156">--Self-assembly</option><option value="249161">-Nanofluidics</option><option value="249166">-Nanomagnetics</option><option value="249171">-Nanomaterials</option><option value="249176">-Nanomechanics</option><option value="249181">-Nanometrology</option><option value="249186">-Nanophotonics</option><option value="249191">-Nanophysics</option><option value="249196">-Nanoplasmonics</option><option value="249451">Neutron research</option><option value="249426">Performance excellence</option><option value="249211">-Assessment tools and services</option><option value="249431">-Baldrige award</option><option value="249436">-Baldrige examiners</option><option value="249226">-Baldrige Framework and Criteria</option><option value="249231">-Best practices</option><option value="249236">-Leadership development</option><option value="249241">Physics</option><option value="249246">-Atomic / molecular / quantum</option><option value="249251">-Biological physics</option><option value="249256">-Condensed matter</option><option value="249261">-Electron physics</option><option value="249266">-Magnetics</option><option value="249271">-Nuclear physics</option><option value="249276">-Optical physics and communications</option><option value="249281">-Quantum information science</option><option value="249286">-Radiation</option><option value="249291">-Spectroscopy</option><option value="249296">-Thermodynamics</option><option value="249301">-Time and frequency</option><option value="249461">Public safety</option><option value="249311">-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</option><option value="249316">-First responder preparedness</option><option value="249321">-Law enforcement</option><option value="249331">-Public safety communications research</option><option value="249336">-Response robots</option><option value="249456">Resilience</option><option value="2746576">-Community resilience</option><option value="248456">-Disaster and failure studies</option><option value="248466">-Earthquake risk reduction</option><option value="2788846">-Resilience economics</option><option value="2746891">-Resilient materials</option><option value="248481">-Windstorm impact reduction</option><option value="249341">Standards</option><option value="249346">-Accreditation</option><option value="249416">-Calibration services</option><option value="249366">-Conformity assessment</option><option value="249371">-Documentary standards</option><option value="2748516">-Frameworks</option><option value="249376">-Reference data</option><option value="249381">-Reference instruments</option><option value="249386">-Reference materials</option><option value="249391">-Standards education</option><option value="249396">Transportation</option><option value="249401">-Aerospace</option><option value="249406">-Automotive</option></select> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-n js-form-item-n"> <label for="edit-n" class="usa-label"> Report Number </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-n" type="text" id="edit-n" name="n" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--2" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-d-min js-form-item-d-min"> <label for="edit-d-min" class="usa-label"> Publication Date </label> <input placeholder="From" class="bef-datepicker form-text usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-min" type="text" id="edit-d-min" name="d[min]" value="" size="30" maxlength="128"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-d-max js-form-item-d-max form-no-label"> <label for="edit-d-max" class="usa-label usa-sr-only"> <span class="usa-sr-only">Max Publication Date</span> </label> <input placeholder="To" class="bef-datepicker margin-top-0 form-text usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-max" type="text" id="edit-d-max" name="d[max]" value="" size="30" maxlength="128"/> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="grid-col-12 form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button"/></div> </form> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>This publications database includes many of the most recent publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The database, however, is not complete. Additional publications are added on a continual basis.</p> <p>If you have difficulties in locating a specific publication, please contact <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/mailto:reflib@nist.gov">reflib@nist.gov</a> and provide any information you may have, including title, author, publication series, or date published.</p> <div class="nist-callout"> <p>Looking for the <em><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/journal-research-nist">Journal of Research of NIST</a>?</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">EXPLORE PUBLICATIONS BY TOPIC</h2> <div><div class="list-col-3 link-list js-view-dom-id-5b7a4fb528852f09fec6660b3d2db18ba5dc6521f3aae827cc673782f2e01e2c"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248421">Analytical chemistry (1,996)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248326">Biomaterials (1,715)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248321">Bioscience (1,152)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248371">Buildings and Construction (3,819)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248951">Ceramics (1,313)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248416">Chemistry (1,805)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248731">Cybersecurity (1,390)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248491">Electromagnetics (1,555)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248586">Fire (3,818)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249421">Information technology (2,159)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248866">Manufacturing (2,083)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248946">Materials (2,045)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249051">Metrology (2,552)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249241">Physics (2,149)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249001">Polymers (1,837)</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Recent Publications</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-3a6c88aed2620f01f56cd8d49e0ec73de45ea29911b655ee94fcb2d2ed72c80d"> <div> <article about="/publications/performing-skin-microbiome-research-method-madness-0" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/performing-skin-microbiome-research-method-madness-0"><span>Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2027-03-01T12:00:00Z">March 1, 2027</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Heidi H. Kong, Bj?rn Andersson, Thomas Clavel, John E. Common, <span class="nist-author">Scott Jackson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nathanael David Olson</span>, Julia Segre, Claudia Traidl-Hoffman</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Growing interest in microbial contributions to human health and disease has increasingly led investigators to examine the microbiome in both healthy skin and </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/recommendation-key-derivation-using-pseudorandom-functions-1" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/recommendation-key-derivation-using-pseudorandom-functions-1"><span>Recommendation for Key Derivation Using Pseudorandom Functions</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-02T12:00:00Z">February 2, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Lily Chen</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> This Recommendation specifies techniques for the derivation of additional keying material from a secret key鈥攅ither established through a key-establishment </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/informing-artificial-intelligence-risk-aware-culture-nist-ai-risk-management-framework" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/informing-artificial-intelligence-risk-aware-culture-nist-ai-risk-management-framework"><span>Informing an Artificial Intelligence risk aware culture with the NIST AI Risk Management Framework</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-02T12:00:00Z">February 2, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Reva Schwartz</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF) produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a voluntary resource for </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/toward-pluripotent-materials-through-tempering-dynamic-covalent-polymer-networks" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/toward-pluripotent-materials-through-tempering-dynamic-covalent-polymer-networks"><span>Toward pluripotent materials through tempering of dynamic covalent polymer networks</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-02T12:00:00Z">February 2, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Anthony Kotula</span>, Nicholas Boynton, Joseph Dennis, Neil Dolinski, Charlie Lindberg, Garrett Grocke, Stephanie Vivod, Shrayesh Patel, Stuart Rowan</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Pluripotency is defined as a system not fixed as to its developmental potentialities. While stem cells and pluripotent materials have heretofore been synonymous </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/cybersecurity-framework-election-infrastructure-profile" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/cybersecurity-framework-election-infrastructure-profile"><span>Cybersecurity Framework Election Infrastructure Profile</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-01T12:00:00Z">February 1, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Gema Howell</span>, <span class="nist-author">Mary C. Brady</span>, <span class="nist-author">Julie Snyder</span>, David Weitzel, M. Schneider, Christina Sames, Joshua Franklin</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> This document is a Cybersecurity Framework Profile developed for voting equipment and information systems supporting elections. This Election Infrastructure </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/compartment-fires-challenges-fire-modeling-tool-safe-design" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/compartment-fires-challenges-fire-modeling-tool-safe-design"><span>Compartment fires: challenges for fire modeling as a tool for safe design</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-01T12:00:00Z">February 1, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Tarek Beji, Talal Fateh, Jason Floyd, hugues Pretrel, <span class="nist-author">Anthony Hamins</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The use of fire models to support fire protection engineering decisions requires an understanding of model shortcomings and assurance in their predictive </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/emission-ghost-imaging-reconstruction-data-augmentation" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/emission-ghost-imaging-reconstruction-data-augmentation"><span>Emission Ghost Imaging: reconstruction with data augmentation</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-01T12:00:00Z">February 1, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Kevin J. Coakley</span>, <span class="nist-author">Heather H. Chen-Mayer</span>, <span class="nist-author">Bruce D. Ravel</span>, <span class="nist-author">Daniel Josell</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nikolai Klimov</span>, <span class="nist-author">Sarah Robinson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Daniel S. Hussey</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Ghost Imaging enables 2D reconstruction of an object even though particles transmitted or emitted by the object of interest are detected with a single pixel </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/optimizing-implementations-boolean-functions" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/optimizing-implementations-boolean-functions"><span>Optimizing Implementations of Boolean Functions</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-31T12:00:00Z">January 31, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Meltem Sonmez Turan</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Symmetric cryptography primitives are constructed by iterative applications of linear and nonlinear layers. Constructing efficient circuits for these layers </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/towards-integrating-human-centered-cybersecurity-research-practice-practitioner-survey" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/towards-integrating-human-centered-cybersecurity-research-practice-practitioner-survey"><span>Towards Integrating Human-Centered Cybersecurity Research Into Practice: A Practitioner Survey</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-30T12:00:00Z">January 30, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Julie Haney</span>, <span class="nist-author">Clyburn Cunningham</span>, <span class="nist-author">Susanne M. Furman</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The "research-practice gap" can prevent the appli- cation of valuable research insights into practice. While the gap has been studied in several fields, it is </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/publications/characterization-ofdma-uplink-activation-industrial-applications" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/characterization-ofdma-uplink-activation-industrial-applications"><span>A Characterization of OFDMA Uplink Activation for Industrial Applications</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-30T12:00:00Z">January 30, 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Karl Montgomery</span>, <span class="nist-author">Rick Candell</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> This report serves to determine how Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is triggered in commercial IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) access points for </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="more-link"><a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search">View All Publications</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20240205000135im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/publications" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1564276","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-social","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/publications\/search":true},"better_exposed_filters":{"datepicker":true,"datepicker_options":[]},"chosen":{"selector":"select:not([id=\u0027edit-field-event-date-0-duration\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-type-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-is-this-event-by-invite-only-or-open-to-the-public\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-who-is-the-primary-target-audience\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-timezone-optional-\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-target-audience-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-country\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-country\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Month\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Day\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Year\u0027]),.facets-dropdown","minimum_single":0,"minimum_multiple":0,"minimum_width":200,"use_relative_width":false,"options":{"disable_search":false,"disable_search_threshold":20,"allow_single_deselect":false,"search_contains":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Choose some options","placeholder_text_single":"Choose an option","no_results_text":"No results match","max_shown_results":null,"inherit_select_classes":true}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240205000135js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_nYY-DegPpO64RS3Mq5hy3ije3xR9NAVKEL9JAAWizNM.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000135js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20240205000135js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_cf9iNnkO4wsCWHtdgcLsR9CkTddMq4gVt9wlYxNcXEg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BArT0IGvMSLgxE4TfP7OWm6RZUqIeQ7W-fzRUhTULFXffyvw0938UOLkhQ3iAyMAQrwppS6fydcoa7hm4zLshYWyEGbyVAZ_ADPdidFmmuTO_p3YrdwcDrijLZZOEILs2SfqUM0YaYyub51xdkcdjzm_cASga_11ynlR4SM7QXDuq7X6QveR_Ch-wKf21KBbyd0d8K1--O_mZmF0TFssmgwW8mMt81LwSTsIqpiC_io0jHvYRi0qLBgg4_tDIqV0mS1S9LwZcAUGapdmUabL3_0gU7SIon-Wd5Sv5w5U2qyp_sLchfEPw"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":30,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Publications | NIST