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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicente_Fox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Vicente Fox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicente_Fox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Felipe_Calderón" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Felipe_Calderón"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Felipe Calderón </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Felipe_Calderón-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enrique_Peña_Nieto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enrique_Peña_Nieto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Enrique Peña Nieto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enrique_Peña_Nieto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andrés_Manuel_López_Obrador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrés_Manuel_López_Obrador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Andrés Manuel López Obrador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrés_Manuel_López_Obrador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_sources_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_sources_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Drug sources and use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_sources_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican_cartels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_cartels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mexican cartels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mexican_cartels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mexican cartels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mexican_cartels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cartels_in_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cartels_in_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Major cartels in the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cartels_in_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinaloa_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinaloa_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Sinaloa Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinaloa_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beltrán-Leyva_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beltrán-Leyva_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Beltrán-Leyva Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beltrán-Leyva_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juárez_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juárez_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Juárez Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juárez_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tijuana_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tijuana_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Tijuana Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tijuana_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Gulf Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_Zetas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Zetas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Los Zetas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_Zetas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Familia_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Familia_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 La Familia Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Familia_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knights_Templar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knights_Templar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Knights Templar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knights_Templar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CJNG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CJNG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 CJNG </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CJNG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nueva_Plaza_Cartel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nueva_Plaza_Cartel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.10 Nueva Plaza Cartel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nueva_Plaza_Cartel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartel_propaganda_and_messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartel_propaganda_and_messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Cartel propaganda and messaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartel_propaganda_and_messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramilitaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Paramilitaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramilitaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Firearms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Firearms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smuggling_of_firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smuggling_of_firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Smuggling of firearms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smuggling_of_firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gun_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Gun origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Gunrunner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Gunrunner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Project Gunrunner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Gunrunner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Michoacán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Michoacán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Operation Michoacán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Michoacán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation_(2008–12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_(2008–12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Escalation (2008–12) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_(2008–12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_in_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_in_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Effects in Mexico </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_in_Mexico-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects in Mexico subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Government corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Effects on human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Effects on public health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalists_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalists_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Journalists and the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalists_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murders_of_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murders_of_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Murders of politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murders_of_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres_and_exploitation_of_migrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres_and_exploitation_of_migrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Massacres and exploitation of migrants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres_and_exploitation_of_migrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Human trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Effects internationally </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_internationally-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects internationally subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._death_toll_and_national_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._death_toll_and_national_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.1 U.S. death toll and national security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._death_toll_and_national_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Money_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Money laundering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Drug demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mexican drug war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwelmoorlog_in_Meksiko" title="Dwelmoorlog in Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dwelmoorlog in Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حرب المكسيك على المخدرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب المكسيك على المخدرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_escontra%27l_narcotr%C3%A1ficu_en_M%C3%A9xicu" title="Guerra escontra'l narcotráficu en Méxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra escontra'l narcotráficu en Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="مکزیک اویوشتوروجو ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکزیک اویوشتوروجو ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="মেক্সিকোর মাদক যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেক্সিকোর মাদক যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dk-se-ko_B%C3%A2-io%CC%8Dh_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Be̍k-se-ko Bâ-io̍h Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍k-se-ko Bâ-io̍h Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Наркавайна ў Мексіцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наркавайна ў Мексіцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_contra_el_narcotr%C3%A0fic_a_M%C3%A8xic" title="Guerra contra el narcotràfic a Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra contra el narcotràfic a Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%A1_drogov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Mexická drogová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mexická drogová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cyffuriau_Mecsico" title="Rhyfel Cyffuriau Mecsico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cyffuriau Mecsico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narko_i_Mexico" title="Narko i Mexico – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Narko i Mexico" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogenkrieg_in_Mexiko" title="Drogenkrieg in Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drogenkrieg in Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiko_narkos%C3%B5da" title="Mehhiko narkosõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehhiko narkosõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Πόλεμος των Ναρκωτικών στο Μεξικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος των Ναρκωτικών στο Μεξικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_contra_el_narcotr%C3%A1fico_en_M%C3%A9xico" title="Guerra contra el narcotráfico en México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra contra el narcotráfico en México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkotrafikoaren_aurkako_gerra_Mexikon" title="Narkotrafikoaren aurkako gerra Mexikon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Narkotrafikoaren aurkako gerra Mexikon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنگ مواد مخدر مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ مواد مخدر مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_la_drogue_au_Mexique" title="Guerre de la drogue au Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de la drogue au Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="멕시코 마약 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코 마약 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Մեքսիկական նարկոպատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկական նարկոպատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_drogera%C5%A1ki_rat" title="Meksički drogeraški rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meksički drogeraški rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Narkoba_Meksiko" title="Perang Narkoba Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Narkoba Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_messicana_della_droga" title="Guerra messicana della droga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra messicana della droga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מלחמת הסמים במקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הסמים במקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნარკო ომი მექსიკაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნარკო ომი მექსიკაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i_drogh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Mexikói drogháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikói drogháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dadah_Mexico" title="Perang Dadah Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dadah Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicaanse_drugsoorlog" title="Mexicaanse drugsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mexicaanse drugsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E9%BA%BB%E8%96%AC%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="メキシコ麻薬戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メキシコ麻薬戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicos_narkotikakrig" title="Mexicos narkotikakrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mexicos narkotikakrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_narkotykowe_w_Meksyku" title="Wojny narkotykowe w Meksyku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny narkotykowe w Meksyku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_contra_o_narcotr%C3%A1fico_no_M%C3%A9xico" title="Guerra contra o narcotráfico no México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra contra o narcotráfico no México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Нарковойна в Мексике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нарковойна в Мексике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drog_War" title="Mexican Drog War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mexican Drog War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_meksikane_kund%C3%ABr_drog%C3%ABs" title="Lufta meksikane kundër drogës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta meksikane kundër drogës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_missicana_d%C3%A2_droga" title="Guerra missicana dâ droga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra missicana dâ droga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mexican drug war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%A1_drogov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Mexická drogová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mexická drogová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehi%C5%A1ka_vojna_proti_drogam" title="Mehiška vojna proti drogam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehiška vojna proti drogam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شەڕی ماددە ھۆشبەرەکان لە مەکسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ماددە ھۆشبەرەکان لە مەکسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Рат против нарко-картела у Мексику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат против нарко-картела у Мексику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikon_huumesota" title="Meksikon huumesota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksikon huumesota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogkriget_i_Mexiko" title="Drogkriget i Mexiko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drogkriget i Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามยาเสพติดเม็กซิโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามยาเสพติดเม็กซิโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_Uyu%C5%9Fturucu_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Meksika Uyuşturucu Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika Uyuşturucu Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96" title="Нарковійна в Мексиці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нарковійна в Мексиці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_ma_t%C3%BAy_M%C3%A9xico" title="Chiến tranh ma túy México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh ma túy México" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War between Mexico's government and various drug trafficking syndicates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mexican drug war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/350px-Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a> The Mexican military detaining suspects in <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, 2007</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 11, 2006 (2006-12-11) – present (18 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Throughout <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, with occasional spillover across international borders into <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider.com-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-QwP8a-11">[11]</a> and also into the Central and South American countries of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><a href="#cite_note-q2pTF-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-oVZ66-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_military_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ongoing military conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Mexico)" title="National Guard (Mexico)">National Guard</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Federal Police</a> (2006–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">State and municipal police forces</a></li></ul> Consulting and training support by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States</a> through the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Colombia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canada</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>'s Anti-Crime Capacity Building Program (ACCBP)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Philippines</a> through the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">National Bureau of Investigation</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> <hr /> Non-state armed groups: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Army" title="Popular Revolutionary Army">Popular Revolutionary Army</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (EPR) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/23px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/35px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/45px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN) <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_Autodefensa_Comunitaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria">Self-defense groups</a><a href="#cite_note-mexico.cnn.com-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Mexico" title="Drug cartel">Mexican cartels</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">CJNG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/20px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/31px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/40px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Familia_Michoacana_Organization" title="La Nueva Familia Michoacana Organization">LNFM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Viagras" title="Los Viagras">Los Viagras</a></li></ul></li></ul> Weakened and defunct cartels: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1330" /> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Metros" title="Los Metros">Los Metros</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/45px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/68px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg/90px-La_Familia_-_la_vida_loca_2014-05-05_16-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">LFM</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Lima_Cartel" title="Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel">CSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Juárez Cartel</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_(gang)" title="La Resistencia (gang)">Cárteles Unidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Barredora" title="La Barredora">La Barredora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Tepito" title="La Unión Tepito">La Unión Tepito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milenio_Cartel" title="Milenio Cartel">Milenio Cartel</a> (2006–2010)<a href="#cite_note-Lm3zb-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Organization" title="Beltrán-Leyva Organization">BLO</a> (2006–2017)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Cartel_of_Acapulco" title="Independent Cartel of Acapulco">CIDA</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Movimiento_templario.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/30px-Movimiento_templario.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/45px-Movimiento_templario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/60px-Movimiento_templario.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel" title="Knights Templar Cartel">Knights Templar Cartel</a> (2011–2017)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> (2006–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> (2012–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> (2018–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a> (2024–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Galv%C3%A1n_Galv%C3%A1n" title="Guillermo Galván Galván">Guillermo Galván</a> (2006–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Cienfuegos" title="Salvador Cienfuegos">Salvador Cienfuegos</a> (2012–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Cresencio_Sandoval" title="Luis Cresencio Sandoval">Luis Cresencio Sandoval</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Francisco_Saynez_Mendoza" title="Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza">Mariano Francisco Saynez</a> (2006–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Francisco_Sober%C3%B3n_Sanz" title="Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz">Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz</a> (2012–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rafael_Ojeda_Dur%C3%A1n" title="José Rafael Ojeda Durán">Irfan</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Archivaldo_Guzm%C3%A1n_Salazar" title="Iván Archivaldo Guzmán Salazar">"El Chapito"</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Ismael_%22El_Mayo%22_Zambada" title="Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada">"El Mayo"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">"El Chapo"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Zambada_Niebla" title="Vicente Zambada Niebla">"El Vicentillo"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Ovidio_Guzm%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez" title="Ovidio Guzmán López">"El Ratón"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/23px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/35px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png/45px-Cartel_De_Sinaloa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez" title="Joaquín Guzmán López">"El Güero"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_del_Golfo_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1330" /> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eduardo_Costilla_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez">"El Coss"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Carrillo_Fuentes" title="Vicente Carrillo Fuentes">"El Viceroy"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Carrillo_Leyva" title="Vicente Carrillo Leyva">"El Ingeniero"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/16px-Movimiento_templario.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/25px-Movimiento_templario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/32px-Movimiento_templario.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1152" /> <a href="/wiki/Servando_G%C3%B3mez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Servando Gómez Martínez">"La Tuta"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/16px-Movimiento_templario.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/25px-Movimiento_templario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/32px-Movimiento_templario.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1152" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_M%C3%A9ndez_Vargas" title="José de Jesús Méndez Vargas">"El Chango"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/16px-Movimiento_templario.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/25px-Movimiento_templario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Movimiento_templario.png/32px-Movimiento_templario.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1152" /> <a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Loya_Plancarte" title="Dionisio Loya Plancarte">"El Tío"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Héctor Beltrán Leyva">"El General"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villarreal_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Sergio Villarreal Barragán">"El Grande"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Valdez_Villarreal" title="Edgar Valdez Villarreal">"La Barbie"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enedina_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Enedina Arellano Félix">"La Jefa"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Garc%C3%ADa_Simental" title="Teodoro García Simental">"El Teo"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_S%C3%A1nchez_Arellano" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Sánchez Arellano">"El Ingeniero"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Trevi%C3%B1o_Morales" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales">"El Z-40"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Trevi%C3%B1o_Morales" title="Omar Treviño Morales">"El Z-42"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Vel%C3%A1zquez_Caballero" title="Iván Velázquez Caballero">"El L-50"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Sauceda_Gamboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa">"El Goyo"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes">"El Mencho"</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rick_Valencia_Salazar" title="Érick Valencia Salazar">"El 85"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/Abigael_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Abigael González Valencia">"El Cuini"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Oseguera_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Rubén Oseguera González">"El Menchito"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/23px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/35px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png/46px-C%C3%A1rtel_de_Jalisco_Nueva_Generaci%C3%B3n_logo_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1020" /> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Antonio Oseguera Cervantes">"El Tony Montana"</a> (incarcerated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Y%C3%A9pez_Ortiz" title="José Antonio Yépez Ortiz">"El Marro"</a> (incarcerated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li>368,000 police officers<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-15">[15]</a></li> <li>277,000 Soldiers<a href="#cite_note-LA-16">[16]</a></li> <li>107,000 National Guard members</li> <li>23,300 Self-defense group</li> <li>9,000 Guerrillas group</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Cartels:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>100,000+ individuals<a href="#cite_note-kPa0i-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-aw0kh-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-JcAk7-19">[19]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: <ul><li>743 servicemen killed and 137 missing<a href="#cite_note-El_Universal-20">[20]</a></li> <li>4,038 federal, state, and municipal police killed<a href="#cite_note-Police_Reform-21">[21]</a></li> <li>66 members of the <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_autodefensa_comunitaria" title="Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria">Policía Comunitaria</a> killed<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Revolutionary_Democratic_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Army" title="Popular Revolutionary Army">EPR</a>: <ul><li>2 EPR members killed<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Cartels: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>12,456 cartel members killed (2006–2010)<a href="#cite_note-VSED7-24">[24]</a></li> <li>121,199 cartel members detained (2006–2009)<a href="#cite_note-informe_2010-25">[25]</a></li> <li>8,500 cartel members convicted (2006–2010)<a href="#cite_note-2vI58-26">[26]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Total casualties:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>41,034 dead in war conflicts between identified parties from 2006–2020<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> (total 350,000–400,000 dead from organized crime homicides from 2006–2022)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>60,000+ missing (2020)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mexican_drug_war" title="Template:Campaignbox Mexican drug war"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mexican_drug_war" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mexican drug war"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mexican_drug_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mexican drug war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexican_drug_war9742" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican drug war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Projects and operations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Community_Shield_(2005-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Community Shield (2005-present)">Community Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Gunrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Operation Michoacán">Michoacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal#2006–2008:_Operation_Wide_Receiver_and_other_probes" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Wide Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baja_California" title="Operation Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solare" title="Operation Solare">Solare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Xcellerator" title="Operation Xcellerator">Xcellerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinaloa" title="Operation Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operation_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n-Tamaulipas" title="Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas">Nuevo León-Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Guerrero (page does not exist)">Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chihuahua" title="Operation Chihuahua">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quintana_Roo" title="Operation Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana#Project_Coronado" title="La Familia Michoacana">Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal#2009–2011:_Operation_Fast_and_Furious" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Fast and Furious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Southern_Tempest" title="Project Southern Tempest">Southern Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Lince_Norte" title="Operación Lince Norte">Lince Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Escorpi%C3%B3n" title="Operación Escorpión">Escorpión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana#Project_Delirium" title="La Familia Michoacana">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Laguna_Segura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Laguna Segura (page does not exist)">Laguna Segura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Safe_Veracruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Safe Veracruz (page does not exist)">Safe Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Safe_San_Luis_Potosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Safe San Luis Potosi (page does not exist)">Safe San Luis Potosi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Neza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Neza (page does not exist)">Neza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Estado_de_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Estado de Mexico (page does not exist)">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Storm" title="Operation Blue Storm">Blue Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kruz_Control" title="Operation Kruz Control">Kruz Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Terminus" title="Operation Terminus">Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bishop" title="Operation Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coyote" title="Operation Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Wildfire" title="Project Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Black Swan">Black Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diablo_Express" title="Operation Diablo Express">Diablo Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shadowfire" title="Project Shadowfire">Shadowfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Culiacán">Culiacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose_Azteca" title="Operation Mongoose Azteca">Mongoose Azteca</a></li></ul> Events: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_of_Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n_(2001%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhunt of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán (2001–2014)">El Chapo manhunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia_grenade_attacks" title="Morelia grenade attacks">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_prison_riot" title="2009 Ciudad Juárez prison riot">1st Juárez prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Raul_and_Brisenia_Flores" title="Murders of Raul and Brisenia Flores">Arivaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Guanajuato_and_Hidalgo_shootings" title="2009 Guanajuato and Hidalgo shootings">Guanajuato & Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_rehab_center_attack" title="Ciudad Juárez rehab center attack">Juárez rehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villas_de_Salv%C3%A1rcar_massacre" title="Villas de Salvárcar massacre">Villas de Salvárcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Chihuahua_shootings" title="2010 Chihuahua shootings">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n_mass_graves" title="Nuevo León mass graves">Nuevo León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero_mass_graves" title="Guerrero mass graves">Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2010 San Fernando massacre">San Fernando (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Saric_shootout" title="2010 Saric shootout">Saric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Puebla_oil_pipeline_explosion" title="2010 Puebla oil pipeline explosion">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">San Luis Potosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2011 San Fernando massacre">San Fernando (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Durango_massacres" title="2011 Durango massacres">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Guerena_shooting" title="Jose Guerena shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ru%C3%ADz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ruíz (page does not exist)">Ruíz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_mass_graves" title="Coahuila mass graves">Coahuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Matamoros_mass_kidnapping" title="2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping">1st Matamoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Monterrey_casino_attack" title="2011 Monterrey casino attack">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamira_prison_brawl" title="Altamira prison brawl">Altamira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodaca_prison_riot" title="Apodaca prison riot">Apodaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nuevo_Laredo_massacres" title="2012 Nuevo Laredo massacres">Nuevo Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Boca_del_R%C3%ADo_murder_of_journalists" title="2012 Boca del Río murder of journalists">Boca del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadereyta_Jim%C3%A9nez_massacre" title="Cadereyta Jiménez massacre">Cadereyta Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jose_Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Jose Rodriguez">Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_La_Joya_shooting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 La Joya shooting (page does not exist)">La Joya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">Iguala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_May_2015_Jalisco_attacks" title="1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks">Jalisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_del_Oeste_ambush" title="2015 San Sebastián del Oeste ambush">San Sebastián del Oeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tanhuato%E2%80%93Ecuandureo_shootout" title="2015 Tanhuato–Ecuandureo shootout">Tanhuato-Ecuandureo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo_Chico_prison_riot" title="Topo Chico prison riot">Topo Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Chimney_Canyon_shootout" title="2018 Chimney Canyon shootout">Chimney Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_nightclub_shooting" title="Salamanca nightclub shooting">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minatitl%C3%A1n_massacre" title="Minatitlán massacre">Minatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruapan_massacre" title="Uruapan massacre">Uruapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos_nightclub_fire" title="Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire">Coatzacoalcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Western_Michoac%C3%A1n_clashes" title="2019 Western Michoacán clashes">W Michoacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBar%C3%B3n_and_Langford_families_massacre" title="LeBarón and Langford families massacre">LeBarón & Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Villa_Uni%C3%B3n_shootout" title="2019 Villa Unión shootout">Villa Unión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieneguillas_prison_riots" title="Cieneguillas prison riots">Cieneguillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruapan_arcade_shooting" title="Uruapan arcade shooting">Uruapan arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_ambush" title="Madera ambush">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irapuato_massacres" title="Irapuato massacres">Irapuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatierra_mass_graves" title="Salvatierra mass graves">1st Salvatierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camargo_massacre" title="Camargo massacre">Camargo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coatepec_Harinas_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coatepec Harinas attack (page does not exist)">Coatepec Harinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doctor_Coss" title="Battle of Doctor Coss">Doctor Coss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aguililla" title="Capture of Aguililla">Aguililla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarecuato_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarecuato massacre (page does not exist)">Tarecuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_prison_break" title="Tula prison break">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Tinajas_massacre" title="Las Tinajas massacre">Las Tinajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaya_massacre" title="Celaya massacre">Celaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzantla_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuzantla shooting">Tuzantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Totolapan_massacre" title="San Miguel Totolapan massacre">San Miguel Totolapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_prison_attack" title="2023 Ciudad Juárez prison attack">2nd Juárez prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sinaloa_unrest" title="2023 Sinaloa unrest">Sinaloa unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Matamoros_kidnappings" title="2023 Matamoros kidnappings">2nd Matamoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensenada_shootout" title="Ensenada shootout">Ensenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatierra_massacre" title="Salvatierra massacre">2nd Salvatierra</a></li> <li>Ciudad Obregón</li></ul> Topics: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Women in the Mexican drug war">Women in the Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Piracy on Falcon Lake</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Mexico is supported by the United States in this conflict through the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mexico" title="Category:History of Mexico">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">The New Spain</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish-Aztec War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Federal Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">1864–1928</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">The Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">La decena trágica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Guadalupe" title="Plan of Guadalupe">Plan of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato (1928–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Petroleum nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">La Década Perdida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico#1982_crisis_and_recovery" title="Economic history of Mexico">1982 economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico#The_end_of_the_PRI's_rule" title="History of Mexico">PRI downfall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mexican_history" title="Timeline of Mexican history">Timeline</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> There is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">ongoing</a> <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a><a href="#cite_note-RPJZI-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-JgtBN-31">[31]</a> armed conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Mexican government</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Mexico" title="Drug cartel">drug trafficking syndicates</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican military">Mexican military</a> intervened in 2006, the government's main objective was to reduce drug-related violence.<a href="#cite_note-z07ip-32">[32]</a> The Mexican government has asserted that its primary focus is dismantling the cartels and preventing <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">drug trafficking</a>. The conflict has been described as the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theater</a> of the global <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>, as led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Violence escalated after the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardo" title="Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo">Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo</a> in 1989. He was the leader and the co-founder of the first major Mexican <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara Cartel</a>, an alliance of the current existing cartels (which included the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Juarez_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Juarez Cartel">Juarez Cartel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Cartel" title="Sonora Cartel">Sonora Cartel</a> with Aldair Mariano as the leader). After his arrest, the alliance broke, and high-ranking members formed their cartels, fighting for control of territory and trafficking routes. Although Mexican drug trafficking organizations have existed for several decades, their influence increased<a href="#cite_note-5cBhN-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-HNU9G-35">[35]</a> after the demise of the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín</a> cartels in the 1990s. By 2007, Mexican drug cartels controlled 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CollenCook7-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf</a> cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-progress-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-L2QWa-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-HzeyQ-40">[40]</a> Federal law enforcement has been reorganized at least five times since 1982 in various attempts to control <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">corruption</a> and reduce cartel violence. During the same period, there were at least four elite <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> created as new, corruption-free soldiers who could fight Mexico's endemic bribery system.<a href="#cite_note-sPnCp-41">[41]</a> Analysts estimate wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-CollenCook7-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-uH1cd-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-spread-43">[43]</a> The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a> and technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. By the end of President <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>'s administration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the official death toll of the Mexican drug war was at least 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-44">[44]</a> Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, not including 27,000 missing.<a href="#cite_note-JTx4M-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-F575R-46">[46]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> took office as president in 2018, he declared the war was over; his comment was criticized, as the homicide rate remains high. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Timeline of the Mexican drug war">Timeline of the Mexican drug war</a>.</div> Due to its location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U.S. markets. Mexican <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootleggers</a> supplied <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> to American gangsters throughout <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> and the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a> with the U.S. began when Prohibition came to an end in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> Near the end of the 1960s, Mexicans started to smuggle drugs on a major scale.<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, Mexico was part of both <a href="/wiki/Operation_Intercept" title="Operation Intercept">Operation Intercept</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> developed between 1975 and 1978, with the pretext to fight against the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and marijuana in the "Golden Triangle", particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The operation, commanded by General José Hernández Toledo,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> was a failure, with no major drug lord captures and reported abuse and repression in rural zones.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> During the 1970s and early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a> was the main exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. While Escobar's <a href="/wiki/Medellin_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Medellin Cartel">Medellin Cartel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a> would manufacture the products, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardo" title="Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo">Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara Cartel</a> would oversee distribution. <a href="/wiki/Griselda_Blanco#Miami_drug_war" title="Griselda Blanco">When enforcement efforts intensified in South Florida</a> and the Caribbean, the Colombian organizations formed partnerships with Mexico-based traffickers to transport cocaine by land through Mexico into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-k2qYe-52">[52]</a> This was easily accomplished because Mexico had long been a major source of heroin and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, and drug traffickers from Mexico had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of <a href="/wiki/Colombian_cocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian cocaine">Colombian cocaine</a>. At first, the Mexican gangs were paid in cash for their transportation services. However, in the late 1980s, the Mexican transport organizations and the Colombian drug traffickers settled on a payment-in-product arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor_Intelligence-53">[53]</a> Transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, and became formidable traffickers in their own right. In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets.<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor_Intelligence-53">[53]</a> The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse. A disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-54">[54]</a> Leadership vacuums are sometimes created by law enforcement successes against a particular cartel, so cartels often will attempt to pit law enforcement against one another, either by bribing corrupt officials to take action against a rival or by leaking intelligence about a rival's operations to the Mexican or U.S. government's <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA).<a href="#cite_note-Burton-54">[54]</a> While many factors have contributed to the escalating violence, security analysts in Mexico City trace the origins of the rising scourge to the unraveling of a longtime implicit arrangement between narcotics traffickers and governments controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI), which began to lose its grip on political power in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Tet2n-55">[55]</a> The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Félix Gallardo, who ran the cocaine business in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-BoKYV-56">[56]</a> There was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s, but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. According to researchers, as of 2023, an estimated 175,000 people are working for the drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> The head of the U.S. drug enforcement reported that there are an estimated 45,000 members, associates, and brokers spread over more than 100 countries working under the Sinaloa cartel and the Jalisco New Generation cartel.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party#Overview" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party § Overview</a></div> The dominant PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years until 2000. During this time, drug cartels expanded their power and political influence, and anti-drug operations focused mainly on destroying marijuana and opium crops in mountainous regions. There were no large-scale, high-profile military operations against their core structures in urban areas until the <a href="/wiki/2000_Mexican_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Mexican election">2000 Mexican election</a> when the right-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">PAN</a> party gained the presidency and started a crackdown on cartels on their turf. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vicente_Fox">Vicente Fox</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vicente Fox">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Vicente_Fox" title="Presidency of Vicente Fox">Presidency of Vicente Fox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/440px-Fuerza_del_Estado_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Mexican soldiers during a confrontation in <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> in August 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mexican_Army.jpg/220px-Mexican_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mexican_Army.jpg/330px-Mexican_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mexican_Army.jpg/440px-Mexican_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mexican soldiers training in August 2010</figcaption></figure> In 2000, Vicente Fox, from the right-wing PAN party, became the first Mexican president since the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> not to be from the PRI; his presidency passed with relative peace, having a <a href="/wiki/Crime_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime index">crime index</a> not too different from that of previous administrations and Mexican public opinion was mainly optimistic with the regime change, with Mexico showing a decline in homicide rates from 2000 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-DjXQo-58">[58]</a> One of the Fox administration's strongest criticisms arose from its management of the <a href="/wiki/2006_civil_unrest_in_San_Salvador_Atenco" title="2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco">peasant unrest in San Salvador Atenco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a>, the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel, based in Nuevo Laredo, escalated violence to unprecedented levels in the summer of 2003 through gruesome violence and military-like tactics against the Sinaloa Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Los Zetas also instilled terror against journalists and civilians of Nuevo Laredo. This set a new precedent, which cartels later mimicked.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> All these activities by Mexican criminal organizations were not widely reported by the Mexican media. However, key conflicts occurred, including the Sinaloa Cartel attacks and the advance on the Gulf Cartel's main regions in <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>. It is estimated that in the first eight months of 2005, about 110 people died in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo" title="Nuevo Laredo">Nuevo Laredo</a>, Tamaulipas, as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels.<a href="#cite_note-NiSrq-61">[61]</a> The same year, there was another surge in violence in the state of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> as <a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">La Familia Michoacana</a> drug cartel established itself after splintering from its former allies, the Gulf Cartel and <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Felipe_Calderón">Felipe Calderón</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Felipe Calderón">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n#Presidency" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón § Presidency</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png/250px-Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png/375px-Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png/500px-Mexican_States_with_mafia_conflicts.png 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>The states where most of the conflict took place in 2010, marked in red</figcaption></figure> On December 11, 2006, newly elected <a href="/wiki/Mexican_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican President">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>, from the PAN party, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Operation Michoacán">dispatched 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to Michoacán</a>, his home state, to end drug violence. This action is regarded as the first major deployment of government forces against cartels and is generally viewed as the starting point of the Mexican drug war.<a href="#cite_note-iht.com-62">[62]</a> As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign. By 2008, there were about 45,000 troops involved, along with state and federal police forces.<a href="#cite_note-EoHlf-63">[63]</a> The government was initially successful in detaining drug lords. Drug-related violence spiked markedly in contested areas along the U.S. border, such as <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</a>. Some analysts, including U.S. Ambassador in Mexico <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pascual_(diplomat)" title="Carlos Pascual (diplomat)">Carlos Pascual</a>, argued that this rise in violence was a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-64">[64]</a> Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized crime, there has been an alarming increase in violent deaths related to organized crime: more than 15,000 people have died in suspected drug cartel attacks since it was launched at the end of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-64">[64]</a> More than 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-2fjyB-65">[65]</a> followed by 9,600 murders in 2009; 2010 saw more than 15,000 homicides across the country.<a href="#cite_note-sLwbw-66">[66]</a> By the end of Calderón's presidency, his administration statistics claimed that, during his 6-year term, 50,000 drug-related homicides occurred.<a href="#cite_note-mwLva-67">[67]</a> Outside sources claimed more than 120,000 murders happened in the same period as a result of his <a href="/wiki/Militaristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Militaristic">militaristic</a> anti-drug policy.<a href="#cite_note-tiRym-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enrique_Peña_Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enrique Peña Nieto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto#Presidency_(2012–2018)" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto § Presidency (2012–2018)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n,_8_Enero_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg/250px-Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg/375px-Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg/500px-Mensaje_a_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n%2C_8_Enero_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>President Enrique Peña Nieto, accompanied by Cabinet members, holds a press conference in the Palacio Nacional announcing the capture of <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Guzmán">Joaquín Guzmán</a></figcaption></figure> In 2012, newly elected President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a>, from the PRI party, emphasized that he did not support the involvement of armed American agents in Mexico and was only interested in training Mexican forces in <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> tactics.<a href="#cite_note-NrFzg-69">[69]</a> Peña Nieto stated that he planned to de-escalate the conflict, focusing on lowering criminal violence rates, as opposed to the previous policy of attacking drug-trafficking organizations by arresting or killing the most-wanted drug lords and intercepting their shipments.<a href="#cite_note-ulcZ1-70">[70]</a> In the first 14 months of his administration, between December 2012 and January 2014, 23,640 people died in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-zetatijuana.com-71">[71]</a> In 2013, Mexico saw the rise of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_autodefensa_comunitaria" title="Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria">grupos de autodefensa comunitaria</a> (self-defense groups) in southern Mexico, para-military groups led by land-owners, ranchers, and other rural inhabitants that took up arms against the criminal groups that wanted to impose dominance in their towns, entering a new phase in the Mexican war on drugs.<a href="#cite_note-9RXxH-72">[72]</a> This strategy, allegedly proposed by General <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Naranjo" title="Óscar Naranjo">Óscar Naranjo</a>, Peña Nieto's security advisor from Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-FE7Wi-73">[73]</a> crumbled when autodefensas started to have internal organization struggles and disagreements with the government, as well as infiltration by criminal elements, that deprived the government forces the ability to distinguish between armed-civilian convoys and drug-cartel convoys, forcing Peña Nieto's administration to distance from them.<a href="#cite_note-ISX0V-74">[74]</a> Peña Nieto's handling of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">2014 Iguala mass kidnapping</a> and the 2015 escape of drug lord <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Altiplano prison">Altiplano maximum security prison</a> sparked international criticism.<a href="#cite_note-9kk9p-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-2U13n-76">[76]</a> A great part of Peña Nieto's strategy consisted in making the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)">Interior Ministry</a> solely responsible for public security and the creation of a national military-level police force called the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)#Peña_Nieto's_administration" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">National Gendarmerie</a>. In December 2017, the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Seguridad_Interior_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de Seguridad Interior (México)">Law of Internal Security</a> was passed by legislation but was met with criticism, especially from the <a href="/wiki/CNDH" class="mw-redirect" title="CNDH">National Human Rights Commission</a>, accusing it gave the president a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carte_blanche#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:carte blanche">blank check</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OgPEl-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-KJa24-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-zRt3e-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-qOEzP-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andrés_Manuel_López_Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Andrés Manuel López Obrador">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a>, the president of the center-left <a href="/wiki/Morena_(political_party)" title="Morena (political party)">Morena</a> party, took office on December 1, 2018. One of his campaign promises was a controversial "strategy for peace", which would give <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to Mexicans involved in drug production and trafficking as a way to stop the drug trade and the resulting turf violence.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-81">[81]</a> His aides explained that the plan was not to pardon real criminals, like violent drug cartel members, but to prevent other people from following that path, especially low-income people, farmers forced into drug cultivation by cartels, and young people who may end up in jail for drug possession.<a href="#cite_note-MiLVs-82">[82]</a> López Obrador pointed out that the past approaches failed because they were based on misunderstanding the core problem. According to him, the underlying issue was Mexico's great <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social disparities</a>, which previous governments' economic policies did not reduce. For law enforcement, he promised to hold a referendum for the creation of a temporary national guard, merging elite parts of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Federal Police</a>, military police, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Navy</a>, Chief of Staff's Guard, and other top Mexican security agencies, intending to finally give a legal framework to the military grade forces that have been doing police work in the last years.<a href="#cite_note-xn3Ie-83">[83]</a> He promised not to use arms to suppress the people and announced the release of political prisoners. His approach is to pay more attention to the victims of violent crime, and he wants to revisit two previously taken strategies.<a href="#cite_note-TKhrX-84">[84]</a> In 2019, the promised <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Mexico)" title="National Guard (Mexico)">Mexican National Guard</a> was created.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Despite the new government's planned strategy changes,<a href="#cite_note-Q1uYc-86">[86]</a> during the first two months of the new presidency, the violence between drug trafficking organizations sustained the same levels as in previous years.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Najar_Jan_2019-87">[87]</a> On July 15, 2022, authorities captured <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caro-Quintero" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Caro-Quintero">Rafael Caro-Quintero</a>, a former leader of the Guadalajara cartel. However, they lost fourteen soldiers in an aircraft crash in the remote mountains near Sinaloa's border with Chihuahua.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On January 30, 2019, López Obrador declared the end of the Mexican war on drugs,<a href="#cite_note-5ZK16-89">[89]</a> stating that he would now focus on reducing spending<a href="#cite_note-El0fl-90">[90]</a> and direct its military and police efforts primarily on stopping the armed gasoline theft rings —locally called <a href="/wiki/Huachicolero" title="Huachicolero">huachicoleros</a>— that had been stealing more than 70 thousand barrels of oil, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, and gasoline daily,<a href="#cite_note-BxHvc-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-eermr-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-j5hzQ-93">[93]</a> costing the Mexican state-owned company <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> around 3 billion dollars every year.<a href="#cite_note-oMD5Z-94">[94]</a> On October 17, 2019, based on an extradition request sent to Mexico by a Washington, D.C. judge,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Culiacán">failed operation</a> to capture alleged kingpin <a href="/wiki/Ovidio_Guzm%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez" title="Ovidio Guzmán López">Ovidio Guzmán López</a> was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican National Guard">Mexican National Guard</a>, in which fourteen people died (mostly from the armed forces and cartel enforcers and one civilian bystander).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Guzmán was released<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> after approximately 700 cartel enforcers,<a href="#cite_note-:0-98">[98]</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber</a> rifles, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a> (RPGs), and 40 mm grenades, took multiple hostages, including the housing unit where military families live in Culiacan.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The cartels used burning vehicles to block roads, a tactic taken from militant protesters, with the event described as a mass insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> López Obrador defended the decision to release Ovidio Guzmán, arguing it prevented further loss of life,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and insisted that he wanted to avoid more massacres.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He further stated that the capture of one drug smuggler could not be more valuable than the lives of innocent civilians<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and that even though they underestimated the cartel's forces and ability to respond,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> the criminal process against Ovidio is still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2019, the federal forces deployed 8,000 troops and police reinforcements to restore peace in Culiacan.<a href="#cite_note-:0-98">[98]</a> This strategy of avoiding armed confrontations while drug organizations have continued violent altercations has been controversial.<a href="#cite_note-eUUA2-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Najar_Jan_2019-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-HVwHc-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-QoNrI-108">[108]</a> One of the strongest critics of the new approach and a firm proponent of continuing the armed struggle is former President Felipe Calderón, who originally started the military operations against traffickers in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-OH0x0-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-8TrSt-110">[110]</a> Calderón's militaristic strategy to capture cartel heads has also been criticized by local and foreign experts, as well as by multiple media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-qtC7o-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-fNxdd-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-p90mr-113">[113]</a> President López Obrador, known for his strong criticism of previous administrations' approach to public security through militarization, campaigned on the promise of removing the military from the streets and returning them to the barracks. However, under the López Obrador administration, deployments and military expenditures have reached unprecedented levels. The current number of soldiers deployed for security duties is 76% higher than during <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>'s presidency, whom López Obrador holds responsible for the militarization of the drug war. Consequently, defense spending has surged 87% between 2012, Calderón's last year in office, and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Although the number of deployed soldiers is higher, available data indicates that they assume a more restrained role. They engage in fewer confrontations, seize fewer firearms, and prioritize non-confrontational strategies to deter criminals.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> This has resulted in lower weapon seizures and fewer arrests of alleged criminals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Additionally, President López Obrador has broadened their duties, such as overseeing vaccine distribution and addressing irregular migration flows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_sources_and_use">Drug sources and use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drug sources and use">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg/220px-Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg/330px-Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg/440px-Drug_traffic_routes_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Map of Mexican cartels' drug traffic routes in Mexico based on a 2012 Stratfor report</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> estimates that 90 percent of cocaine entering the United States is produced in Colombia<a href="#cite_note-eMfeK-117">[117]</a> (followed by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>)<a href="#cite_note-25fvm-118">[118]</a> and that the main transit route is through Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-CollenCook7-36">[36]</a> Drug cartels in Mexico control approximately 70% of the foreign narcotics flow into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-0ICtR-119">[119]</a> Mexican cartels distribute Asian<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CollenCook7-36">[36]</a> It is believed that almost half the cartels' revenues come from cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-iVeQv-121">[121]</a> Cocaine, heroin, and, increasingly, methamphetamine are also traded.<a href="#cite_note-stnFB-122">[122]</a> Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of the heroin distributed in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a> Since 2003, Mexican cartels have used the dense, isolated portions of U.S. federal and state parks and forests to grow marijuana under the canopy of thick trees. Billions of dollars worth of marijuana has been produced annually on U.S. soil. In 2006, federal and state authorities seized over 550,000 marijuana plants worth an estimated 1 billion dollars in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>'s remote Appalachian counties. Cartels profited from marijuana growing operations from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-0Nern-124">[124]</a> A 2018 study found that the reduction in drugs from Colombia contributed to Mexican drug violence. The study estimated that "between 2006 and 2009, the decline in cocaine supply from Colombia could account for 10%–14% of the increase in violence in Mexico."<a href="#cite_note-hmy2Q-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use">Use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> Illicit drug use in Mexico is low compared to the United States but is on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> With Mexico's increased role in the trafficking and production of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">illegal drugs</a>, the availability of narcotics has risen slowly locally since the 1980s. In the decades before this period, consumption was not generalized – reportedly occurring mainly among persons of high <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, intellectuals, and artists.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-127">[127]</a> As the United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine,<a href="#cite_note-Hgnf8-128">[128]</a> as well as of other illegal drugs,<a href="#cite_note-7x6lB-129">[129]</a> their demand is what motivates the drug business, and the main goal of Mexican cartels is to introduce narcotics into the U.S. The export rate of cocaine to the U.S. has decreased following stricter <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> measures in response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-feFak-130">[130]</a> This has led to a surplus of cocaine, which has resulted in local Mexican dealers attempting to offload extra narcotics along trafficking routes, especially in border areas popular among North American tourists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Drug shipments are often delayed in Mexican border towns before delivery to the U.S., which has forced drug traffickers to increase prices to account for transportation costs of products across international borders, making it a more profitable business for the drug lords, and has likely contributed to the increased rates of local drug consumption.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-127">[127]</a> With increased cocaine use, there has been a parallel rise in demand for drug user treatment in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty in Mexico</a></div> One of the main factors driving the Mexican drug war is widespread poverty. From 2004 to 2008, the portion of the population who received less than half of the <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> rose from 17% to 21%, and the proportion of the population living in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme</a> or moderate poverty rose from 35 to 46% (52 million persons) between 2006 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-kvZv6-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ujtJw-133">[133]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries, Mexico has the second highest economic disparity between the extremely poor and the rich.<a href="#cite_note-xoL0E-134">[134]</a> The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy has 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent has almost 36%. The OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted <a href="/wiki/Poverty_alleviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty alleviation">poverty alleviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social development</a> expenses are only about a third of the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-132">[132]</a> In 2012, it was estimated that Mexican cartels employed over 450,000 people directly, and a further 3.2 million people's livelihoods depended on various parts of the drug trade.<a href="#cite_note-Es5b0-135">[135]</a> In cities such as Ciudad Juárez, up to 60% of the economy depended on illegal sources of income.<a href="#cite_note-IcOyA-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> A problem that goes hand in hand with poverty in Mexico is the level of <a href="/wiki/Schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Schooling">schooling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In the 1960s, when Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale,<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> only 5.6% of the Mexican population had more than six years of schooling.<a href="#cite_note-alba-139">[139]</a> More recently, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> have noted that despite the Mexican economy ranking 31st out of 134 economies for investment in education (5.3% of its GDP), as of 2009, the nation's primary education system is ranked only 116th, thereby suggesting "that the problem is not how much but rather how resources are invested".<a href="#cite_note-DmdRJ-140">[140]</a> The WEF further explained: "The powerful teachers union, the <a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Nacional_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Educaci%C3%B3n" title="Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación">SNTE</a>, the largest labor union in Latin America, has been largely responsible for blocking reforms that would increase the quality of spending and help ensure equal access to education."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] The result of the high levels of poverty, lack of well-paid jobs, government corruption, and the systemic failure of Mexico's schools has been the appearance of ninis, a youth underclass of school dropouts who <a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">neither work nor study</a>, who might have ended up as combatants on behalf of the cartels.<a href="#cite_note-cptHI-141">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexican_drug_war#Dubious" title="Talk:Mexican drug war">discuss</a>] Teachers' unions have opposed reforms that propose their testing and grading on their students' performance<a href="#cite_note-SIKNO-142">[142]</a> with standardized tests that do not take into account the socioeconomic differences between middle-class urban schools and under-equipped, poor rural schools, which has an important effect on students' performance.<a href="#cite_note-C1aFI-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-PPY4R-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-cBMBF-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-narnx-146">[146]</a> Also, teachers' unions have argued that the legislation is ambiguous, focuses exclusively on teachers without evaluating the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education" title="Secretariat of Public Education">Education Ministry</a>, and will allow more abuse and political corruption.<a href="#cite_note-NETn9-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-iukxr-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-diZLB-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-q3r29-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-qgrDF-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican_cartels">Mexican cartels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mexican cartels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%27s_37_most-wanted_drug_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords">List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narcoculture_in_Mexico#Drug_production_in_Mexico" title="Narcoculture in Mexico">Narcoculture in Mexico § Drug production in Mexico</a></div>The birth of most Mexican drug cartels is traced to former Mexican Judicial Federal Police agent <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardo" title="Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo">Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: El Padrino, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The Godfather'), who founded the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara Cartel</a> in 1980 and controlled most of the illegal drug trade in Mexico and the trafficking corridors across the Mexico–U.S. border along with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81brego" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan García Ábrego">Juan García Ábrego</a> throughout the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Time-152">[152]</a> He started off by smuggling marijuana and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> into the U.S., and was the first Mexican drug chief to link up with Colombia's cocaine <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">cartels</a> in the 1980s. Through his connections, Félix Gallardo became the person at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a>, which was run by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a> This was accomplished because Félix Gallardo had already established a marijuana trafficking infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based cocaine traffickers. There were no other cartels at that time in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a> He oversaw operations with his cronies and the politicians who sold him protection.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a> The Guadalajara Cartel suffered a major blow in 1985 when the group's co-founder <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caro_Quintero" title="Rafael Caro Quintero">Rafael Caro Quintero</a> was captured, and later convicted, for the murder of DEA agent <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Enrique "Kiki" Camarena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J7rbM-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Organized-155">[155]</a> Félix Gallardo then kept a low profile and in 1987 he moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dale_Scott" title="Peter Dale Scott">Peter Dale Scott</a>, the Guadalajara Cartel prospered largely because it enjoyed the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Seguridad" title="Dirección Federal de Seguridad">Dirección Federal de Seguridad</a> (DFS), under its chief <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nazar_Haro" title="Miguel Nazar Haro">Miguel Nazar Haro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-156">[156]</a> Félix Gallardo was arrested on April 8, 1989.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-157">[157]</a> He then divested the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down in one law enforcement swoop.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a>: 47  He sent his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug traffickers at a house in <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> where he designated plazas or territories.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-up4KF-158">[158]</a> The Tijuana route would go to his nephews the <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Arellano Felix brothers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Ciudad Juárez route</a> would go to the <a href="/wiki/Amado_Carrillo_Fuentes" title="Amado Carrillo Fuentes">Carrillo Fuentes family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Caro_Quintero" title="Miguel Caro Quintero">Miguel Caro Quintero</a> would run the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Cartel" title="Sonora Cartel">Sonora corridor</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Guzmán Loera">Joaquín Guzmán Loera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Zambada García">Ismael Zambada García</a> would take over Pacific coast operations, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a>. Guzmán and Zambada brought veteran <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Luis_Palma_Salazar" title="Héctor Luis Palma Salazar">Héctor Luis Palma Salazar</a> back into the fold. The control of the Matamoros, Tamaulipas corridor—then becoming the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a>—would be left undisturbed to its founder Juan García Ábrego, who was not a party to the 1989 pact.<a href="#cite_note-PkItr-159">[159]</a> Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations, as he maintained important connections, but he would no longer control all details of the business.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Narco-153">[153]</a> When he was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords.<a href="#cite_note-ybq95-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cartels_in_the_war">Major cartels in the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major cartels in the war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Mexico" title="Drug cartel">Drug cartel § Mexico</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinaloa_Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sinaloa Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/220px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/330px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/440px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Drug trafficking tunnel under the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">U.S.-Mexico border</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Otay Mesa">Otay Mesa</a> used by the Sinaloa Cartel</figcaption></figure> The Sinaloa Cartel began to contest the Gulf Cartel's domination of the coveted southwest Texas corridor following the arrest of Gulf Cartel leader <a href="/wiki/Osiel_C%C3%A1rdenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Osiel Cárdenas">Osiel Cárdenas</a> in March 2003. The "Federation" was the result of a 2006 accord between several groups located in the Pacific state of <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>. The cartel was led by <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Guzmán">Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán</a>, who was Mexico's most-wanted drug trafficker with an estimated net worth of U.S. $1 billion. This made him the 1140th richest man in the world and the 55th most powerful, according to his <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine profile.<a href="#cite_note-Xb4an-161">[161]</a> He was arrested and escaped in July 2015,<a href="#cite_note-wd6y1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-xYLdr-163">[163]</a> and re-arrested in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-dFBbJ-164">[164]</a> In February 2010, new alliances were formed against Los Zetas and <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán-Leyva Cartel">Beltrán-Leyva Cartel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MexiData-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfredo_BELTRAN_LEYVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Alfredo_BELTRAN_LEYVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption>Guzmán's lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Alfredo Beltrán Leyva">Alfredo Beltrán Leyva</a> (arrested)</figcaption></figure> The Sinaloa Cartel fought the Juárez Cartel in a long and bloody battle for control over drug trafficking routes in and around the northern city of Ciudad Juárez. The battle eventually resulted in defeat for the Juárez Cartel, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 12,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-166">[166]</a> During the war for the turf in Ciudad Juárez the Sinaloa Cartel used several gangs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Los_Mexicles" title="Los Mexicles">Los Mexicles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Artistas_Asesinos" title="Artistas Asesinos">Artistas Asesinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gente_Nueva" title="Gente Nueva">Gente Nueva</a>) to attack the Juárez Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-166">[166]</a> The Juárez Cartel similarly used gangs such as <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_(gang)" title="La Línea (gang)">La Línea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barrio_Azteca" title="Barrio Azteca">Barrio Azteca</a> to fight the Sinaloa Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-166">[166]</a> As of May 2010, numerous reports by Mexican and U.S. media stated that Sinaloa had infiltrated the Mexican federal government and military, and colluded with it to destroy the other cartels.<a href="#cite_note-burnett1-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-burnett2-168">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colima_Cartel" title="Colima Cartel">Colima</a>, Sonora and <a href="/wiki/Milenio_Cartel" title="Milenio Cartel">Milenio Cartels</a> are now branches of the Sinaloa Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-M2Mo4-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán</a> was arrested on January 8, 2016, and extradited to the United States a year later. On February 4, 2019, in Brooklyn, NY, he was found guilty of ten counts of drug trafficking and sentenced to life imprisonment. Guzman unsuccessfully attempted to convince prosecutors that he has assumed charges on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Ismael_%22El_Mayo%22_Zambada" title="Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada">Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> "El Chapo" alleged that he had paid former presidents <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> and Felipe Calderón bribes, which was quickly denied by both men.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In March 2019, El Chapo's successor, Ismael Zambada García, alias "El Mayo," was reported to be Mexico's "last Capo" and even more feared than his closest rival <a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes">Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes</a>, alias "El Mencho," who serves as leader of the Jalisco Cartel New Generation.<a href="#cite_note-fearedcapo-172">[172]</a> On January 5, 2023 the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Ovidio_Guzm%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez" title="Ovidio Guzmán López">Ovidio Guzmán</a>, son of jailed drug lord <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Sinaloa_unrest" title="2023 Sinaloa unrest">sparked a wave of violence in the state of Sinaloa</a>. The violence prompted the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican military</a> to launch a series of armed raids using planes and helicopters to attack Sinaloa cartel members.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beltrán-Leyva_Cartel">Beltrán-Leyva Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Beltrán-Leyva Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán-Leyva Cartel">Beltrán-Leyva Cartel</a></div> The Beltrán-Leyva Cartel was a Mexican drug cartel and <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> syndicate founded by the four Beltrán Leyva brothers: <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Arturo_Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos Arturo Beltrán-Leyva">Marcos Arturo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Carlos Beltrán Leyva">Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Alfredo Beltrán Leyva">Alfredo</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Héctor Beltrán Leyva">Héctor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yH7ac-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyCaf-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-zT894-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Q1wNi-177">[177]</a> In 2004 and 2005, Arturo Beltrán Leyva led powerful groups of assassins to fight for trade routes in northeastern Mexico for the Sinaloa Cartel. Through corruption or intimidation, the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel infiltrated Mexico's political,<a href="#cite_note-1b8oK-178">[178]</a> judicial<a href="#cite_note-zaLs9-179">[179]</a> and police institutions to feed classified information about anti-drug operations,<a href="#cite_note-Hch0L-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jc9sd-181">[181]</a> and even infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> office in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Zyl4P-182">[182]</a> Following the December 2009 death of the cartel's leader <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Arturo Beltrán Leyva">Arturo Beltrán Leyva</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Marines">Mexican Marines</a> the cartel entered into an internal power struggle between Arturo's brother, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, and Arturo's top enforcer <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Valdez_Villarreal" title="Edgar Valdez Villarreal">Edgar Valdez Villarreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> Meanwhile, the cartel continued to dissolve with factions such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Cartel" title="South Pacific Cartel">South Pacific Cartel</a>, La Mano Con Ojos, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Cartel_of_Acapulco" title="Independent Cartel of Acapulco">Independent Cartel of Acapulco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Barredora" title="La Barredora">La Barredora</a> forming and the latter two cartels starting yet another intra-Beltrán Leyva Cartel conflict.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> The Mexican Federal Police considers the cartel to have been disbanded,<a href="#cite_note-ftogB-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-XdSPc-184">[184]</a> and the last cartel leader, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, was captured in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-DOS-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juárez_Cartel">Juárez Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Juárez Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Juárez Cartel</a></div> The Juárez Cartel controls one of the primary transportation routes for billions of dollars' worth of illegal drug shipments annually entering the United States from Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-3Pv29-186">[186]</a> Since 2007, the Juárez Cartel has been locked in a vicious battle with its former partner, the Sinaloa Cartel, for control of Ciudad Juárez. La Línea is a group of Mexican drug traffickers and corrupt Juárez and Chihuahua state police officers who work as the armed wing of the Juárez Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-LxLfK-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Carrillo_Fuentes" title="Vicente Carrillo Fuentes">Vicente Carrillo Fuentes</a> headed the Juárez Cartel until his arrest in 2014. Since 2011, the Juárez Cartel continues to weaken.<a href="#cite_note-e3usl-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plbpk-189">[189]</a> It is present in the three main points of entry into El Paso, Texas. The Juárez Cartel is only a shadow of the organization it was a decade ago, and its weakness and inability to effectively fight against Sinaloa's advances in Juarez contributed to the lower death toll in Juarez in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-gGseN-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tijuana_Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tijuana Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_arrested_by_the_DEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Francisco_arrested_by_the_DEA.jpg/220px-Francisco_arrested_by_the_DEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Francisco_arrested_by_the_DEA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Francisco Javier Arellano Félix">Francisco Javier Arellano Félix</a>, the Tijuana Cartel drug lord was captured by the DEA</figcaption></figure> The Tijuana Cartel, also known as the Arellano Félix Organization, was once among Mexico's most powerful.<a href="#cite_note-PYoKZ-191">[191]</a> It is based in Tijuana, one of the most strategically important border towns in Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-KmnYH-192">[192]</a> and continues to export drugs even after weakening by an internal war in 2009. Due to infighting, arrests and the deaths of some of its top members, the Tijuana Cartel is a fraction of what it was in the 1990s and early 2000s, when it was considered one of the most potent and violent criminal organizations in Mexico by the police. After the arrest or assassination of various members of the Arellano Félix family, the cartel is currently allegedly headed by Edwin Huerta Nuño alias "El Flako". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_Cartel">Gulf Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gulf Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG/220px-Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG/330px-Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG/440px-Militaresmexicanos-Matamoros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Army raids a Gulf Cartel's house in <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a>, in 2012</figcaption></figure> The Gulf Cartel (CDG), based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has been one of Mexico's two dominant cartels in recent years. In the late 1990s, it hired a private mercenary army (an enforcer group now called Los Zetas), which in 2006 stepped up as a partner but, in February 2010, their partnership was dissolved, and both groups engaged in widespread violence across several border cities of Tamaulipas state,<a href="#cite_note-MexiData-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zetas-Golfo-193">[193]</a> turning several border towns into "ghost towns".<a href="#cite_note-Of9BK-194">[194]</a> The CDG was strong at the beginning of 2011, holding off several Zetas incursions into its territory. As the year progressed, internal divisions led to intra-cartel battles in Matamoros and Reynosa, Tamaulipas state. The infighting resulted in several arrests and deaths in Mexico and in the United States. The CDG has since broken apart, and it appears that one faction, known as Los Metros, has overpowered its rival Los Rojos faction and is now asserting its control over CDG operations.<a href="#cite_note-stratfor.com-195">[195]</a> The infighting has weakened the CDG, but the group seems to have maintained control of its primary plazas, or smuggling corridors, into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-stratfor.com-195">[195]</a> The Mexican federal government has made notable successes in capturing the leadership of the Gulf Cartel. <a href="/wiki/Osiel_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Osiel Cárdenas Guillén">Osiel Cárdenas Guillén</a>, his brothers <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Antonio Cárdenas Guillén">Antonio Cárdenas Guillén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Mario Cárdenas Guillén">Mario Cárdenas Guillén</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eduardo_Costilla_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez">Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez</a> have all been captured and incarcerated during Felipe Calderón's administration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Los_Zetas">Los Zetas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Los Zetas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png/220px-Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png/330px-Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png/440px-Gulf_Cartel_and_Los_Zetas_-_March_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Leadership chart of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a> issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, March 2010</figcaption></figure> In 1999, Gulf Cartel's leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, hired a group of 37 corrupt former elite military soldiers to work for him. These former Airmobile Special Forces Group (<a href="/wiki/Grupo_Aerom%C3%B3vil_de_Fuerzas_Especiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales">GAFE</a>), and Amphibian Group of Special Forces (GANFE) soldiers became known as Los Zetas and began operating as a private army for the Gulf Cartel. During the early 2000s the Zetas were instrumental in the Gulf Cartel's domination of the drug trade in much of Mexico. After the 2007 arrest and extradition of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the Zetas seized the opportunity to strike out on their own. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Lazcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Heriberto Lazcano">Heriberto Lazcano</a>, the Zetas, numbering about 300, gradually set up their own independent drug, arms and human-trafficking networks.<a href="#cite_note-u9p1W-196">[196]</a> In 2008, Los Zetas made a deal with ex-Sinaloa cartel commanders, the Beltrán-Leyva brothers and since then, became rivals of their former employer/partner, the Gulf Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-MexiData-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-s3ZGL-197">[197]</a> In early 2010 the Zetas made public their split from the Gulf Cartel and began a bloody war with the Gulf Cartel over control of northeast Mexico's drug trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> This war has resulted in the deaths of thousands of cartel members and suspected members. Furthermore, due to alliance structures, the Gulf Cartel-Los Zetas conflict drew in other cartels, namely the Sinaloa Cartel which fought the Zetas in 2010 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> The Zetas are notorious for targeting civilians, including the mass murder of 72 migrants in the <a href="/wiki/2010_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2010 San Fernando massacre">San Fernando massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> The Zetas involved themselves in more than drug trafficking and have also been connected to <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, pipeline trafficked oil theft, extortion, and trading unlicensed CDs.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> Their criminal network is said to reach far from Mexico including into Central America, the U.S. and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> On July 15, 2013, the Mexican Navy arrested the top Zeta boss <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Trevi%C3%B1o_Morales" title="Miguel Treviño Morales">Miguel Treviño Morales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jf8ZT-198">[198]</a> In recent times, Los Zetas have experienced severe fragmentation and seen its influence diminish.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> As of December 2016, two subgroups calling themselves Los Zetas Grupo Bravo (Group Bravo) and Zetas Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) formed an alliance with the Gulf Cartel against a group known as El Cartel del Noreste (The Cartel of the Northeast).<a href="#cite_note-borderlandbeat-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Familia_Cartel">La Familia Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: La Familia Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">La Familia Michoacana</a></div> La Familia Michoacana was a major Mexican drug cartel based in Michoacán between at least 2006 and 2011. It was formerly allied to the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, but split off and became an independent organization.<a href="#cite_note-L2X1k-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg/220px-Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg/330px-Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg/440px-Mexico_cartel_map_May_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Map of Mexican drug cartels presence in Mexico based on a May 2010 <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a> report<a href="#cite_note-zeBYc-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-hMQXZ-203">[203]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán-Leyva Cartel">Beltrán-Leyva Cartel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Juárez Cartel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">La Familia Michoacana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Disputed territories</div></figcaption></figure> In 2009–10, a counter-narcotics offensive by Mexican and U.S. government agencies produced the arrest of at least 345 suspected La Familia members in the U.S., and the incorrectly presumed death<a href="#cite_note-zUI5w-204">[204]</a> of one of the cartel's founders, <a href="/wiki/Nazario_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Nazario Moreno González">Nazario Moreno González</a>, on December 9, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> The cartel then divided into the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel" title="Knights Templar Cartel">Knights Templar Cartel</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_M%C3%A9ndez_Vargas" title="José de Jesús Méndez Vargas">José de Jesús Méndez Vargas</a>-led faction, which kept the name La Familia. Following the cartel's fragmentation in late 2010 and early 2011, the La Familia Cartel under Méndez Vargas fought the Knights Templar Cartel but on June 21, 2011, Méndez Vargas was arrested by Mexican authorities<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> and in mid-2011 the attorney general in Mexico (PGR) stated that La Familia Cartel had been "exterminated",<a href="#cite_note-Aug_2011-205">[205]</a> leaving only the splinter group, the Knights Templar Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-Raid-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-xSF82-207">[207]</a> In February 2010, La Familia forged an alliance with the Gulf Cartel against Los Zetas and Beltrán-Leyva Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-MexiData-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knights_Templar">Knights Templar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Knights Templar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel" title="Knights Templar Cartel">Knights Templar Cartel</a></div> The Knights Templar drug cartel (Spanish: Caballeros Templarios) was created in Michoacán in March 2011 after the death of the charismatic leader of La Familia Michoacana cartel, Nazario Moreno González.<a href="#cite_note-Tunics-208">[208]</a> The Cartel is headed by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Plancarte_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Enrique Plancarte Solís">Enrique Plancarte Solís</a> and <a href="/wiki/Servando_G%C3%B3mez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Servando Gómez Martínez">Servando Gómez Martínez</a> who formed the Knights Templar due to differences with José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, who had assumed leadership of La Familia Michoacana.<a href="#cite_note-33X48-209">[209]</a> After the emergence of the Knights Templar, sizable battles flared up during the spring and summer months between the Knights Templar and La Familia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> The organization has grown from a splinter group to a dominant force over La Familia, and at the end of 2011, following the arrest of José de Jesús "El Chango" Méndez Vargas, leader of La Familia, the cartel appeared to have taken over the bulk of La Familia's operations in Mexico and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-6">[6]</a> In 2011 the Knights Templar appeared to have aligned with the Sinaloa Federation in an effort to root out the remnants of La Familia and to prevent Los Zetas from gaining a more substantial foothold in the Michoacán region of central Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-XGrf4-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-THMtt-211">[211]</a> Alliances or agreements between drug cartels have been shown to be fragile, tense and temporary. Mexican drug cartels have increased their co-operation with U.S. street and prison gangs to expand their distribution networks within the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-spread-43">[43]</a> On March 31, 2014, Enrique Plancarte Solís, a high-ranking leader in the cartel, was killed by the Mexican Navy. On September 6, 2016, a Mexican police helicopter was shot down by a gang, killing four people. The police were conducting an operation against criminal groups and drug cartels in <a href="/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n" title="Apatzingán">Apatzingán</a>, including the Knights Templar Cartel.<a href="#cite_note-BWaMZ-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CJNG">CJNG</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CJNG">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg/220px-CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg/330px-CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg/440px-CJNG_-_US_Influence_Map_-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4250" /></a><figcaption>Area of influence map of the <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a> in the United States as of 2017</figcaption></figure> The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación, CJNG, Los Mata Zetas and Los Torcidos)<a href="#cite_note-auto-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> is a Mexican criminal group based in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and headed by <a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes">Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes</a> ("El Mencho"), one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Jalisco New Generation Cartel started as one of the splits of Milenio Cartel, beside La Resistencia. La Resistencia accused CJNG of giving up Oscar Valencia (El Lobo) to the authorities and called them Los Torcidos (The Twisted Ones). Jalisco Cartel defeated La Resistencia and took control of Millenio Cartel's smuggling networks. Jalisco New Generation Cartel expanded its operation network from coast to coast in only six months, making it one of the criminal groups with the greatest operating capacity in Mexico as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Through online videos, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel has tried to seek society's approval and tacit consent from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican government">Mexican government</a> to confront Los Zetas by posing as a "righteous" and "nationalistic" group.<a href="#cite_note-justice-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Such claims have stoked fears that Mexico, just like <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">Colombia</a> a generation before, may be witnessing the rise of paramilitary drug gangs.<a href="#cite_note-justice-219">[219]</a> By 2018 the CJNG was hyped as the most powerful cartel in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> though Insight Crime has said the Sinaloa Cartel is still the most powerful cartel and called the CJNG its closest rival.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-fearedcapo-172">[172]</a> In 2019, the group was greatly weakened by infighting, arrests of senior operatives, and a war with the Sinaloa Cartel and its allies,<a href="#cite_note-cjng2019-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nueva_Plaza_Cartel">Nueva Plaza Cartel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nueva Plaza Cartel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Plaza_Cartel" title="Nueva Plaza Cartel">Nueva Plaza Cartel</a></div> CJNG co-founder <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rick_Valencia_Salazar" title="Érick Valencia Salazar">Érick Valencia Salazar</a> (alias "El 85") and former high-ranking CJNG leader Enrique Sánchez Martínez (alias "El Cholo") had also departed from the CJNG and formed a rival cartel known as the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Plaza_Cartel" title="Nueva Plaza Cartel">Nueva Plaza Cartel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newcartel-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazarelcholo-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-2018report-228">[228]</a> Since 2017, the cartel has been engaged in a war with the CJNG.<a href="#cite_note-insight2018-229">[229]</a> The Nueva Plaza Cartel has also become aligned with the Sinaloa Cartel to fight the CJNG.<a href="#cite_note-newcartel-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazarelcholo-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartel_propaganda_and_messaging">Cartel propaganda and messaging</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cartel propaganda and messaging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Propaganda in the Mexican drug war">Propaganda in the Mexican drug war</a></div> Criminal organizations in Mexico are heavily involved in information warfare. These groups have a variety of tools they use to influence public opinion, such as food handouts, sponsoring of community development, social media posts, filmed press release-style video communications, physical narco messages, narco corridos, and private messaging such as WhatsApp chats. The goal of narco propaganda is to influence public opinion, threaten or accuse rivals, and generally communicate with those outside their organization.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Many cartels have controlled the information environment by threatening journalists, bloggers, and others who speak out against them. Their primary method of communication is the physical narco message, which can range from professionally-printed banners to hastily written messages on cardboard or paper. They are commonly displayed in public places, such as bridges, town centers, and highways. Many are often also left at crime scenes, such as after an assassination. Some cartels, such as the CJNG, have sophisticated propaganda arms capable of producing large numbers of professional styled narco messages to advance their interests. These messages use stock phrases or slogans, cartel logos, and have cohesive messaging.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In 2011, then President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012) met with Mexico's major media outlets to discuss their role in what he argued was sensationalizing the violence and providing free press coverage to cartels and their messages. They agreed to limit coverage of the drug war and the messaging of criminal groups.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paramilitaries">Paramilitaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Paramilitaries">edit</a>]</div> Paramilitary groups work alongside cartels to provide protection. This protection began with a focus on maintaining the drug trade, then moved to theft from other valuable industries such as oil and mining. It has been suggested that the rise in paramilitary groups coincides with a loss of security within the government. These paramilitary groups came about in a number of ways. First, waves of elite armed forces and government security experts have left the government to join the side of the cartels, responding to large bribes and an opportunity for wealth they may not have received in government positions. One such paramilitary group, Los Zetas, employed military personnel to create one of the largest groups in Mexico. Some of the elite armed forces members who join paramilitaries are trained in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation</a> (WHINSEC, formerly known as the School of the Americas). One theory is that the paramilitaries have sprung out of deregulation of the Mexican army, which has been slowly replaced by private security firms.<a href="#cite_note-RZBx7-233">[233]</a> Paramilitaries, including the Zetas, have now entered uncharted territories. Branching out of just protecting drug cartels, paramilitary groups have entered many other financially profitable industries, such as oil, gas, kidnapping, and counterfeiting electronics. There has been a complete and total loss of control by the government, and the only response has been to increase army presence, notably an army whose officials are often on the drug cartels payroll. The United States has stepped in to offer support in the "War on Drugs" through funding, training and military support, and transforming the Mexican judicial system to parallel the American system.<a href="#cite_note-jEKgc-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Women in the Mexican drug war">Women in the Mexican drug war</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Women in the Mexican drug war">Women in the Mexican drug war</a> have been participants and civilians. They have served for and/or been harmed by all belligerents. There have been female combatants in the military, police, cartels, and gangs.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Women officials, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, paralegals,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> reporters, business owners, social media influencers, teachers, and non-governmental organizations directors and workers have also been involved in different capacities.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Women citizens and foreigners, including migrants,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> have been raped,<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> tortured,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> and murdered in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Women's involvement in the cartel is noticeably less than males, but they do play an important role nonetheless. Often, because no one would suspect a woman to commit such a serious crime, it makes them the perfect smuggler. Women smugglers could drive up to a checkpoint with a car full of drugs, and more often than not, no one would suspect them of anything. <a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Women may find allure in a criminal lifestyle for the sense of freedom. Mexico already has a male-dominated culture, but by working in the drug trade, they can be empowered and even liberated. If women cannot obtain freedom through legal means, then it is possible they will use illegal avenues to achieve the same goal.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a>  Cartels and gangs fighting in the conflict carry out <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Sex trafficking in Mexico">sex trafficking in Mexico</a> as an alternative source of profits.<a href="#cite_note-world.time.com-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Some members of the criminal organizations also abduct women and girls to use as their personal <a href="/wiki/Sex_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slaves">sex slaves</a><a href="#cite_note-world.time.com-251">[251]</a> and carry out <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_migrants_from_Latin_America_to_the_United_States" title="Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States">sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firearms">Firearms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Firearms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smuggling_of_firearms">Smuggling of firearms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Smuggling of firearms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_firearms_into_Mexico" title="Smuggling of firearms into Mexico">Smuggling of firearms into Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Mexico">Gun politics in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/220px-AK47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/330px-AK47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AK47.jpg/440px-AK47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> (locally called сuerno de chivo, Spanish for "goat horn", for its curved magazine)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RifleM4_wM203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RifleM4_wM203.jpg/220px-RifleM4_wM203.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RifleM4_wM203.jpg/330px-RifleM4_wM203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RifleM4_wM203.jpg/440px-RifleM4_wM203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4 carbine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launcher</a> (locally called <a href="/wiki/Zanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanate">сhanate</a>, Mexican Spanish for "<a href="/wiki/Great-tailed_grackle" title="Great-tailed grackle">great-tailed grackle</a>")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg/220px-Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg/330px-Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg/440px-Beta_C-Mag_on_M4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beta_C-Mag" title="Beta C-Mag">Beta C-Mag</a> double <a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">drum magazine</a> (locally called huevos de toro, Spanish for "bull testicles") on an M4 carbine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg/220px-AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg/330px-AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg/440px-AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colt_AR-15" title="Colt AR-15">Colt AR-15</a> A3 tactical carbine</figcaption></figure> Mexicans have a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Right_to_own_firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to own firearms">right to own firearms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Arms_Trafficking-256">[256]</a> but legal purchase from the single Mexican gun shop in Mexico City is extremely difficult.<a href="#cite_note-sZ6qR-257">[257]</a> Firearms that make their way to Mexico come primarily from the American civilian market.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borderland_Beat-259">[259]</a> Most grenades and rocket-launchers are smuggled through Guatemalan borders, as <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">leftovers from past conflicts in Nicaragua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heavy_weapons-260">[260]</a> Some grenades are also smuggled from the U.S. to Mexico<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-261">[261]</a> or stolen from the Mexican military.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-262">[262]</a> The most common weapons used by the cartels are the <a href="/wiki/AR-15" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15">AR-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16</a>, <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>, <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle" title="Type 56 assault rifle">Type 56</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault rifles">assault rifles</a>. Handguns are very diverse, but the <a href="/wiki/FN_Five-seven" title="FN Five-seven">FN Five-seven</a> (dubbed Matapolicías or Cop-killer by criminals)<a href="#cite_note-t0GZw-263">[263]</a> is a popular choice due to its armor-piercing capability.<a href="#cite_note-hUlpC-264">[264]</a> Grenade launchers are known to have been used against Mexican security forces, while <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G36" title="Heckler & Koch G36">H&K G36s</a> and M4 carbines with <a href="/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher" title="M203 grenade launcher">M203 grenade launchers</a> have been confiscated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gun_origins">Gun origins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gun origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></div> Some researchers have asserted that most weapons and arms trafficked into Mexico come from gun dealers in the United States. There is strong evidence for this conclusion, and there is a geographic coincidence between the supposed American origin of the firearms and the places where these weapons are seized, mainly in the northern Mexican states.<a href="#cite_note-AZTtV-265">[265]</a> Most grenades and rocket-launchers are smuggled through Guatemalan borders from Central America.<a href="#cite_note-heavy_weapons-260">[260]</a> Some grenades are also smuggled from the US to Mexico<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-261">[261]</a> or stolen from the Mexican military.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) officials have stated that the statistic is misleading: out of approximately 30,000 weapons seized in drug cases in Mexico in 2004–2008, 7,200 appeared to be of U.S. origin, approximately 4,000 were found in ATF manufacturer and importer records, and 87 percent of those—3,480—originated in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-gao.gov-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-StratFor-267">[267]</a> In an effort to control smuggling of firearms, the U.S. government is assisting Mexico with technology, equipment and training.<a href="#cite_note-5D8rf-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> was one such effort between the U.S. and Mexico to collaborate in tracing Mexican guns which were manufactured in or imported legally to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-OIG_page_1-269">[269]</a> In 2008, it was falsely reported that ninety percent of arms either captured in Mexico or interdicted were from the United States. The DHS and others have dismissed these claims, pointing that the Mexican sample submitted for ATF tracing is the fraction of weapons seized that appear to have been made in the U.S. or imported into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-gao.gov-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-StratFor-267">[267]</a> In 2015, official reports of the U.S. government and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF) revealed that over the last years, Mexican cartels improved their firearm power, and that 71% of their weapons come from the U.S. Many of those guns were manufactured in Romania and Bulgaria, and then imported into the U.S. The Mexican cartels acquire those firearms mainly in the southern states of Texas, Arizona and California. After the United States, the top five countries of origin of firearms seized from Mexico were Spain, China, Italy, Germany and Romania. These five countries represent 17% of firearms smuggled into Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-uXtjF-270">[270]</a> Some cartels such as the <a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltrán Leyva Cartel">Beltrán Leyva Cartel</a> use counterfeit M16s made with aftermarket parts.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Project_Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Project Gunrunner">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></div> ATF Project Gunrunner has stated that the official objective is to stop the sale and export of guns from the United States into Mexico in order to deny Mexican drug cartels the firearms considered "tools of the trade".<a href="#cite_note-Gunrunner-272">[272]</a> In February 2011, it brought about a scandal when the project was accused of accomplishing the opposite by ATF permitting and facilitating "<a href="/wiki/Straw_purchase" title="Straw purchase">straw purchase</a>" firearm sales to traffickers, and allowing the guns to "walk" and be transported to Mexico. Allegedly, the ATF allowed to complete the transactions to expose the supply chain and gather intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-IYtWW-274">[274]</a> It has been established that this operation violated long-established ATF policies and practices and that it is not a recognized investigative technique.<a href="#cite_note-5oyad-275">[275]</a> Several of the guns sold under the Project Gunrunner were recovered from crime scenes in Arizona,<a href="#cite_note-ATF_Weapons-276">[276]</a> and at crime scenes throughout Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-Fast_and_Furious_Map-277">[277]</a> resulting in considerable controversy.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News1-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-4mM47-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS_2008-280">[280]</a> One notable incident was the "Black Swan operation" where Joaquín Guzmán Loera was finally captured. The ATF confirmed that one of the weapons the Mexican Navy seized from Guzmán's gunmen was one of the many weapons that were "lost" during the Project Gunrunner.<a href="#cite_note-2n5ZK-281">[281]</a> Many weapons from Project Gunrunner were found in a secret compartment in the "safe house" of José Antonio Marrufo "El Jaguar", one of Guzmán's most sanguinary lieutenants. He is accused of many killings in Ciudad Juárez, including the notorious <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_rehab_center_attack" title="Ciudad Juárez rehab center attack">massacre of 18 patients</a> at a "El Aliviane" rehabilitation center. It is believed that Marrufo armed his gunmen with weapons purchased in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ANwEW-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Operation Michoacán">Operation Michoacán</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Michoacán">Operation Michoacán</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Operation Michoacán">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/FAM_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Cooperation of the Mexican Navy in the Mexican Army transfer as well as the recognition of cultivation areas</figcaption></figure> Although violence between drug cartels had been occurring long before the war began, the government held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence in the 1990s and early 2000s. That changed on December 11, 2006, when newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Federal troops to the state of Michoacán to end drug violence there. This action is regarded as the first major operation against organized crime, and became the starting point of the war between the government and the drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-war-283">[283]</a> Calderón escalated his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now about 45,000 troops involved in addition to state and federal police forces. In 2010, Calderón said that the cartels seek "to replace the government" and "are trying to impose a monopoly by force of arms, and are even trying to impose their own laws".<a href="#cite_note-CZmux-284">[284]</a> As of 2011, Mexico's military captured 11,544 people who were believed to have been involved with the cartels and organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-9dwGW-285">[285]</a> In the year prior, 28,000 individuals were arrested on drug-related charges. The decrease in eradication and drug seizures, as shown in statistics calculated by federal authorities, poorly reflects Calderón's security agenda. Since the war began, over forty thousand people have been killed as a result of cartel violence. During Calderón's presidential term, the murder rate of Mexico increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-q15rH-286">[286]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv/250px--Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Operativo_Conjunto_Michoacán_Slideshow.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv/Operativo_Conjunto_Michoac%C3%A1n_Slideshow.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Operation Michoacán">Operation Michoacán</a></figcaption></figure> Although Calderón set out to end the violent warfare between rival cartel leaders, critics argue that he inadvertently made the problem worse. The methods that Calderón adopted involved confronting the cartels directly. These aggressive methods have resulted in public killings and torture from both the cartels and the country's own government forces, which aids in perpetuating the fear and apprehension that the citizens of Mexico have regarding the war on drugs and its negative stigma. As cartel leaders are removed from their positions, by arrest or death, power struggles for leadership in the cartels have become more intense, resulting in enhanced violence within the cartels themselves.<a href="#cite_note-rBpl1-287">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg/250px-MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg/375px-MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/MilitaresMichoac%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Military of the Mexican Army upon arrival in the state of Michoacan Mexico</figcaption></figure> Calderón's forces concentrate on taking down cartel members that have a high ranking in the cartel in an attempt to take down the whole organization. The resulting struggle to fill the recently vacated position is one that threatens the existence of many lives in the cartel. Typically, many junior-level cartel members then fight amongst one another, creating more and more chaos. The drug cartels are more aggressive and forceful now than they were in the past and at this point, the cartels hold much of the power in Mexico. Calderón relies heavily on the military to defend and fight against cartel activity. Calderón's military forces have yet to yield significant results in dealing with the violent cartels due in part to the fact that many police working for the Mexican government are suspected of corruption. There is suspicion that cartels have corrupted and infiltrated the military at a high level, influencing many generals and officers. Mexico's National Human Rights Commission has received nearly 5,800 complaints regarding military abuse since the beginning of the drug war in 2006. Additionally, the National Human Rights Commission has completed nearly 90 in-depth reports since 2007, addressing the many human rights violations of civilians that have occurred while the military officers were actively participating in law enforcement activities.<a href="#cite_note-NXEpZ-288">[288]</a> Violence in May 2012 in which nearly 50 bodies were found on a local highway between the Mexico–United States border and Monterrey has led to the arrests of 4 high-ranking Mexican military officials.<a href="#cite_note-YSu71-289">[289]</a> These officials were suspected of being on the cartel payrolls and alerting them before military action against them. Such actions demonstrate that Calderón's significant military offensive will continue to reveal mixed results until the military itself is rid of the corrupting influences of the cartels whom they supposedly aim to persecute.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexican_drug_war" title="Talk:Mexican drug war">disputed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_(2008–12)">Escalation (2008–12)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Escalation (2008–12)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg/220px-Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg/330px-Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg/440px-Mexican_troops_operating_at_a_random_checkpoint_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>A Mexican Army technical equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Mk_19_grenade_launcher" title="Mk 19 grenade launcher">Mk 19 grenade launcher</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Random_checkpoint" title="Random checkpoint">random checkpoint</a></figcaption></figure> In April 2008, General Sergio Aponte, the man in charge of the anti-drug campaign in the state of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, made a number of allegations of corruption against the police forces in the region. Among his allegations, Aponte stated that he believed Baja California's anti-kidnapping squad was actually a kidnapping team working in conjunction with organized crime, and that bribed police units were used as bodyguards for drug traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-Aponte-290">[290]</a> These accusations sent shock waves through state government. Many of the more than 50 accused officials quit or fled. The progress against drug cartels in Mexico has been hindered by bribery, intimidation, and corruption; four months later the General was relieved of his command.<a href="#cite_note-IYuyH-291">[291]</a> On April 26, 2008, a major battle took place between members of the Tijuana and Sinaloa cartels in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, that left 17 people dead.<a href="#cite_note-ajvjL-292">[292]</a> In March 2009, President Calderón called in an additional 5,000 Mexican Army troops to Ciudad Juárez. The DHS also said that it was considering using state <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> troops to help the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spilling over the border into the U.S. The governors of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> have encouraged the federal government to use additional National Guard troops from their states to help those already there supporting state law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_–_Americas_–_March-12-09-293">[293]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Drug_Intelligence_Center" title="National Drug Intelligence Center">National Drug Intelligence Center</a>, Mexican cartels are the predominant smugglers and wholesale distributors of South American cocaine and Mexico-produced cannabis, methamphetamine and heroin. Mexico's cartels have existed for some time, but have become increasingly powerful in recent years with the demise of the Medellín and Cali cartels in Colombia. The Mexican cartels are expanding their control over the distribution of these drugs in areas controlled by Colombian and Dominican criminal groups, and it is now believed they control most of the illegal drugs coming into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-rightside-294">[294]</a> No longer mere intermediaries for Colombian producers, Mexican cartels are now powerful organized-crime syndicates that dominate the drug trade in the Americas. Mexican cartels control large swaths of Mexican territory and dozens of municipalities, and they exercise increasing influence in Mexican electoral politics.<a href="#cite_note-mh1q7-295">[295]</a> Cartels have waged violent turf battles over control of key smuggling corridors from Matamoros to San Diego. Mexican cartels employ <a href="/wiki/Hitmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitmen">hitmen</a> and groups of enforcers, known as sicarios. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reports that the Mexican drug cartels operating today along the border are far more sophisticated and dangerous than any other organized criminal group in U.S. law enforcement history.<a href="#cite_note-rightside-294">[294]</a> The cartels use <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launchers</a>, automatic weapons, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic vest">body armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> helmets, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p94mL-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-snVjc-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-2bCHR-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-5vMW2-299">[299]</a> Some groups have also been known to use <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised explosive devices">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs).<a href="#cite_note-stratfor-300">[300]</a> Casualty numbers have escalated significantly over time. According to a <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a> report, the number of drug-related deaths in 2006 and 2007 (2,119 and 2,275) more than doubled to 5,207 in 2008. The number further increased substantially over the next two years, from 6,598 in 2009 to over 11,000 in 2010. According to data of the Mexican government, the death numbers are even higher: 9,616 in 2009, 15,273 in 2010, coming to a total of 47,515 killings since their military operations against drug cartels began in 2006, as stated in the government's report of January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-stratfor-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FObR0-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-iRygq-302">[302]</a> On October 7, 2012, the Mexican Navy responded to a civilian complaint reporting the presence of armed gunmen in <a href="/wiki/Sabinas,_Coahuila" title="Sabinas, Coahuila">Sabinas, Coahuila</a>. Upon the navy's arrival, the gunmen threw grenades at the patrol from a moving vehicle, triggering a shootout that left Lazcano and another gunman dead and one marine slightly wounded.<a href="#cite_note-ceFJK-303">[303]</a> The vehicle was found to contain a grenade launcher, 12 grenades, possibly a rocket-propelled grenade launcher and two rifles, according to the navy.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz-304">[304]</a> The Navy confirmed his death through fingerprint verification and photographs of his corpse before handing the body to the local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Jnfav-305">[305]</a> Lazcano is the most powerful cartel leader to be killed since the start of Mexico's drug war in 2006, according to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reutersmost-306">[306]</a> This death came just hours after the navy arrested a high-ranking Zeta member in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas">Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas</a>, Salvador Alfonso Martínez Escobedo. The death of Lazcano benefited three parties; the Mexican Navy, who scored a significant blow to organized crime with the death of Lazcano, Miguel Treviño Morales, who rose as the "uncontested" leader of Los Zetas, and Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel and the main rival of Los Zetas. El Chapo was perhaps the biggest winner of the three, since his primary goal was to take over the smuggling routes in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, the headquarters of Treviño Morales.<a href="#cite_note-BNmOL-307">[307]</a> If the body had not been stolen, it would also have been a symbolic victory for Felipe Calderón, who could have said that his administration took down one of the founders and top leaders of Los Zetas and consequently boost the morale of the Mexican military.<a href="#cite_note-longmire12-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_in_Mexico">Effects in Mexico</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effects in Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Narcoculture_in_Mexico" title="Narcoculture in Mexico">Narcoculture in Mexico</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Organized crime homicides in Mexico<a href="#cite_note-justicemexico-data-309">[309]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Killed </th></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>2,774 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>5,679 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td>8,281 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td>12,658 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td>12,284 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td>12,412 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td>10,094 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td>7,993 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td>8,423 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td>10,967 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td>12,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td>22,500 </td></tr></tbody></table> It is often not clear what deaths are part of the Mexican drug war versus general criminal <a href="/wiki/Homicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Homicides">homicides</a>, and different sources give different estimates.<a href="#cite_note-justicemexico-report-310">[310]</a> Casualties are often measured indirectly by estimated total deaths from organized crime in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-justicemexico-report-310">[310]</a> This amounts to about 115,000 people in the years 2007–2018.<a href="#cite_note-justicemexico-data-309">[309]</a> From 2018 to 2020, it was estimated that there were 11,400 reports of gang violence, and over 80% of the attacks targeted civilians, resulting in 13,000 related-deaths during the period.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Violence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg/220px-Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg/330px-Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg/440px-Count_of_murders_in_Mexico%27s_drug_conflicts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Count of murders in Mexico's drug conflicts (December 2006 to December 2010)</figcaption></figure> The Mexican attorney general's office has claimed that 9 of 10 victims of the Mexican drug war are members of organized-crime groups,<a href="#cite_note-Yqtc7-312">[312]</a> although this figure has been questioned by other sources.<a href="#cite_note-EamJZ-313">[313]</a> Deaths among military and police personnel are an estimated 7% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-5_myths-314">[314]</a> The states that suffer from the conflict most are Baja California, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and Sinaloa. By January 2007, these various operations had extended to the states of Guerrero as well as the so-called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Triangle_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Triangle States (page does not exist)">Golden Triangle States</a>" of Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, and Sinaloa. In the following February the states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas were included as well. Seizures and arrests have jumped since Calderón took office in December 2006, and Mexico has extradited more than 100 people wanted in the U.S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On July 10, 2008, the Mexican government announced plans to nearly double the size of its <a href="/wiki/Federal_Preventive_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Preventive Police">Federal Police</a> force to reduce the role of the military in combating drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-rzjIE-315">[315]</a> The plan, known as the Comprehensive Strategy Against Drug Trafficking, also involves purging local police forces of corrupt officers. Elements of the plan have already been set in motion, including a massive police recruiting and training effort intended to reduce the country's dependence in the drug war on the military.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On July 16, 2008, the Mexican Navy intercepted a 10-meter long <a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">narco-submarine</a> travelling about 200 kilometers off the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>; in a raid, <a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Special Forces</a> rappelled from a helicopter onto the deck of the submarine and arrested four smugglers before they could <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttle</a> their vessel. The vessel was found to be loaded with 5.8 tons of cocaine and was towed to <a href="/wiki/Huatulco" title="Huatulco">Huatulco</a>, Oaxaca, by a Mexican Navy patrol boat.<a href="#cite_note-pRuBA-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-XMIn4-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-1X82K-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-GaZgK-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-efym9-320">[320]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png/220px-Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png/330px-Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png/440px-Drug-War_Related_Murders_in_Mexico_2006-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Murders in Mexico since 2006 related to drug trafficking activities.</figcaption></figure> One escalation in this conflict is the traffickers' use of new means to claim their territory and spread fear. Cartel members have broadcast executions on YouTube<a href="#cite_note-Ha2qk-321">[321]</a> and on other video sharing platforms or <a href="/wiki/Shock_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock sites">shock sites</a>. Cartels have also hung banners on streets stating demands and warnings.<a href="#cite_note-L8h6s-322">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2008_Morelia_grenade_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Morelia grenade attacks">2008 Morelia grenade attacks</a> took place on September 15, 2008, when two <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a> were thrown onto a crowded plaza, killing ten people and injuring more than 100.<a href="#cite_note-jbR4e-323">[323]</a> Some see these efforts as intended to sap the morale of government agents assigned to crack down on the cartels; others see them as an effort to let citizens know who is winning the war. At least one dozen Mexican norteño musicians have been murdered. Most of the victims performed what are known as narcocorridos, popular folk songs that tell the stories of the Mexican drug trade—and celebrate its leaders as folk heroes.<a href="#cite_note-eja2W-324">[324]</a> Increasing violence has jeopardized foreign investment in Mexico. Finance Minister, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens" title="Agustín Carstens">Agustín Carstens</a>, said that the deteriorating security alone is reducing gross domestic product annually by 1% in Mexico, Latin America's second-largest economy.<a href="#cite_note-YpVA6-325">[325]</a> Teachers in the Acapulco region were "extorted, kidnapped and intimidated" by cartels, including death threats demanding money. They went on strike in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-rTRMI-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_corruption">Government corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Government corruption">edit</a>]</div> Mexican cartels advance their operations, in part, by corrupting or intimidating law enforcement officials.<a href="#cite_note-Aponte-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a> Mexican municipal, state, and federal government officials, along with the police forces, often work together with the cartels in an organized network of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> A Pax Mafioso, is a specific example of corruption which guarantees a politician votes and a following in exchange for not impeding a particular cartel.<a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy_2010-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> (INCB) reports that although the central government of Mexico has made concerted efforts to reduce corruption in recent years, it remains a serious problem.<a href="#cite_note-CvCvh-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-0cFeH-328">[328]</a> Some agents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigations_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Investigations Agency">Federal Investigations Agency</a> (AFI) are believed to work as enforcers for various cartels, and the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mexico" title="Attorney General of Mexico">Attorney General</a> (PGR) reported in December 2005 that nearly 1,500 of AFI's 7,000 agents were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges.<a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg/150px-Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg/225px-Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg/300px-Esparragoza-Moreno.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Esparragoza_Moreno" title="Juan José Esparragoza Moreno">El Azul</a> was a Sinaloa Cartel drug lord. He was a former <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Seguridad" title="Dirección Federal de Seguridad">Dirección Federal de Seguridad</a> (DFS) agent.</figcaption></figure> In recent years, the federal government conducted purges and prosecution of police forces in Nuevo Laredo, Michoacán, Baja California and Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a> The anti-cartel operations begun by President Calderón in December 2006 includes ballistic checks of police weapons in places where there is concern that police are also working for the cartels. In June 2007, President Calderón purged 284 federal police commanders from all 31 states and the Federal District.<a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a> Under the 'Cleanup Operation' performed in 2008, several agents and high-ranking officials have been arrested and charged with selling information or protection to drug cartels;<a href="#cite_note-4Rv5u-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-o1DDW-330">[330]</a> some high-profile arrests were: Victor Gerardo Garay Cadena,<a href="#cite_note-KGh6b-331">[331]</a> (chief of the Federal Police), <a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_Ram%C3%ADrez_Mandujano" title="Noé Ramírez Mandujano">Noé Ramírez Mandujano</a> (ex-chief of the <a href="/wiki/SEIDO" title="SEIDO">Organized Crime Division</a> (SEIDO)), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Santiago_Vasconcelos" title="José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos">José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos</a> (ex-chief of the Organized Crime Division (SEIDO)), and Ricardo Gutiérrez Vargas who is the ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office. In January 2009, Rodolfo de la Guardia García, ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office, was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-L7RUV-332">[332]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Godoy_Toscano" title="Julio César Godoy Toscano">Julio César Godoy Toscano</a>, who was just elected July 6, 2009, to the lower house of Congress, is charged with being a top-ranking member of La Familia Michoacana drug cartel and of protecting this cartel.<a href="#cite_note-jV2yC-333">[333]</a> He is now a fugitive. In May 2010, an <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> report collected allegations from dozens of sources, including U.S. and Mexican media, Mexican police officials, politicians, academics, and others, that Sinaloa Cartel had infiltrated and corrupted the Mexican federal government and the Mexican military by bribery and other means. According to a report by the U.S. Army Intelligence section in Leavenworth, over a six-year period, of the 250,000 soldiers in the Mexican Army, 150,000 deserted and went into the drug industry.<a href="#cite_note-kJTei-334">[334]</a> The 2010 NPR report also stated that the Sinaloa Cartel was colluding with the government to destroy other cartels and protect itself and its leader, 'Chapo'. Mexican officials denied any corruption in the government's treatment of drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-burnett1-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-burnett2-168">[168]</a> Cartels had previously been reported as difficult to prosecute "because members of the cartels have infiltrated and corrupted the law enforcement organizations that are supposed to prosecute them, such as the Office of the Attorney General."<a href="#cite_note-Zamora_Jimenez2003-335">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_human_rights">Effects on human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Effects on human rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg/440px-Detenciones_Michoac%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Mexican soldiers detain cartel suspects in Michoacán, 2007</figcaption></figure> The drug control policies Mexico has adopted to prevent drug trafficking and to eliminate the power of the drug cartels have adversely affected the human rights situation in the country. These policies have given the responsibilities for civilian drug control to the military, which has the power to not only carry out anti-drug and public security operations but also enact policy. According to the U.S. State Department, the police and the military in Mexico were accused of committing serious human rights violations as they carried out government efforts to combat drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-hSAWH-336">[336]</a> Some groups are especially vulnerable to human rights abuses collateral to drug law enforcement. Specifically in northern border states that have seen elevated levels of drug-related violence, human rights violations of injection drug users (IDUs) and sex workers by law enforcement personnel include physical and sexual violence, extortion, and targeting for accessing or possession of injection equipment or practicing sex work, although these activities are legal.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolliniLozada2010-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolliniBrouwer2008-339">[339]</a> Such targeting is especially deleterious because members of these marginalized communities often lack the resources and social or political capital to enforce their rights.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolliniLozada2010-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolliniBrouwer2008-339">[339]</a> Immense power in the executive branch and corruption in the legislative and judiciary branches also contribute to the worsening of Mexico's human rights situation, leading to such problems as police forces violating basic human rights through torture and threats, the autonomy of the military and its consequences and the ineffectiveness of the judiciary in upholding and preserving basic human rights. Some of the forms of human rights violations in recent years presented by human rights organizations include illegal arrests, secret and prolonged detention, torture, rape, extrajudicial execution, and fabrication of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-rF215-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dx7dR-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-ykhZo-342">[342]</a> Drug policy fails to target high-level traffickers. In the 1970s, as part of the international <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, the Mexican government deployed 10,000 soldiers and police to a poverty-stricken region in northern Mexico plagued by drug production and leftist insurgency. Hundreds of peasants were arrested, tortured, and jailed, but no major drug traffickers were captured.<a href="#cite_note-MYYPC-343">[343]</a> The emergence of internal federal agencies that are often unregulated and unaccountable also contributes to the occurrence of human rights violations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] The AFI of Mexico had been involved with numerous human rights violation cases involving torture and corruption. In one case, detainee Guillermo Velez Mendoza died while in the custody of AFI agents. The AFI agent implicated in his death was arrested and escaped on bail.<a href="#cite_note-3HivI-344">[344]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg/220px-Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg/330px-Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg/440px-Javier_Sicilia_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2011_Mexican_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Mexican protests">2011 Mexican protests</a> against cartel violence and government <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">disregard</a></figcaption></figure> Similarly, nearly all AFI agents evaded punishment and arrest due to the corrupt executive and judiciary system and the supremacy of these agencies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Attorney General's Office reported in December 2005 that one-fifth of its officers were under investigation for criminal activity, and that nearly 1,500 of AFI's 7,000 agents were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges.<a href="#cite_note-ColleenCook-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-1XQOt-345">[345]</a> The AFI was finally declared a failure and was disbanded in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-8WfV8-346">[346]</a> Ethnic prejudices have also emerged in the drug war, and poor and helpless indigenous communities have been targeted by the police, military, drug traffickers and the justice system. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Mexico)" title="National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)">National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)</a> (Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos-CNDH), nearly one-third of the indigenous prisoners in Mexico in 2001 were in prison for federal crimes, which are mostly drug-related.<a href="#cite_note-VOF8o-347">[347]</a> Another major concern is the lack of implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Leahy_Law" title="Leahy Law">Leahy Law</a> in U.S. and the consequences of that in worsening the human rights situation in Mexico. Under this U.S. law, no member or unit of a foreign security force that is credibly alleged to have committed a human rights violation may receive U.S. security training. It is alleged[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that the U.S., by training the military and police force in Mexico, is in violation of the Leahy Law. In this case, the U.S. embassy officials in Mexico in charge of human rights and drug control programs are blamed with aiding and abetting these violations. In December 1997, a group of heavily armed Mexican special forces soldiers kidnapped twenty young men in Ocotlan, Jalisco, brutally torturing them and killing one. Six of the implicated officers had received U.S. training as part of the Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) training program.<a href="#cite_note-XXC4l-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_public_health">Effects on public health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Effects on public health">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">"The social fabric is so destroyed that it cannot be healed in one generation or two because wounds become deeply embedded...Mexico has a humanitarian tragedy and we have not grasped how big it is."—Elena Azaola, Centre for Social Anthropology High Studies and Research<a href="#cite_note-E2T7a-349">[349]</a></cite></div> </div> As a result of "spillover" along the U.S.-bound drug trafficking routes and more stringent border enforcement, Mexico's northern border states have seen increased levels of drug consumption and abuse, including elevated rates of drug injection 10 to 15 times the national average.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-BucardoBrouwer2005-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-RamosFerreira-Pinto2009-351">[351]</a> These rates are accompanied by mounting rates of HIV and STIs among injection drug users (IDUs) and sex workers, reaching a 5.5% prevalence in cities such as Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, which also report STI rates of 64% and 83%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a> Violence and extortion of IDUs and sex workers directly and indirectly elevate the levels of risk behavior and poor health outcomes among members of these groups.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-leCgF-352">[352]</a> Marginalization of these vulnerable groups by way of physical and sexual violence and extortion by police threatens the cross-over of infection from high-prevalence groups to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-WerbWood2008-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiuGrusky2006-354">[354]</a> In particular, decreased access to public health services such as syringe exchange programs and confiscation of syringes can precipitate a cascade of health harms.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyLozada2012-355">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyerStrathdee2011-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-HayashiTi2013-357">[357]</a> Geographic diffusion of epidemics from the northern border states elsewhere is also possible with the rotation of police and military personnel stationed in drug conflict areas with high infection prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-BeletskyMartinez2012-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-WerbWood2008-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiuGrusky2006-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalists_and_the_media">Journalists and the media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Journalists and the media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of journalists killed in Mexico">List of journalists killed in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg/220px-Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg/330px-Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg/440px-Demonstration_against_Javier_Valdez_murdering_-_May_16_2017_-_Mexico_City_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against the murder of Mexican journalist <a href="/wiki/Javier_Valdez_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Javier Valdez Cárdenas">Javier Valdez Cárdenas</a> in May 2017</figcaption></figure> The increase in violence related with organized crime has significantly deteriorated the conditions in which local journalism is practiced.<a href="#cite_note-XveMh-358">[358]</a> In the first years of the 21st century, Mexico was considered the most dangerous country in the world to practice journalism, according to groups like the National Human Rights Commission, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>. Between 2000 and 2012, several dozen journalists, including <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_L%C3%B3pez_Velasco" title="Miguel Ángel López Velasco">Miguel Ángel López Velasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Santiago" title="Luis Carlos Santiago">Luis Carlos Santiago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Vald%C3%A9s_Espinosa" title="Valentín Valdés Espinosa">Valentín Valdés Espinosa</a>, were murdered there for covering narco-related news.<a href="#cite_note-ESYbS-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuckman1-360">[360]</a> The offices of <a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a> and local newspapers have been bombed.<a href="#cite_note-d6Zpl-361">[361]</a> The cartels have also threatened to kill news reporters in the U.S. who have done coverage on the drug violence.<a href="#cite_note-YsEiN-362">[362]</a> Some media networks simply stopped reporting on drug crimes, while others have been infiltrated and corrupted by drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-lK9Gq-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-8zwbY-364">[364]</a> In 2011, Notiver journalist Miguel Angel Lopez Velasco, his wife, and his son were murdered in their home.<a href="#cite_note-velasco1-365">[365]</a> About 74 percent of the journalists killed since 1992 in Mexico have been reporters for print newspapers, followed in number by Internet media and radio at about 11 percent each. Television journalism only includes 4 percent of the deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Lx1ow-366">[366]</a> These numbers are not proportional to the audience size of the different mediums; most Mexican households have a television, a large majority have a radio, but only a small number have the internet, and the circulation numbers for Mexican newspapers are relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-nCzTN-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-MXJBJ-368">[368]</a> Since harassment neutralized many traditional media outlets, anonymous, sensationalized blogs like <a href="/wiki/Blog_del_Narco" title="Blog del Narco">Blog del Narco</a> took on the role of reporting on events related to the drug war.<a href="#cite_note-Tuckman-369">[369]</a> The drug cartels responded by murdering bloggers and social media users. Twitter users have been tortured and killed for posting and denouncing information of the drug cartels' activities.<a href="#cite_note-mE6k0-370">[370]</a> In September 2011, user NenaDLaredo of the website Nuevo Laredo Envivo was allegedly murdered by Los Zetas.<a href="#cite_note-p8K1T-371">[371]</a> In May 2012, several journalist murders occurred in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regina_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Martinez">Regina Martinez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proceso_(magazine)" title="Proceso (magazine)">Proceso</a> was murdered in <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>. A few days later, three Veracruz <a href="/wiki/Photojournalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Photojournalists">photojournalists</a> were tortured and killed and their dismembered bodies were dumped in a canal. They had worked for various news outlets, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notiver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notiver (page does not exist)">Notiver</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diario_AZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diario AZ (page does not exist)">Diario AZ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TV_Azteca" title="TV Azteca">TV Azteca</a>. Human rights groups condemned the murders and demanded the authorities investigate the crimes.<a href="#cite_note-tuckman1-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-zablu1-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-WKCEO-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murders_of_politicians">Murders of politicians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Murders of politicians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war">List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war</a></div> Since the start of the Mexican drug war in 2006, the drug trafficking organizations have slaughtered their rivals, killed policemen, and have increasingly targeted politicians – especially local leaders.<a href="#cite_note-mayorstarget-374">[374]</a> Most of the places where these politicians have been killed are areas plagued by drug-related violence.<a href="#cite_note-mayorstarget-374">[374]</a> Part of the strategy used by criminal groups behind the killings of local figures is the weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Local_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governments">local governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayorstarget-374">[374]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Santos_Gorrostieta_Salazar" title="María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar">María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar</a>, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tiquicheo" title="Tiquicheo">Tiquicheo, Michoacán</a>, who had survived three earlier assassination attempts and the murder of her husband, was abducted and beaten to death in November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-22LFM-375">[375]</a> Extreme violence puts politicians at the mercy of the cartels, allowing them to increase their control of government structures and expand their influence.<a href="#cite_note-mayorstarget-374">[374]</a> In addition, because mayors usually appoint local <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police" title="Chief of police">police chiefs</a>, they are seen by the cartels as key assets in their criminal activities to control the police forces in their areas of influence.<a href="#cite_note-local-376">[376]</a> The cartels also seek to control the local governments to win government contracts and concessions; these "public works" help them ingrain themselves in the community and gain the loyalty and respect of the communities in which they operate.<a href="#cite_note-local-376">[376]</a> Politicians are usually targeted for three reasons: (1) Political figures who are honest pose a direct threat to organized crime, and are consequently killed by the cartels; (2) Politicians make arrangements to protect a certain cartel and are killed by a rival cartel; and (3) A cartel kills politicians to heat up the turf of the rival cartel that operates in the area.<a href="#cite_note-5rpLG-377">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres_and_exploitation_of_migrants">Massacres and exploitation of migrants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Massacres and exploitation of migrants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2010 San Fernando massacre">2010 San Fernando massacre</a>; <a href="/wiki/2011_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2011 San Fernando massacre">2011 San Fernando massacre</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Allende,_Coahuila" title="Allende, Coahuila">Allende, Coahuila</a></div> Cartels have engaged in kidnapping, ransom, murder, robbery, and extortion of <a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">migrants traveling from Central America</a> through Mexico on their way to the United States and Canada. Cartels have also forced migrants to join their organization and work for them, a situation that has been described as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">Mass graves</a> have been also discovered in Mexico containing bodies of migrants.<a href="#cite_note-GW3H2-380">[380]</a> In 2011, 177 bodies were discovered in a mass grave in <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Tamaulipas" title="San Fernando, Tamaulipas">San Fernando, Tamaulipas</a>, the same area where the bodies of 72 migrants were discovered in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-kuNNC-381">[381]</a> where most victims "died of blunt force trauma to the head."<a href="#cite_note-b4u5L-382">[382]</a> Cartels have also infiltrated the Mexican government's immigration agencies, and attacked and threatened immigration officers.<a href="#cite_note-pressly-383">[383]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Mexico)" title="National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)">National Human Rights Commission of Mexico</a> (Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, CNDH) said that 11,000 migrants had been kidnapped in 6 months in 2010 by drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-EWRxE-384">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_trafficking">Human trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Human trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Human trafficking in Mexico">Human trafficking in Mexico</a></div> There are documented links between the drug cartels and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> for forced labor, forced prostitution, and rape. The wife of a drug lord described a system in which young girls became prostitutes and then were forced to work in drug factories.<a href="#cite_note-lcacho-385">[385]</a> In the early 2010s, Los Zetas reportedly began to move into the prostitution business (including the prostitution of children) after previously only supplying women to already existing networks.<a href="#cite_note-aMCXa-386">[386]</a> The U.S. State Department says that the practice of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> in Mexico is larger in extent than <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced prostitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3occ7-387">[387]</a> Mexican journalists like <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Cacho" title="Lydia Cacho">Lydia Cacho</a> have been threatened and forced into exile for reporting on these events.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_internationally">Effects internationally</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Effects internationally">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> Improved cooperation between Mexico and the U.S. has led to the arrests of hundreds of Sinaloa Cartel suspects in U.S. cities and towns, but the U.S. market is being eclipsed by booming demand for cocaine in Europe, where users now pay twice the going U.S. rate.<a href="#cite_note-progress-38">[38]</a> In 2008, U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey announced that an international drug interdiction operation, Project Reckoning, involving law enforcement in the United States, Italy, Canada, Mexico and Guatemala had netted more than 500 organized crime members involved in the cocaine trade. The announcement highlighted the Italian-Mexican cocaine connection.<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor_Intelligence-53">[53]</a> Concerns about European security and the trafficking of drugs through the European continent have grown in recent years, and, in December 2022, Europol (the law enforcement agency of the EU) and the DEA released a joint report on the situation involving Mexican drug trafficking through the EU.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> In December 2011, the government of Spain remarked that Mexican cartels had multiplied their operations in that country, becoming the main entry point of cocaine into Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FATlW-390">[390]</a> In 2012, it was reported that Mexican drug cartels had joined forces with the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>, when Italian officials unearthed information that <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>'s black market, along with other Italian ports, was used by Mexico's drug cartels as a conduit to bring drugs to the European market, in which they had been trafficking drugs, particularly cocaine, throughout the Atlantic Ocean for over 10 years to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BsChX-391">[391]</a> In 2016, investigation into transatlantic drug trafficking revealed that the Kinahan Clan, Ireland's largest drug trafficker, among other prominent drug traffickers in Mexico, South America, West Africa, and Europe had created an informal "Super Cartel" in an attempt to improve business and increase buyers. However, the extent of the prevalence of the Super Cartel is largely unknown, since many trafficking relationships may exist without any real central plan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-392">[392]</a> The 2017 guest list to the wedding of Daniel Kinahan led to the discovery of most of the key players in the Super Cartel Alliance. Those that have been most investigated include top underworld figures such as: Ridouan Taghi, Ricardo Riquelme Vega, aka El Rico, caged assassin Noufal Fassih and Italian Camorra boss Raffaele Imperiale.<a href="#cite_note-:2-393">[393]</a> In 2022/2023 - In January 2023, two alleged drug lords said to be kingpins in the mostly European Super Cartel were released just two months after being arrested in Dubai. Edin Gacanin, (Tito) a Dutch-Bosnian national described by the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as one of the top 50 drug traffickers in the world, and Zuhair Belkhair, a Dutch-Moroccan accused of trafficking huge amounts of cocaine through the port of Rotterdam, were among 49 suspects arrested in a massive, highly-publicised, international police operation. Most of the others arrested are awaiting trial or have pled guilty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Guatemala">edit</a>]</div> The Mexican Army crackdown has driven some cartels to seek a safer location for their operations across the border in Guatemala, attracted by corruption, weak policing and its position on the overland smuggling route.<a href="#cite_note-b3kxI-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miglierini-395">[395]</a> The smugglers pick up drugs from small planes that land at private airstrips hidden in the Guatemalan jungle. The cargo is then moved up through Mexico to the U.S. border. Guatemala has also arrested dozens of drug suspects and torched huge cannabis and poppy fields. The U.S. government sent speedboats and night-vision goggles under a regional drug aid package.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> In February 2009, Los Zetas threatened to kill the president of Guatemala, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Colom" title="Álvaro Colom">Álvaro Colom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ej8Al-397">[397]</a> On March 1, 2010, Guatemala's chief of national police and the country's top anti-drugs official were arrested over alleged links to drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-Miglierini-395">[395]</a> A report from the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a><a href="#cite_note-4B9ky-398">[398]</a> warns that, without proactive, timely efforts, the violence will spread throughout the Central American region.<a href="#cite_note-TFAuM-399">[399]</a> According to the United States government, Los Zetas control 75% of Guatemala through violence, political corruption and infiltration in the country's institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FWJF8-400">[400]</a> Sources mentioned that Los Zetas gained ground in Guatemala after they killed several high-profile members and the supreme leader of Los Leones, an organized crime group from Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-iqHM7-401">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</a>]</div> At least nine Mexican and Colombian drug cartels have established bases in 11 West African nations.<a href="#cite_note-Brice-402">[402]</a> They have reportedly worked closely with local criminal gangs to carve out a staging area for access to the lucrative European market. The Colombian and Mexican cartels have discovered that it is easier to smuggle large loads into West Africa and then break that up into smaller shipments to Europe – mostly Spain, the United Kingdom and France.<a href="#cite_note-Brice-402">[402]</a> Higher demand for cocaine in Western Europe in addition to North American interdiction campaigns has led to dramatically increased trafficking in the region: nearly 50% of all non-U.S. bound cocaine, or about 13% of all global flows, is now smuggled through West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-pMywC-403">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The Mexican Army severely curtailed the ability of the Mexican drug cartels to move cocaine inside the U.S. and Canada, prompting an upsurge in <a href="/wiki/2009_Vancouver_gang_war" title="2009 Vancouver gang war">gang violence in Vancouver in 2009</a>, where the cocaine price has increased from $23,300 to almost $39,000 per kilo as the Canadian drug markets experienced prolonged shortages.<a href="#cite_note-progress-38">[38]</a> As evidence of this pressure, the U.S. government stated the amount of cocaine seized on U.S. soil dropped by 41 percent between early 2007 and mid-2008.<a href="#cite_note-progress-38">[38]</a> Since 2009, Vancouver has become the Mexican drug cartels' main center of operations in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-4k68d-404">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricio_Pazmi%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricio Pazmiño (page does not exist)">Patricio Pazmiño</a>, the Interior Minister of Ecuador, stated that the <a href="/wiki/February_2021_Ecuadorian_prison_riots" title="February 2021 Ecuadorian prison riots">February 2021 riots at three prisons</a> that took 79 lives were related to Mexican and Colombian drug gangs. The government intercepted a record 126 tons of cocaine in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> On September 8, 2021 National Prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Abbott" title="Jorge Abbott">Jorge Abbott</a> declared that Mexican cartels were attempting to establish themselves in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-DWdrug-406">[406]</a> It is known that <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> has attempted to use Chile as a transit route for the shipment of cocaine to <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-DWdrug-406">[406]</a> The activity of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a> includes an attempt at establishing a drug laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a> as well as the import of marihuana through the port of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Chile" title="San Antonio, Chile">San Antonio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DWdrug-406">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg/220px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg/330px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg/440px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Special_reaction_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Special reaction team">Special reaction team</a> (SRT) during operation against the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>'s western desert, October 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg/220px-El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg/330px-El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg/440px-El_Chapo_in_U.S._1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquin Guzmán</a> in U.S. custody when extradited on January 19, 2017</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a> considers the Mexican drug cartels to be the "greatest organized crime threat to the United States."<a href="#cite_note-QLoLv-407">[407]</a> During the first 18 months of Calderón's presidency, the Mexican government spent about US$7 billion in the war against drugs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In seeking partnership from the United States, Mexican officials point out that the illicit drug trade is a shared problem in need of a shared solution, and remark that most of the financing for the Mexican traffickers comes from American drug consumers.<a href="#cite_note-l1vpn-408">[408]</a> On March 25, 2009, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> stated that "[America's] insatiable demand for illegal drugs fuels the drug trade", and that "the United States bears shared responsibility for the drug-fueled violence sweeping Mexico."<a href="#cite_note-R7eot-409">[409]</a> U.S. State Department officials knew that Mexican ex-president Felipe Calderón's willingness to work with the United States was unprecedented on issues of security, crime and drugs, so the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico and Central American countries with US$1.6 billion for the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a>, a three-year international assistance plan. The Mérida Initiative provides Mexico and Central American countries with law enforcement training and equipment, as well as technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. The Mérida Initiative does not include cash or weapons. Currently, the Mexican drug cartels already have a presence in most major U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-410">[410]</a> In 2009, the Justice Department reported that Mexican drug cartels distribute drugs in nearly 200 cities across the United States,<a href="#cite_note-PzJlc-411">[411]</a> including Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-baIAz-412">[412]</a> Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">border region</a>, as U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a> act as enforcers for Mexican drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-58reV-413">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._death_toll_and_national_security">U.S. death toll and national security</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: U.S. death toll and national security">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg/220px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg/330px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg/440px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a> photo shows people under arrest. Officials announced the discovery of a large drug trafficking operation from Mexico into <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> U.S. authorities reported a spike in killings, kidnappings and home invasions connected to Mexican cartels, and at least 19 Americans were killed in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-3yiyD-414">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-LLjNe-415">[415]</a> Another 92 Americans were killed between June 2009 and June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-zgr2r-416">[416]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Forces_Command" title="United States Joint Forces Command">U.S. Joint Forces Command</a> noted in a December 2008 report that in terms of worst-case scenarios, Mexico bears some consideration for sudden collapse in the next two decades as the government, its politicians, police, and judicial infrastructure are all under sustained assault and pressure by criminal gangs and drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-joint-417">[417]</a> The Joint Forces Command stated concern that the conflict will have a major impact on the stability of the Mexican state over the next several years, and therefore would demand an American response based on the implications for homeland security alone.<a href="#cite_note-joint-417">[417]</a> After the JFC broached this issue in its 2008 report, several journalists and academics have discussed the possibility that Mexico could become a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-0X764-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-uAi5v-419">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-eAwl6-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-n1PpO-421">[421]</a> The Mexican government responded negatively to the U.S. government raising the prospect of Mexico becoming a failed state.<a href="#cite_note-rieff-422">[422]</a> In a February 2009 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, President Calderón said it was "absolutely false" to label his country a failed state.<a href="#cite_note-CdWTD-423">[423]</a> To smooth over relations with Mexico over this issue, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> personally visited Mexico City in March 2009, followed by a visit by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> a month later.<a href="#cite_note-rieff-422">[422]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg/220px-US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg/330px-US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg/440px-US_timeline._Opioid_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Number of yearly U.S. <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">opioid overdose</a> deaths from all opioid drugs.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2009, the U.S. DHS said that it was considering using the National Guard to counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spreading to the U.S. The governors of Arizona and Texas have asked the federal government to send additional National Guard troops to help those already there supporting local law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_–_Americas_–_March-12-09-293">[293]</a> Calls for National Guard deployment on the border greatly increased after the 2010 murder of Arizona rancher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Krentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Krentz">Robert Krentz</a>, possibly at the hands of Mexican drug smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-ixl1t-425">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-SVHerald_NothingNew-426">[426]</a> In March 2009, the Obama administration outlined plans to redeploy more than 500 federal agents to border posts and redirect $200 million to combat smuggling of illegal drugs, money and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-I9FvA-427">[427]</a> On May 25, 2010, President Obama authorized deployment of 1,200 National Guard troops to the U.S. border with Mexico to assist with border protection and enforcement activities, as well as help train additional Customs and Border Protection agents.<a href="#cite_note-xcvZn-428">[428]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Office_on_Latin_America" title="Washington Office on Latin America">Washington Office on Latin America</a> said the U.S. southwest border region remained calm, with a homicide rate lower than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-8Rfrd-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-xC3RE-430">[430]</a> In 2021, around 80,411 people died from <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">opioid overdoses</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> Many of the deaths are from an extremely potent opioid, <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, which is trafficked from Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> The drug's precursor chemicals, which have a variety of legitimate uses, are manufactured in China, then shipped to Mexico, where it is processed and packaged, which is then smuggled into the US by drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> In 2023, the Biden administration announced a crackdown on members of the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> smuggling fentanyl into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking#Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking § Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg/200px-Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg/300px-Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg/400px-Vicente_Zambada_Niebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Vicente_Zambada_Niebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesús Vicente Zambada Niebla">Jesús Vicente Zambada Niebla</a> is the son of <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Zambada García">Ismael Zambada García</a> (alias, "El Mayo"), one of the top leaders of the Sinaloa drug-trafficking organization</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Zambada_Niebla" title="Vicente Zambada Niebla">Vicente Zambada Niebla</a>, a member of the Sinaloa Cartel and son of Ismael Zambada García, one of the top drug lords in Mexico, claimed after his arrest to his attorneys that he and other top Sinaloa cartel members had received immunity by U.S. agents and a virtual licence to smuggle cocaine over the United States border, in exchange for intelligence about rival cartels engaged in the Mexican drug war.<a href="#cite_note-Narcosphere.narconews.com-435">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-Name_*-436">[436]</a> In October 2013, two former federal agents and an ex-CIA contractor told an American television network that CIA operatives including <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(soldier)" title="Félix Rodríguez (soldier)">Félix Rodríguez</a> were involved in the kidnapping and murder of DEA covert agent Enrique Camarena, because he was a threat to the agency's drug operations in Mexico. According to the three men, the CIA was collaborating with drug traffickers moving cocaine and marijuana to the United States, and using its share of the profits to finance Nicaraguan Contra rebels attempting to overthrow Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista</a> government. A CIA spokesman responded, calling it "ridiculous" to suggest that the Agency had anything to do with the murder of a U.S. federal agent or the escape of his alleged killer.<a href="#cite_note-Wm1Xh-437">[437]</a> According to former Presidents <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a> of Mexico and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria" title="César Gaviria">César Gaviria</a> of Colombia, the United States-led drug war is pushing Latin America into a downward spiral; Mr. Cardoso said in a conference that "the available evidence indicates that the war on drugs is a failed war".<a href="#cite_note-Hjefu-438">[438]</a> The panel of the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy commission, headed by Cardoso, stated that the countries involved in this war should remove the "taboos" and re-examine the anti-drug programs. Latin American governments have followed the advice of the U.S. to combat the drug war, but the policies had little effect. The commission made some recommendations to United States President Barack Obama to consider new policies, such as <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">decriminalization of marijuana</a> and to treat drug use as a public health problem and not as a security problem.<a href="#cite_note-k86cw-439">[439]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a> states it is time to seriously consider <a href="/wiki/Drug_decriminalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug decriminalization">drug decriminalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">legalization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4B958-440">[440]</a> a policy initiative that would be in direct opposition to the interests of criminal gangs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money_laundering">Money laundering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Money laundering">edit</a>]</div> Despite the fact that Mexican drug cartels and their Colombian suppliers generate, launder and remove $18 billion to $39 billion from the United States each year,<a href="#cite_note-Booth-441">[441]</a> the U.S. and Mexican governments have been criticized for their unwillingness or slow response to confront the various cartels' financial operations, including <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Booth-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-1jiOB-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-443">[443]</a> The U.S. DEA has identified the need to increase financial investigations relating to the movement of illegal drug funds to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Laundering-444">[444]</a> The DEA states that attacking the financial infrastructure of drug cartels has to play a key role in any viable drug enforcement strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Laundering-444">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-tev9e-445">[445]</a> The U.S. DEA has noted that the U.S. and Mexican financial services industry continues to be a facilitator for drug money movement.<a href="#cite_note-Laundering-444">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-U3Fph-446">[446]</a> Following suit, in August 2010 President Felipe Calderón proposed sweeping new measures to crack down on the cash smuggling and money laundering. Calderón proposes a ban on cash purchases of real estate and of certain luxury goods that cost more than 100,000 pesos (about US$8,104.) His package would also require more businesses to report large transactions, such as real estate, jewelry and purchases of <a href="/wiki/Armor_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor plating">armor plating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-443">[443]</a> In June 2010, Calderón "announced strict limits on the amount in U.S. dollars that can be deposited or exchanged in banks",<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-443">[443]</a> but the proposed restrictions to financial institutions are facing tough opposition in the Mexican legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Booth-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-443">[443]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Wachovia" title="Wachovia">Wachovia</a>, at one time a major U.S. bank, was implicated in laundering money for Mexican drug lords.<a href="#cite_note-54N0W-447">[447]</a> In a settlement, Wachovia paid federal authorities $110 million in forfeiture.<a href="#cite_note-legpS-448">[448]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> report<a href="#cite_note-afJdM-449">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-nIHhE-450">[450]</a> from the permanent subcommittee for investigations revealed in July 2012 that <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> – one of Europe's biggest banks- moved $7 billion in bulk cash from Mexico to the U.S., most of it suspected to assist Mexican drug lords and U.S. drug cartels in moving money to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-YrogN-451">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-fine-452">[452]</a> While money laundering problems at HSBC have been flagged by regulators for nearly a decade, the bank continued to avoid compliance. On December 12, 2012, HSBC settled for a $1.93 billion fine.<a href="#cite_note-oJoPW-453">[453]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_demand">Drug demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Drug demand">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> studies released in the mid-1990s found that using drug user treatment to reduce drug consumption in the United States is seven times more cost effective than law enforcement efforts alone, and it could potentially cut consumption by a third.<a href="#cite_note-cMAZA-454">[454]</a> In FY2011, the Obama administration requested approximately $5.6 billion to support demand reduction. This includes a 13% increase for prevention and almost a 4% increase for treatment. The overall FY2011 counter-drug request for supply reduction and domestic law enforcement is $15.5 billion with $521.1 million in new funding.<a href="#cite_note-n52q6-455">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcoculture_in_Mexico" title="Narcoculture in Mexico">Narcoculture in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mexican_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Mexican protests">2011 Mexican protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="2011–12 in the Mexican drug war">2011–12 in the Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_Beat" title="Borderland Beat">Borderland Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_del_Narco" title="Blog del Narco">Blog del Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_of_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Naval operations of the Mexican drug war">Naval operations of the Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Timeline of the Mexican drug war">Timeline of the Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_and_media_workers_killed_in_Mexico" title="List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico">List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war">List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afp.gov.au/node/1691">"A new post combating an ever-evolving threat"</a>. 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Editorial Penguin Random (Debate), Edición Kindle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022002718817093">Atuesta, L. H., Siordia, O. S., & Lajous, A. M. (2018). "The 'War on Drugs' in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011." Journal of Conflict Resolution.</a></li> <li>Vulliamy, Ed, Amexica: War Along the Borderline, Bodley Head, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-128-4">978-1-84792-128-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Grillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioan Grillo">Grillo, Ioan</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/El_Narco:_Inside_Mexico%27s_Criminal_Insurgency" title="El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency">El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels</a> (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2433-7"><bdi>978-1-4088-2433-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Narco%3A+The+Bloody+Rise+of+Mexican+Drug+Cartels&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-2433-7&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Ioan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeibert2014" class="citation book cs1">Deibert, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-AYvgAACAAJ">In the Shadow of Saint Death: The Gulf Cartel and the Price of America's Drug War in Mexico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Globe_Pequot" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe Pequot">Globe Pequot</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762791255" title="Special:BookSources/9780762791255"><bdi>9780762791255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Saint+Death%3A+The+Gulf+Cartel+and+the+Price+of+America%27s+Drug+War+in+Mexico&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780762791255&rft.aulast=Deibert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-AYvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gutierrez Aire, Jose, Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico, CreateSpace, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-9227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-9227-4">978-1-4775-9227-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Narco-Inside-Worlds-Wanted/dp/0802119522/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1289429113&sr=8-1">The Last Narco</a>, book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Anabel Hernández">Hernández, Anabel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Narcoland-Mexican-Lords-Their-Godfathers/dp/1781680736">Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers</a>, Verso, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781680735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781680735">978-1781680735</a></li> <li>Wainwright Tom, Narconomics: How to Run a Drug Cartel, PublicAffairs, 2016. ISBN 9781610395830<a href="#cite_note-456">[1]</a></li> <li>Tuckman, Jo, Mexico: Democracy Interrupted, Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780300160314<a href="#cite_note-457">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexican_Drug_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314192134/http://stanford.edu/~dkronick/mexico_crime/">Map of Mexican drug war violence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borderlandbeat.com//">Borderland Beat</a> Blog dedicated to reporting on Mexican drug cartels on the border between the United States of America and Mexico.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowers2009" class="citation web cs1">Bowers, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223011526/http://works.bepress.com/charles_bowers/7/">"The Mexican Kidnapping Industry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/charles_bowers/7/">the original</a> on February 23, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Kidnapping+Industry&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcharles_bowers%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"> An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127071514/http://www.rightsidenews.com/200910086759/border-and-sovereignty/the-mexican-zetas-and-other-private-armies.html">The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies</a> – written by the Strategic Studies Institute.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/mexico-organized-crime-news">Mexico page on InSight Crime</a>. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406123112/http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/">"Full Coverage Mexico Under Siege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war">the original</a> on April 6, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Full+Coverage+Mexico+Under+Siege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.latimes.com%2Fmexico-drug-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/05/mexicos-drug-war-50-000-dead-in-6-years/100299/">The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=1222714">George Grayson, "Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels"</a>, Foreign Policy Association Headline Series.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literalmagazine.com/bilingual/city-of-death-city-of-hope/">Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-a-mexican-drug-cartel-makes-its-billions.html">Cocaine Incorporated</a> June 15, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/american-guns-turned-mexico-war-184544888.html?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=fb&tsrc=fb">How American guns turned Mexico into a war zone (by Stuart Miller, LA Times, Feb 24, 2021)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexican_drug_war_(2006–present)114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexican_Drug_War" title="Template:Mexican Drug War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexican_Drug_War" title="Template talk:Mexican Drug War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican_Drug_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican Drug War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexican_drug_war_(2006–present)114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican drug war (2006–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Names in italics represent dead or arrested individuals.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;"><div id="Timeline51"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="Timeline of the Mexican drug war">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federal_forces39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Federal forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force" title="Mexican Air Force">Mexican Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Mexican Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales (special forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Federal_Ministerial" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Federal Ministerial">Policía Federal Ministerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEIDO" title="SEIDO">SEIDO (organized crime investigation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Federal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Mexico)" title="National Guard (Mexico)">National Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Beltrán-Leyva_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Organization" title="Beltrán-Leyva Organization">Beltrán-Leyva Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="disbanded_201040">disbanded 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Armed wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Mazatlecos" title="Los Mazatlecos">Los Mazatlecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Cartel" title="South Pacific Cartel">South Pacific Cartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Arturo Beltrán Leyva">Arturo Beltrán Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Alfredo Beltrán Leyva">Alfredo Beltrán Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Carlos Beltrán Leyva">Carlos Beltrán Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Valdez_Villarreal" title="Edgar Valdez Villarreal">Edgar Valdez Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villarreal_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Sergio Villarreal Barragán">Sergio Villarreal Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Héctor Beltrán Leyva">Héctor Beltrán Leyva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva" title="Héctor Beltrán Leyva">Héctor Beltrán Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Isidro_Meza_Flores" title="Fausto Isidro Meza Flores">Fausto Isidro Meza Flores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="La_Familia_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">La Familia Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founders8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazario_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Nazario Moreno González">Nazario Moreno González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rosales_Mendoza" title="Carlos Rosales Mendoza">Carlos Rosales Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Rueda_Medina" title="Arnoldo Rueda Medina">Arnoldo Rueda Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Loya_Plancarte" title="Dionisio Loya Plancarte">Dionisio Loya Plancarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cede%C3%B1o_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Rafael Cedeño Hernández">Rafael Cedeño Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Espinoza_Barr%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Espinoza Barrón">Alberto Espinoza Barrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Plancarte_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Enrique Plancarte Solís">Enrique Plancarte Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_M%C3%A9ndez_Vargas" title="José de Jesús Méndez Vargas">José de Jesús Méndez Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servando_G%C3%B3mez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Servando Gómez Martínez">Servando Gómez Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gulf_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Metros" title="Los Metros">Los Metros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rojos" title="Los Rojos">Los Rojos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Nepomuceno_Guerra" title="Juan Nepomuceno Guerra">Juan Nepomuceno Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Abrego" title="Juan García Abrego">Juan García Abrego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Malherbe_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Óscar Malherbe de León">Óscar Malherbe de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiel_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Osiel Cárdenas Guillén">Osiel Cárdenas Guillén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Antonio Cárdenas Guillén">Antonio Cárdenas Guillén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eduardo_Costilla_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez">Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%ADrez_Trevi%C3%B1o" title="Mario Ramírez Treviño">Mario Ramírez Treviño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homero_C%C3%A1rdenas_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Homero Cárdenas Guillén">Homero Cárdenas Guillén</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Juárez_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Juárez Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Armed wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_(gang)" title="La Línea (gang)">La Línea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Aguilar_Guajardo" title="Rafael Aguilar Guajardo">Rafael Aguilar Guajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Acosta_Villarreal" title="Pablo Acosta Villarreal">Pablo Acosta Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amado_Carrillo_Fuentes" title="Amado Carrillo Fuentes">Amado Carrillo Fuentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Carrillo_Fuentes" title="Vicente Carrillo Fuentes">Vicente Carrillo Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Ledezma" title="Juan Pablo Ledezma">Juan Pablo Ledezma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Knights_Templar_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel" title="Knights Templar Cartel">Knights Templar Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Armed wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_(gang)" title="La Resistencia (gang)">La Resistencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Plancarte_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Enrique Plancarte Solís">Enrique Plancarte Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servando_G%C3%B3mez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Servando Gómez Martínez">Servando Gómez Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Plancarte_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Enrique Plancarte Solís">Enrique Plancarte Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servando_G%C3%B3mez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Servando Gómez Martínez">Servando Gómez Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazario_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Nazario Moreno González">Nazario Moreno González</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sinaloa_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Armed wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gente_Nueva" title="Gente Nueva">Gente Nueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_%C3%81ntrax" title="Los Ántrax">Los Ántrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistas_Asesinos" title="Artistas Asesinos">Artistas Asesinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Luis_Palma_Salazar" title="Héctor Luis Palma Salazar">Héctor Luis Palma Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Adrián Gómez González">Adrián Gómez González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín Guzmán Loera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Zambada García">Ismael Zambada García</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín Guzmán Loera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Zambada García">Ismael Zambada García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Esparragoza_Moreno" title="Juan José Esparragoza Moreno">Juan José Esparragoza Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Coronel_Villarreal" title="Ignacio Coronel Villarreal">Ignacio Coronel Villarreal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tijuana_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Ramón Arellano Félix">Ramón Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Benjamín Arellano Félix">Benjamín Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rafael_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix">Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Carlos Arellano Félix">Carlos Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Eduardo Arellano Félix">Eduardo Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Francisco Javier Arellano Félix">Francisco Javier Arellano Félix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enedina_Arellano_F%C3%A9lix" title="Enedina Arellano Félix">Enedina Arellano Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fernando_S%C3%A1nchez_Arellano" title="Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano">Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Leyva_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Edgardo Leyva Escandón">Edgardo Leyva Escandón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Los_Zetas114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Guzm%C3%A1n_Decena" title="Arturo Guzmán Decena">Arturo Guzmán Decena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Jaime González Durán">Jaime González Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Enrique_Rej%C3%B3n_Aguilar" title="Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar">Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Lazcano_Lazcano" title="Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano">Heriberto Lazcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galindo_Mellado_Cruz" title="Galindo Mellado Cruz">Galindo Mellado Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Lazcano_Lazcano" title="Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano">Heriberto Lazcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Trevi%C3%B1o_Morales" title="Miguel Treviño Morales">Miguel Treviño Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Trevi%C3%B1o_Morales" title="Omar Treviño Morales">Omar Treviño Morales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes">Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rick_Valencia_Salazar" title="Érick Valencia Salazar">Érick Valencia Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigael_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Abigael González Valencia">Abigael González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Arzola_Ortega" title="Martín Arzola Ortega">Martín Arzola Ortega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes">Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Mendoza_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas">Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rick_Valencia_Salazar" title="Érick Valencia Salazar">Érick Valencia Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Arzola_Ortega" title="Martín Arzola Ortega">Martín Arzola Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Oseguera_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Rubén Oseguera González">Rubén Oseguera González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigael_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Abigael González Valencia">Abigael González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Oseguera_Cervantes" title="Antonio Oseguera Cervantes">Antonio Oseguera Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Elvis González Valencia">Elvis González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Alberto_Castillo_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez">Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Gerardo González Valencia">Gerardo González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="José González Valencia">José González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalinda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Rosalinda González Valencia">Rosalinda González Valencia</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cartels_and_drug_lordsCorrupt_officials114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other cartels and drug lords</li><li>Corrupt officials</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cartels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Cartel_of_Acapulco" title="Independent Cartel of Acapulco">Independent Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborca_Cartel" title="Caborca Cartel">Caborca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colima_Cartel" title="Colima Cartel">Colima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Negros" title="Los Negros">Los Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rojos_Cartel" title="Los Rojos Cartel">Los Rojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Viagras" title="Los Viagras">Los Viagras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milenio_Cartel" title="Milenio Cartel">Milenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rtel_del_Noreste" title="Cártel del Noreste">Noreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Plaza_Cartel" title="Nueva Plaza Cartel">Nueva Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Cartel" title="Oaxaca Cartel">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Lima_Cartel" title="Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel">Santa Rosa de Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora_Cartel" title="Sonora Cartel">Sonora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early drug lords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardo" title="Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo">Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caro_Quintero" title="Rafael Caro Quintero">Rafael Caro Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Fonseca_Carrillo" title="Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo">Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Luis_Palma_Salazar" title="Héctor Luis Palma Salazar">Héctor Luis Palma Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Amezcua_Contreras" title="Jesús Amezcua Contreras">Jesús Amezcua Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Avil%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Pedro Avilés Pérez">Pedro Avilés Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Nepomuceno_Guerra" title="Juan Nepomuceno Guerra">Juan Nepomuceno Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81brego" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan García Ábrego">Juan García Ábrego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corrupt officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nazar_Haro" title="Miguel Nazar Haro">Miguel Nazar Haro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Rebollo" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo">José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Durazo_Moreno" title="Arturo Durazo Moreno">Arturo Durazo Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_Ram%C3%ADrez_Mandujano" title="Noé Ramírez Mandujano">Noé Ramírez Mandujano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Raúl Salinas de Gortari">Raúl Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Godoy_Toscano" title="Julio César Godoy Toscano">Julio César Godoy Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Yarrington" title="Tomás Yarrington">Tomás Yarrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ProjectsOperations114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Projects</li><li>Operations</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana#Project_Coronado" title="La Familia Michoacana">Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana#Project_Delirium" title="La Familia Michoacana">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Gunrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shadowfire" title="Project Shadowfire">Shadowfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Southern_Tempest" title="Project Southern Tempest">Southern Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Wildfire" title="Project Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baja_California" title="Operation Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bishop" title="Operation Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Black Swan">Black Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Storm" title="Operation Blue Storm">Blue Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chihuahua" title="Operation Chihuahua">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Community_Shield_(2005-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Community Shield (2005-present)">Community Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coyote" title="Operation Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diablo_Express" title="Operation Diablo Express">Diablo Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Escorpi%C3%B3n" title="Operación Escorpión">Escorpión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal#2009–2011:_Operation_Fast_and_Furious" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Fast and Furious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kruz_Control" title="Operation Kruz Control">Kruz Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Lince_Norte" title="Operación Lince Norte">Lince Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Operation Michoacán">Michoacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operation_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n-Tamaulipas" title="Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas">Nuevo León-Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quintana_Roo" title="Operation Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinaloa" title="Operation Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solare" title="Operation Solare">Solare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Terminus" title="Operation Terminus">Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal#2006–2008:_Operation_Wide_Receiver_and_other_probes" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Wide Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Xcellerator" title="Operation Xcellerator">Xcellerator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="MassacresDeaths114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Massacres</li><li>Deaths</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mexico" title="List of massacres in Mexico">Massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_rehab_center_attack" title="Ciudad Juárez rehab center attack">Juárez rehab center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villas_de_Salv%C3%A1rcar_massacre" title="Villas de Salvárcar massacre">Villas de Salvárcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Chihuahua_shootings" title="2010 Chihuahua shootings">Chihuauha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n_mass_graves" title="Nuevo León mass graves">Nuevo León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero_mass_graves" title="Guerrero mass graves">Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2010 San Fernando massacre">2010 San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_San_Fernando_massacre" title="2011 San Fernando massacre">2011 San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Durango_massacres" title="2011 Durango massacres">2011 Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_mass_graves" title="Coahuila mass graves">Coahuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Monterrey_casino_attack" title="2011 Monterrey casino attack">2011 Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamira_prison_brawl" title="Altamira prison brawl">Altamira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodaca_prison_riot" title="Apodaca prison riot">Apodaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nuevo_Laredo_massacres" title="2012 Nuevo Laredo massacres">2012 Nuevo Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadereyta_Jim%C3%A9nez_massacre" title="Cadereyta Jiménez massacre">Cadereyta Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">2014 Iguala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_del_Oeste_ambush" title="2015 San Sebastián del Oeste ambush">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo_Chico_prison_riot" title="Topo Chico prison riot">Topo Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_nightclub_shooting" title="Salamanca nightclub shooting">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minatitl%C3%A1n_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Minatitlán shooting">Minatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruapan_massacre" title="Uruapan massacre">Uruapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos_nightclub_fire" title="Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire">Coatzacoalcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBar%C3%B3n_and_Langford_families_massacre" title="LeBarón and Langford families massacre">LeBarón & Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieneguillas_prison_riots" title="Cieneguillas prison riots">Cieneguillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irapuato_massacres" title="Irapuato massacres">Irapuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camargo_massacre" title="Camargo massacre">Camargo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coatepec_Harinas_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coatepec Harinas attack (page does not exist)">Coatepec Harinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Tinajas_massacre" title="Las Tinajas massacre">Las Tinajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaya_massacre" title="Celaya massacre">Celaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_prison_attack" title="2023 Ciudad Juárez prison attack">Juárez prison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Deaths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_Mexican_drug_war" title="List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_and_media_workers_killed_in_Mexico" title="List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico">Journalists and media workers killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Enrique Camarena (DEA agent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Torre_Cant%C3%BA" title="Rodolfo Torre Cantú">Rodolfo Torre Cantú (physician / politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Eusebio_Mill%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez" title="Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez">Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez (police commander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Jorge Zapata (US agent)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="BooksOther_topics114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Books</li><li>Other topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel:_The_Coming_Invasion_of_Mexico%27s_Drug_Wars" title="Cartel: The Coming Invasion of Mexico's Drug Wars">Cartel: The Coming Invasion of Mexico's Drug Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Narco:_Inside_Mexico%27s_Criminal_Insurgency" title="El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency">El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_to_Save_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="The Fight to Save Juárez">The Fight to Save Juárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_del_Narco" title="Blog del Narco">Blog del Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_house_of_death" title="Juárez house of death">Juárez house of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%27s_37_most-wanted_drug_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords">Most-wanted Mexican drug lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Piracy on Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_tank" title="Narco tank">Narco tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_of_Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n_(2001%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhunt of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán (2001–2014)">Manhunt of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán (2001–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Amado_checkpoint_protest" title="2015 Amado checkpoint protest">2015 Amado checkpoint protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Chimney_Canyon_shootout" title="2018 Chimney Canyon shootout">2018 Chimney Canyon shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Americas467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Americas467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Illegal drug trade in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Bahamas" title="Illegal drug trade in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guatemala" title="Illegal drug trade in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru" title="Illegal drug trade in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_World1724" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_World1724" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">Extrajudicial killings in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ongoing_armed_conflicts83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template talk:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ongoing_armed_conflicts83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">ADF insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Western Saharan clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad_conflict" title="Azawad conflict">Azawad conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" title="Salvadoran gang crackdown">Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_gang_crackdown" title="Honduran gang crackdown">Honduran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war in Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" title="Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Internal conflict in Bangladesh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad" title="Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad">Insurgency in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South- east</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalay_clashes" title="Kalay clashes">Kalay clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen%E2%80%93Mon_conflict" title="Karen–Mon conflict">Karen–Mon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Conflict in Rakhine State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Conflicts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi–led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas224" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> conflicts in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_North_America" title="List of conflicts in North America">List of conflicts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Central_America" title="List of conflicts in Central America">List of conflicts in Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">List of conflicts in South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict (1994–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War (2006–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict (1997–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru (1980–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay (2005–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2016" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Tom (23 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25159062-narconomics">Narconomics: How to Run a Drug Cartel</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610395830" title="Special:BookSources/9781610395830"><bdi>9781610395830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narconomics%3A+How+to+Run+a+Drug+Cartel&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.isbn=9781610395830&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F25159062-narconomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuckman2012" class="citation book cs1">Tuckman, Jo (3 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13435170-mexico?ref=nav_sb_ss_1_10">Mexico: Democracy Interrupted</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300160314" title="Special:BookSources/9780300160314"><bdi>9780300160314</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+Democracy+Interrupted&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft.isbn=9780300160314&rft.aulast=Tuckman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F13435170-mexico%3Fref%3Dnav_sb_ss_1_10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+drug+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&oldid=1278047891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_drug_war&oldid=1278047891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_drug_war" title="Category:Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_drug_control" title="Category:History of drug control">History of drug control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2006_in_Mexico" title="Category:2006 in Mexico">2006 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2007_in_Mexico" title="Category:2007 in Mexico">2007 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_in_Mexico" title="Category:2008 in Mexico">2008 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_in_Mexico" title="Category:2009 in Mexico">2009 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Mexico" title="Category:2010s in Mexico">2010s in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_Mexico" title="Category:2020 in Mexico">2020 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_in_Mexico" title="Category:2021 in Mexico">2021 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2022_in_Mexico" title="Category:2022 in Mexico">2022 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2023_in_Mexico" title="Category:2023 in Mexico">2023 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2024_in_Mexico" title="Category:2024 in Mexico">2024 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_in_Mexico" title="Category:Drugs in Mexico">Drugs in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_operations_against_drug_trafficking" title="Category:Law enforcement operations against drug trafficking">Law enforcement operations against drug trafficking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_operations_against_organized_crime_in_Mexico" title="Category:Law enforcement operations against organized crime in Mexico">Law enforcement operations against organized crime in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_against_organized_crime" title="Category:Military operations against organized crime">Military operations against organized crime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_conflicts_in_Mexico" title="Category:Organized crime conflicts in Mexico">Organized crime conflicts in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Organized crime conflicts in the United States">Organized crime conflicts in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_conflicts" title="Category:21st-century conflicts">21st-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2006" title="Category:Conflicts in 2006">Conflicts in 2006</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2007" title="Category:Conflicts in 2007">Conflicts in 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2008" title="Category:Conflicts in 2008">Conflicts in 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2009" title="Category:Conflicts in 2009">Conflicts in 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