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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Керттера меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">дӀадехьаяккха</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">хьуладе</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навигаци </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Керттера оагIон тIа дехьавала [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Керттера оагӀув</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%AE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="ГIалгIай Википейдах лаьца дар а, укхаза де мегаш дар а, малагIа фуд а, мича да а"><span>Юкъарлен ков</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ТӀеххьарча хувцамий листам [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Керда хувцамаш</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Лахаp</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Лаха Википеди чу" aria-label="Лаха Википеди чу" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Лаха Википеди чу [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Гӏулакха:Лахаp"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Лаха</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Доакъашхочун кечалаш"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ТӀера куц"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ТӀера куц" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Чу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ДукхагӀа таронаш" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Доакъашхочун кечалаш" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Доакъашхочун кечалаш</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Доакъашхочун меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=inh.wikipedia.org&uselang=inh"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хьа бокъо я хьайна аккаунт хьа а яь, система чу вала."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Аккаунт хьакхолла</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%A7%D1%83&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Укхаза система чу регистраци е йиш я. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Чу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Авторизаци яь йоацача доакъашхошта йола оагӀонаш <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" aria-label="Хувцамаш дарах ма дарра"><span>дукхагӀа хá</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Укх IP-цIайна тIара даь хувцамаш [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Къахьегам</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Шун IP-цIайна лаьрхIа дувцара оагӀув [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Къамаьл</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Чулоацам" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Чулоацам</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">дӀадехьаяккха</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">хьуладе</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Духь</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Белгалдаккхар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Белгалдаккхар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Белгалдаккхар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Белгалдаккхар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Чулоацам" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Гойта/Къовла чулоацам" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Гойта/Къовла чулоацам</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Бийдал</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Кхыча меттала хьабелла лустам. 64 меттала беша йиш йолаш болаш ба из." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 мотт</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مادة خام — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة خام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_primero" title="Materia primero — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Materia primero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xammal" title="Xammal — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xammal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сеймал — башкирский" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сеймал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сыравіна — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сыравіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първична суровина — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първична суровина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krai" title="Krai — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krai" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Түүхэй эд — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түүхэй эд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeres_mat%C3%A8ries" title="Primeres matèries — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primeres matèries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surovina" title="Surovina — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Surovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чĕртавар — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕртавар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5vare" title="Råvare — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Råvare" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohstoff" title="Rohstoff — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rohstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Raw material" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruda_materialo" title="Kruda materialo — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kruda materialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_prima" title="Materia prima — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Materia prima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooraine" title="Tooraine — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tooraine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehengai" title="Lehengai — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehengai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ماده خام — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaka-aine" title="Raaka-aine — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raaka-aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_premi%C3%A8re" title="Matière première — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matière première" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amh%C3%A1bhar" title="Amhábhar — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amhábhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_prima" title="Materia prima — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Materia prima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कच्चा माल — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कच्चा माल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%84" title="Հումք — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հումք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_baku" title="Bahan baku — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan baku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%A1efni" title="Hráefni — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hráefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie_prime" title="Materie prime — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materie prime" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原材料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шикізат — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шикізат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%AC%EB%A3%8C" title="원재료 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원재료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A" title="ວັດຖຸດິບ — лаосский" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດຖຸດິບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliava" title="Žaliava — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žaliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Суровина — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суровина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="അസംസ്കൃതവസ്തു — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസംസ്കൃതവസ്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Түүхий эд — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түүхий эд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कच्चा पदार्थ — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कच्चा पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondstof" title="Grondstof — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grondstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5vare" title="Råvare — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Råvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5vare" title="Råvare — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Råvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_premiera" title="Matèria premiera — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matèria premiera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surowiec" title="Surowiec — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria-prima" title="Matéria-prima — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matéria-prima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie_prim%C4%83" title="Materie primă — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Materie primă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%91" title="Сырьё — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сырьё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirovine" title="Sirovine — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sirovine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raw material" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surovina" title="Surovina — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Surovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surovina" title="Surovina — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Surovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirovina" title="Sirovina — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sirovina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5vara" title="Råvara — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Råvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malighafi" title="Malighafi — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malighafi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மூலப் பொருள் — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலப் பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ముడి సరుకు — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముడి సరుకు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadde" title="Hammadde — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hammadde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сировина — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сировина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="خام مال — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خام مال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xomashyo" title="Xomashyo — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xomashyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_prima" title="Materia prima — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Materia prima" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u_th%C3%B4" title="Vật liệu thô — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật liệu thô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原材料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原材料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原材料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithako_semvelo" title="Isithako semvelo — зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithako semvelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Кхыча метташта дола тӀатовжамаш тоадар" class="wbc-editpage">ТӀатовжамаш тоадар</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/300px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/400px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кема (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">Кема</a> тӀа дотта кийчадаь латта <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сера (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">сангал</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/200px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/300px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/400px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гевея бразильская (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">Хьамча гаьнах</a> хьайоаллача муттах латекс ю</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Би́йдал</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(я)</i> е <b>би́йда материа́л</b> <i>(я)</i> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Эрсий Мотт">эрс:</a> <i><span lang="ru">сырьё</span></i>) — саго кхы дукха лоадам болаш кийчъеш (хувцаш) а йоаца, тӀехьагӀа кхы а кийчъе (хувца) езаш а йола <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Предмет труда (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">къахьегама предмет</a>. Бийдала белгало я цунца яхьаш йола уйла кхы а Ӏалашйинза хилар. Масала, каьхат хьадеш хилча <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дахча (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">дахча</a> да бийдал, хӀана аьлча, хӀанзчул тӀехьагӀа тийда, аьрда, аьча, тӀоададаь, тоӀадаь, докъадаь хила дезаш да из дуккхача <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Тайпа">тайп-тайпарча</a> хӀамашца бувзам а беш. ТӀаккха <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Этанол (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">этанол</a> хьадеча дахча <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доагам">доагам</a> санна хул, цох бийдал а́лац, цунца яхьаш йола уйла — дахча доагадар, цу сахьате кхоачашъендаь. </p><p>Цхьайолча хана бийдал лоархӀ промышленноста <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Отходы (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">юхедиссарех</a> а, царех продукци арахецаш пайда эцандаь (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вторичное сырьё (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">вторични бийдал</a>), иштта <i>саго хьаяьча бийдалах</i> а <i>(искусственное сырьё)</i> (масала, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пластмасса (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">хьийнхӀамаш</a>, цӀека когаметта леладераш). </p><p>Бийдалах пайда ийбу <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ">дийнаташа</a> а, масала, оалхазарий <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гнездо (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">бӀенашта</a> бийдал ткъовронаш я). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Белгалдаккхар"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.BA.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Белгалдаккхар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Тоаде дáкъа «Белгалдаккхар»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тоаде</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Белгалдаккхар»"><span>тоаде чура</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFӀилман_кулгалхо_Тариева2009"><i>Бекова А. И., Дударов У. Б., Илиева Ф. М., Мальсагова Л. Д., Тариева Л. У.</i> Ингушско-русский словарь / Тариева Л. У.. — Нальчик, 2009.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Тоаде дáкъа «Литература»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тоаде</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Литература»"><span>тоаде чура</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFБакланов_Г._И._и_др.,_Статистика_промышленности:_Учебник1982"><i>Бакланов Г. И. и др.</i> Статистика промышленности: Учебник. — <abbr title="Москоа">М.</abbr>: Финансы и статистика, 1982. — 439 с.</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Хьаст — «<a dir="ltr" href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Бийдал&oldid=64026">https://inh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Бийдал&oldid=64026</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D3%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0:%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гӏулакха:ОагӀаташ">ОагӀаташ</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ОагӀат:Бийдал">Бийдал</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ОагӀат:Материалаш">Материалаш</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ОагӀат:Экономика терминаш (яц укх тайпара оагӀув)">Экономика терминаш</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ОагӀат:Производствон фактораш">Производствон фактораш</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Укх оагӀон тӀа тӀеххьара хувцам баьб 12 ардара 2023, 13:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Йоазув <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a> лицензех тӀакхоачача да, иштта, къаьсттача моттигашка кхыдола бехкамаш лелаш хила мег. 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