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<button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise to prominence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Field of the Cloth of Gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Alliance with Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annulment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annulment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Annulment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annulment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Domestic achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Church reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Art patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failures_with_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failures_with_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Failures with the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failures_with_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Downfall and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mistress_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mistress_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mistress and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mistress_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Wolsey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="توماس وولسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس وولسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96" title="Томас Уолсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Уолсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Томас Уолси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Уолси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Τόμας Γούλσεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Γούλσεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تامس وولسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تامس وولسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9A%B8%EC%A7%80" title="토머스 울지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 울지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99" title="תומאס וולזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס וולזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolseius" title="Thomas Wolseius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Wolseius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Томас Вулзи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Вулзи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89" title="توماس وولسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس وولسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="トマス・ウルジー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ウルジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="توماس وولسی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس وولسی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Wolsey" title="Tomás Wolsey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomás Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Уолси, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уолси, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Wolsey" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Томас Вулси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Вулси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wolsey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wolsey (disambiguation)">Wolsey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cardinal Wolsey" redirects here. For the 1912 silent film, see <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey_(film)" title="Cardinal Wolsey (film)"><i>Cardinal Wolsey</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas Wolsey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Thomas Wolsey, facing left, in the robes of a cardinal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/220px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/330px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/440px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>,<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1585</span>–1596</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of England</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1515–1529</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role" style="color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of England">Primate of England</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1514</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1530</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lee (archbishop)">Edward Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia</a> <i>(1515–1530)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lincoln" title="Diocese of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a> <i>(1514)</i></li> <li>Administrator of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Diocese of Bath and Wells">Bath and Wells</a> <i>(1518–1523)</i></li> <li>Administrator of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a> <i>(1523–1530)</i></li> <li>Administrator of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a> <i>(1529–1530)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1498<br />by Augustine Church, Titular Bishop of Lydda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1514<br />by <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">10 September 1515<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> March 1473</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1530-11-29</span>)</span>29 November 1530 (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Abbey" title="Leicester Abbey">Leicester Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Robert Wolsey (father)</li> <li>Joan Daundy (mother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas and Dorothy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Thomas_Wolsey.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Wolsey's signature"><img alt="Thomas Wolsey's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Signatur_Thomas_Wolsey.PNG/130px-Signatur_Thomas_Wolsey.PNG" decoding="async" width="130" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Signatur_Thomas_Wolsey.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Wolsey's coat of arms"><img alt="Thomas Wolsey's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Wolsey</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WUUL</span>-zee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> March 1473</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (catholic)">cardinal</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Almoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Almoner">almoner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of York">Archbishop of York</a>—the second most important role in the English church—and that of <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>. His appointment as a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy. </p><p>The highest political position Wolsey attained was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, the king's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> was not). In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as the <i>alter rex</i> ("other king").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, Wolsey fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died from natural causes on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Wolsey was born in about 1473, the son of Robert Wolsey of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and his wife, Joan Daundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power that critics thought more befitting a member of the high <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. Wolsey attended <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College_School,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College School, Oxford">Magdalen College School</a> before studying theology at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 March 1498, he was ordained as a priest in <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough</a>, Wiltshire,<sup id="cite_ref-openplaque2710_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openplaque2710-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. From 1500 to 1509, Wolsey held a living as rector of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary,_Limington" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint Mary, Limington">St Mary's church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limington" title="Limington">Limington</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHLE1056844_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLE1056844-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1502, he became a chaplain to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a>, archbishop of Canterbury, who died the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack2012_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then taken into the household of Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nanfan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Nanfan (page does not exist)">Richard Nanfan</a>, who made Wolsey executor of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Nanfan's death in 1507, Wolsey entered the service of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey benefited from Henry VII's introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility; the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunn2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VII appointed Wolsey <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Household" title="Ecclesiastical Household">royal chaplain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197126_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197126-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this position Wolsey served as secretary to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a>, who recognised Wolsey's ability, dedication, industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolsey's remarkable rise to power from humble origins attests to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, and rapport with the king. In April 1508, Wolsey was sent to Scotland to discuss with <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">King James IV</a> rumours of the renewal of the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdougall1989254_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdougall1989254-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackieSpillman1953xlii,_107–111_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackieSpillman1953xlii,_107–111-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey's rise coincided with the accession in April 1509 of Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. In 1509 Henry appointed Wolsey to the post of almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> and an opportunity to attain greater prominence and establish personal rapport with the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197126_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197126-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A factor in Wolsey's rise was the young Henry VIII's relative lack of interest in the details of government during his early years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIves2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_prominence">Rise to prominence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolsey_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Wolsey_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Heraldic banner of Wolsey as Archbishop of York, showing the arms of the See of York impaling his personal arms, with a cardinal's hat above. The griffin supporter holds the Lord Chancellor's mace</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary counsellors Henry VIII inherited from his father were <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1448–1528, Bishop of Winchester 1501–1528) and <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–1532, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532). They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Until 1511, Wolsey was adamantly antiwar, but when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, Wolsey adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1512%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1512–14)">French war</a>, fell from power (1515/1516), and Wolsey took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. When Warham resigned as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> in 1515, probably under pressure from Wolsey, Henry appointed Wolsey in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. He helped cause the fall of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham">Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham</a> in 1521, and in 1527 he prosecuted, unsuccessfully, Henry's close friend <a href="/wiki/William_Compton_(courtier)" title="William Compton (courtier)">William Compton</a> and Henry's ex-mistress <a href="/wiki/Anne_Stafford,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon">Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon</a>, for adultery. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>, Wolsey adopted a different strategy, attempting to win Suffolk's favour by his actions after the duke secretly married Henry's sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France</a>, much to the king's displeasure. Wolsey advised the king not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; whether this was out of care for the couple or because of the threat they posed to his own safety remains unclear. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened Wolsey had she so chosen. </p><p>Wolsey's rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increasing status in the church. He became a <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon of Windsor">canon of Windsor</a> in 1511. In 1514 he was made <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a> and then Archbishop of York in the same year. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">St Cecilia in Trastevere</a>. In 1518 he was appointed as abbot of St. Albans and bishop of Bath.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, Wolsey's ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. In 1529 he moved on from the bishop position in Durham to become the Bishop of Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his roles in the church came great wealth and estates. With the accumulation of his different roles in the church he made upwards of £35,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wolsey_(1473-1530).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg/330px-Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg/440px-Thomas_Wolsey_%281473-1530%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Wolsey by an unknown artist <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span> held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_France">War with France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1512%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1512–14)">Anglo-French War (1512–14)</a> gave Wolsey a significant opportunity to demonstrate his talents in foreign policy. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, who was beginning to feel threatened by France. England formed an alliance with Julius, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> against King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196831–36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196831–36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1513)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guinegate (1513)">capturing two French cities</a> and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> would marry Henry's young sister, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a>. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1952271–277_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1952271–277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Louis XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, but Louis was not in good health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>. </p><p>Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198959–88_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198959–88-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. Wolsey then proposed an alliance with Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> against France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_legate">Papal legate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Papal legate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, Henry VIII's father-in-law and England's closest ally, in 1516 was a further blow. Ferdinand was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, who immediately proposed peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Charles was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a substantial portion of Europe and English influence became limited on the continent. </p><p>But Wolsey managed to assert English influence by other means. In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> sought peace in Europe to form a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1518 Wolsey was made <a href="/wiki/Papal_Legate" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Legate">Papal Legate</a> in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1518)" title="Treaty of London (1518)">Treaty of London</a>. The treaty showed Wolsey as the arbiter of Europe, organising a massive peace summit involving 20 nations. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This is well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days afterwards. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated. He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. Wolsey appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn201158–103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn201158–103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Field of the Cloth of Gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another of Wolsey's diplomatic triumphs was the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> in 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196874–80_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196874–80-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolsey organised much of this grandiose meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII, accompanied by 5,000 followers and involving court activities more than military discussion. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against each other. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, Wolsey could choose the ally that better suited his policies. Wolsey chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from the loss of the lucrative cloth trade industry between England and the Netherlands had France been chosen instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1952310–312_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1952310–312-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Wolsey's guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations. <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a>, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of non-aggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, the treaties typically widened the conflict. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly19381–30_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly19381–30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Spain">Alliance with Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alliance with Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treaty of London is often regarded as Wolsey's finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. Wolsey developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. At the Calais Conference Wolsey signed the Secret <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Treaty of Bruges (1521)</a> with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignored the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. Wolsey's relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his links to the papacy, Wolsey was strictly Henry's servant. Though the Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Furthermore, Wolsey's peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196831–36_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196831–36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Lorenzo Campeggio</a>, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by Wolsey of his independence of Rome. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until Wolsey received his legacy, thus asserting Wolsey's attachment to Rome. </p><p>Though the English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles V in his defeat of the French, particularly in 1525 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, where Charles's army captured Francis I. Henry then felt there was a realistic opportunity for him to seize the French crown, to which the kings of England had long laid claim. Parliament, however, refused to raise taxes. This led Wolsey to devise the <a href="/wiki/Amicable_Grant" title="Amicable Grant">Amicable Grant</a>, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, Wolsey began to negotiate with France, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_More" title="Treaty of the More">Treaty of the More</a> was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother, <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1986_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1986-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cognac" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a> in 1526. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by Wolsey with papal support. Wolsey's plan was that the League of Cognac, an alliance between France and some Italian states, would challenge Charles's <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cambrai" title="League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a>. This was both a gesture of allegiance to Rome and an answer to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe. </p><p>The final blow to this policy came in 1529, when the French made peace with Charles. Meanwhile, the French also continued to honour the "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>" with Scotland, stirring up hostility on England's border. With peace between France and the Emperor, there was no-one to free the Pope from Charles, who had effectively held <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> captive since the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome (1527)</a>. There was thus little hope of securing Henry VIII an annulment from his marriage to Charles's aunt <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>. Since 1527, Wolsey's desire to secure an annulment for his master had dictated his foreign policy, and by 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968140–162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968140–162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annulment">Annulment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Annulment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n,_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/230px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/345px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/460px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, by an unknown artist</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry's marriage to Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> had produced no sons who survived infancy; the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> were still within living memory, leading to the fear of a power struggle after Henry's death. Henry felt the people would accept only a male sovereign, not his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary</a>. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. Henry argued that Catherine's claim was not credible, and thus the dispensation must be withdrawn and the marriage annulled. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, one of his wife's <a href="/wiki/Maids-of-honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Maids-of-honour">maids-of-honour</a>. Queen Catherine had no further pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968149–159_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968149–159-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine, however, maintained that she had been a virgin when she married Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because she opposed annulment and a return to her previous status as Dowager Princess of Wales, the annulment request became a matter of international diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Charles V pressuring Clement not to annul the marriage. Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt Wolsey's loyalty to the Crown over the Church. </p><p>Wolsey appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. First, he tried to convince the Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions in the book of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>. Second, Wolsey objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. (Shortly afterwards, a correctly worded version was found in Spain.) Third, Wolsey wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968ch_7,_8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968ch_7,_8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: Wolsey and Campeggio. Wolsey was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529, effectively sealing Wolsey's fate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_achievements">Domestic achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domestic achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Special:EditPage/Thomas Wolsey">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22">"Thomas Wolsey"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thomas+Wolsey%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During his 14 years as chancellor, Wolsey had more power than any other Crown servant in English history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames20091–_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames20091–-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to his being hated by much of the nobility, who believed that power should be theirs. The king protected him from being attacked. As long as he was in the king's favour, Wolsey had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them. For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give Wolsey free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which Wolsey had grand plans. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a> explains Wolsey's methods: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only in the broadest respects was [the king] taking independent decisions. ... It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the available options and ranked them for royal consideration; who established the parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow of official information; who selected the king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, and JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, if not strictly taken.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFGuy1988">Guy 1988</a>, p. 87</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Operating with the king's firm support, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope as legate, Wolsey dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was a man dogged by other men's failures and his own ambition. In the end, abandoned by the king, Wolsey was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBindoff195078_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBindoff195078-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1952286–334_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1952286–334-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolsey made changes to the taxation system, devising, with treasurer of the Chamber John Heron, the "Subsidy". This form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. The old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. This more progressive form of taxation enabled Wolsey to raise enough money for the king's foreign expeditions, bringing in over £300,000. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "<a href="/wiki/Benevolence_(tax)" title="Benevolence (tax)">benevolences</a>", and enforced loans from the nobility, which yielded £200,000 in 1522.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellowsDicken201563_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellowsDicken201563-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Wolsey's fiscal policy became increasingly disliked- his forced loans and benevolences culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Amicable_Grant" title="Amicable Grant">Amicable Grant</a> (1525). This was met with hostility as the Amicable Grant provoked 'full-scale revolt in Suffolk... the most serious rebellion since 1497'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy1988102–103_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy1988102–103-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">Cornish rebellion</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice">Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a legal administrator, Wolsey reinvented the equity court, where the verdict was decided by the judge on the principle of "fairness". As an alternative to the Common Law courts, Wolsey re-established the position of the prerogative courts of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a>. The system in both courts concentrated on simple, inexpensive cases, and promised impartial justice. He also established the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Requests" title="Court of Requests">Court of Requests</a> (although this court was only given this name later on) for the poor, where no fees were required. Wolsey's legal reforms were popular, and overflow courts were required to attend to all the cases. Many powerful men who had felt invincible under the law found themselves convicted; for example, in 1515, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet Prison</a> and in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining. </p><p>Wolsey also used his courts to tackle national controversies, such as the pressing issue of <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosures</a>. The countryside had been thrown into discord by the entrepreneurial actions of landlords enclosing areas of land and converting from arable farming to pastoral farming, requiring fewer workers. The Tudors valued stability, and the resulting mass urban migration represented a serious crisis. Wolsey conducted national enquiries into enclosures in 1517, 1518 and 1527. In the course of his administration, he used the Court of Chancery to prosecute 264 landowners, including peers, bishops, knights, religious heads, and Oxford colleges. Enclosures were seen as directly linked to rural unemployment and depopulation, vagrancy, food shortages and, accordingly, inflation. This pattern repeated in many of Wolsey's other initiatives, particularly his quest to abolish enclosure. Despite spending significant time and effort investigating the state of the countryside and prosecuting numerous offenders, Wolsey freely surrendered his policy during the parliament of 1523 to ensure that Parliament passed his proposed taxes for Henry's war in France. Enclosures remained a problem for many years. </p><p>Wolsey used the Star Chamber to enforce his 1518 policy of <i>Just Price</i>, which attempted to regulate the price of meat in London and other major cities. Those found to be charging too much were prosecuted by the Chamber. After the bad harvest of 1527, Wolsey bought up surplus grain and sold it off cheaply to the needy. This greatly eased disorder and became common practice after a disappointing harvest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_reforms">Church reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1524 and 1527 Wolsey used his powers as papal legate to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries#English_precedents_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">dissolve</a> 30 decayed monasteries where monastic life had virtually ceased in practice, some in <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. He used the income to found a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> in Ipswich (<a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Ipswich" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's School, Ipswich">The King's School, Ipswich</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford#History" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Cardinal College</a> in Oxford (in 1532, after Wolsey's fall, the king renamed it King Henry VIII's College; it is now known as <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>). In 1528 he began to limit the <a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy" title="Benefit of clergy">benefit of clergy</a>. He also attempted, as legate, to force reform on monastic orders like the Augustinian canons. </p><p>Wolsey died five years before Henry's <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a> began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolsey's power depended on maintaining good relations with Henry. He grew increasingly suspicious of the "minions"—young, influential members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_chamber" title="Privy chamber">Privy chamber</a>—particularly after infiltrating one of his own men into the group. He attempted many times to disperse them from court, giving them jobs that took them to the Continent and far from Henry. After the <a href="/wiki/Amicable_Grant" title="Amicable Grant">Amicable Grant</a> failed, the minions began to undermine him again. Consequently, Wolsey devised a grand plan of administrative reforms, incorporating the notorious <a href="/wiki/Eltham_ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltham ordinances">Eltham ordinances</a> of 1526. This reduced the members of the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's friends such as <a href="/wiki/William_Compton_(courtier)" title="William Compton (courtier)">Sir William Compton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)" title="Nicholas Carew (courtier)">Nicholas Carew</a>. </p><p>One of Wolsey's greatest impediments was his lack of popularity amongst the nobles at court and in Parliament. Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from what they saw as Wolsey's excessive demands for money in the form of the Subsidy or benevolences. They also resented the Act of Resumption of 1486, by which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands granted by the crown since 1455.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lands had passed onto his heir, Henry VIII. Many nobles resented the rise to power of a low-born man, whilst others simply disliked that he monopolised the court and concealed information from the Privy Council. </p><p>When mass riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, which should have been under the control of the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, Henry was quick to denounce the Amicable Grant, and began to lose faith in Wolsey. During the relatively peaceful period in England after the War of the Roses, its population increased. With more demand for food and no additional supply, prices increased. Landowners were forced to enclose land and convert to pastoral farming, which brought in more profit. Wolsey's quest against enclosure was fruitless in terms of restoring economic stability. </p><p>The same can be said for Wolsey's legal reforms. After he made justice accessible to all and encouraged more people to bring cases to court, the system was abused. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Law courts. Wolsey eventually ordered all minor cases out of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> in 1528. The result of this venture was further resentment by the nobility and the gentry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_patronage">Art patronage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Art patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1515, when he became cardinal, until his death, Wolsey used art and architecture to underpin his positions. He initiated a building campaign on a scale not only unprecedented for an English churchman and Lord Chancellor, but also exceeded by few English kings. In so doing, he brought Italian Renaissance ideas, classical embellishments, and architectural models into English architecture. Scholars generally cite Somerset House in London (1547–52) as the first classical building in England, built for Edward Seymour, the first Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector to King Edward VI. But Wolsey embraced Italian-inspired classicism nearly half a century before Seymour, though more theoretically than visually. Wolsey's subsequent disgrace over his failure to garner papal approval of an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon has clouded the fact that he was not only the first high-profile patron in England to seek out and promote Italian classicism in art, architecture, and magnificence, but also that his contributions endured. </p><p>Among Wolsey's projects were lavish, classically inspired additions to York Palace in London, the Archbishop of York's residence. He supervised the grandiose temporary buildings at the Field of Cloth of Gold and renovated Hampton Court, which he later relinquished to the king. Wolsey's use of architecture as a symbol of power, along with his introduction of Italian classical ornamentation, set a trend continued by Henry VIII and others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolsey oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents at Westminster Abbey and negotiated contracts for Henry VIII's tomb as well as one for himself. If these works had been completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, most elaborate, and grandest tombs. The college originally founded and planned by Wolsey and refounded by Henry VIII (<a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>) remains the largest and grandest of all Oxford colleges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failures_with_the_Church">Failures with the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Failures with the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as his State duties, Wolsey simultaneously attempted to exert his influence over the Church in England. As cardinal and, from 1524, lifetime papal legate, Wolsey continually vied for control over others in the Church. His principal rival was <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, who made it more difficult for Wolsey to follow through with his plans for reform. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics of England and Ireland, and, in 1519, encouraging monasteries to embark on a programme of reform, he did nothing to bring about these changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_death">Downfall and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Downfall and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of having many enemies, Wolsey retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. It was rumoured that Anne Boleyn and her faction convinced Henry that Wolsey was deliberately slowing proceedings; as a result, he was arrested in 1529, and the Pope decided that the official decision should be made in Rome, not England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg/220px-Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg/330px-Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg/440px-Hampton_Court_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2007212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1529, Wolsey was stripped of his government office and property, including his magnificently expanded residence of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, which Henry took to replace the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Old_Palace" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> as his own main London residence. Wolsey was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. He travelled to Yorkshire for the first time in his career, but at <a href="/wiki/Cawood" title="Cawood">Cawood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, he was accused of treason and ordered to London by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_6th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland</a>. </p><p>In great distress, Wolsey left <a href="/wiki/Cawood_Castle" title="Cawood Castle">Cawood Castle</a> on the evening of 7 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888201_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888201-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lodged at Pomfret Abbey in <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a> that night and the following day made it to <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Castle" title="Sheffield Castle">Sheffield Castle</a>, where he spent the next 14 days hosted by <a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Sheffield, Wolsey fell seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken into custody by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Kingston" title="William Kingston">William Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888202-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolsey left for <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a> on 25 November. He was so ill that Kingston's guards believed Wolsey to be dying, and wept openly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spending the night in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, Wolsey proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Abbey" title="Leicester Abbey">Leicester Abbey</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>. He was so weak, he could barely sit on his mule. He reached the abbey on the evening of 27 November, and had to be carried upstairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey remained in bed the next day, his health rapidly failing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888203-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to lose his sight, and repeatedly lost consciousness the night of 28 to 29 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888204_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888204-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> at 7 A.M. on 29 November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888205_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888205-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died an hour later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888206_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888206-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey was buried in a simple pine coffin, dressed in his episcopal robes and with his cross, mitre, and ring. He lay in state at the abbey until 5 P.M. on 29 November, after which is body was moved to abbey church. Funeral mass was sung at 4 A.M. on 1 December, and he was buried two hours later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1888206_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1888206-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leicester Abbey was turned over to <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish_(courtier)" title="William Cavendish (courtier)">William Cavendish</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">His son</a> tore down the abbey,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the site of Wolsey's burial was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The site of the former abbey is now <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Park,_Leicester" title="Abbey Park, Leicester">Abbey Park</a>.) </p><p>In keeping with his practice of erecting magnificent buildings at Hampton Court, Westminster and Oxford, Wolsey had planned a magnificent tomb at Windsor by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_da_Rovezzano" title="Benedetto da Rovezzano">Benedetto da Rovezzano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Maiano" title="Giovanni da Maiano">Giovanni da Maiano</a>. Henry VIII contemplated using the impressive black sarcophagus for himself, but <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> now lies in it, in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage that properly belongs to Wolsey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney199841_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney199841-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mistress_and_issue">Mistress and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mistress and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a decade with a woman called <a href="/wiki/Joan_Larke" title="Joan Larke">Joan Larke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a>, Norfolk. The edict that priests, regardless of their functions or the character of their work, should remain celibate had not been wholeheartedly accepted in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatusiak201474–_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatusiak201474–-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolsey had two children, both before he was made bishop: a son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wynter" title="Thomas Wynter">Thomas Wynter</a> (born circa 1510),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a daughter, Dorothy (born circa 1512),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1976_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1976-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of whom lived to adulthood. The son was sent to live with a family in <a href="/wiki/Willesden" title="Willesden">Willesden</a> and tutored in his early years by Maurice Birchinshaw. He later married and had children of his own. Dorothy was adopted by John Clansey, and was in due course placed in the convent at <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury Abbey</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a> under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> she was awarded a pension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his rapid promotion, Larke became a source of embarrassment to Wolsey, who arranged for her marriage to George Legh of Adlington, in Cheshire, circa 1519. He provided the dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2009_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VIII had a mansion built for Legh at <a href="/wiki/Cheshunt_Great_House" title="Cheshunt Great House">Cheshunt Great House</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wolsey plays a major role in the early stages of <i>the Autobiography of Henry VIII</i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_George" title="Margaret George">Margaret George</a>.</li> <li>Wolsey is the primary antagonist of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i>, which depicts him as an arrogant power-grabber.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hampden" title="Walter Hampden">Walter Hampden</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> were well known for their stage performances of the role, and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_West" title="Timothy West">Timothy West</a> played him in the 1979 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">BBC Television Shakespeare</a> production of that play. Henry Irving's reading of Wolsey's Farewell survives on a rare wax cylinder recording.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilgarriffn.d._54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilgarriffn.d.-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wolsey is a minor but important character in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bolt" title="Robert Bolt">Robert Bolt</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(play)" title="A Man for All Seasons (play)">A Man for All Seasons</a></i>; he was played in the two film versions of the play by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1966_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)">1966</a>) and <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(1988_film)" title="A Man for All Seasons (1988 film)">1988</a>), respectively.</li> <li>Wolsey was portrayed somewhat more sympathetically in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days" title="Anne of the Thousand Days">Anne of the Thousand Days</a></i> (1969), a performance that earned <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quayle" title="Anthony Quayle">Anthony Quayle</a> an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nomination.</li> <li>Wolsey was played by <a href="/wiki/John_Baskcomb" title="John Baskcomb">John Baskcomb</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Six Wives of Henry VIII (BBC TV series)">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</a></i> (1970) and by <a href="/wiki/John_Bryans" title="John Bryans">John Bryans</a> when the series was made into the film <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_and_His_Six_Wives" title="Henry VIII and His Six Wives">Henry VIII and His Six Wives</a></i> (1972).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Suchet" title="David Suchet">David Suchet</a> plays Wolsey in the 2003 two-part television serial <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(TV_serial)" title="Henry VIII (TV serial)">Henry VIII</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Ray_Winstone" title="Ray Winstone">Ray Winstone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Scott" title="Terry Scott">Terry Scott</a> portrayed a comical Wolsey in <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Henry" title="Carry On Henry">Carry On Henry</a></i> (1970).</li> <li>William Griffis played Wolsey in the Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/Rex_(musical)" title="Rex (musical)">Rex</a></i> (1976), which starred <a href="/wiki/Nicol_Williamson" title="Nicol Williamson">Nicol Williamson</a> as Henry.</li> <li>In the Showtime series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a></i> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Sam_Neill" title="Sam Neill">Sam Neill</a> plays Wolsey. This production interprets his death as suicide by cutthroat, covered up by the king and Cromwell out of residual affection for him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ashton-Griffiths" title="Roger Ashton-Griffiths">Roger Ashton-Griffiths</a> portrays Wolsey in <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>'s 2009 documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII:_The_Mind_of_a_Tyrant" title="Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant">Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant</a></i></li> <li>Wolsey is one of the main characters in <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall" title="Wolf Hall">Wolf Hall</a></i> (2009), played by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jesson" title="Paul Jesson">Paul Jesson</a> in the RSC production<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce" title="Jonathan Pryce">Jonathan Pryce</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall_(TV_series)" title="Wolf Hall (TV series)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall:_The_Mirror_and_the_Light" title="Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light">second</a> television series.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is portrayed through Cromwell's eyes as a mentor and a ruthlessly loyal statesman. A desire to avenge Wolsey's downfall and ignominious death fuels many of Cromwell's actions through the latter half of <i>Wolf Hall</i> and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Bring_Up_the_Bodies" title="Bring Up the Bodies">Bring Up the Bodies</a></i>, which was incorporated into the stage and television adaptations.</li> <li>In the TVE series <i><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_rey_emperador" title="Carlos, rey emperador">Carlos, rey emperador</a></i> (2015), he is portrayed by Blai Llopis.</li> <li>Wolsey appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Princess" title="The White Princess">The White Princess</a></i>, STARZ, Season 1, Episode 8 (2017), played by Mark Edel-Hunt.</li> <li>Philip Cumbus portrays Wolsey in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Princess" title="The Spanish Princess">The Spanish Princess</a></i>, a sequel to <i>The White Princess</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg/170px-Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg/255px-Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg/340px-Thomas_Wolsey_Bust_-_Ipswich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3243" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Wolsey at St Stephen's Church, Ipswich</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Wolsey was removed from power, he planned to make his home town of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> a seat of learning. He built a substantial college, which for two years, 1528–1530, was parent of the Queen Elizabeth School or <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a>, which today flourishes on another site. All that remains of Wolsey's structure is the former waterside gate, figured by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose" title="Francis Grose">Francis Grose</a> in his <i>Antiquities</i>, which can still be seen on College Street. </p><p>In 1930 Wolsey was commemorated in Ipswich with a pageant play. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Wolsey in St Nicholas Street, Ipswich</figcaption></figure> <p>An appeal was launched in 2009 to erect a permanent memorial to Wolsey in Ipswich.<sup id="cite_ref-wolseyinipswich.co.uk_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolseyinipswich.co.uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the commissioning of a more-than-life-sized bronze statue from sculptor <a href="/wiki/David_Annand" title="David Annand">David Annand</a>. Wolsey is shown seated and facing south towards St Peter's Church (the former medieval Augustinian priory church, which he annexed as the chapel of his college), teaching from a book, and with a cat at his side. The statue was unveiled in June 2011, when it was dedicated by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Edmundsbury_and_Ipswich" title="Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich">Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich</a>, and launched in a civic capacity by the Mayor of Ipswich.<sup id="cite_ref-Evening_Star_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evening_Star-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipswich.gov.uk_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipswich.gov.uk-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another statue of Wolsey stands in Leicester's <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Park,_Leicester" title="Abbey Park, Leicester">Abbey Park</a> close to the site of his burial. It was donated by the <a href="/wiki/Wolsey_(clothing)" title="Wolsey (clothing)">Wolsey hosiery company</a>, a major employer in the city and also named after the cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosbyn.d._60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosbyn.d.-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wolsey Place shopping centre and <a href="/wiki/Woking_F.C." title="Woking F.C.">Woking F.C.</a>'s nickname The Cardinals commemorate the fact Wolsey was visiting Henry VIII at <a href="/wiki/Woking_Palace" title="Woking Palace">Woking Palace</a> when the news arrived that he had been made a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardinal Wolsey's bust was used in the 1980s above the <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_(brand)" title="London Transport (brand)">London Transport roundel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_London" title="Buses in London">London's buses</a> in west and south-west London as the symbol of the Cardinal bus district, which was named after him and his residence at Hampton Court.<sup id="cite_ref-eplates.info_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eplates.info-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Logario" title="Carlos Logario">Carlos Logario</a>, a Spanish doctor practising in England, was the doctor to Thomas Wolsey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Thomas Wolsey </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wolsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Cardinal Wolsey's arms were granted to him by the College of Arms in 1525. They are now used by Christ Church, Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-chch.ox.ac.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chch.ox.ac.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Sable, on a cross engrailed argent a lion passant gules between four leopards' faces azure; on a chief Or a rose gules barbed vert and seeded or between two Cornish choughs proper</dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>The silver cross is derived from the arms of the Ufford Earls of Suffolk, and the four leopards' faces from the de la Pole Earls and Dukes of Suffolk, Wolsey being a Suffolk native. The Cornish choughs, or "beckets" as they are sometimes known, are a reference to Wolsey's namesake, Thomas Becket. The red lion symbolises Wolsey's patron, Pope Leo X, while the rose symbolises his king, Henry VIII.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes spelled <i>Woolsey</i>, <i>Wulcy</i>, or other variations.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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SAHGB Publications Limited: 128–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1568780">10.2307/1568780</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568780">1568780</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Transport+%E2%80%93+Local+Bus+Maps&rft.pub=eplates.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eplates.info%2Fmaps%2Fareas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chch.ox.ac.uk-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chch.ox.ac.uk_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018114340/http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/visiting/history/coat-of-arms">"The Christ Church Coat of Arms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/visiting/history/coat-of-arms">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christ+Church+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chch.ox.ac.uk%2Fvisiting%2Fhistory%2Fcoat-of-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2008" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Alastair (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0DD0_v77WAC"><i>Henry VIII – Authority, Nation and Religion, 1509–1540</i></a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30810-0"><bdi>978-0-435-30810-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+%E2%80%93+Authority%2C+Nation+and+Religion%2C+1509%E2%80%931540&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-435-30810-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0DD0_v77WAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1986" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, G. W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_RIxgEACAAJ"><i>War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525</i></a>. Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85611-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85611-3"><bdi>978-0-312-85611-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Taxation%2C+and+Rebellion+in+Early+Tudor+England%3A+Henry+VIII%2C+Wolsey%2C+and+the+Amicable+Grant+of+1525&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-312-85611-3&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_RIxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindoff1950" class="citation book cs1">Bindoff, Stanley Thomas (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jjWvgEACAAJ"><i>Tudor England</i></a>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Bindoff&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jjWvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrydges1815" class="citation book cs1">Brydges, Sir Egerton (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/censuraliterari21brydgoog"><i>Censura literaria: Containing titles, abstracts, and opinions of old English books, with original disquisitions, articles of biography, and other literary antiquities</i></a>. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censura+literaria%3A+Containing+titles%2C+abstracts%2C+and+opinions+of+old+English+books%2C+with+original+disquisitions%2C+articles+of+biography%2C+and+other+literary+antiquities&rft.pub=Printed+for+Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Brydges&rft.aufirst=Sir+Egerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcensuraliterari21brydgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Chaney, Edward</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSYfxgEACAAJ&pg=PA41">"Early Tudor tombs and the rise and fall of Anglo-Italian relations; Quo Vadis?"</a>. <i>The Evolution of the Grand Tour</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4577-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4577-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-4577-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Tudor+tombs+and+the+rise+and+fall+of+Anglo-Italian+relations%3B+Quo+Vadis%3F&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Grand+Tour&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4577-3&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSYfxgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1888" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Mandell (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEtLAAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Cardinal Wolsey</i></a>. London: MacMillian and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1313581454">1313581454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Wolsey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillian+and+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1313581454&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Mandell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEtLAAAAMAAJ%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosbyn.d." class="citation web cs1">Crosby, Colin (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosbyheritage.co.uk/location/leicester/cardinal-wolsey-statue/">"Cardinal Wolsey Statue (Leicester)"</a>. <i>Colin Crosby Heritage Tours</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colin+Crosby+Heritage+Tours&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Wolsey+Statue+%28Leicester%29&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosbyheritage.co.uk%2Flocation%2Fleicester%2Fcardinal-wolsey-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellowsDicken2015" class="citation book cs1">Fellows, Nicholas; Dicken, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbpvBQAAQBAJ"><i>OCR A Level History: England 1485–1603</i></a>. Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3661-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3661-9"><bdi>978-1-4718-3661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OCR+A+Level+History%3A+England+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4718-3661-9&rft.aulast=Fellows&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Dicken%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbpvBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, C. S. L. (23 September 2010). "Richard Fox". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10051">10.1093/ref:odnb/10051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Fox&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10051&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=C.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2009" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Stella (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_oLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Cardinal Wolsey: A Life in Renaissance Europe</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-245-6"><bdi>978-1-84725-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Wolsey%3A+A+Life+in+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-245-6&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_oLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gunn, S. J. (3 January 2008). "Henry VII". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12954">10.1093/ref:odnb/12954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VII&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12954&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John S.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNxQgAACAAJ"><i>Tudor England</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873088-0"><bdi>978-0-19-873088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873088-0&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXNxQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2011" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Peter J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cqSE2Oel0MC&pg=PA58"><i>The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-7513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-7513-3"><bdi>978-1-4464-7513-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Cardinal%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Thomas+Wolsey&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-7513-3&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cqSE2Oel0MC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1989" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Barbara (1989). "Power, Profit, and Passion: Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon, and the Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 59–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177818">10.2307/3177818</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0015.105">2027/spo.0499697.0015.105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177818">3177818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Power%2C+Profit%2C+and+Passion%3A+Mary+Tudor%2C+Charles+Brandon%2C+and+the+Arranged+Marriage+in+Early+Tudor+England&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-88&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0015.105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177818%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177818&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ives, E. W. (21 May 2009). "Henry VIII". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12955">10.1093/ref:odnb/12955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12955&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jack, Sybil M. (5 January 2012). "Thomas Wolsey". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29854">10.1093/ref:odnb/29854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Wolsey&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29854&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Sybil+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2009" class="citation book cs1">James, Sara Nair (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K04ldsy8dHEC&pg=PA1">"Cardinal Wolsey: The English Cardinal Italianate"</a>. In Cobb, Christopher (ed.). <i>Renaissance Papers 2008</i>. Camden House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571133977" title="Special:BookSources/9781571133977"><bdi>9781571133977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Wolsey%3A+The+English+Cardinal+Italianate&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Papers+2008&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781571133977&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Sara+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK04ldsy8dHEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgarriffn.d." class="citation web cs1">Kilgarriff, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308020954/http://www.theirvingsociety.org.uk/phono.htm">"Henry Irving and the Phonograph: Bennett Maxwell"</a>. Theirvingsociety.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirvingsociety.org.uk/phono.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Irving+and+the+Phonograph%3A+Bennett+Maxwell&rft.pub=Theirvingsociety.org.uk&rft.aulast=Kilgarriff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirvingsociety.org.uk%2Fphono.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lock, Julian (23 September 2010). "Wynter [Winter], Thomas". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57073">10.1093/ref:odnb/57073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wynter+%5BWinter%5D%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57073&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdougall1989" class="citation book cs1">Macdougall, Norman (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh2TAAAAIAAJ"><i>James IV</i></a>. John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-200-7"><bdi>978-0-85976-200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+IV&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-200-7&rft.aulast=Macdougall&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgh2TAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1952" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, John Duncan (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPPjvveNsTQC&pg=PA271"><i>The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821706-0"><bdi>978-0-19-821706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earlier+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931558&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821706-0&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPPjvveNsTQC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackieSpillman1953" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, R. L.; Spillman, Anne, eds. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/125885892"><i>Letters of James IV</i></a>. Scottish History Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+James+IV&rft.pub=Scottish+History+Society&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nls.uk%2F125885892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Mattingly, Garrett</a> (1938). "An Early Nonaggression Pact". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F243493">10.1086/243493</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898719">1898719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145118612">145118612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=An+Early+Nonaggression+Pact&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145118612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1898719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F243493&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatusiak2014" class="citation book cs1">Matusiak, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skkTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT74"><i>Wolsey: The Life of King Henry VIII's Cardinal</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5776-2"><bdi>978-0-7509-5776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolsey%3A+The+Life+of+King+Henry+VIII%27s+Cardinal&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5776-2&rft.aulast=Matusiak&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskkTDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick1968" class="citation book cs1">Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sF-yS-HQgyoC"><i>Henry VIII</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsF-yS-HQgyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman2007" class="citation web cs1">Truman, C. N. (30 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/henryvii_ordinary_revenue.htm">"Henry VII and Ordinary Revenue"</a>. <i>History Learning Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Learning+Site&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+and+Ordinary+Revenue&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fhenryvii_ordinary_revenue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Scarisbrick, J. J. (28 May 2015). "William Warham". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28741">10.1093/ref:odnb/28741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Warham&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28741&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1971" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiihiscour0000will"><i>Henry VIII and his court</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00369-4"><bdi>978-0-297-00369-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644041267">644041267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+his+court&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644041267&rft.isbn=978-0-297-00369-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiihiscour0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1976" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v28eAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-629070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-629070-8"><bdi>978-0-02-629070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cardinal+and+the+Secretary%3A+Thomas+Wolsey+and+Thomas+Cromwell&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-02-629070-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv28eAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bernard, G. W. "The fall of Wolsey reconsidered." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 35.3 (1996): 277–310.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cavendish_(writer)" title="George Cavendish (writer)">Cavendish, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheLifeAndDeathOfCardinalWosley"><i>The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey</i>, 1611</a>. (Cavendish was gentleman usher to Thomas Wolsey.)</li> <li>Thomas Cocke, “'The Repository of Our English Kings': The Henry VII Chapel as Royal Mausoleum.” <i>Architectural History</i>, Vol. 44, <i>Essays in Architectural History Presented to John Newman.</i> (2001), 212–220</li> <li>Ferguson, Charles W. <i>Naked to Mine Enemies: The Life of Cardinal Wolsey</i>. (2 vol 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nakedtomineenemi01ferg">online vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nakedtomineenemi00ferg">online vol 2</a></li> <li>Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of Thomas Wolsey’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace,” <i>Architectural History,</i> vol. 45 (2002), 128–158.</li> <li>Gunn, S. J. and P. G. Lindley. <i>Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State & Art</i> (1991) 329pp.</li> <li>Steven Gunn, “Anglo-Florentine Contacts in the Age of Henry VIII,” in Cinzia Sicca and Louis Waldman, eds. The Anglo-Florentine Renaissance: Art for the Early Tudors (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 19–48.</li> <li>Gwyn, Peter. "Wolsey's foreign policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges reconsidered." <i>Historical Journal</i> 23.4 (1980): 755–772.</li> <li>Sara Nair James, <i>Art in England: the Saxons through the Tudors: 600–1600</i>. Oxford [UK]: Oxbow/Casemate Publishing, 2016.</li> <li>P. G. Lindley, “Introduction” and “Playing Check-mate with Royal Majesty? Wolsey's Patronage of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” in <i>Cardinal Wolsey: Religion, State and Art,</i> S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley eds., (Cambridge, 1991), 1–53 and 261–285.</li> <li>Pollard, A. F. <i>Wolsey</i>. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolseywithintrod00poll">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolsey, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wolsey,_Thomas">"Wolsey, Thomas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 779–780.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wolsey%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=779-780&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Albert+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ridley, Jasper. <i>Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More and the Politics of Henry VIII</i>. Viking, 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesmansaintca00ridl">online</a></li> <li>Schwartz-Leeper, Gavin. <i>From Princes to Pages: The Literary Lives of Cardinal Wolsey, Tudor England's 'Other King'.</i> Brill, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/33072?format=HC">online</a></li> <li>Tim Tatton-Brown, <i>Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and their Houses</i> (London: SPCK, 2000)</li> <li>Williams, Robert Folkestone. <i>Lives of the English Cardinals...</i>, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (2002). <i>In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition, and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII</i>. St Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28696-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28696-5"><bdi>978-0-312-28696-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Lion%27s+Court%3A+Power%2C+Ambition%2C+and+Sudden+Death+in+the+Reign+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=St+Martins+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28696-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Simon Thurley, "The Domestic Building Works of Cardinal Wolsey," in <i>Cardinal Wolsey: Religion, State and Art</i>, ed. S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 76–102.</li> <li>Simon Thurley, <i>The Lost Palace of Whitehall</i> (London: The Royal Institute of British Architects, 1998).</li> <li>Neville Williams, <i>The Tudors: A Royal History of England</i>, Antonia Fraser, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).</li> <li>William E. Willkie, <i>The Cardinal Protectors of England</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974).</li> <li>W. Gordon Zeeveld, <i>Foundations of Tudor Policy</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wolsey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_Henry_VIII_to_Cardinal_Wolsey" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter from Henry VIII to Cardinal Wolsey">Letter from Henry VIII to Cardinal Wolsey</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F52418">"Archival material relating to Thomas Wolsey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Thomas+Wolsey&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF52418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Wolsey" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206512#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04904">Portraits of Thomas Wolsey</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206512#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> </b><br />1515–1529 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a> </b><br />1514 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Atwater_(bishop)" title="William Atwater (bishop)">William Atwater</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> </b><br />1514–1530 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(archbishop_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lee (archbishop of York)">Edward Lee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Castellesi" title="Adriano Castellesi">Adriano Castellesi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a> </b><br />1518–1522 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Clerk_(bishop)" title="John Clerk (bishop)">John Clerk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> </b><br />1523–1529 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a> </b><br />1529–1530 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(1485–1603)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a><br />(1485–1509)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a> (1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alcock_(bishop)" title="John Alcock (bishop)">John Alcock</a> (1485–1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a> (1486–1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a> (1500–1502)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> (1502–1509)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><br />(1509–1547)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> (1509–1515)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a> (1515–1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1529–1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Audley,_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden" title="Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden">1st Baron Audley of Walden</a> (1532–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_1st_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton">1st Earl of Southampton</a> (1544–1547)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br />(1547–1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rich,_1st_Baron_Rich" title="Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich">1st Baron Rich</a> (1547–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a> (1552–1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a><br />(July 1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a> (July 1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a><br />(July 1553–1558)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> (1553–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a> (1555–1558)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br />(1558–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Nicholas Bacon</a> (1558–1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a> (1579–1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a> (1587–1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">1st Baron Burghley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon" title="Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon">1st Baron Hunsdon</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Brooke,_10th_Baron_Cobham" title="William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham">10th Baron Cobham</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">1st Earl of Dorset</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gerard_(judge)" title="Gilbert Gerard (judge)">Gilbert Gerard</a></i> (1591–1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Puckering" title="John Puckering">John Puckering</a> (1592–1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">1st Viscount Brackley</a> (1596–1603)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate service when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Greal Seal</a> was held in Commission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #3355AA 5px solid; border-top: #3355AA 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Template:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Lincoln" title="Dean of Lincoln">Deans of Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranulph_(Dean_of_Lincoln)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranulph (Dean of Lincoln) (page does not exist)">Ranulph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bloet" title="Simon Bloet">Simon Bloet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Harcourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Harcourt">Philip of Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelelm_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Adelelm (Dean of Lincoln)">Adelelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Geoffrey (Dean of Lincoln)">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal" title="Richard FitzNeal">Richard FitzNeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamo_(Dean_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamo (Dean of York)">Hamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Rolleston" title="Roger de Rolleston">Roger de Rolleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Thornaco" title="William de Thornaco">William de Thornaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lexington" title="Henry of Lexington">Henry of Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gravesend" title="Richard of Gravesend">Richard of Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mariscis" title="Robert de Mariscis">Robert de Mariscis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_of_Lexington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William of Lexington (page does not exist)">William of Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Mepham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Mepham (page does not exist)">Richard de Mepham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Maidenstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Maidenstan (page does not exist)">John de Maidenstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sutton_(bishop)" title="Oliver Sutton (bishop)">Oliver Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Hegham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas de Hegham (page does not exist)">Nicholas de Hegham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Willoughby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Willoughby (page does not exist)">Philip Willoughby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joceline_Kirmington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joceline Kirmington (page does not exist)">Joceline Kirmington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_de_Got&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond de Got (page does not exist)">Raymond de Got</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Martival" title="Roger Martival">Roger Martival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mansfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Mansfield">Henry Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(Bishop_of_Norwich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Bek (Bishop of Norwich)">Antony Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bateman_(bishop)" title="William Bateman (bishop)">William Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Briselee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Briselee (page does not exist)">Simon Briselee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stretley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stretley (page does not exist)">John Stretley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Ravenser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Ravenser (page does not exist)">Richard Ravenser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sheppey_(Dean_of_Lincoln)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sheppey (Dean of Lincoln) (page does not exist)">John Sheppey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mackworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mackworth (page does not exist)">John Mackworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flemming" title="Robert Flemming">Robert Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(priest)" title="George Fitzhugh (priest)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Simeon">Geoffrey Simeon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable_(priest)" title="John Constable (priest)">John Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Heneage_(priest)" title="George Heneage (priest)">George Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln)">John Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mallet" title="Francis Mallet">Francis Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wickham_(bishop)" title="William Wickham (bishop)">William Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griffin" title="Ralph Griffin">Ralph Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rainolds" title="John Rainolds">John Rainolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cole_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="William Cole (Dean of Lincoln)">William Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence Stanton (page does not exist)">Laurence Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker_(priest)" title="Roger Parker (priest)">Roger Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Topham_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Topham (priest) (page does not exist)">Anthony Topham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Honywood" title="Michael Honywood">Michael Honywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brevint" title="Daniel Brevint">Daniel Brevint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller_(priest)" title="Samuel Fuller (priest)">Samuel Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Campion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Campion (page does not exist)">Abraham Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willis_(bishop)" title="Richard Willis (bishop)">Richard Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cannon_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cannon (priest) (page does not exist)">Robert Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gee_(priest,_born_1657)" title="Edward Gee (priest, born 1657)">Edward Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Willes_(bishop)" title="Edward Willes (bishop)">Edward Willes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cheyney_(priest)" title="Thomas Cheyney (priest)">Thomas Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_(priest)" title="William George (priest)">William George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Green_(bishop)" title="John Green (bishop)">John Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yorke_(bishop)" title="James Yorke (bishop)">James Yorke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Richardson_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Richardson (priest) (page does not exist)">Robert Richardson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cust_(priest)" title="Richard Cust (priest)">Richard Cust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Kaye,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Kaye, 6th Baronet">Sir Richard Kaye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_(priest)" title="George Gordon (priest)">George Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(priest)" title="John Ward (priest)">John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnier_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Thomas Garnier (Dean of Lincoln)">Thomas Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeune" title="Francis Jeune">Francis Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremie" title="James Jeremie">James Jeremie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blakesley" title="Joseph Blakesley">Joseph Blakesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Butler_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler (priest)">William Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wickham_(priest)" title="Edward Wickham (priest)">Edward Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fry_(priest,_born_1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fry (priest, born 1846)">Thomas Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(priest)" title="Robert Mitchell (priest)">Robert Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dunlop_(bishop)" title="Colin Dunlop (bishop)">Colin Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Fiennes" title="Oliver Fiennes">Oliver Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Jackson_(priest)" title="Brandon Jackson (priest)">Brandon Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Knight" title="Alec Knight">Alec Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Buckler" title="Philip Buckler">Philip Buckler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Patrick_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Patrick (priest) (page does not exist)">John Patrick</a> (Acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wilson_(priest)" title="Christine Wilson (priest)">Christine Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jones_(priest)" title="Simon Jones (priest)">Simon Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_Hereford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #3355AA 5px solid; border-top: #3355AA 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deans_of_Hereford" title="Template:Deans of Hereford"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deans_of_Hereford" title="Template talk:Deans of Hereford"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deans_of_Hereford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deans of Hereford"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Hereford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Hereford" title="Dean of Hereford">Deans of Hereford</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">Ralph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Breusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Breusa (page does not exist)">Hugh de Breusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Mapenor" title="Hugh de Mapenor">Hugh de Mapenor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Bosebir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Bosebir (page does not exist)">Thomas de Bosebir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Maidstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph de Maidstone">Ralph de Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Thorne_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Thorne (priest) (page does not exist)">Stephen Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancelin (page does not exist)">Ancelin</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselm (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giles_de_Avenbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giles de Avenbury (page does not exist)">Giles de Avenbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Aqua-Blanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Aqua-Blanca (page does not exist)">John de Aqua-Blanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_de_Ledebury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen de Ledebury (page does not exist)">Stephen de Ledebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trilleck" title="Thomas Trilleck">Thomas Trilleck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Feriby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Feriby (page does not exist)">William de Feriby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bermingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bermingham (page does not exist)">William Bermingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Middleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Middleton (page does not exist)">John de Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harold_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harold (priest) (page does not exist)">John Harold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prophet" title="John Prophet">John Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Felde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Felde (page does not exist)">Thomas Felde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bagshaw_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bagshaw (priest) (page does not exist)">John Bagshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stanwey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stanwey (page does not exist)">John Stanwey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Shelford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Shelford (page does not exist)">Henry Shelford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Berew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Berew (page does not exist)">John Berew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pede (page does not exist)">Richard Pede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chaundler" title="Thomas Chaundler">Thomas Chaundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_King" title="Oliver King">Oliver King</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hervey_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hervey (priest) (page does not exist)">John Hervey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald West (page does not exist)">Reginald West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Frowcester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Frowcester (page does not exist)">Edmund Frowcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Clifton" title="Gamaliel Clifton">Gamaliel Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Curwen" title="Hugh Curwen">Hugh Curwen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Daniel (page does not exist)">Edmund Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ellis_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ellis (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">John Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Watkins_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Watkins (priest) (page does not exist)">John Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Langford_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Langford (priest) (page does not exist)">Charles Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Doughtie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Doughtie (page does not exist)">Edward Doughtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montagu" title="Richard Montagu">Richard Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lloyd" title="Oliver Lloyd">Oliver Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_Griffiths" title="Silvanus Griffiths">Silvanus Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Price_(priest)" title="Daniel Price (priest)">Daniel Price</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Richardson_(Dean_of_Hereford)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Richardson (Dean of Hereford) (page does not exist)">John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Browne" title="Jonathan Browne">Jonathan Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croft_(bishop)" title="Herbert Croft (bishop)">Herbert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hodges_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hodges (priest) (page does not exist)">Thomas Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Benson_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Benson (priest) (page does not exist)">George Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_(bishop)" title="John Tyler (bishop)">John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clavering" title="Robert Clavering">Robert Clavering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(bishop)" title="John Harris (bishop)">John Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cresset" title="Edward Cresset">Edward Cresset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Castle" title="Edmund Castle">Edmund Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)" title="John Egerton (bishop)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Webber" title="Francis Webber">Francis Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Wetherell" title="Nathan Wetherell">Nathan Wetherell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Leigh_(Dean_of_Hereford)" title="William Leigh (Dean of Hereford)">William Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gretton_(priest)" title="George Gretton (priest)">George Gretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr_(bishop)" title="Robert Carr (bishop)">Robert Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mellish_(priest)" title="Edward Mellish (priest)">Edward Mellish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey_(bishop)" title="Edward Grey (bishop)">Edward Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Merewether" title="John Merewether">John Merewether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawes_(educationalist)" title="Richard Dawes (educationalist)">Richard Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_(priest)" title="George Herbert (priest)">George Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Leigh" title="Wentworth Leigh">Wentworth Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Waterfield" title="Reginald Waterfield">Reginald Waterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Burrows" title="Hedley Burrows">Hedley Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Price_(priest)" title="Robert Price (priest)">Robert Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Rathbone" title="Norman Rathbone">Norman Rathbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Haynes_(priest)" title="Peter Haynes (priest)">Peter Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Willis_(priest)" title="Robert Willis (priest)">Robert Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tavinor" title="Michael Tavinor">Michael Tavinor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Brown_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Brown (priest) (page does not exist)">Sarah Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template talk:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bishops and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishops of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrid II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Egbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_York" title="Æthelbert of York">Æthelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(died_796)" title="Eanbald (died 796)">Eanbald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(floruit_798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eanbald (floruit 798)">Eanbald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_York" title="Wulfsige of York">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigmund_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Wigmund (archbishop of York)">Wigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_York" title="Wulfhere of York">Wulfhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_York" title="Æthelbald of York">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrotheweard" title="Hrotheweard">Hrotheweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_956)" title="Wulfstan (died 956)">Wulfstan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscytel" title="Oscytel">Oscytel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwald" title="Edwald">Edwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynesige" title="Cynesige">Cynesige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Bayeux" title="Thomas of Bayeux">Thomas of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Gerard (archbishop of York)">Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_York" title="Thomas II of York">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Murdac" title="Henry Murdac">Henry Murdac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Pont_L%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Roger de Pont L'Évêque">Roger de Pont L'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langton_(priest)" title="Simon Langton (priest)">Simon Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gray" title="Walter de Gray">Walter de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewal_de_Bovil" title="Sewal de Bovil">Sewal de Bovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ludham" title="Godfrey Ludham">Godfrey Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Romeyn" title="John le Romeyn">John le Romeyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Newark" title="Henry of Newark">Henry of Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Corbridge" title="Thomas of Corbridge">Thomas of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenfield" title="William Greenfield">William Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Melton" title="William Melton">William Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Zouche" title="William Zouche">William Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Thoresby" title="John of Thoresby">John of Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neville" title="Alexander Neville">Alexander Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waldby" title="Robert Waldby">Robert Waldby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langley" title="Thomas Langley">Thomas Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowet" title="Henry Bowet">Henry Bowet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Philip Morgan (bishop)">Philip Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleming_(bishop)" title="Richard Fleming (bishop)">Richard Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)" title="William Booth (bishop)">William Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(bishop)" title="Thomas Young (bishop)">Thomas Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piers" title="John Piers">John Piers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of York)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthew" title="Tobias Matthew">Tobias Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harsnett" title="Samuel Harsnett">Samuel Harsnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)" title="Richard Sterne (bishop)">Richard Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolben" title="John Dolben">John Dolben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lamplugh" title="Thomas Lamplugh">Thomas Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(bishop)" title="John Sharp (bishop)">John Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Dawes,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Dawes, 3rd Baronet">Sir William Dawes Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne" title="Lancelot Blackburne">Lancelot Blackburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Markham_(bishop)" title="William Markham (bishop)">William Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Venables-Vernon-Harcourt" title="Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt">Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Musgrave_(bishop)" title="Thomas Musgrave (bishop)">Thomas Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_(bishop)" title="William Thomson (bishop)">William Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Connor_Magee" title="William Connor Magee">William Connor Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Garbett" title="Cyril Garbett">Cyril Garbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Blanch" title="Stuart Blanch">Stuart Blanch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habgood" title="John Habgood">John Habgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sentamu" title="John Sentamu">John Sentamu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferguson_(bishop)" title="Paul Ferguson (bishop)">Paul Ferguson</a> (acting diocesan)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cottrell" title="Stephen Cottrell">Stephen Cottrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Durham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Durham" title="Template:Bishops of Durham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Durham" title="Template talk:Bishops of Durham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Durham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Durham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Durham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishops of Durham</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Lindisfarne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Finan of Lindisfarne">Finan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne" title="Colmán of Lindisfarne">Colmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuda_of_Lindisfarne" title="Tuda of Lindisfarne">Tuda</a></li> <li><i>United to <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_York" title="Diocese of York">York</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Lindisfarne" title="Cynewulf of Lindisfarne">Cynewulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higbald_of_Lindisfarne" title="Higbald of Lindisfarne">Higbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Lindisfarne" title="Egbert of Lindisfarne">Egbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathwred_of_Lindisfarne" title="Heathwred of Lindisfarne">Heathwred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgred_of_Lindisfarne" title="Ecgred of Lindisfarne">Ecgred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbert_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eanbert of Lindisfarne">Eanbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardulf_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eardulf of Lindisfarne">Eardulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Chester-le-Street</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eardulf_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eardulf of Lindisfarne">Eardulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutheard_of_Lindisfarne" title="Cutheard of Lindisfarne">Cutheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilred_of_Lindisfarne" title="Tilred of Lindisfarne">Tilred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigred" title="Wigred">Wigred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhtred_of_Lindisfarne" title="Uhtred of Lindisfarne">Uhtred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexhelm_of_Lindisfarne" title="Sexhelm of Lindisfarne">Sexhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_of_Lindisfarne" title="Ealdred of Lindisfarne">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige_(Bishop_of_St_Cuthbert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfsige (Bishop of St Cuthbert)">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhun" title="Aldhun">Aldhun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval Bishops of Durham</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldhun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Durham" title="Edmund of Durham">Edmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred_(bishop)" title="Eadred (bishop)">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelric_(bishop_of_Durham)" title="Æthelric (bishop of Durham)">Æthelric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_(bishop_of_Durham)" title="Æthelwine (bishop of Durham)">Æthelwine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval Bishops<br /><span class="nobold">rulers of the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a></span><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walcher" title="Walcher">Walcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">William de St-Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rufus" title="Geoffrey Rufus">Geoffrey Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cumin" title="William Cumin">William Cumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_St._Barbara" title="William of St. Barbara">William of St. Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Puiset" title="Hugh de Puiset">Hugh de Puiset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Poitou" title="Philip of Poitou">Philip of Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Poore" title="Richard Poore">Richard Poore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_(bishop)" title="Morgan (bishop)">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marsh_(bishop)" title="Richard Marsh (bishop)">Richard Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scot" title="William Scot">William Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Poore" title="Richard Poore">Richard Poore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Melsonby" title="Thomas de Melsonby">Thomas de Melsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Farnham" title="Nicholas Farnham">Nicholas Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Kirkham" title="Walter of Kirkham">Walter of Kirkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stitchill" title="Robert Stitchill">Robert Stitchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Holy_Island" title="Robert of Holy Island">Robert of Holy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(bishop_of_Durham)" title="Antony Bek (bishop of Durham)">Antony Bek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval Bishops<br /><span class="nobold">rulers of the County Palatine of Durham</span><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kellaw" title="Richard Kellaw">Richard Kellaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_de_Beaumont" title="Lewis de Beaumont">Lewis de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Bury" title="Richard de Bury">Richard de Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hatfield" title="Thomas Hatfield">Thomas Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fordham_(bishop)" title="John Fordham (bishop)">John Fordham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Skirlaw" title="Walter Skirlaw">Walter Skirlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langley" title="Thomas Langley">Thomas Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Neville_(bishop)" title="Robert Neville (bishop)">Robert Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_(bishop)" title="William Dudley (bishop)">William Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherwood_(bishop)" title="John Sherwood (bishop)">John Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern Bishops<br /><span class="nobold">rulers of the County Palatine of Durham</span><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Senhouse" title="William Senhouse">William Senhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pilkington_(bishop)" title="James Pilkington (bishop)">James Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnes_(bishop)" title="Richard Barnes (bishop)">Richard Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of York)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthew" title="Tobias Matthew">Tobias Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_(bishop)" title="William James (bishop)">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howson" title="John Howson">John Howson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(bishop)" title="Thomas Morton (bishop)">Thomas Morton</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cosin" title="John Cosin">John Cosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Crew,_3rd_Baron_Crew" title="Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew">Nathaniel Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Talbot_(bishop)" title="William Talbot (bishop)">William Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chandler_(bishop)" title="Edward Chandler (bishop)">Edward Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevor_(bishop)" title="Richard Trevor (bishop)">Richard Trevor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)" title="John Egerton (bishop)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thurlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Thurlow (bishop)">Thomas Thurlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shute_Barrington" title="Shute Barrington">Shute Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Van_Mildert" title="William Van Mildert">William Van Mildert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern Bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maltby" title="Edward Maltby">Edward Maltby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Villiers" title="Henry Montagu Villiers">Henry Montagu Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baring" title="Charles Baring">Charles Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">J. B. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Foss_Westcott" title="Brooke Foss Westcott">Brooke Foss Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Moule" title="Handley Moule">Handley Moule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hensley_Henson" title="Hensley Henson">Hensley Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Williams_(bishop)" title="Alwyn Williams (bishop)">Alwyn Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Harland" title="Maurice Harland">Maurice Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ramsey" title="Ian Ramsey">Ian Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habgood" title="John Habgood">John Habgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jenkins_(bishop)" title="David Jenkins (bishop)">David Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Turnbull_(bishop)" title="Michael Turnbull (bishop)">Michael Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(bishop)" title="Paul Butler (bishop)">Paul Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Winchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Winchester" title="Template:Bishops of Winchester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Winchester" title="Template talk:Bishops of Winchester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Winchester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Winchester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Winchester" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishops of Winchester</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Medieval<br />634–1006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus</a>, Bishop of Dorchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilbert" title="Agilbert">Agilbert</a>, Bishop of Dorchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_(bishop)" title="Wine (bishop)">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuthere" title="Leuthere">Leuthere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Winchester" title="Daniel of Winchester">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunfrith_of_Winchester" title="Hunfrith of Winchester">Hunfrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneheard_of_Winchester" title="Cyneheard of Winchester">Cyneheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelheard_of_Winchester" title="Æthelheard of Winchester">Æthelheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbald" title="Ecgbald">Ecgbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudd" title="Dudd">Dudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneberht_of_Winchester" title="Cyneberht of Winchester">Cyneberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealhmund_of_Winchester" title="Ealhmund of Winchester">Ealhmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigthegn" title="Wigthegn">Wigthegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith" title="Herefrith">Herefrith</a> <i>(disputed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadmund_of_Winchester" title="Eadmund of Winchester">Eadmund</a> <i>(disputed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadhun" title="Eadhun">Eadhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmstan" title="Helmstan">Helmstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealhferth" title="Ealhferth">Ealhferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunbeorht" title="Tunbeorht">Tunbeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denewulf" title="Denewulf">Denewulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan/Byrnstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah</a> <i>I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a> <i>I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Winchester" title="Beorhthelm of Winchester">Beorhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold</a> <i>I</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a> <i>II</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg/100px-Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg/150px-Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg/200px-Arms_SeeOfWinchester.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="666" /></span></span><div><span style="font-size:85%;">Arms of the Bishop of Winchester</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval<br />1006–1304</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenwulf_of_Winchester" title="Cenwulf of Winchester">Cenwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_II_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="Æthelwold II (bishop of Winchester)">Æthelwold</a> <i>II</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige_II_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="Ælfsige II (bishop of Winchester)">Ælfsige</a> <i>II</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_Winchester" title="Ælfwine of Winchester">Ælfwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkelin" title="Walkelin">Walkelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Giffard" title="William Giffard">William Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Blois" title="Henry of Blois">Henry of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Ilchester" title="Richard of Ilchester">Richard of Ilchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_de_Luci" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey de Luci">Godfrey de Luci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Poore" title="Richard Poore">Richard Poore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_des_Roches" title="Peter des Roches">Peter des Roches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Raley" title="William de Raley">William de Raley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymer_de_Valence_(bishop)" title="Aymer de Valence (bishop)">Aymer de Valence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_London" title="Andrew of London">Andrew of London</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_de_Taunton" title="William de Taunton">William de Taunton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gervais" title="John Gervais">John Gervais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Ely" title="Nicholas of Ely">Nicholas of Ely</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_More" title="Richard de la More">Richard de la More</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Pontoise" title="John of Pontoise">John of Pontoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval<br />1305–1501</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Woodlock" title="Henry Woodlock">Henry Woodlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">John Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigaud_of_Assier" title="Rigaud of Assier">Rigaud of Assier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Orleton" title="Adam Orleton">Adam Orleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Wykeham" title="William of Wykeham">William of Wykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waynflete" title="William Waynflete">William Waynflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Courtenay" title="Peter Courtenay">Peter Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern<br />1501–1820</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ponet" title="John Ponet">John Ponet</a></li> <li>Stephen Gardiner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(bishop)" title="John White (bishop)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne_(bishop)" title="Robert Horne (bishop)">Robert Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_(bishop)" title="John Watson (bishop)">John Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(bishop)" title="Thomas Cooper (bishop)">Thomas Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wickham_(bishop)" title="William Wickham (bishop)">William Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Day_(bishop)" title="William Day (bishop)">William Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilson" title="Thomas Bilson">Thomas Bilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montague_(bishop)" title="James Montague (bishop)">James Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Curle" title="Walter Curle">Walter Curle</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Duppa" title="Brian Duppa">Brian Duppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Morley_(bishop)" title="George Morley (bishop)">George Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mews" title="Peter Mews">Peter Mews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Jonathan_Trelawny,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet">Jonathan Trelawny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Trimnell" title="Charles Trimnell">Charles Trimnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willis_(bishop)" title="Richard Willis (bishop)">Richard Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly" title="Benjamin Hoadly">Benjamin Hoadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Winchester)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_North" title="Brownlow North">Brownlow North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Modern<br />1820–current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Pretyman_Tomline" title="George Pretyman Tomline">George Pretyman Tomline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_(bishop)" title="Charles Sumner (bishop)">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Browne" title="Harold Browne">Harold Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thorold" title="Anthony Thorold">Anthony Thorold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edward_Ryle" title="Herbert Edward Ryle">Herbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Talbot_(bishop)" title="Edward Talbot (bishop)">Edward Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Woods" title="Theodore Woods">Theodore Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Garbett" title="Cyril Garbett">Cyril Garbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Haigh" title="Mervyn Haigh">Mervyn Haigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Williams_(bishop)" title="Alwyn Williams (bishop)">Alwyn Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkner_Allison" title="Falkner Allison">Falkner Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)">John Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_James_(bishop)" title="Colin James (bishop)">Colin James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott-Joynt" title="Michael Scott-Joynt">Michael Scott-Joynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dakin" title="Tim Dakin">Tim Dakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mounstephen" title="Philip Mounstephen">Philip Mounstephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206512#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118807811">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50013788">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068027n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068027n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wolsey, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V342811">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56965022">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wolsey, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0281160&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1301689">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071490744">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90136630">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583813705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/177670">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269977705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614893506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wolsey, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13908902?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500328245">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/07588799">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1667009">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118807811.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118807811">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028950909">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s80qc">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/70362">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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