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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fustat_and_other_early_Islamic_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fustat_and_other_early_Islamic_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fustat and other early Islamic settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fustat_and_other_early_Islamic_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_expansion_of_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_expansion_of_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Foundation and expansion of Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_expansion_of_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apogee_and_decline_under_the_Mamluks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apogee_and_decline_under_the_Mamluks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Apogee and decline under the Mamluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apogee_and_decline_under_the_Mamluks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_occupation_until_1956" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_occupation_until_1956"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 British occupation until 1956 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_occupation_until_1956-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1956" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1956"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 After 1956 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1956-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Egyptian_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Egyptian_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 2011 Egyptian revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Egyptian_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-revolutionary_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-revolutionary_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Post-revolutionary Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-revolutionary_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_area_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_area_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metropolitan area and districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_area_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Satellite cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_new_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_new_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Planned new capital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_new_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automobile_manufacturers_from_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile_manufacturers_from_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Automobile manufacturers from Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile_manufacturers_from_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Public transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Other forms of transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cultural tourism in Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_Opera_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_Opera_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cairo Opera House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_Opera_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khedivial_Opera_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khedivial_Opera_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Khedivial Opera House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khedivial_Opera_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_International_Film_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_International_Film_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cairo International Film Festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_International_Film_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_Geniza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_Geniza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cairo Geniza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_Geniza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape_and_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape_and_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cityscape and landmarks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape_and_landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape and landmarks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape_and_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tahrir_Square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tahrir_Square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Tahrir Square </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tahrir_Square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Egyptian Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Egyptian_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Egyptian_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Grand Egyptian Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Egyptian_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Cairo Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Old Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Islamic Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citadel_of_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citadel_of_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Citadel of Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citadel_of_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khan_el-Khalili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khan_el-Khalili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Khan el-Khalili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khan_el-Khalili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photos_and_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photos_and_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Photos and videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photos_and_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cairo: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 222 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-222" aria-hidden="true" > 222 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirah" title="Al-Qahirah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Al-Qahirah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%AFro" title="Kaïro – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaïro" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%AE" title="ካይሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካይሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काहिरा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काहिरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81ir%C5%8D" title="Cāirō – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cāirō" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="القاهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القاهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Caire" title="O Caire – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="O Caire" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A7" title="Գահիրէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գահիրէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Qu%C3%A8ro" title="Lo Quèro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lo Quèro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairu" title="El Cairu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Cairu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="काइरो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="काइरो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1iro" title="Káiro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Káiro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Къагьира – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Къагьира" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahir%C9%99" title="Qahirə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qahirə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قاهیره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاهیره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="কায়রো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কায়রো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99" title="Ҡаһирә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаһирә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%80" title="Каір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%80" title="Каір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काहिरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काहिरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Кайро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кайро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC" title="ཁ་ཡི་རོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་ཡི་རོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaero" title="Kaero – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaero" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caire" title="El Caire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Caire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1hira" title="Káhira – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Káhira" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Cairu" title="U Cairu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="U Cairu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="لقاهرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لقاهرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadaaz%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%AD%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Yadaazʼáhíłání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yadaazʼáhíłání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="काइरो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="काइरो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κάιρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάιρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Каир ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Каир ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Cairo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairu" title="El Cairu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="El Cairu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قاهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiro" title="Keiro – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keiro" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Caire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="El Cairo" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caireo" title="Caireo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caireo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cairo" title="O Cairo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O Cairo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="કૈરો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૈરો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C" title="카이로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5" title="Կահիրե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կահիրե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काहिरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काहिरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="Kaíró – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaíró" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cairo" title="Il Cairo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il Cairo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8" title="קהיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קהיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Kɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B" title="ಕೈರೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈರೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="კაირო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაირო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaira" title="Alkaira – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alkaira" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%A8" title="Lekè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lekè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8ro" title="Kèro – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kèro" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qah%C3%AEre" title="Qahîre – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qahîre" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Cairo" title="L Cairo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="L Cairo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kairo" title="El Kairo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="El Kairo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кьагьира – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Кьагьира" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3" title="ໄຄໂຣ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຄໂຣ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairus" title="Cairus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cairus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaira" title="Kaira – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaira" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairas" title="Kairas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kairas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cairo" title="O Cairo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="O Cairo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFro" title="Caïro – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Caïro" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Qahira" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="El Cairo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair%C3%B3" title="Kairó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kairó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="काइरो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काइरो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Каиро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каиро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahira" title="Kahira – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kahira" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="കെയ്റോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെയ്റോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajr" title="Kajr – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kajr" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कैरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कैरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="კაირო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაირო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="القاهره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القاهره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قاهره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قاهره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaherah" title="Kaherah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaherah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯀꯥꯏꯔꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯏꯔꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကိုင်ရိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုင်ရိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFro_(stad)" title="Caïro (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caïro (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कायरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कायरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कायरो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कायरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD" title="カイロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27O_Cairo" title="'O Cairo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="'O Cairo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="КъахӀира – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КъахӀира" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Caire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qohira" title="Qohira – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qohira" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਹਿਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਹਿਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قاہرہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قاہرہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قاهره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قاهره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bl_C%C3%A0iro" title="Ël Càiro – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ël Càiro" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kair" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Κάιρον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κάιρον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahira" title="Al-Qahira – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Al-Qahira" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaire" title="Qaire – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qaire" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qahira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кагіра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кагіра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_C%C3%A0iru" title="Su Càiru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Su Càiru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajro" title="Kajro – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kajro" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Cairu" title="Lu Cairu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lu Cairu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D" title="කයිරෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කයිරෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قاهره – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قاهره" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1hira" title="Káhira – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Káhira" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajir" title="Kajir – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kajir" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaahiro" title="Qaahiro – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaahiro" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="قاھیرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاھیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Каиро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каиро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="கெய்ரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெய்ரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqahirt" title="Taqahirt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taqahirt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27U_Cairo" title="'U Cairo – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'U Cairo" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99" title="Каһирә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каһирә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B" title="కైరో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కైరో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="ไคโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไคโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Қоҳира – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қоҳира" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahire" title="Kahire – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahire" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kair" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Каир" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%80" title="Каїр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каїр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قاہرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قاہرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%95" title="قاھىرە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قاھىرە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="El Cairo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kair" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahir%C3%A4" title="Kahirä – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kahirä" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caire" title="El Caire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="El Caire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85" title="開羅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="開羅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFro" title="Caïro – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Caïro" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayra" title="Xayra – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xayra" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="开罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90" title="קיירא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קיירא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%B2" title="Káírò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Káírò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85" title="開羅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="開羅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qahira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFro_(stad)" title="Caïro (stad) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Caïro (stad)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairs" title="Kairs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kairs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="开罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kairo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahir%C9%99" title="Kahirə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kahirə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cairo" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/81.215.237.171" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/81.215.237.171" data-mw-revid="1248635629"><bdi>81.215.237.171</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:81.215.237.171" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:81.215.237.171">talk</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3">No edit summary</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: Reverted</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo&diff=next&oldid=1248635629" title="Cairo" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Infobox settlement</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Infobox settlement</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| name<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Cairo</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| name = Cairo</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| native_name<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang|ar</del>|القاهرة}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| native_name = {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Script/Arabic</ins>|القاهرة}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| native_name_lang = ar</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| settlement_type<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = [[Capital city]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| settlement_type = [[Capital city]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image_skyline<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = {{Multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image_skyline = {{Multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| perrow = 1/3/2/2</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| perrow = 1/3/2/2</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width = 290 </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 290 </div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:59, 30 September 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Egyptian capital. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cairo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cairo (disambiguation)">Cairo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cairo</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>القاهرة‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_From_Tower_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg/417px-Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg/556px-Cairo_From_Tower_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="913" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gezira_(Cairo)" title="Gezira (Cairo)">Gezira Island</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin,_1296,_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg/97px-Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg/146px-Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg/194px-Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun_and_spiral_minaret_of_Mamluk_Sultan_Lajin%2C_1296%2C_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tulun_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tulun Mosque">Ibn Tulun Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0003~2~2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/DSC_0003~2~2.jpg/86px-DSC_0003~2~2.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/DSC_0003~2~2.jpg/129px-DSC_0003~2~2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/DSC_0003~2~2.jpg/172px-DSC_0003~2~2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3317" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg/86px-Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg/129px-Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg/172px-Complex_of_Al_Sultan_Al_Zahir_Barquq_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="5043" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_Street" title="Al-Mu'izz Street">Al-Muizz Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg/136px-Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg/204px-Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg/272px-Kairo_Midan_Talaat_Harb_BW_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="2385" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Harb_Street" title="Talaat Harb Street">Talaat Harb Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baron_Palace.jpg/138px-Baron_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baron_Palace.jpg/207px-Baron_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baron_Palace.jpg/276px-Baron_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="2375" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baron_Empain_Palace" title="Baron Empain Palace">Baron Empain Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/143px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/215px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/286px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2380" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg/131px-Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg/197px-Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg/262px-Cairo_Opera_House_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Flag_of_cairo.png" class="new" title="File:Flag of cairo.png">Flag of Cairo</a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Cairo"><img alt="Official logo of Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg/100px-Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg/150px-Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg/200px-Emblem_Cairo_Governorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="610" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of a Thousand Minarets</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cairo is located in Egypt"><img alt="Cairo is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.033%;left:53.709%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cairo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Cairo within Egypt</div>Show map of Egypt</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cairo is located in Africa"><img alt="Cairo is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.78%;left:66.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cairo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Cairo (Africa)</div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairo&params=30_2_40_N_31_14_9_E_region:EG-C_type:city(10,100,000)">30°2′40″N 31°14′9″E / 30.04444°N 31.23583°E / 30.04444; 31.23583</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First major foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">641–642 AD (<a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last major foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">969 AD (Cairo)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Khaled Abdel Aal<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de_2022-4">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,734 km2 (1,056 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 m (75 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2018)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,100,166<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,700/km2 (10,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-macrotrends-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,183,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Cairene</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">EGP</a> 1,877 billion (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 120 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">EGP</a> 2,986 billion (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 190 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EGY</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+20) 2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/">cairo.gov.eg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Historic Cairo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, v, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/89/">89</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Cairo (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkaɪroʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/En-us-Cairo_1.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Cairo 1.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/En-us-Cairo_1.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Cairo_1.mp3" title="File:En-us-Cairo 1.mp3">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KY-roh</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[el.qɑ(ː)ˈheɾɑ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/Al-Qahirah.ogg\/Al-Qahirah.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Al-Qahirah.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Al-Qahirah.ogg/Al-Qahirah.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Qahirah.ogg" title="File:Al-Qahirah.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a>, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> It is also part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban agglomerations in Africa">largest urban agglomeration in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">the Arab world</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">the Middle East</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> metropolitan area is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">12th-largest in the world by population</a> with over 22.1 million people.<a href="#cite_note-macrotrends-5">[4]</a> Cairo is associated with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> and the ancient cities of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> are located in its geographical area. Located near the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes12-9">[8]</a> the city first developed as <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 641 next to an existing ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> fortress, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>. Cairo was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a> in 969. It later superseded Fustat as the main urban centre during the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> periods (12th–16th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199383-85-10">[9]</a> Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life, and is titled "the city of a thousand <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>" for its preponderance of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">historic center</a> was awarded <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> status in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2017-11">[10]</a> Cairo is considered a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">World City</a> with a "Beta +" classification according to <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">GaWC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Cairo has the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian cinema">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">music industry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, as well as Egypt's oldest institution of higher learning, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city; the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence. Cairo, like many other <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a>, suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a>, opened in 1987, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro system</a> in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and ranks amongst the fifteen busiest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> with over 1 billion<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and 43rd globally on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>'s 2010 <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global Cities Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name of Cairo is derived from the Arabic al-Qāhirah (القاهرة), meaning 'the Vanquisher' or 'the Conqueror', given by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz</a> following the establishment of the city as the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. Its full, formal name was al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyyah (القاهرة المعزيّة), meaning 'the Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz'.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> It is also supposedly due to the fact that the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, known in Arabic by names such as an-Najm al-Qāhir (النجم القاهر, 'the Conquering Star'), was rising at the time of the city's founding.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[mɑsˤɾ]</a>; مَصر), the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's importance for the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif19928-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolia2004152-21">[20]</a> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> names for the city. Tikešrōmi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-cop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-cop (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-cop</a> Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[di.kɑʃˈɾoːmi]</a>) is attested in the 1211 text The Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit and is either a calque meaning 'man breaker' (Ϯ-, 'the', ⲕⲁϣ-, 'to break', and ⲣⲱⲙⲓ, 'man'), akin to Arabic al-Qāhirah, or a derivation from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> قَصْر الرُوم (qaṣr ar-rūm, "the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> castle"), another name of <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Casanova-1901-22">[21]</a> The Arabic name is also calqued as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϯⲣⲉϥϭⲣⲟ, "the victor city" in the Coptic antiphonary.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The form Khairon (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-cop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-cop (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-cop</a>) is attested in the modern Coptic text Ⲡⲓⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏⲓ Ⲃⲉⲣⲏⲛⲁ (The Tale of <a href="/wiki/Verena_of_Zurzach" title="Verena of Zurzach">Saint Verina</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). More clarity is also needed on the origin and relevance of the "modern Coptic text" noted here; if the text in question is merely this anonymous webpage, then it's not noteworthy here. (June 2022)">better source needed</a>] Lioui (Ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[lɪˈjuːj]</a>) or Elioui (Ⲉⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ælˈjuːj]</a>) is another name which is descended from the Greek name of Heliopolis (Ήλιούπολις).<a href="#cite_note-Casanova-1901-22">[21]</a> Some argue that Mistram (Ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈmɪs.təɾɑm]</a>) or Nistram (Ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnɪs.təɾɑm]</a>) is another Coptic name for Cairo, although others think that it is rather a name for the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> province capital <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amelineau-25">[24]</a> Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ (Kahi•ree) is a popular modern rendering of an Arabic name (others being Ⲕⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ [Kairon] and Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ [Kahira]) which is modern folk etymology meaning 'land of sun'. Some argue that it was the name of an Egyptian settlement upon which Cairo was built, but it is rather doubtful as this name is not attested in any <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> source, although some researchers, like Paul Casanova, view it as a legitimate theory.<a href="#cite_note-Casanova-1901-22">[21]</a> Cairo is also referred to as Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɪ.mi]</a>) or Ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲟⲥ (Late Coptic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡɪp.dos]</a>), which means Egypt in Coptic, the same way it is referred to in Egyptian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Amelineau-25">[24]</a> Sometimes the city is informally referred to as Cairo by people from Alexandria (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈkæjɾo]</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-arz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-arz (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-arz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Timeline of Cairo</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_settlements">Ancient settlements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG/220px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG/330px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG/440px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a circular Roman tower at <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a> (late 3rd century) in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> The area around present-day Cairo had long been a focal point of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> due to its strategic location at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> regions (roughly <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>), which also placed it at the crossing of major routes between <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201318-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, the capital of Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> and a major city up until the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic period</a>, was located a short distance south west of present-day Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Snape-2014-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>, another important city and major religious center, was located in what are now the modern districts of <a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">Matariya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a> in northeastern Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Snape-2014-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It was largely destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Persian invasions</a> in 525 BC and 343 BC and partly abandoned by the late first century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201318-27">[26]</a> However, the origins of modern Cairo are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium AD. Around the turn of the fourth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassBrock2003456-31">[30]</a> as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> established a large fortress along the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. The fortress, called <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>, was built by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (r. 285–305) at the entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> that was created earlier by emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (r. 98–117).<a href="#cite_note-33">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201320–22-34">[32]</a> Further north of the fortress, near the present-day district of <a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">al-Azbakiya</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> and fortified outpost known as Tendunyas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-cop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-cop (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-cop</a>)<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> or Umm Dunayn.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod19716-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> While no structures older than the 7th century have been preserved in the area aside from the Roman fortifications, historical evidence suggests that a sizeable city existed. The city was important enough that its <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, Cyrus, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a> in 449.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201333-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine-Sassanian War</a> between 602 and 628 caused great hardship and likely caused much of the urban population to leave for the countryside, leaving the settlement partly deserted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod19716-37">[35]</a> The site today remains at the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late 4th century. Cairo's oldest extant churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara_Church_in_Coptic_Cairo" title="Saint Barbara Church in Coptic Cairo">Church of Saint Barbara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Sergius_and_Bacchus_Church_(Abu_Serga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church (Abu Serga)">Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus</a> (from the late 7th or early 8th century), are located inside the fortress walls in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201375-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fustat_and_other_early_Islamic_settlements">Fustat and other early Islamic settlements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoFustatHouses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man on a donkey walks past a palm tree, with a mosque and market behind Mohamed kamal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CairoFustatHouses.jpg/220px-CairoFustatHouses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CairoFustatHouses.jpg/330px-CairoFustatHouses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CairoFustatHouses.jpg/440px-CairoFustatHouses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Excavated ruins of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (2004 photo)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Byzantine Egypt</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> from 639 to 642. Babylon Fortress was besieged in September 640 and fell in April 641. In 641 or early 642, after the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (the Egyptian capital at the time), he founded a new settlement next to Babylon Fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199316-18-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007161-42">[40]</a> The city, known as <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>), served as a garrison town and as the new administrative capital of Egypt. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Raymond" title="André Raymond">André Raymond</a> trace the genesis of present-day Cairo to the foundation of Fustat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199313-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod19717-44">[42]</a> The choice of founding a new settlement at this inland location, instead of using the existing capital of Alexandria on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast, may have been due to the new conquerors' strategic priorities. One of the first projects of the new Muslim administration was to clear and re-open Trajan's ancient <a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">canal</a> in order to ship grain more directly from Egypt to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199319-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007160-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlSayyad201142-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim201321-48">[46]</a> Ibn al-As also founded a mosque for the city at the same time, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr Ibn al-As</a>, the oldest mosque in Egypt and Africa (although the current structure dates from later expansions).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013280-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In 750, following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, the new rulers created their own settlement to the northeast of Fustat which became the new provincial capital. This was known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>) as it was laid out like a military camp. A governor's residence and a new mosque were also added, with the latter completed in 786.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199330-31-52">[50]</a> The Red Sea canal re-excavated in the 7th century was closed by the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur in <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 754–775),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond200016-53">[51]</a> but a part of the canal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Khalij_(Cairo)" title="Khalij (Cairo)">Khalij</a>, continued to be a major feature of Cairo's geography and of its water supply until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1971134-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009-28">[27]</a> In 861, on the orders of the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a> was built on <a href="/wiki/Roda_Island" title="Roda Island">Roda Island</a> near Fustat. Although it was repaired and given a new roof in later centuries, its basic structure is still preserved today, making it the oldest preserved Islamic-era structure in Cairo today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201842-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif199250-56">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/220px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/330px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/440px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn Tulun">Ahmad Ibn Tulun</a> in 876–879 AD</figcaption></figure> In 868 a commander of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin named Bakbak was sent to Egypt by the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'taz</a> to restore order after a rebellion in the country. He was accompanied by his stepson, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn Tulun">Ahmad ibn Tulun</a>, who became effective governor of Egypt. Over time, Ibn Tulun gained an army and accumulated influence and wealth, allowing him to become the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent ruler of both Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> by 878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwelim201528–32-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199333-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-59">[57]</a> In 870, he used his growing wealth to found a new administrative capital, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qata%27i" title="Al-Qata'i">al-Qata'i</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>), to the northeast of Fustat and of al-Askar.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwelim201537-60">[58]</a> The new city included a palace known as the Dar al-Imara, a parade ground known as al-Maydan, a <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a> (hospital), and an <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> to supply water. Between 876 and 879 Ibn Tulun built a great mosque, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>, at the center of the city, next to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199333-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwelim201537-60">[58]</a> After his death in 884, Ibn Tulun was succeeded by his son and his descendants who continued a short-lived dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a>. In 905, the Abbasids sent general Muhammad Sulayman al-Katib to re-assert direct control over the country. Tulunid rule was ended and al-Qatta'i was razed to the ground, except for the mosque which remains standing today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwelim201532–37-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199334-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_expansion_of_Cairo">Foundation and expansion of Cairo</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_Cairo_(1906)_(14782234955).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg/220px-The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg/330px-The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg/440px-The_story_of_Cairo_%281906%29_%2814782234955%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>A plan of Cairo before 1200 AD, as reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lane-Poole" title="Stanley Lane-Poole">Stanley Lane-Poole</a> (1906), showing the location of Fatimid structures, Saladin's <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Citadel</a>, and earlier sites (Fustat not shown)</figcaption></figure> In 969, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Shi'a Isma'ili</a> Fatimid empire <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">conquered Egypt</a> after ruling from Ifriqiya. The Fatimid general <a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar Al Saqili</a> founded a new fortified city northeast of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> and of former al-Qata'i. It took four years to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith200396-63">[61]</a> which was to serve as the new capital of the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-AlSayyad2013-64">[62]</a> During that time, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a> was commissioned by order of the caliph, which developed into the third-oldest university in the world. Cairo would eventually become a centre of learning, with the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006451-65">[63]</a> When Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li Din Allah</a> arrived from the old Fatimid capital of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 973, he gave the city its present name, Qāhirat al-Mu'izz ("The Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith200396-63">[61]</a> from which the name "Cairo" (al-Qāhira) originates. The caliphs lived in a vast and lavish <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">palace complex</a> that occupied the heart of the city. Cairo remained a relatively exclusive royal city for most of this era, but during the tenure of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Gamali</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> (1073–1094) the restrictions were loosened for the first time and richer families from Fustat were allowed to move into the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199378-66">[64]</a> Between 1087 and 1092 Badr al-Gamali also rebuilt the city walls in stone and constructed the city gates of <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a> that still stand today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199362-63-67">[65]</a> During the Fatimid period Fustat reached its apogee in size and prosperity, acting as a center of craftsmanship and international trade and as the area's main port on the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199366-69-68">[66]</a> Historical sources report that multi-story communal residences existed in the city, particularly in its center, which were typically inhabited by middle and lower-class residents. Some of these were as high as seven stories and could house some 200 to 350 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond200065-69">[67]</a> They may have been similar to Roman <a href="/wiki/Insula_(Roman_city)" title="Insula (Roman city)">insulae</a> and may have been the prototypes for the rental apartment complexes which became common in the later Mamluk and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Ottoman</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond200065-69">[67]</a> However, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a> set fire to unfortified Fustat to prevent its potential capture by <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. While the fire did not destroy the city and it continued to exist afterward, it did mark the beginning of its decline. Over the following centuries it was Cairo, the former palace-city, that became the new economic center and attracted migration from Fustat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalyPetry1998213-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199383–85,_103-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A multi-domed mosque dominates the walled Citadel, with ruined tombs and a lone minaret in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg/220px-Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg/330px-Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg/440px-Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a>, seen above in the 19th century, was begun by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in 1176.</figcaption></figure> While the Crusaders did not capture the city in 1168, a continuing power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric, and the <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> general <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a> led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalyPetry1998213–215-72">[70]</a> In 1169, Shirkuh's nephew <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> was appointed as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he seized power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-'Āḍid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalyPetry1998215-73">[71]</a> As the first <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a>, Saladin established the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Abbasids, who were based in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005438-74">[72]</a> In 1176, Saladin began construction on the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a>, which was to serve as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th century. The construction of the Citadel definitively ended Fatimid-built Cairo's status as an exclusive palace-city and opened it up to common Egyptians and to foreign merchants, spurring its commercial development.<a href="#cite_note-Denoix-1999-75">[73]</a> Along with the Citadel, Saladin also began the construction of a new 20-kilometre-long wall that would protect both Cairo and Fustat on their eastern side and connect them with the new Citadel. These construction projects continued beyond Saladin's lifetime and were completed under his Ayyubid successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199389-97-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apogee_and_decline_under_the_Mamluks">Apogee and decline under the Mamluks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun,_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/330px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/440px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Mausoleum-Madrasa-Hospital complex</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Sultan Qalawun</a>, built in 1284–1285 in the center of Cairo, over the remains of a Fatimid palace</figcaption></figure> In 1250, during the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>, the Ayyubid dynasty had a crisis with the death of <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">al-Salih</a> and power transitioned instead to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, partly with the help of al-Salih's wife, <a href="/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr" title="Shajar al-Durr">Shajar ad-Durr</a>, who ruled for a brief period around this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993110-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Mamluks were soldiers who were purchased as young slaves and raised to serve in the sultan's army. Between 1250 and 1517 the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> passed from one mamluk to another in a system of succession that was generally non-hereditary, but also frequently violent and chaotic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993115–117-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClot199647-48-80">[78]</a> The Mamluk Empire nonetheless became a major power in the region and was responsible for repelling the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> (most famously at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260) and for eliminating the last <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> in the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClot199634-37,_83-107,_112-118-81">[79]</a> Despite their military character, the Mamluks were also prolific builders and left a rich <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">architectural legacy</a> throughout Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Behrens-2007-82">[80]</a> Continuing a practice started by the Ayyubids, much of the land occupied by former Fatimid palaces was sold and replaced by newer buildings, becoming a prestigious site for the construction of Mamluk religious and funerary complexes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000122-83">[81]</a> Construction projects initiated by the Mamluks pushed the city outward while also bringing new infrastructure to the centre of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000120–128-84">[82]</a> Meanwhile, Cairo flourished as a centre of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic scholarship</a> and a crossroads on the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> route among the civilisations in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a> Under the reign of the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (1293–1341, with <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnums</a>), Cairo reached its apogee in terms of population and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993122-124,_140-142-86">[84]</a> By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a> Multi-story buildings occupied by <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rental</a> apartments, known as a rab' (plural ribā' or urbu), became common in the Mamluk period and continued to be a feature of the city's housing during the later Ottoman period.<a href="#cite_note-Sayed-1987-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157-88">[86]</a> These apartments were often laid out as multi-story <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">duplexes</a> or triplexes. They were sometimes attached to caravanserais, where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The oldest partially-preserved example of this type of structure is the Wikala of Amir <a href="/wiki/Qawsun" title="Qawsun">Qawsun</a>, built before 1341.<a href="#cite_note-Sayed-1987-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157-88">[86]</a> Residential buildings were in turn organized into close-knit neighbourhoods called a harat, which in many cases had gates that could be closed off at night or during disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg/220px-Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg/330px-Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg/440px-Zangaki._0335._Mosquee_Ka%C3%AFd_bey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_al-Ashraf_Qaytbay" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay">Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay</a>, built in 1470–1474 in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">Northern Cemetery</a> (seen in 1880)</figcaption></figure> When the traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> first came to Cairo in 1326, he described it as the principal district of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattuta182913-89">[87]</a> When he passed through the area again on his return journey in 1348, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death in Egypt">Black Death</a> was ravaging most major cities. He cited reports of thousands of deaths per day in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattuta1829225-91">[89]</a> Although Cairo avoided <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s stagnation during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, it could not escape the Black Death, which struck the city more than fifty times between 1348 and 1517.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoshan20024-92">[90]</a> During its initial, and most deadly waves, approximately 200,000 people were killed by the plague,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2004104–105-93">[91]</a> and, by the 15th century, Cairo's population had been reduced to between 150,000 and 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoshan20021-94">[92]</a> The population decline was accompanied by a period of political instability between 1348 and 1412. It was nonetheless in this period that the largest Mamluk-era religious monument, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrasa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan">Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan</a>, was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993143–147-95">[93]</a> In the late 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji Mamluks</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri Mamluks</a> as rulers of the Mamluk state, but the Mamluk system continued to decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993169–177-96">[94]</a> Though the plagues returned frequently throughout the 15th century, Cairo remained a major metropolis and its population recovered in part through <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">rural migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993169–177-96">[94]</a> More conscious efforts were conducted by rulers and city officials to redress the city's infrastructure and cleanliness. Its economy and politics also became more deeply connected with the wider Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993169–177-96">[94]</a> Some Mamluk sultans in this period, such as <a href="/wiki/Barsbay" title="Barsbay">Barbsay</a> (r. 1422–1438) and <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaytbay</a> (r. 1468–1496), had relatively long and successful reigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClot1996183,_222–230-97">[95]</a> After al-Nasir Muhammad, Qaytbay was one of the most prolific patrons of art and architecture of the Mamluk era. He built or restored numerous monuments in Cairo, in addition to commissioning projects beyond Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClot1996223-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif200769-99">[97]</a> The crisis of Mamluk power and of Cairo's economic role deepened after Qaytbay. The city's status was diminished after <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> discovered a sea route around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> between 1497 and 1499, thereby allowing spice traders to avoid Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Egypt">History of Ottoman Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Muhammad Ali's seizure of power</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Environs_du_Kaire_(Cairo)._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q,_du_Kaire,_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_(el-R%C3%B4da),_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_(J%C3%AEzah)_(NYPL_b14212718-1268726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg/220px-Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg/330px-Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg/440px-Environs_du_Kaire_%28Cairo%29._Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Boul%C3%A2q%2C_du_Kaire%2C_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Roudah_%28el-R%C3%B4da%29%2C_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_%28J%C3%AEzah%29_%28NYPL_b14212718-1268726%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5208" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption>Map of Cairo in 1809, from the <a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></figcaption></figure> Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghuri" title="Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri">Sultan al-Ghuri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a> in 1516 and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">conquered Egypt</a> in 1517. Ruling from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> relegated Egypt to a <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">province</a>, with Cairo as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005447-100">[98]</a> For this reason, the history of Cairo during Ottoman times is often described as inconsequential, especially in comparison to other time periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992225-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo still remained an important economic and cultural centre. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated the transportation of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Cairene merchants were instrumental in bringing goods to the barren <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, especially during the annual <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992225-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcıkFaroqhiQuataertMcGowan1997507–509-103">[101]</a> It was during this same period that <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a> reached the predominance among Islamic schools that it continues to hold today;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2004115-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalyPetry199894–95-105">[103]</a> pilgrims on their way to hajj often attested to the superiority of the institution, which had become associated with Egypt's body of <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Islamic scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2004115–117-106">[104]</a> The first printing press of the Middle East, printing in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, was established in Cairo <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1557 by a scion of the <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soncino family (printers)">Soncino</a> family of printers, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> origin who operated a press in Constantinople. The existence of the press is known solely from two fragments discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo,_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali,_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5732" data-file-height="3487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> (1848–1933). On the Way Between Old and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of the Mamelukes, 1872. Oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226-108">[106]</a> The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226–227-109">[107]</a> Still, when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> arrived in Cairo in 1798, the city's population was less than 300,000, forty percent lower than it was at the height of Mamluk—and Cairene—influence in the mid-14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226–227-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of Egypt">French occupation</a> was short-lived as <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and Ottoman forces, including a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> contingent, recaptured the country in 1801. Cairo itself <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">was besieged</a> by a British and Ottoman force culminating with the French surrender on 22 June 1801.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001103-110">[108]</a> The British vacated Egypt two years later, leaving the Ottomans, the Albanians, and the long-weakened <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> jostling for control of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001104-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot198439-112">[110]</a> Continued civil war allowed an Albanian named <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> to ascend to the role of <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a> and eventually, with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">religious establishment</a>, viceroy of Egypt in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001104–105-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">History of modern Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/220px-Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/330px-Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/440px-Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Cairo in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Macco" title="Georg Macco">Georg Macco</a> (1863–1933), oil on canvas.</figcaption></figure> Until his death in 1848, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot19841-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor200653-115">[113]</a> However, while Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005437-116">[114]</a> those reforms had minimal effect on Cairo's landscape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000291,_302-117">[115]</a> Bigger changes came to Cairo under <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a> (r. 1863–1879), who continued the modernisation processes started by his grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Drawing inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Isma'il envisioned a city of <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">maidans</a> and wide avenues; due to financial constraints, only some of them, in the area now composing <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a>, came to fruition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000313–314-119">[117]</a> Isma'il also sought to modernize the city, which was merging with neighbouring settlements, by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> ministry, bringing <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> and lighting to the city, and opening a theatre and opera house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000311–313-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965436–444-121">[119]</a> The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the <a href="/wiki/1882_Anglo-Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1882 Anglo-Egyptian War">British invasion</a> in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a> The city's economic centre quickly moved west toward the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, away from the historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a> section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965429–431,_455–457-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson2004317-123">[121]</a> Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965431-124">[122]</a> In 1906 the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Electric_Railways_%26_Heliopolis_Oases_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Electric Railways & Heliopolis Oases Company">Heliopolis Oasis Company</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> industrialist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Empain" title="Édouard Empain">Édouard Empain</a> and his Egyptian counterpart <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a>, built a suburb called <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a> (city of the sun in Greek) ten kilometers from the center of Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000329-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElyachar200556-126">[124]</a> In 1905–1907 the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gezira_(Cairo)" title="Gezira (Cairo)">Gezira</a> island was developed by the Baehler Company into <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a>, which would later become Cairo's upscale "chic" neighbourhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000328-127">[125]</a> In 1906 construction began on Garden City, a neighbourhood of urban villas with gardens and curved streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000328-127">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4943" data-file-height="3341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Nil_Bridge" title="Qasr El Nil Bridge">Qasr El Nil Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3471" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view in 1904 from a balloon of the central-eastern edge of Cairo, showing the early development of <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Gezira/Zamalek Island</a> (center left), and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown</a> (lower right), as well as <a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Bulaq</a> (upper right).</figcaption></figure> The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">large-scale demonstrations</a> in Cairo in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005199-85">[83]</a> five years after Egypt had been declared a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson200412-128">[126]</a> Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">independence in 1922</a>. The <a href="/wiki/King_Fuad_I_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuad I Edition">King Fuad I Edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> was first published on 10 July 1924 in Cairo under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">King Fuad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-malay-131">[129]</a> The goal of the government of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> was not to delegitimize the other variant Quranic texts ("<a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">qira'at</a>"), but to eliminate errors found in Qur'anic texts used in state schools. A committee of teachers chose to preserve a single one of the canonical qira'at "readings", namely that of the "<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4af%E1%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥafṣ">Ḥafṣ</a>" version,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöwering200874-132">[130]</a> an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Kufic_recitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic recitation">Kufic recitation</a>. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran<a href="#cite_note-rippin-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-melchert2-134">[132]</a> for much of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur'an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur'an has a single, unambiguous reading". Minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 - the "Faruq edition" in honour of then ruler, <a href="/wiki/King_Faruq" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faruq">King Faruq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20082-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_occupation_until_1956">British occupation until 1956</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cairo_Street_1950%27s.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4479" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>Everyday life in Cairo, 1950s</figcaption></figure> British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000326–329-137">[135]</a> Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000319-138">[136]</a>—and its area increased from 10 to 163 km2 (4 to 63 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000322-139">[137]</a> The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Fire">Cairo Fire</a> or Black Saturday, which saw the destruction of nearly 700 shops, movie theatres, casinos and hotels in downtown Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The British departed Cairo following the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>, but the city's rapid growth showed no signs of abating. Seeking to accommodate the increasing population, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> redeveloped <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> and the Nile <a href="/wiki/Corniche" title="Corniche">Corniche</a>, and improved the city's network of bridges and highways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000349-141">[139]</a> Meanwhile, additional controls of the Nile fostered development within Gezira Island and along the city's waterfront. The metropolis began to encroach on the fertile <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, prompting the government to build desert <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellite towns</a> and devise incentives for city-dwellers to move to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000343–345-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_1956">After 1956</h4></div> In the second half of the 20th century Cairo continue to grow enormously in both population and area. Between 1947 and 2006 the population of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> went from 2,986,280 to 16,292,269.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201283-143">[141]</a> The population explosion also drove the rise of "informal" housing ('ashwa'iyyat), meaning housing that was built without any official planning or control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201295-144">[142]</a> The exact form of this type of housing varies considerably but usually has a much higher population density than formal housing. By 2009, over 63% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in informal neighbourhoods, even though these occupied only 17% of the total area of Greater Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201296-145">[143]</a> According to economist David Sims, informal housing has the benefits of providing affordable accommodation and vibrant communities to huge numbers of Cairo's working classes, but it also suffers from government neglect, a relative lack of services, and overcrowding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2012120–122-146">[144]</a> The "formal" city was also expanded. The most notable example was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Madinat Nasr</a>, a huge government-sponsored expansion of the city to the east which officially began in 1959 but was primarily developed in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201252–53-147">[145]</a> Starting in 1977 the Egyptian government established the New Urban Communities Authority to initiate and direct the development of new planned cities on the outskirts of Cairo, generally established on desert land.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2020-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNECA-2017-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> These new satellite cities were intended to provide housing, investment, and employment opportunities for the region's growing population as well as to pre-empt the further growth of informal neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2020-148">[146]</a> As of 2014, about 10% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in the new cities.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2020-148">[146]</a> Concurrently, Cairo established itself as a political and economic hub for <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, operating out of the city. In 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">historic districts</a> of Cairo were listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2017-11">[10]</a> In 1992, Cairo was hit by an <a href="/wiki/1992_Cairo_earthquake" title="1992 Cairo earthquake">earthquake</a> causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.<a href="#cite_note-NGDC-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_Egyptian_revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_(Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge)-edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/170px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/255px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/340px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>A protester holding an Egyptian flag during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">protests</a> that started on 25 January 2011</figcaption></figure> Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> was the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a> against former president <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Over 2 million protesters were at Cairo's Tahrir square. More than 50,000 protesters first occupied the square on 25 January, during which the area's wireless services were reported to be impaired.<a href="#cite_note-Egyptians_report_poor_communication_services_on_Day_of_Anger-153">[151]</a> In the following days Tahrir Square continued to be the primary destination for protests in Cairo<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> as it took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and continued until June 2013. The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">Tunisian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Hosni Mubarak resigned from office. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-revolutionary_Cairo">Post-revolutionary Cairo</h4></div> Under the rule of President <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">el-Sisi</a>, in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-unnamed <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a> to be built further east of the existing satellite city of <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>, intended to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed new capital of Egypt">new capital of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_new_capital-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg/220px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg/330px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg/440px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_ESA349457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">Sentinel-2A</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo-Nile-2020(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg/220px-Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg/330px-Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg/440px-Cairo-Nile-2020%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The river <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamalek_Arial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg/220px-Zamalek_Arial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg/330px-Zamalek_Arial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view looking south, with the <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezira_(Cairo)" title="Gezira (Cairo)">Gezira</a> districts on Gezira Island, surrounded by the Nile</figcaption></figure> Cairo is located in northern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>, 165 km (100 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and 120 km (75 mi) west of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The city lies along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a>, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and branches into the low-lying <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> region. Although the Cairo metropolis extends away from the Nile in all directions, the city of Cairo resides only on the east bank of the river and two islands within it on a total area of 453 km2 (175 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-citypop-159">[157]</a> Geologically, Cairo lies on <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a> which date from the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">quaternary</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward, providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the <a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a> highlands on which the city now stands. The land on which Cairo was established in 969 (present-day <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>) was located underwater just over three hundred years earlier, when <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> was first built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2002125-162">[160]</a> Low periods of the Nile during the 11th century continued to add to the landscape of Cairo; a new island, known as Geziret al-Fil, first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connected to the mainland. Today, the site of Geziret al-Fil is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a> district. The low periods created another island at the turn of the 14th century that now composes <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezira_(Cairo)" title="Gezira (Cairo)">Gezira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a> efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> further contributed to expansion on the east bank of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2002126-163">[161]</a> Because of the Nile's movement, the newer parts of the city—<a href="/wiki/Garden_City_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City (Cairo)">Garden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a>, and Zamalek—are located closest to the riverbank.<a href="#cite_note-riverbank-164">[162]</a> The areas, which are home to most of Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>, are surrounded on the north, east, and south by the older parts of the city. <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, located south of the centre, holds the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> and the heart of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Christian</a> community, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Boulaq</a> district, which lies in the northern part of the city, was born out of a major 16th-century port and is now a major industrial centre. The Citadel is located east of the city centre around <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, which dates back to the Fatimid era and the foundation of Cairo. While western Cairo is dominated by wide boulevards, open spaces, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> of European influence, the eastern half, having grown haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by small lanes, crowded tenements, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. Northern and extreme eastern parts of Cairo, which include <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellite towns</a>, are among the most recent additions to the city, as they developed in the late-20th and early-21st centuries to accommodate the city's rapid growth. The western bank of the Nile is commonly included within the urban area of Cairo, but it composes the city of <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a>. Giza city has also undergone significant expansion over recent years, and today has a population of 2.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-citypop-159">[157]</a> The Cairo Governorate was just north of the <a href="/wiki/Helwan_Governorate" title="Helwan Governorate">Helwan Governorate</a> from 2008 when some Cairo's southern districts, including <a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>, were split off and annexed into the new governorate,<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> to 2011 when the Helwan Governorate was reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the level of air pollution in Cairo is nearly 12 times higher than the recommended safety level.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panocairo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panorama of the Nile in central Cairo showing the west side of Gezira Island, located in the middle of the Nile, with the Cairo Tower in the middle, the 6th October Bridge on the far left and El Galaa Bridge on the far right"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/800px-Panocairo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/1200px-Panocairo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/1600px-Panocairo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="991" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panocairo1.jpg" title="File:Panocairo1.jpg"> </a></div>A panorama of the Nile in central Cairo showing the west side of <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira Island">Gezira Island</a>, located in the middle of the Nile, with the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a> in the middle, the <a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a> on the far left and <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Galaa_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Galaa Bridge (page does not exist)">El Galaa Bridge</a> on the far right</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg/220px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg/330px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg/440px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Cairo weather observations by French savants</figcaption></figure> In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (BWh according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a>). Wind storms can be frequent, bringing <a href="/wiki/Mineral_dust" title="Mineral dust">Saharan dust</a> into the city, from March to May and the air often becomes uncomfortably dry. Winters are mild to warm, while summers are long and hot. High temperatures in winter range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while night-time lows drop to below 11 °C (52 °F), often to 5 °C (41 °F). In summer, the highs often exceed 31 °C (88 °F) but rarely surpass 40 °C (104 °F), and lows drop to about 20 °C (68 °F). Rainfall is sparse and only happens in the colder months, but sudden showers can cause severe flooding. The summer months have high humidity due to its coastal location. Snowfall is extremely rare; a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a>, widely believed to be <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, fell on Cairo's easternmost suburbs on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo's area received this kind of precipitation in many decades.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C (57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-169">[167]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cairo (<a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo International Airport</a>) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.2 (109.8) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8 (118.0) </td> <td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.4 (115.5) </td> <td style="background: #D80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3 (111.7) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4 (110.1) </td> <td style="background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.7 (110.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.8 (118.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (0.15) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (0.17) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8 (0.98) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">324 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">357 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">363 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">351 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">311 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">292 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,451 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (humidity, dew point, records 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMOCliRef-171">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute for sunshine (1931–1960)<a href="#cite_note-DMI-172">[170]</a> and Weather2Travel (ultraviolet)<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_area_and_districts">Metropolitan area and districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg/220px-Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg/330px-Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg/440px-Cairo_city_administrative_boundary_and_districts_En.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>Cairo city administrative boundary and districts in English</figcaption></figure> The city of Cairo forms part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a>, the largest metropolitan area in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> While it has no administrative body, the Ministry of Planning considers it as an <a href="/wiki/Economic_Regions_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Regions of Egypt">economic region</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> As a contiguous metropolitan area, various studies have considered Greater Cairo be composed of the administrative cities that are Cairo, <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra al-Kheima</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">satellite cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns">new towns</a> surrounding them.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Cairo is a city-state where the governor is also the head of the city. Cairo City itself differs from other Egyptian cities in that it has an extra <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">administrative division</a> between the city and district levels, and that is areas, which are headed by deputy governors. Cairo consists of 4 areas (manatiq, singl. mantiqa) divided into 38 districts (ahya', singl. hayy) and 46 qisms (police wards, 1-2 per district):<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The Northern Area is divided into 8 Districts:<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a></li> <li>Al-Zawiya al-Hamra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Qobbah" title="El Qobbah">Hadayek al-Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_El_Farag" title="Rod El Farag">Rod al-Farg</a></li> <li>Al-Sharabia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sahel" title="El Sahel">Al-Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo" title="Zeitoun, Cairo">Al-Zeitoun</a></li> <li>Al-Amiriyya</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Northern_Area,_Cairo_(En).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Northern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Map of Northern Area, Cairo (En)</figcaption></figure> The Eastern Area divided into 9 Districts and three new cities:<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <ul><li>Misr al-Gadidah and Al-Nozha (<a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a> East and <a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a> West</li> <li>Al-Salam 1 (Awwal) and al-Salam 2 (Than)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">Al-Matariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Marg" title="El Marg">Al-Marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">Shorouk</a> (Under jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">NUCA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr</a> (Under jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">NUCA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">Al-Qahira al-Gadida</a> (New Cairo, three qisms, under jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">NUCA</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Eastern_Area,_Cairo_(En).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Eastern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cairo Eastern Area map</figcaption></figure> The Western Area divided into 9 Districts:<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_Naser" title="Manshiyat Naser">Manshiyat Nasser</a></li> <li>Al-Wayli (Incl. qism <a href="/wiki/Daher,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Daher, Egypt">al-Daher</a>)</li> <li>Wasat al-Qahira (Central Cairo, incl. <a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Al-Darb al-Ahmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_Street" title="Al-Mu'izz Street">al-Gamaliyya</a> qisms)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Bulaq</a></li> <li>Gharb al-Qahira (West Cairo, incl. <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> qism, Qasr al-Nil qism incl. <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Down Town</a>)</li> <li>Abdeen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Azbakiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azbakiya">Al-Azbakiya</a></li> <li>Al-Muski</li> <li>Bab al-Sha'aria</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Western_Area,_Cairo_(En).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Western_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cairo Western Area map</figcaption></figure> The Southern Area divided into 12 Districts:<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <ul><li>Masr El-Qadima (Old Cairo, including <a href="/wiki/Roda_Island" title="Roda Island">Al-Manial</a>)</li> <li>Al-Khalifa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Al-Moqattam</a></li> <li>Al-Basatin</li> <li>Dar al-Salam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_District" title="Sayyidah Zainab District">Sayyidah Zainab District</a></li> <li>Al-Tebin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li>Al-Ma'sara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Al-Maadi</a></li> <li>Tora</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of May</a> (Under jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">NUCA</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Southern_Area,_Cairo_(En).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Southern_Area%2C_Cairo_%28En%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Cairo Southern Area map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satellite_cities">Satellite cities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a></div> Since 1977 a number of <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">new towns</a> have been planned and built by the <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">New Urban Communities Authority</a> (NUCA) in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> around Cairo, ostensibly to accommodate additional population growth and development of the city and stem the development of self-built informal areas, especially over agricultural land. As of 2022 four new towns have been built and have residential populations: <a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of May City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badr_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr City">Badr City</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk_City" class="mw-redirect" title="El Shorouk City">Shorouk City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>. In addition, two more are under construction: the <a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2020a-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNECA-2017a-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> And Capital Gardens, where land was allocated in 2021, and which will house most of the civil servants employed in the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planned_new_capital">Planned new capital</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital</a></div> In March 2015, plans were announced for a <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">new city</a> to be built east of Cairo, in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Governorate,<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_new_capital2-186">[184]</a> which would serve as the <a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital</a> of Egypt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1884</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">352,416</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1907</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">654,476</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.73%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,493,514</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,680,160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,584,507</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,348,778</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.78%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,892,143</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,625,565</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,899,015</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,484,965</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.16%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Decennial census.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> For Cairo agglomeration:<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2017 census, Cairo had a population of 9,539,673 people, distributed across 46 <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">qisms</a> (police wards):<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Note01-191">[189]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Qism </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Code 2017 </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Total Population </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Male </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Female </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Tebbin" title="El Tebbin">El Tibbin</a> </td> <td>010100 </td> <td>72,040 </td> <td>36,349 </td> <td>35,691 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a> </td> <td>010200 </td> <td>521,239 </td> <td>265,347 </td> <td>255,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al <a href="/wiki/El_Masara" title="El Masara">Maasara</a> </td> <td>010300 </td> <td>270,032 </td> <td>137,501 </td> <td>132,531 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15 May City</a> </td> <td>010400 </td> <td>93,574 </td> <td>49,437 </td> <td>44,137 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tura,_Egypt" title="Tura, Egypt">Tura</a> </td> <td>010500 </td> <td>230,438 </td> <td>168,152 </td> <td>62,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a> </td> <td>010600 </td> <td>88,575 </td> <td>43,972 </td> <td>44,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Basatin </td> <td>010700 </td> <td>495,443 </td> <td>260,756 </td> <td>234,687 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dar El Salam </td> <td>010800 </td> <td>525,638 </td> <td>273,603 </td> <td>252,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Masr El Qedima</a> </td> <td>010900 </td> <td>250,313 </td> <td>129,582 </td> <td>120,731 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Sayeda Zeinab </td> <td>011000 </td> <td>136,278 </td> <td>68,571 </td> <td>67,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Khalifa </td> <td>011100 </td> <td>105,235 </td> <td>54,150 </td> <td>51,085 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a> </td> <td>011200 </td> <td>224,138 </td> <td>116,011 </td> <td>108,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_Naser" title="Manshiyat Naser">Manshiyat Naser</a> </td> <td>011300 </td> <td>258,372 </td> <td>133,864 </td> <td>124,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Al Darb Al Ahmar</a> </td> <td>011400 </td> <td>58,489 </td> <td>30,307 </td> <td>28,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Muski </td> <td>011500 </td> <td>16,662 </td> <td>8,216 </td> <td>8,446 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abdeen </td> <td>011600 </td> <td>40,321 </td> <td>19,352 </td> <td>20,969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a> </td> <td>011700 </td> <td>10,563 </td> <td>4,951 </td> <td>5,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> </td> <td>011800 </td> <td>14,946 </td> <td>7,396 </td> <td>7,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Bulaq</a> </td> <td>011900 </td> <td>48,147 </td> <td>24,105 </td> <td>24,042 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">Azbakeya</a> </td> <td>012000 </td> <td>19,763 </td> <td>9,766 </td> <td>9,997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bab El Shariya </td> <td>012100 </td> <td>46,673 </td> <td>24,261 </td> <td>22,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Gamaliya </td> <td>012200 </td> <td>36,368 </td> <td>18,487 </td> <td>17,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Wayli_and_al-Daher,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wayli and al-Daher, Cairo">Al Daher</a> </td> <td>012300 </td> <td>71,870 </td> <td>35,956 </td> <td>35,914 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Wayli_and_al-Daher,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wayli and al-Daher, Cairo">Al Wayli</a> </td> <td>012400 </td> <td>79,292 </td> <td>39,407 </td> <td>39,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Qobbah" title="El Qobbah">Hadayek El Qobbah</a> </td> <td>012500 </td> <td>316,072 </td> <td>161,269 </td> <td>154,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Sharabiya </td> <td>012600 </td> <td>187,201 </td> <td>94,942 </td> <td>92,259 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a> </td> <td>012700 </td> <td>76,695 </td> <td>38,347 </td> <td>38,348 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rod_El_Farag" title="Rod El Farag">Rod El Farag</a> </td> <td>012800 </td> <td>145,632 </td> <td>72,859 </td> <td>72,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Sahel" title="El Sahel">El Sahel</a> </td> <td>012900 </td> <td>316,421 </td> <td>162,063 </td> <td>154,358 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Zawya El Hamra </td> <td>013000 </td> <td>318,170 </td> <td>162,304 </td> <td>155,866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amairiya </td> <td>013100 </td> <td>152,554 </td> <td>77,355 </td> <td>75,199 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo" title="Zeitoun, Cairo">Zeitoun</a> </td> <td>013200 </td> <td>174,176 </td> <td>87,235 </td> <td>86,941 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">El Matareya</a> </td> <td>013300 </td> <td>602,485 </td> <td>312,407 </td> <td>290,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a> </td> <td>013400 </td> <td>614,391 </td> <td>315,394 </td> <td>298,997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Marg" title="El Marg">El Marg</a> </td> <td>013500 </td> <td>798,646 </td> <td>412,476 </td> <td>386,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salam 1 </td> <td>013600 </td> <td>480,721 </td> <td>249,639 </td> <td>231,082 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salam 2 </td> <td>013700 </td> <td>153,772 </td> <td>80,492 </td> <td>73,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Nozha </td> <td>013800 </td> <td>231,241 </td> <td>117,910 </td> <td>113,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a> </td> <td>013900 </td> <td>134,116 </td> <td>68,327 </td> <td>65,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City 1</a> </td> <td>014000 </td> <td>634,818 </td> <td>332,117 </td> <td>302,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City 2</a> </td> <td>014100 </td> <td>72,182 </td> <td>38,374 </td> <td>33,808 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo 1</a> </td> <td>014200 </td> <td>135,834 </td> <td>70,765 </td> <td>65,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo 2</a> </td> <td>014300 </td> <td>90,668 </td> <td>46,102 </td> <td>44,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo 3</a> </td> <td>014400 </td> <td>70,885 </td> <td>37,340 </td> <td>33,545 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">El Shorouk</a> </td> <td>014500 </td> <td>87,285 </td> <td>45,960 </td> <td>41,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr City</a> </td> <td>014600 </td> <td>31,299 </td> <td>17,449 </td> <td>13,850 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion in Egypt</a></div> The majority of Egypt and Cairo's population is Sunni Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2023-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Embassy_Egypt-2022-193">[191]</a> A significant Christian minority exists, among whom <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> are the majority.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2023-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Embassy_Egypt-2022-193">[191]</a> Precise numbers for each religious community in Egypt are not available and estimates vary.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Other churches that have, or had, a presence in modern Cairo include the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syrian Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Cairo has been the seat of the Coptic Orthodox Church since the 12th century,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Pope_of_Alexandria" title="Seat of the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria">seat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Pope</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Until the 20th century, Cairo had a sizeable <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jewish community</a>, but as of 2022 only three Jews were reported to be living in the city. A total of 12 <a href="/wiki/Synagogues_in_Cairo" title="Synagogues in Cairo">synagogues in Cairo</a> still exist.<a href="#cite_note-Shawkat-2022-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg/170px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg/255px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg/340px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Harb" title="Talaat Harb">Talaat Pasha Harb</a>, the father of the modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian economy">Egyptian economy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG/220px-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG/330px-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG/440px-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">NBE</a> towers as viewed from the Nile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/220px--Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="631" data-mwtitle="Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_(Full).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_(Full).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Informal economy in Cairo</figcaption></figure> Cairo's economy has traditionally been based on governmental institutions and services, with the modern productive sector expanding in the 20th century to include developments in textiles and food processing – specifically the production of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>. As of 2005, Egypt has the largest non-oil based GDP in the Arab world. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN-Habitat201120-21-199">[197]</a> Cairo accounts for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). The majority of the nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great majority of <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing houses</a> and media outlets and nearly all <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">film studios</a> are there, as are half of the nation's hospital beds and universities. This has fuelled rapid construction in the city, with one building in five being less than 15 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN-Habitat201120-21-199">[197]</a> This growth until recently surged well ahead of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_services" title="Municipal services">city services</a>. Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all in short supply. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-urbanization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN-Habitat201120-21-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobile_manufacturers_from_Cairo">Automobile manufacturers from Cairo</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_American_Vehicles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab American Vehicles (page does not exist)">Arab American Vehicles Company</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li> <li>Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company (Egyptian NSU pedant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabbour_Group" title="Ghabbour Group">Ghabbour Group</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> (Fuso, Hyundai and Volvo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles">MCV Corporate Group</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod_Car&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mod Car (page does not exist)">Mod Car</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoudi_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoudi Group (page does not exist)">Seoudi Group</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> (Modern Motors: Nissan, BMW (formerly); El-Mashreq: Alfa Romeo and Fiat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speranza_Motors" title="Speranza Motors">Speranza</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> (former Daewoo Motors Egypt; <a href="/wiki/Chery_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Chery Automobile">Chery</a>, <a href="/wiki/GM_Korea" title="GM Korea">Daewoo</a>)</li> <li>General Motors Egypt</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">List of hospitals in Egypt</a></div> Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main centre for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">medical care</a> in the country. Cairo's hospitals include the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">JCI</a>-accredited <a href="/w/index.php?title=As-Salaam_International_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As-Salaam International Hospital (page does not exist)">As-Salaam International Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> Hospital,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dar_Al_Fouad" title="Dar Al Fouad">Dar Al Fouad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nile_Badrawi_Hospital" title="Nile Badrawi Hospital">Nile Badrawi Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/57357_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="57357 Hospital">57357 Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Eyni_Hospital" title="Qasr El Eyni Hospital">Qasr El Eyni Hospital</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> has long been the hub of education and educational services for Egypt and the region. Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egyptian educational system</a>, has the largest number of educational schools, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian universities">higher education institutes</a> among other cities and governorates of Egypt. Some of the International Schools found in Cairo: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">List of schools in Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG/181px-Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG/272px-Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG/362px-Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Faculty of Engineering, <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG/203px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG/305px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG/406px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG/220px-Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG/330px-Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG/440px-Cairo_University_after_sunset.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4247" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> is the largest university in Egypt, and is located in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg/220px-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg/330px-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg/440px-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Library building at the new campus of the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="American University of Cairo">American University of Cairo</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> Universities in Greater Cairo: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>University </th> <th>Date of Foundation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al Azhar University</a> </td> <td>970–972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> </td> <td>1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a> </td> <td>1919 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> </td> <td>1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology_and_Maritime_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport">Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Maritime Transport</a> </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helwan_University" title="Helwan University">Helwan University</a> </td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadat_Academy_for_Management_Sciences" title="Sadat Academy for Management Sciences">Sadat Academy for Management Sciences</a> </td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Higher_Technological_Institute" title="Higher Technological Institute">Higher Technological Institute</a> </td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Academy_In_Maadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Academy In Maadi">Modern Academy In Maadi</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Misr_International_University" title="Misr International University">Misr International University</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Misr_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Misr University for Science and Technology">Misr University for Science and Technology</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Sciences_and_Arts_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Sciences and Arts University">Modern Sciences and Arts University</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89gypte" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Française d'Égypte">Université Française d'Égypte</a> </td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_University_in_Cairo" title="German University in Cairo">German University in Cairo</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Open_University" title="Arab Open University">Arab Open University</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_College" title="Canadian International College">Canadian International College</a> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_University_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British University in Egypt">British University in Egypt</a> </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahram_Canadian_University" title="Ahram Canadian University">Ahram Canadian University</a> </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nile_University" title="Nile University">Nile University</a> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Future_University_in_Egypt" title="Future University in Egypt">Future University in Egypt</a> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Russian_University" title="Egyptian Russian University">Egyptian Russian University</a> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_University_for_Sustainable_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development">Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development</a> </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Giza_University" title="New Giza University">New Giza University</a> </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cairo" title="Transport in Cairo">Transport in Cairo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg/203px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg/305px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg/406px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Façade of Terminal 3 at Cairo International Airport</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG/181px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG/272px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG/362px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Departures area of Cairo International Airport's Terminal 1</div></div></div></div></div> Cairo has an extensive road network, <a href="/wiki/Rail_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system">rail system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subway system</a> and maritime services. Road transport is facilitated by personal vehicles, taxi cabs, privately owned public buses and <a href="/wiki/Microbus#Van_conversions" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbus">microbuses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo International Airport</a> is the country's largest airport and one of the busiest airports in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses-Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-Station.jpg/220px-Ramses-Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-Station.jpg/330px-Ramses-Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-Station.jpg/440px-Ramses-Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>The interior of <a href="/wiki/Ramses_Station" title="Ramses Station">Ramses Station</a></figcaption></figure>Cairo, specifically <a href="/wiki/Ramses_Station" title="Ramses Station">Ramses Station</a>, is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.<a href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-212">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Transportation_Authority" title="Cairo Transportation Authority">Cairo Transportation Authority</a> (CTA) manages Cairo's public transit. The subway system, the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a>, is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. The metro network covers <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a> and other suburbs. It can get very crowded during <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a>. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for women only, although women may ride in any car they want. <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Greater_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Greater Cairo">Trams in Greater Cairo</a> and Cairo trolleybus were used as modes of transportation, but were closed in the 1970s everywhere except Heliopolis and Helwan. These were shut down in 2014, after the Egyptian Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In 2017, plans to construct <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Monorail" title="Cairo Monorail">two monorail systems</a> were announced, one linking <a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a> to suburban <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, a distance of 35 km (22 mi), and the other linking <a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>, a distance of 52 km (32 mi).<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png/600px-Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png/900px-Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png/1200px-Cairo_Rapid_Transit_map.png 2x" data-file-width="7792" data-file-height="3776" /></a><figcaption>Cairo Metro, LRT, BRT and monorail expansion plans</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_Egypt_(46845880222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg/220px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg/330px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg/440px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846845880222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a> in Cairo</figcaption></figure> Two trans-African automobile routes originate in Cairo: the <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Cape Town Highway">Cairo-Cape Town Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Dakar_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Dakar Highway">Cairo-Dakar Highway</a>. An extensive road network connects Cairo with other Egyptian cities and villages. There is a new <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring Road</a> that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo districts. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the <a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a> that, when the traffic is not heavy, allow fast means of transportation from one side of the city to the other.<a href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-212">[210]</a> Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Traffic moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">traffic control</a> of some congested areas.<a href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms_of_transport">Other forms of transport</h3></div> <ul><li>Cairo Taxi/Yellow Cab</li> <li>Cairo Nile Ferry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careem" title="Careem">Careem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cairo" title="Special:EditPage/Cairo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cairo%22">"Cairo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cairo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cairo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cairo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cairo%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cairo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_opera_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/220px-Cairo_opera_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/330px-Cairo_opera_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/440px-Cairo_opera_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Cairo Opera House, at the National Cultural Center, <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> district</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Khedivial_Opera_House,_BAP_25178.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg/220px-ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg/330px-ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg/440px-ModernEgypt%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Khedivial Opera House, 1869</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_Opera_House">Cairo Opera House</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a></div> <a href="/wiki/President_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="President Mubarak">President Mubarak</a> inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the Egyptian National Cultural Centres on 10 October 1988, 17 years after the Royal Opera House had been destroyed by fire. The National Cultural Centre was built with the help of <a href="/wiki/JICA" class="mw-redirect" title="JICA">JICA</a>, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a prominent feature for the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Egypt–Japan relations">Japanese-Egyptian co-operation</a> and the friendship between the two nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khedivial_Opera_House">Khedivial Opera House</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera House</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera House</a>, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_International_Film_Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a></div> Cairo held its first international <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festival</a> 16 August 1976, when the first <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a> was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the <a href="/wiki/FIAPF" title="FIAPF">FIAPF</a> with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted. In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's leading actors, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Fahmy" title="Hussein Fahmy">Hussein Fahmy</a>, who was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Culture (Egypt)">Minister of Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Hosny" title="Farouk Hosny">Farouk Hosni</a>, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_Geniza">Cairo Geniza</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah,_c._1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/220px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/330px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg/440px-Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah%2C_c._1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> at work in Cambridge University Library, studying the fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1898</figcaption></figure> The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra Synagogue</a> (built 882) of Fustat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been archived in various American and European libraries. The Taylor-Schechter collection in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> runs to 140,000 manuscripts; a further 40,000 manuscripts are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg/220px-Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg/330px-Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg/440px-Down_Town_Cairo_snack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption> Down Town Cairo Snack</figcaption></figure> The majority of Cairenes make food for themselves and make use of local produce markets.<a href="#cite_note-Planet-2020-219">[217]</a> The restaurant scene includes <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a>, including local staples such as <a href="/wiki/Koshary" title="Koshary">koshary</a>. The city's most exclusive restaurants are typically concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> and around the luxury hotels lining the shore of the Nile near the <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a> district. Influence from modern <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> society is also evident, with American chains such as <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arby%27s" title="Arby's">Arby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a> being easy to find in central areas.<a href="#cite_note-Planet-2020-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/220px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/330px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/440px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Stadium" title="Cairo International Stadium">Cairo International Stadium</a> with 75,100 seats</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> and Cairo has sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues, most notably <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek SC</a>, who were the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">CAF</a> first and second African clubs of the 20th century. The annual match between Al Ahly and El Zamalek is one of the most watched sports events in Egypt. The teams form the major rivalry of Egyptian football. They play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Stadium" title="Cairo International Stadium">Cairo International Stadium</a>, which is the second largest stadium in Egypt, as well as the largest in Cairo. The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960. Its multi-purpose sports complex houses the main football stadium, an <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Stadium_Indoor_Halls_Complex" title="Cairo Stadium Indoor Halls Complex">indoor stadium</a>, satellite fields that hold regional and continental games, including the <a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Africa Games">African Games</a>, U17 Football World Championship and the <a href="/wiki/2006_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2006 Africa Cup of Nations">2006 Africa Cup of Nations</a>. Egypt later won the competition and the next edition in Ghana (2008) making the Egyptian and Ghanaian national teams the only to win the African Nations Cup back to back. Egypt won the title for a record six times in the history of African Continental Competition. This was followed by a third consecutive win in Angola in 2010, making Egypt the only country with a record 3-consecutive and 7-total Continental Football Competition winner. As of 2021, Egypt's national team is ranked #46 in the world by FIFA.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, which was hosted in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> However, Cairo did host the <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Pan Arab Games">2007 Pan Arab Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> There are other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Sporting_Club" title="Gezira Sporting Club">Gezira Sporting Club</a>, el Shams Club, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Shooting_Club" title="Egyptian Shooting Club">Shooting Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_Sporting_Club" title="Heliopolis Sporting Club">Heliopolis Sporting Club</a>, and several smaller clubs. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's downtown), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Most of the sports federations of the country are located in the city suburbs, including the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Football_Association" title="Egyptian Football Association">Egyptian Football Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a> (CAF) was previously located in Cairo, before relocating to its new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_City" class="mw-redirect" title="6th of October City">6 October City</a>, a small city away from Cairo's crowded districts. In 2008, the Egyptian Rugby Federation was officially formed and granted membership into the <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">International Rugby Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Egypt is internationally known for the excellence of its squash players who excel in professional and junior divisions.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Egypt has seven players in the top ten of the PSA men's world rankings, and three in the women's top ten. <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_El_Shorbagy" title="Mohamed El Shorbagy">Mohamed El Shorbagy</a> held the world number one position for more than a year. <a href="/wiki/Nour_El_Sherbini" title="Nour El Sherbini">Nour El Sherbini</a> has won the Women's World Championship twice and been women's world number one. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest woman to win the Women's World Championship. In 2017 she retained her title. Cairo is the official end point of <a href="/wiki/Cross_Egypt_Challenge" title="Cross Egypt Challenge">Cross Egypt Challenge</a> where its route ends yearly in the most sacred place in Egypt, under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramids_of_Giza" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pyramids of Giza">Great Pyramids of Giza</a> with a huge trophy-giving ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape_and_landmarks">Cityscape and landmarks</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156495266">.mw-parser-output .scalable img{max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .scalable .lazy-image-placeholder{width:100%!important;max-height:100%}}</style> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="max-width:1202px"><div class="scalable thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_Egypt_(46846056782).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cityscape of the banks of the Nile."><img alt="Cityscape of the banks of the Nile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg/1200px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg/1800px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg/2400px-Cairo%2C_Egypt_%2846846056782%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4924" data-file-height="1218" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_Egypt_(46846056782).jpg" title="File:Cairo, Egypt (46846056782).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a> of the banks of the Nile.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tahrir_Square">Tahrir Square</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TahrirSQ-2020(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg/220px-TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg/330px-TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg/440px-TahrirSQ-2020%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> (in 2020)</figcaption></figure> Tahrir Square was founded during the mid 19th century with the establishment of modern downtown Cairo. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. After the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a> the square became widely known as Tahrir (Liberation) Square, though it was not officially renamed as such until after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">1952 Revolution</a> which eliminated the monarchy. Several notable buildings surround the square including, the American University in Cairo's downtown campus, the <a href="/wiki/Mogamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogamma">Mogamma</a> governmental administrative Building, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>. Being at the heart of Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests over the years. However, the most notable event in the square was being the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a> against former president Hosni Mubarak.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In 2020 the government completed the erection of a new monument in the center of the square featuring an ancient <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramses II</a>, originally unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a> (San al-Hagar) in 2019, and four ram-headed <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> statues moved from <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michaelson-2020-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_Museum">Egyptian Museum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg/220px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg/330px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg/440px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3377" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, located at Tahrir Square</figcaption></figure> The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among the collections on display are the finds from the <a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">tomb of Tutankhamun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grand_Egyptian_Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></div> Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a>, under construction in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> and was due to open by the end of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_Tower">Cairo Tower</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairotower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/170px-Cairotower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/255px-Cairotower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/340px-Cairotower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a> at night</figcaption></figure> The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. It is one of Cairo's landmarks and provides a bird's eye view of the city to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. At 187 m (614 ft), it is 44 m (144 ft) higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some 15 km (9 mi) to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Cairo">Old Cairo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg/220px-Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg/330px-Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg/440px-Hanging_Church_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> This area of Cairo is so-named as it contains the remains of the ancient Roman fortress of Babylon and also overlaps the original site of Fustat, the first Arab settlement in Egypt (7th century AD) and the predecessor of later Cairo. The area includes Coptic Cairo, which holds a high concentration of old Christian churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_(Cairo)" title="Church of St. George (Cairo)">Greek Orthodox Church of St. George</a>, and other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located in an enclave on the site of the ancient Roman fortress. It is also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a>, which showcases the history of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a> from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra Synagogue</a>, the oldest and best-known <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Cairo, where the important collection of Geniza documents were discovered in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200843-237">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel,_Kairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg/220px-010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg/330px-010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg/440px-010112_00001_Koptisches_Viertel%2C_Kairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery in Coptic Cairo</figcaption></figure> To the north of this Coptic enclave is the Amr ibn al-'As Mosque, the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of what was formerly Fustat, founded in 642 AD right after the Arab conquest but rebuilt many times since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200839-238">[236]</a> A part of the former city of Fustat has also been excavated to the east of the mosque and of the Coptic enclave,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013275–279-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201847–48-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> although the archeological site is threatened by encroaching construction and modern development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201847–48-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> To the northwest of Babylon Fortress and the mosque is the Monastery of Saint Mercurius (or Dayr Abu Sayfayn), an important and historic Coptic religious complex consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mercurius_Church_in_Coptic_Cairo" title="Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo">Church of Saint Mercurius</a>, the Church of Saint Shenute, and the Church of the Virgin (also known as al-Damshiriya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013178-243">[241]</a> Several other historic churches are also situated to the south of Babylon Fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013230-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Cairo">Islamic Cairo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Azhar_(inside)_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/170px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/255px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/340px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Al-Azhar Mosque, view of Fatimid-era courtyard and Mamluk minarets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/220px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/330px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/440px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muizz_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Muizz Street">Al-Muizz Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrasa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan">Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Rifa'i Mosque">al-Rifa'i Mosque</a>, seen from the Citadel</figcaption></figure> Cairo holds one of the greatest concentrations of historical monuments of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> in the world.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-245">[243]</a> The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are characterized by hundreds of mosques, tombs, <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, mansions, <a href="/wiki/Caravanserais" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanserais">caravanserais</a>, and fortifications dating from the Islamic era and are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>", especially in English travel literature.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> It is also the location of several important religious shrines such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">al-Hussein Mosque</a> (whose shrine is believed to hold the head of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>), the Mausoleum of Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>, one of the primary schools of thought in Sunni Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Tomb of Sayyida Ruqayya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Sayeda_Nafeesah_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque">Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008-247">[245]</a> The first mosque in Egypt was the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in what was formerly Fustat, the first Arab-Muslim settlement in the area. However, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque that still retains its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">classical period of Islamic civilization</a>. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200850–54-248">[246]</a> It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200850-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill_et_al201287-250">[248]</a> Another Abbasid construction, the <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a> on Roda Island, is the oldest original structure in Cairo, built in 862 AD. It was designed to measure the level of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, which was important for agricultural and administrative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The settlement that was formally named Cairo (Arabic: al-Qahira) was founded to the northeast of Fustat in 959 AD by the victorious Fatimid army. The Fatimids built it as a separate palatial city which contained their palaces and institutions of government. It was enclosed by a circuit of walls, which were rebuilt in stone in the late 11th century AD by the vizier Badr al-Gamali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199362-252">[250]</a> parts of which survive today at Bab Zuwayla in the south and Bab al-Futuh and Bab al-Nasr in the north. Among the extant monuments from the Fatimid era are the large <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Mosque of al-Hakim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lulua_Mosque" title="Lulua Mosque">Lulua Mosque</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Mosque of Al-Salih Tala'i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif199258–77-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008-247">[245]</a> One of the most important and lasting institutions founded in the Fatimid period was the Mosque of al-Azhar, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> for the title of oldest university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008169-254">[252]</a> Today, al-Azhar University is the foremost Center of Islamic learning in the world and one of Egypt's largest universities with campuses across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008169-254">[252]</a> The mosque itself retains significant Fatimid elements but has been added to and expanded in subsequent centuries, notably by the Mamluk sultans Qaytbay and al-Ghuri and by Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif199262-255">[253]</a> The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the Mamluk period, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqah</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">sabil</a> (water dispensary), and a mausoleum for themselves and their families.<a href="#cite_note-Behrens-2007-82">[80]</a> Among the best-known examples of Mamluk monuments in Cairo are the huge Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amir_al-Maridani" title="Mosque of Amir al-Maridani">Mosque of Amir al-Maridani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Sultan_al-Muayyad" title="Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad">Mosque of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad</a> (whose twin minarets were built above the gate of Bab Zuwayla), the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al-Ghuri_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Al-Ghuri Complex">Sultan Al-Ghuri complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_al-Ashraf_Qaytbay" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay">funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">Northern Cemetery</a>, and the trio of monuments in the <a href="/wiki/Bayn_al-Qasrayn" title="Bayn al-Qasrayn">Bayn al-Qasrayn</a> area comprising the <a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madrassa_of_Al-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad">Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Sultan_Barquq" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa of Sultan Barquq">Madrasa of Sultan Barquq</a>. Some mosques include <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> (often columns or <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>) from earlier buildings built by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-245">[243]</a> The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built wikalas or caravanserais to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199390–97-256">[254]</a> Still intact today is the <a href="/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikala of Al-Ghuri">Wikala al-Ghuri</a>, which today hosts regular performances by the Al-<a href="/wiki/Tannoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannoura">Tannoura</a> Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill_et_al201281-257">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan al-Khalili</a> is a commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais (also known as khans).<a href="#cite_note-Denoix-1999a-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citadel_of_Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>The Citadel of Cairo, with the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Muhammad Ali">Mosque of Muhammad Ali</a></figcaption></figure> The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah al-Din</a> in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the <a href="/wiki/Muqatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqatam">Muqattam Hills</a> as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond199390–97-256">[254]</a> It was the centre of Egyptian government and residence of its rulers until 1874, when <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Khedive Isma'il</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" title="Abdeen Palace">'Abdin Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008221-259">[257]</a> It is still occupied by the military today, but is now open as a tourist attraction comprising, notably, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" title="Egyptian National Military Museum">National Military Museum</a>, the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad_Mosque" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque">Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad</a>, and the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Muhammad Ali">Mosque of Muhammad Ali</a> which commands a dominant position on Cairo's skyline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2018259–272-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khan_el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_el-Khalili,_Old_Cairo,_al-Q%C4%81hirah,_CG,_EGY_(40944894033).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg/220px-Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg/330px-Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg/440px-Khan_el-Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A medieval gateway in <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan al-Khalili</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a>, or marketplace adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">Al-Hussein Mosque</a>. It dates back to 1385, when Amir Jarkas el-Khalili built a large caravanserai, or khan. (A caravanserai is a hotel for traders, and usually the focal point for any surrounding area.) This original caravanserai building was demolished by <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-Ghuri">Sultan al-Ghuri</a>, who rebuilt it as a new commercial complex in the early 16th century, forming the basis for the network of <a href="/wiki/Souqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Souqs">souqs</a> existing today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond1993179-261">[259]</a> Many medieval elements remain today, including the ornate <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a>-style gateways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008179-262">[260]</a> Today, the Khan el-Khalili is a major tourist attraction and popular stop for tour groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill_et_al201274–75-263">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> In the present day, Cairo is heavily <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> and most Cairenes live in apartment buildings. Because of the influx of people into the city, lone standing houses are rare, and apartment buildings accommodate for the limited space and abundance of people. Single detached houses are usually owned by the wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-february-264">[262]</a> Formal education is also seen as important, with twelve years of standard formal education. Cairenes can take a standardized test similar to the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> to be accepted to an institution of higher learning, but most children do not finish school and opt to pick up a trade to enter the work force.<a href="#cite_note-february-264">[262]</a> Egypt still struggles with <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, with almost half the population living on $2 or less a day.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women in Egypt</a></div> The civil rights movement for women in Cairo – and by extent, Egypt – has been a struggle for years. Women are reported to face constant discrimination, sexual harassment, and abuse throughout Cairo. A 2013 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> study found that over 99% of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egyptian women</a> reported experiencing sexual harassment at some point in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> The problem has persisted in spite of new national laws since 2014 defining and criminalizing sexual harassment.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The situation is so severe that in 2017, Cairo was named by one poll as the most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> for women in the world.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> In 2020, the social media account "Assault Police" began to name and shame perpetrators of violence against women, in an effort to dissuade potential offenders.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> The account was founded by student <a href="/wiki/Nadeen_Ashraf" title="Nadeen Ashraf">Nadeen Ashraf</a>, who is credited for instigating an iteration of the <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement">#MeToo movement</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NilPollution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NilPollution.jpg/220px-NilPollution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NilPollution.jpg/330px-NilPollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NilPollution.jpg/440px-NilPollution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Smog in Cairo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_Traffic.jpg/220px-Cairo_Traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_Traffic.jpg/330px-Cairo_Traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cairo_Traffic.jpg/440px-Cairo_Traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Traffic in Cairo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. Greater Cairo's volatile <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbon</a> levels are higher than many other similar cities.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> Air quality measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended particulate matter</a> concentrations due to decades of unregulated <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_emissions_control" title="Vehicle emissions control">vehicle emissions</a>, urban industrial operations, and chaff and trash burning. There are over 4,500,000 cars on the streets of Cairo, 60% of which are over 10 years old, and therefore lack modern emission cutting features. Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of its lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> In recent years, a black cloud (as Egyptians refer to it) of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> has appeared over Cairo every autumn due to <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">temperature inversion</a>. Smog causes serious respiratory diseases and eye irritations for the city's citizens. Tourists who are not familiar with such high levels of pollution must take extra care.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Cairo also has many unregistered lead and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelter">smelters</a> which heavily pollute the city. The results of this has been a permanent haze over the city with <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> in the air reaching over three times normal levels. It is estimated that 10,000 to 25,000 people a year in Cairo die due to air pollution-related diseases. Lead has been shown to cause harm to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and neurotoxicity particularly in children.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> In 1995, the first environmental acts were introduced and the situation has seen some improvement with 36 air monitoring stations and <a href="/wiki/Emissions_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions testing">emissions tests</a> on cars. Twenty thousand buses have also been commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are very high.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> The city also suffers from a high level of land pollution. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not <a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">collected</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">managed</a>. This is a huge health hazard, and the Egyptian Government is looking for ways to combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect and recycle the waste; they work with the <a href="/wiki/Zabbaleen" title="Zabbaleen">Zabbaleen</a> community that has been collecting and recycling Cairo's waste since the turn of the 20th century and live in an area known locally as <a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_naser" class="mw-redirect" title="Manshiyat naser">Manshiyat naser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Both are working together to pick up as much waste as possible within the city limits, though it remains a pressing problem. <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> is also a serious problem in the city as the <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer system</a> tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which could cope with the demand of the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The dangerously high levels of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in the city's water system has <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">global health</a> officials concerned over related health risks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters of the Arab League</a> is located at <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> in downtown Cairo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt</a></div> Cairo is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Palermo Province</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, Yemen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli, Libya</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cairo" title="Special:EditPage/Cairo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_family" title="Zulfikar family">Zulfikar family</a>, Egyptian noble family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabab_Al-Kadhimi" title="Rabab Al-Kadhimi">Rabab Al-Kadhimi</a> (1918–1998), dentist and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobyrd" title="Neobyrd">Wael Alaa</a> (born 1987), musician known as Neobyrd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Aziz" title="Gamal Aziz">Gamal Aziz</a>, also known as Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz, former president and chief operating officer of <a href="/wiki/Wynn_Resorts" title="Wynn Resorts">Wynn Resorts</a>, and former CEO of <a href="/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International" title="MGM Resorts International">MGM Resorts International</a>, indicted as part of the <a href="/wiki/2019_college_admissions_bribery_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 college admissions bribery scandal">2019 college admissions bribery scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> (1929–2004), born Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, was the 3rd Chairman of The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a> and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-Afif</a>, 15th-century Samaritan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezz_El-Dine_Zulficar" title="Ezz El-Dine Zulficar">Ezz El-Dine Zulficar</a>, (1919–1963) was an Egyptian film director, screenwriter, actor and producer, known for his distinctive style, which blends romance and action. Zulficar was one of the most influential filmmakers in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian Cinema's</a> golden age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Ghali</a> (1922–2016), former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a> (1933–1987), Italian-Egyptian singer who lived most of her life in France, received 55 golden records and was the first singer to receive a <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">diamond disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz" title="Farouk El-Baz">Farouk El-Baz</a> (born 1938), an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian American">Egyptian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Space scientist">space scientist</a> who worked with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mourad_Bey_Zulfikar" title="Ahmed Mourad Bey Zulfikar">Ahmed Mourad Bey Zulfikar</a> (1888–1945), Egyptian chief of police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Elbaiady" title="Freddy Elbaiady">Freddy Elbaiady</a> (born 1971), Egyptian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> (born 1942), former <a href="/wiki/Director-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-general">Director General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nourane_Fotsing_Moluh_Hassana" title="Nourane Fotsing Moluh Hassana">Nourane Foster</a> (born 1987), Cameroonian entrepreneur, politician and member of the National Assembly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Donald Hamilton">William Donald Hamilton</a> (1936–2000), British evolutionary biologist, was born in Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Hamza" title="Mauro Hamza">Mauro Hamza</a> (born 1965 or 1966), fencing coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco_Hemingway" title="Taco Hemingway">Taco Hemingway</a> (born 1990), Polish hip-hop artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1910–1994), British chemist, credited with the development of <a href="/wiki/Protein_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein crystallography">protein crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> (1911–2006), novelist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> laureate in 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Moreno" title="Roland Moreno">Roland Moreno</a> (1945–2012), French inventor, engineer, humorist and author who invented the <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (1918–1970) was an Egyptian politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Egypt">second President of Egypt</a> from 1954 until his death in 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sabri" title="Ahmed Sabri">Ahmed Sabri</a> (1889–1955), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Zulfikar" title="Dina Zulfikar">Dina Zulfikar</a> (born 1962), film distributor and animal welfare activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sobhi_(actor)" title="Mohamed Sobhi (actor)">Mohamed Sobhi</a> (born 1948), film, television and stage actor, and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Caterina_Troiani" title="Maria Caterina Troiani">Maria Caterina Troiani</a> (1813–1887), a <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">charitable activist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Yacoub" title="Magdi Yacoub">Magdi Yacoub</a> (born 1935), Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Youssef" title="Hesham Youssef">Hesham Youssef</a>, Egyptian diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zulfikar" title="Ahmed Zulfikar">Ahmed Zulfikar</a> (1952–2010), mechanical engineer and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris" title="Naguib Sawiris">Naguib Sawiris</a> (born 1954), businessman, 62nd richest person on Earth in 2007 <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">list of billionaires</a>, reaching US$10.0 billion with his company <a href="/wiki/Orascom_Telecom_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom Telecom Holding">Orascom Telecom Holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Kadri_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakub Kadri Karaosmanoğlu">Yakub Kadri Karaosmanoğlu</a> (1889–1974), Turkish novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Zulficar" title="Mona Zulficar">Mona Zulficar</a> (born 1950), lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_defender" title="Human rights defender">human rights activist</a>. She was included in the <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> 2021 list of the "100 most powerful businesswomen in the Arab region".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Isma'il Pasha of Egypt">Ismail Pacha</a> (1830–1895), was an Egyptian politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> from 1863 to 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Cohen" title="Avi Cohen">Avi Cohen</a> (1956–2010), Israeli international footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ayrout" title="Charles Ayrout">Charles Ayrout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Cairo" title="List of buildings in Cairo">List of buildings in Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">List of cities and towns in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cairo" title="Outline of Cairo">Outline of Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture of Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Cairo Metropolitan is enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. Government statistics consider that the whole governorate is urban and the whole governorate is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Governorate Cairo is considered a city-proper and functions as a municipality. The city of Alexandria is on the same principle as the city of Cairo, being a governorate-city. Because of this, it is difficult to divide Cairo into urban, rural, subdivisions, or to eliminate certain parts of the metropolitan administrative territory on various theme (unofficial statistics and data). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The historical chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiou" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiou">John of Nikiou</a> attributed the construction of the fortress to Trajan, but more recent excavations date the fortress to the time of Diocletian. A succession of canals connecting the Nile Valley with the Red Sea were also previously dug around this region in different periods prior to Trajan. Trajan's canal fell out of use some time between the reign of Diocletian and the 7th century. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035">"Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2022* (Theme: Census - pg.4)"</a>. 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Cairo Governorate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324064610/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/CairoInLines.aspx?CiLID=9">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cairo+Governorate&rft.atitle=About+Cairo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FPages%2FCairoInLines.aspx%3FCiLID%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanta_Maria_Tours2009" class="citation web cs1">Santa Maria Tours (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prlog.org/10332580-cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-largest-city-in-the-middle-east-and-africa.html">"Cairo – "Al-Qahira" – is Egypt's capital and the largest city in the Middle East and Africa"</a>. PRLog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130033634/http://www.prlog.org/10332580-cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-largest-city-in-the-middle-east-and-africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011. 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Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Rab%27+in+Cairo%3A+A+Window+on+Mamluk+Architecture+and+Urbanism&rft.inst=MIT&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F75720&rft.aulast=Sayed&rft.aufirst=Hazem+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F75720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000123,_157_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 123, 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattuta182913-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattuta182913_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBattuta1829">Battuta 1829</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartel" class="citation web cs1">Bartel, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/return-home-1346-1349">"Return Home: 1346 - 1349"</a>. 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The British Library Journal. 15 (1): 16–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-5167">0305-5167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42554269">42554269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531175722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42554269">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Hebrew+Printing+in+Egypt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-22&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42554269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0305-5167&rft.aulast=ROWLAND-SMITH&rft.aufirst=DIANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42554269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinter1992">Winter 1992</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226–227-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226–227_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter1992226–227_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinter1992">Winter 1992</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001103-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2001103_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSicker2001">Sicker 2001</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001104-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2001104_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSicker2001">Sicker 2001</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot198439-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot198439_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot1984">Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot 1984</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001104–105-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2001104–105_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSicker2001">Sicker 2001</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot19841-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot19841_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot1984">Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot 1984</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor200653-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor200653_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGregor2006">McGregor 2006</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005437-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShillington2005437_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShillington2005">Shillington 2005</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000291,_302-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000291,_302_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 291, 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000313–314-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000313–314_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 313–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000311–313-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000311–313_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 311–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965436–444-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965436–444_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Lughod1965">Abu-Lughod 1965</a>, pp. 436–444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965429–431,_455–457-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965429–431,_455–457_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Lughod1965">Abu-Lughod 1965</a>, pp. 429–431, 455–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson2004317-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson2004317_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHouraniKhouryWilson2004">Hourani, Khoury & Wilson 2004</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965431-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Lughod1965431_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Lughod1965">Abu-Lughod 1965</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000329-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000329_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElyachar200556-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElyachar200556_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElyachar2005">Elyachar 2005</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000328-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000328_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000328_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson200412-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouraniKhouryWilson200412_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHouraniKhouryWilson2004">Hourani, Khoury & Wilson 2004</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Dammen_McAuliffe" class="citation journal cs1">Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro">"Supplement II - Qurʾān Concordance"</a>. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_intro">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142306/https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_intro">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.atitle=Supplement+II+-+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+Concordance&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_intro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_intro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockett1985" class="citation thesis cs1">Brockett, Adrian Alan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770">Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an</a> (PhD). University of St Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F2770">10023/2770</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714092045/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020 – via St. Andrews Research Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Studies+in+two+transmissions+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.inst=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F2770&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F10023%2F2770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malay-131"><a href="#cite_ref-malay_131-0">^</a> Peter G. Riddell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&q=nafi'%20al%20madani&pg=PA164">Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&pg=PA164&dq=nafi%27+al+madani&hl=en#v=onepage&q=nafi'%20al%20madani">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 164. Taken from Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850653363" title="Special:BookSources/9781850653363">9781850653363</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöwering200874-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBöwering200874_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBöwering2008">Böwering 2008</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-rippin-133"><a href="#cite_ref-rippin_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin,_Andrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Rippin, Andrew; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0">The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an</a> ([2a reimpr.] ed.). Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978140511752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978140511752-4"><bdi>978140511752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.edition=%5B2a+reimpr.%5D&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978140511752-4&rft.au=Rippin%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani00ripp_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For the history of compilation see Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> pp. 5–6</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-melchert2-134"><a href="#cite_ref-melchert2_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Melchert, Christopher (2000). "Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings". Studia Islamica (91): 5–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596266">10.2307/1596266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596266">1596266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Ibn+Mujahid+and+the+Establishment+of+Seven+Qur%27anic+Readings&rft.issue=91&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Aisha Geissinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lPFCQAAQBAJ&q=warsh&pg=PA79">Gender and Muslim Constructions of Exegetical Authority: A Rereading of the Classical Genre of Qurʾān Commentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727160709/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lPFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&dq=warsh+quran&hl=en#v=onepage&q=warsh">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pg. 79. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004294448" title="Special:BookSources/9789004294448">9789004294448</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20082-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20082_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2008">Reynolds 2008</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000326–329-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000326–329_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 326–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000319-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000319_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000322-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000322_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512021201/http://www.ahram.org.eg/433/2011/02/04/457/55/Malafat.aspx"><bdi lang="ar">خسائر الحريق</bdi></a> [The Fire Damage]. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a> (in Arabic). 12 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahram.org.eg/433/2011/02/04/457/55/Malafat.aspx">the original</a> on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahram.org.eg%2F433%2F2011%2F02%2F04%2F457%2F55%2FMalafat.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000349-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000349_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymond2000343–345-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymond2000343–345_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaymond2000">Raymond 2000</a>, pp. 343–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201283-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims201283_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2012">Sims 2012</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201295-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims201295_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2012">Sims 2012</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201296-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims201296_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2012">Sims 2012</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2012120–122-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims2012120–122_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2012">Sims 2012</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims201252–53-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims201252–53_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2012">Sims 2012</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali-2020-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali-2020_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali-2020_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali-2020_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2020" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Amal K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InnpDwAAQBAJ&dq=badr+city+cairo&pg=PT364">"Challenges in Managing Urban Growth: The Case of Cairo"</a>. In Rukmana, Deden (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South. Routledge. pp. 337–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06205-2"><bdi>978-1-000-06205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+Managing+Urban+Growth%3A+The+Case+of+Cairo&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Planning+Megacities+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=337-339&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-06205-2&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Amal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInnpDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbadr%2Bcity%2Bcairo%26pg%3DPT364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNECA-2017-149"><a href="#cite_ref-UNECA-2017_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa2017" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTHLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cairo+first+generation+cities&pg=PA150">Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanization and Industrialization for Africa's Transformation</a>. United Nations. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-060392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-060392-8"><bdi>978-92-1-060392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Report+on+Africa+2017%3A+Urbanization+and+Industrialization+for+Africa%27s+Transformation&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-92-1-060392-8&rft.au=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTHLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcairo%2Bfirst%2Bgeneration%2Bcities%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2018" class="citation book cs1">Sims, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWtjEAAAQBAJ">Egypt's Desert Dreams: Development or Disaster?</a> (New ed.). American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-884-5"><bdi>978-1-61797-884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Desert+Dreams%3A+Development+or+Disaster%3F&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61797-884-5&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWtjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGDC-151"><a href="#cite_ref-NGDC_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS):_NCEI/WDS_Global_Significant_Earthquake_Database._NOAA_National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information1972" class="citation web cs1">National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. 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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K">10.7289/V5TD9V7K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significant+Earthquake+Information&rft.pub=NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K&rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29%3A+NCEI%2FWDS+Global+Significant+Earthquake+Database.+NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fearthquake%2Fevent-more-info%2F5339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12289475">"Egypt protests: Anti-Mubarak demonstrators arrested"</a>. BBC News. 26 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126195024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12289475">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+protests%3A+Anti-Mubarak+demonstrators+arrested&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12289475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egyptians_report_poor_communication_services_on_Day_of_Anger-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Egyptians_report_poor_communication_services_on_Day_of_Anger_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130064424/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egyptians-report-poor-communication-services-day-anger-1">"Egyptians report poor communication services on Day of Anger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Almasry_Alyoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Almasry Alyoum">Almasry Alyoum</a>. 25 January 2011. 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Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cairo.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Western+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FPages%2FRegion.aspx%3FReID%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/Region.aspx?ReID=11">"Southern Area"</a>. www.cairo.gov.eg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034303/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/Region.aspx?ReID=11">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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Routledge. pp. 337–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06205-2"><bdi>978-1-000-06205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+Managing+Urban+Growth%3A+The+Case+of+Cairo&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Planning+Megacities+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=337-339&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-06205-2&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Amal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInnpDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbadr%2Bcity%2Bcairo%26pg%3DPT364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNECA-2017a-183"><a href="#cite_ref-UNECA-2017a_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa2017" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTHLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cairo+first+generation+cities&pg=PA150">Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanization and Industrialization for Africa's Transformation</a>. United Nations. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-060392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-060392-8"><bdi>978-92-1-060392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Report+on+Africa+2017%3A+Urbanization+and+Industrialization+for+Africa%27s+Transformation&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-92-1-060392-8&rft.au=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTHLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcairo%2Bfirst%2Bgeneration%2Bcities%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambanis2010" class="citation news cs1">Cambanis, Thanassis (24 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311041220/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/world/africa/25egypt.html">"To Catch Cairo Overflow, 2 Megacities Rise in Sand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/world/africa/25egypt.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Catch+Cairo+Overflow%2C+2+Megacities+Rise+in+Sand&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F25egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Capital_Gardens/default.aspx">"Capital Gardens"</a>. New Urban Communities Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230205031/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Capital_Gardens/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Urban+Communities+Authority&rft.atitle=Capital+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcities.gov.eg%2Fknow_cities%2FCapital_Gardens%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC:_new_capital2-186"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC:_new_capital2_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-31874886">"Egypt unveils plans to build new capital east of Cairo"</a>. BBC News. 13 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313202550/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31874886">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+unveils+plans+to+build+new+capital+east+of+Cairo&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-31874886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Recensement général de l'Égypte, 15 Gamad Akher 1299 / 3 mai 1882. Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale de Boulaq. 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+l%27%C3%89gypte%2C+15+Gamad+Akher+1299+%2F+3+mai+1882&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale+de+Boulaq&rft.date=1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101690132">The census of Egypt taken in 1907</a>. Cairo: National Printing Department. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+census+of+Egypt+taken+in+1907&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=National+Printing+Department&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F101690132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709230940/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cairo-population/">"Cairo population"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cairo-population//">the original</a> on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cairo+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fcairo-population%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Agency_for_Public_Mobilisation_and_Statistics_(CAPMAS)2017" class="citation web cs1">Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cedejcapmas.org/adws/app/4d5b52dc-669d-11e9-b6a6-975656a88994/index.html">"2017 Census for Population and Housing Conditions"</a>. CEDEJ-CAPMAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410043544/https://www.cedejcapmas.org/adws/app/4d5b52dc-669d-11e9-b6a6-975656a88994/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEDEJ-CAPMAS&rft.atitle=2017+Census+for+Population+and+Housing+Conditions&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Central+Agency+for+Public+Mobilisation+and+Statistics+%28CAPMAS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedejcapmas.org%2Fadws%2Fapp%2F4d5b52dc-669d-11e9-b6a6-975656a88994%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note01-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_191-0">^</a> The interactive census site is the only available digital source (non-pdf) and must be queried as follows: Statistics and analysis > Population > 2017 Data > Gender >Statistical Tables >Total population and population by sex (Choose location). </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2023-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2023_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2023_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cairo/People">"People of Cairo"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607000400/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cairo/People">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=People+of+Cairo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCairo%2FPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Embassy_Egypt-2022-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Embassy_Egypt-2022_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Embassy_Egypt-2022_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eg.usembassy.gov/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom-egypt/">"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Egypt"</a>. U.S. Embassy in Egypt. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524050046/https://eg.usembassy.gov/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom-egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=2022+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Egypt&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feg.usembassy.gov%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2011" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/">"How many Christians are there in Egypt?"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002004401/https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+many+Christians+are+there+in+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinardus1977" class="citation book cs1">Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/x-christian-egypt-ancient-and-modern">Christian Egypt, Ancient and Modern</a> (2nd ed.). American University in Cairo Press. pp. 272–339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Egypt%2C+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pages=272-339&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Meinardus&rft.aufirst=Otto+Friedrich+August&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fx-christian-egypt-ancient-and-modern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicheau2006" class="citation book cs1">Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-christianity/eastern-christianities-eleventh-to-fourteenth-century-copts-melkites-nestorians-and-jacobites/E76D6F90D45A81BC32149E8D24135DBD">The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5: Eastern Christianity</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610000445/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-christianity/eastern-christianities-eleventh-to-fourteenth-century-copts-melkites-nestorians-and-jacobites/E76D6F90D45A81BC32149E8D24135DBD">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Christianities+%28eleventh+to+fourteenth+century%29%3A+Copts%2C+Melkites%2C+Nestorians+and+Jacobites&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=371-403&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.aulast=Micheau&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-christianity%2Feastern-christianities-eleventh-to-fourteenth-century-copts-melkites-nestorians-and-jacobites%2FE76D6F90D45A81BC32149E8D24135DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wataninet.com/coptic-affairs-coptic-affairs/coptic-affairs/50-years-on-st-marks-pope-consecrates-renovated-cathedral/26664/">"50 years on St Mark's, Pope consecrates renovated Cathedral"</a>. Watani. 19 November 2018. 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CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606235524/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-last-jews-hanukkah-ensuring-culture-doesnt-disappear-with-them/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. 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Brain. 126 (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg014">10.1093/brain/awg014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477693">12477693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Lead+neurotoxicity+in+children%3A+basic+mechanisms+and+clinical+correlates&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12477693&rft.au=Lidsky%2C+T.+I.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawg014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/a-black-cloud-over-cairo">A black cloud over Cairo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016182202/https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/a-black-cloud-over-cairo">Archived</a> 16 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2006" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Jack (3 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/03/MNGKOJ82991.DTL">"From Cairo's trash, a model of recycling / Old door-to-door method boasts 85% reuse rate"</a>. Sfgate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010222736/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F03%2FMNGKOJ82991.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Cairo%27s+trash%2C+a+model+of+recycling+%2F+Old+door-to-door+method+boasts+85%25+reuse+rate&rft.date=2006-06-03&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F03%2FMNGKOJ82991.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx">"Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements"</a>. cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124123644/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cairo.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Brotherhood+%26+Friendship+Agreements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FPages%2Fagreements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1965" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500003819">10.1017/S0010417500003819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145607590">145607590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Cairo&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-457&rft.date=1965-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145607590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500003819&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1971" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVmYDwAAQBAJ">Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-65660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-65660-1"><bdi>978-0-691-65660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo%3A+1001+Years+of+the+City+Victorious&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-691-65660-1&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVmYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Afaf_Lufti_al-Sayyid-Marsot" class="mw-redirect" title="Afaf Lufti al-Sayyid-Marsot">Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot</a> (1984). Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-28968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Reign+of+Muhammad+Ali&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28968-9&rft.au=Afaf+Lutfi+Sayyid-Marsot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlSayyad2011" class="citation book cs1">AlSayyad, Nezar (2011). Cairo: Histories of a City. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674047860" title="Special:BookSources/9780674047860"><bdi>9780674047860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo%3A+Histories+of+a+City&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780674047860&rft.aulast=AlSayyad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattuta1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Battuta, Ibn</a> (1829) [1355]. The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Translated by Lee, Samuel. Cosimo Classics (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616402624" title="Special:BookSources/9781616402624"><bdi>9781616402624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta&rft.pub=Cosimo+Classics&rft.date=1829&rft.isbn=9781616402624&rft.aulast=Battuta&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1992" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C">Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction</a> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09626-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09626-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09626-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701182946/http://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09626-4&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINsmT6zjAl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif2007" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160776" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160776"><bdi>9789774160776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo+of+the+Mamluks%3A+A+History+of+Architecture+and+its+Culture&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789774160776&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöwering2008" class="citation book cs1">Böwering, Gerhard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKt8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran"</a>. In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Qur'an in its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415491693" title="Special:BookSources/9780415491693"><bdi>9780415491693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+on+the+Construction+of+the+Quran&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415491693&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6wering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKt8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2004" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2004). The Black Death (illustrated, annotated ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32492-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32492-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32492-5&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClot1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517 (in French). Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01030-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01030-7"><bdi>2-262-01030-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911345545">911345545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+des+Mamelouks%3A+L%27empire+des+esclaves%2C+1250%E2%80%931517&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911345545&rft.isbn=2-262-01030-7&rft.aulast=Clot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert O. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nile00robe">The Nile</a> (illustrated ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09764-1"><bdi>978-0-300-09764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nile&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09764-1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnile00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyPetry1998" class="citation book cs1">Daly, M. W.; Petry, Carl F. (1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4"><bdi>978-0-521-47137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47137-4&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Petry%2C+Carl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElyachar2005" class="citation book cs1">Elyachar, Julia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xoy_Z0ohsYYC&pg=PA56">Markets of Dispossession: NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8713-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-8713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+of+Dispossession%3A+NGOs%2C+Economic+Development%2C+and+the+State+in+Cairo&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8713-8&rft.aulast=Elyachar&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoy_Z0ohsYYC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabravan_LoonReifSwelim2013" class="citation book cs1">Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOxcBgAAQBAJ">The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque</a>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774167690" title="Special:BookSources/9789774167690"><bdi>9789774167690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Religious+Heritage+of+Old+Cairo%3A+Its+Fortress%2C+Churches%2C+Synagogue%2C+and+Mosque&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789774167690&rft.aulast=Gabra&rft.aufirst=Gawdat&rft.au=van+Loon%2C+Gertrud+J.M.&rft.au=Reif%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Swelim%2C+Tarek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOxcBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a> (2nd revised ed.). Singapore: Tien Wah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Tien+Wah+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolia2004" class="citation book cs1">Golia, Maria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFRRkvmtSOIC">Cairo: city of sand</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-187-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-187-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-187-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421211257/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFRRkvmtSOIC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo%3A+city+of+sand&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-187-7&rft.aulast=Golia&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFRRkvmtSOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawassBrock2003" class="citation book cs1">Hawass, Zahi A.; Brock, Lyla Pinch (2003). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Archaeology (2nd ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-674-6"><bdi>978-977-424-674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Archaeology&rft.place=Cairo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-977-424-674-6&rft.aulast=Hawass&rft.aufirst=Zahi+A.&rft.au=Brock%2C+Lyla+Pinch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouraniKhouryWilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert Habib; Khoury, Philip Shukry; Wilson, Mary Christina (2004). The Modern Middle East: A Reader (2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-963-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-963-9&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert+Habib&rft.au=Khoury%2C+Philip+Shukry&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Mary+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkFaroqhiQuataertMcGowan1997" class="citation book cs1">İnalcık, Halil; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Quataert, Donald; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk, Sevket (1997). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (illustrated, reprinted ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6"><bdi>978-0-521-57455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57455-6&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft.au=Faroqhi%2C+Suraiya&rft.au=Quataert%2C+Donald&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+Sevket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuQyAgAAQBAJ">The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297846574" title="Special:BookSources/9780297846574"><bdi>9780297846574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780297846574&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuQyAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Andrew James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr">A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98601-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Modern+Egypt%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Ramadan+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98601-8&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeriBacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-4&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft.au=Bacharach%2C+Jere+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill_et_al2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Zora; Benanav, Michael; Lee, Jessica; Sattin, Anthony (2012). Lonely Planet Egypt (11th ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-959-0"><bdi>978-1-74179-959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Egypt&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-959-0&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Zora&rft.au=Benanav%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Sattin%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02983-2"><bdi>978-2-213-02983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Caire&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-213-02983-2&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"> English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2000" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, André (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairo0000raym">Cairo</a>. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00316-3&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairo0000raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2008" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKt8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Introduction: Qur'anic Studies and its Controversies"</a>. In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Qur'an in its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415491693" title="Special:BookSources/9780415491693"><bdi>9780415491693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Qur%27anic+Studies+and+its+Controversies&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415491693&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKt8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-453-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-453-5"><bdi>978-1-57958-453-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-453-5&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoshan2002" class="citation book cs1">Shoshan, Boaz (2002). David Morgan (ed.). Popular Culture in Medieval Cairo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89429-6"><bdi>978-0-521-89429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+Medieval+Cairo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89429-6&rft.aulast=Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2001" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire (illustrated ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96891-5"><bdi>978-0-275-96891-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Decline%3A+From+the+Treaty+of+Karlowitz+to+the+Disintegration+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96891-5&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2012" class="citation book cs1">Sims, David (2012) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFzbAgAAQBAJ">Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control</a>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774165535" title="Special:BookSources/9789774165535"><bdi>9789774165535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Cairo%3A+The+Logic+of+a+City+Out+of+Control&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789774165535&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFzbAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwelim2015" class="citation book cs1">Swelim, Tarek (2015). Ibn Tulun: His Lost City and Great Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774166914" title="Special:BookSources/9789774166914"><bdi>9789774166914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Tulun%3A+His+Lost+City+and+Great+Mosque&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789774166914&rft.aulast=Swelim&rft.aufirst=Tarek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN-Habitat2011" class="citation book cs1">UN-Habitat (2011). Cairo - a City in Transition. UN-Habitat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-211-32353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-211-32353-5"><bdi>978-9-211-32353-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo+-+a+City+in+Transition&rft.pub=UN-Habitat&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-211-32353-5&rft.au=UN-Habitat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2008). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (6th, Revised ed.). The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-205-3"><bdi>978-977-416-205-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.edition=6th%2C+Revised&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-416-205-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.place=Cairo&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1992" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Michael (1992). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02403-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02403-7"><bdi>978-0-415-02403-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Society+Under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1517%E2%80%931798&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02403-7&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2004" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Michael (2004). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-16923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-16923-0"><bdi>978-0-203-16923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Society+Under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1517%E2%80%931798&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-16923-0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Cairo">Bibliography of the history of Cairo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsayyad2011" class="citation book cs1">Alsayyad, Nezar (2011). Cairo. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674060791">10.4159/harvard.9780674060791</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674060791" title="Special:BookSources/9780674060791"><bdi>9780674060791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674060791&rft.isbn=9780674060791&rft.aulast=Alsayyad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie2005" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew (2005). Cairo: A Cultural History (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517893-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517893-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517893-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Butler" title="Alfred J. Butler">Butler, Alfred J.</a> (2008). The Arab Conquest of Egypt – And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion. Portland, OR: Butler Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2783-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2783-9"><bdi>978-1-4437-2783-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt+%E2%80%93+And+the+Last+Thirty+Years+of+the+Roman+Dominion&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Butler+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-2783-9&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Artemis Cooper, Cairo in the War, 1939–1945, <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>, 1989 / Penguin Book, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024781-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024781-5">0-14-024781-5</a> (Pbk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Rodenbeck" title="Max Rodenbeck">Max Rodenbeck</a>, Cairo– the City Victorious, Picador, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-33709-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-33709-2">0-330-33709-2</a> (Hbk) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-33710-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-33710-6">0-330-33710-6</a> (Pbk)</li> <li>Wahba, Magdi (1990). Cairo Memories" in Studies in Arab History: The Antonius Lectures, 1978–87. Edited by Derek Hopwood. London: Macmillan Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402113109/http://www.islamicamagazine.com/issue-15/rescuing-cairos-lost-heritage.html">"Rescuing Cairo's Lost Heritage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamica_Magazine" title="Islamica Magazine">Islamica Magazine</a> (15). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicamagazine.com/issue-15/rescuing-cairos-lost-heritage.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamica+Magazine&rft.atitle=Rescuing+Cairo%27s+Lost+Heritage&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicamagazine.com%2Fissue-15%2Frescuing-cairos-lost-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Theroux" title="Peter Theroux">Peter Theroux</a>, Cairo: Clamorous heart of Egypt <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic Magazine</a> April 1993</li> <li>Cynthia Myntti, Paris Along the Nile: Architecture in Cairo from the Belle Epoque, American University in Cairo Press, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004190448/http://www.egy.com/people/98-10-01.shtml">Cairo's belle époque architects 1900–1950</a>, by Samir Raafat.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109161128/http://antoinenahas.com/">Antonine Selim Nahas</a>, one of city's major belle époque (1900–1950) architects.</li> <li>Nagib Mahfooz novels, all tell great stories about Cairo's deep conflicts.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewicka2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewicka, Paulina (2011). Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004194724.i-626">10.1163/ej.9789004194724.i-626</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004206465" title="Special:BookSources/9789004206465"><bdi>9789004206465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Foodways+of+Medieval+Cairenes&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004194724.i-626&rft.isbn=9789004206465&rft.aulast=Lewicka&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula (2008). Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-095-0"><bdi>978-977-416-095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Medieval+Cairo%3A+Empire%2C+Religion%2C+and+Architectural+Preservation+in+Nineteenth-Century+Egypt&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-416-095-0&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jörg Armbruster, Suleman Taufiq (Eds.) مدينتي القاهرة (MYCAI – My Cairo Mein Kairo), text by different authors, photos by Barbara Armbruster and Hala Elkoussy, edition esefeld & traub, Stuttgart 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9809887-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9809887-8-0">978-3-9809887-8-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Cairo at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cairo" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cairo">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Cairo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Cairo">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cairo" class="extiw" title="q:Cairo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cairo" class="extiw" title="voy:Cairo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85" class="extiw" title="d:Q85">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/">Cairo City Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/Links/Coptic-Links-02-Churches-a-Egypt.html#Cairo%20&%20Giza:">Coptic Churches of Cairo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5466227">Cairo</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002370085/NLI">Map of Cairo, 1914.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724013332/http://beta.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002370085/NLI">Archived</a> 24 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/egypt/cairo/cairo.html">Maps of Cairo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018215105/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/egypt/cairo/cairo.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research Project.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photos_and_videos">Photos and videos</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo360.com/">Cairo 360-degree full-screen images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009050058/http://egypt.travel-photo.org/cairo/">Cairo Travel Photos</a> Pictures of Cairo published under <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> License</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vimeo.com/1524704">Call to Cairo</a> <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> film of Cairo cityscapes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073047/http://www.globalpost.com/video/global/100824/cairo-travel-egypt">Cairo, Egypt</a> – video by <a href="/wiki/Global_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Post">Global Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113191757/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/egypt-photos/">Photos of Cairo / Travel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairo&params=30_2_40_N_31_14_9_E_">30°2′40″N 31°14′9″E / 30.04444°N 31.23583°E / 30.04444; 31.23583</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_and_suburbs_of_Greater_Cairo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Template:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Template talk:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_and_suburbs_of_Greater_Cairo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts and suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo city</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassia" title="Abbassia">Abbassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">Azbakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulaq">Bulaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daher,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Daher, Egypt">Daher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Al-Darb al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Marg" title="El Marg">El Marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Massarah">Massarah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">City of the Dead (al-Qarafa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_Naser" title="Manshiyat Naser">Manshiyat Naser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Qobbah" title="El Qobbah">El Qobbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roda_Island" title="Roda Island">Rhoda Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Manial" title="El Manial">El Manial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sakkakini" title="El Sakkakini">El Sakkakini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_(administrative_region)" title="Shubra (administrative region)">Shubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sahel" title="El Sahel">El Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_El_Farag" title="Rod El Farag">Rod El Farag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo" title="Zeitoun, Cairo">Zeitoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggala" title="Faggala">Faggala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">El Matareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Affluent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Newly planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madinaty" title="Madinaty">Madinaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="El Rehab">El Rehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Settlement" title="Fifth Settlement">Fifth Settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Heliopolis" title="New Heliopolis">New Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">El Shorouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/150px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/225px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/300px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="2860" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Giza-Nile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/150px-Giza-Nile.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/225px-Giza-Nile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/300px-Giza-Nile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza city</a> <a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouza" title="Agouza">Agouza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_Okba" title="Mit Okba">Mit Okba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerdasa" title="Kerdasa">Kerdasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Affluent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dokki" title="Dokki">Dokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohandessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandessin">Mohandessin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Newly planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_City" title="Sheikh Zayed City">Sheikh Zayed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima city</a> <a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Newly planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Template talk:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_cities_by_population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian cities by population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_cities_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Egyptian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desouk" title="Desouk">Desouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Dawwar" title="Kafr El Dawwar">Kafr El Dawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sokhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrah_Dom" title="Hamrah Dom">Hamrah Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib">Hala'ib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadat (city)">Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkha" title="Talkha">Talkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Cairo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Cairo" title="Template:Landmarks of Cairo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Cairo" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Cairo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Cairo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Cairo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Cairo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">Landmarks</a> of Cairo</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_Cairo" title="Template:Islamic Cairo">Template:Islamic Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cairo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cairo"><img alt="Flag of Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/56px-Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/84px-Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/112px-Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="218" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanging_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hanging Church">The Hanging Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" title="Abdeen Palace">Abdeen Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_Palace" title="Heliopolis Palace">Heliopolis Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Empain_Palace" title="Baron Empain Palace">Baron Empain Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulak_Bridge" title="Boulak Bridge">Boulak Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Zoo" title="Giza Zoo">Giza Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Soldier_Memorial_(Egypt)" title="Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt)">Unknown Soldier Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (proclaimed), <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> (de facto)1</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a> (claimed)/<a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a> (political)  </li><li><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_All-Africa_Games" title="1965 All-Africa Games">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_All-Africa_Games" title="1973 All-Africa Games">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_All-Africa_Games" title="1978 All-Africa Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_All-Africa_Games" title="1987 All-Africa Games">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_All-Africa_Games" title="1991 All-Africa Games">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_All-Africa_Games" title="1995 All-Africa Games">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_All-Africa_Games" title="1999 All-Africa Games">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_All-Africa_Games" title="2003 All-Africa Games">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_All-Africa_Games" title="2007 All-Africa Games">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_All-Africa_Games" title="2011 All-Africa Games">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_African_Games" title="2015 African Games">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_African_Games" title="2019 African Games">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_African_Games" title="2023 African Games">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9rVd8hh49CYDFr7hj4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029236-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055723">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13181517r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13181517r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628340">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129733&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450978">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000601519&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzxmg32tflqwn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561803305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614007706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1e77791f-41ce-4872-9eaa-bf8da389e490">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035321318">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044595">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairo&oldid=1248635629">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairo&oldid=1248635629</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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