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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alternative etymologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_etymologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Freiherr_von_Hammer-Purgstall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Freiherr_von_Hammer-Purgstall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Freiherr_von_Hammer-Purgstall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Éliphas_Lévi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Éliphas_Lévi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Éliphas Lévi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Éliphas_Lévi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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href="#Goat_of_Mendes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Goat of Mendes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goat_of_Mendes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleister_Crowley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleister_Crowley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aleister Crowley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleister_Crowley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern interpretations and usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_interpretations_and_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern interpretations and usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baphomet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بافومت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بافومت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бафомет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бафомет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Μπαφομέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαφομέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafometo" title="Bafometo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bafometo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="بافومه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بافومه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8F%AC%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8" title="바포메트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바포메트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Բաֆոմետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաֆոմետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafometto" title="Bafometto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bafometto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98" title="בפומט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בפומט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბაფომეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაფომეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafometas" title="Bafometas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bafometas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бафомет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бафомет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="バフォメット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バフォメット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бафомет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бафомет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="باڦوميٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باڦوميٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="باڤۆمێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڤۆمێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бафомет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бафомет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafomet" title="Bafomet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bafomet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95" title="บาโฟเมต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาโฟเมต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бафомет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бафомет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baphomet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Occult deity and symbol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baphomet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baphomet (disambiguation)">Baphomet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/220px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/330px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/440px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>An 1856 depiction of the Sabbatic Goat from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dogme_et_Rituel_de_la_Haute_Magie" title="Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie">Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Introvigne_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introvigne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms bear the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">SOLVE</i></span> (dissolve) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">COAGULA</i></span> (coagulate), reflecting the spiritual <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> of Lévi's work.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Baphomet</b> is a figure incorporated across various <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esoteric</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">trials starting in 1307</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> were accused of heresy for worshipping Baphomet as a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michelet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baphomet subsequently resurfaced during 19th century speculation and debate regarding the suppression of the Templars,<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with various occult and mystical traditions claiming Baphomet as a symbol of balance and synthesis, originating in teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others maintained Baphomet as a profane <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1856 the figure of Baphomet has been associated with the <b>Sabbatic Goat</b> illustration by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Waite_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of binary elements representing the "symbolization of the equilibrium of opposites":<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_hybrid" title="Human–animal hybrid">human and animal</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">masculine and feminine</a>, combined in <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">metaphysical unity</a>. Lévi's intention was to symbolize his concept of balance, with Baphomet representing the goal of perfect social order.<sup id="cite_ref-Introvigne_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introvigne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="History of the Knights Templar">History of the Knights Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">Trials of the Knights Templar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Templar legends">Knights Templar legends</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a></div> <p>The name <i>Baphomet</i> appeared in July 1098 in a letter about the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">siege of Antioch</a> by the French <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Ribemont" title="Anselm of Ribemont">Anselm of Ribemont</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p>Sequenti die aurora apparente, altis vocibus <b>Baphometh</b> invocaverunt; et nos Deum nostrum in cordibus nostris deprecantes, impetum facientes in eos, de muris civitatis omnes expulimus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>As the next day dawned, they [i.e. <i>the inhabitants of Antioch</i>] called loudly upon <b>Baphometh</b>; and we prayed silently in our hearts to God, then we attacked and forced all of them outside the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarberBate201029_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarberBate201029-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Aguilers" title="Raymond of Aguilers">Raymond of Aguilers</a>, a chronicler of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, reports that the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> used the term <i>Bafomet</i> for <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and <i>Bafumaria</i> for a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Bafometz</i> later appeared around 1195 in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal</a> poems <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Senhors, per los nostres peccatz</i></span> by the troubadour Gavaudan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gavaudan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gavaudan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1250, a Provençal poem by <a href="/wiki/Austorc_d%27Aorlhac" title="Austorc d'Aorlhac">Austorc d'Aorlhac</a> bewailing the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a> again uses the name <i>Bafomet</i> for Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">De Bafomet</i></span> is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan translation of <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>'s earliest known work, the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Libre de la doctrina pueril</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baphomet was allegedly worshipped as a deity by the medieval order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions in October 1307.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2016_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michelet_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Baphomet</i> appeared in trial transcripts for the <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">Inquisition of the Knights Templar</a> that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Michelet_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars, including <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">homosexual relations</a>, spitting and urinating on the cross, and <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006204_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006204-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnapped <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> and charged him with nearly identical offenses. Yet <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Malcolm Barber</a> observes that historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006306_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006306-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Chinon_Parchment" title="Chinon Parchment">Chinon Parchment</a> suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross", says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>, where they were taught how to commit <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a> "with the mind only and not with the heart".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005138_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005138-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Michael Haag suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templar <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">initiation rite</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The indictment (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">acte d'accusation</i></span>) published by the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">court of Rome</a> set forth ... "that in all the provinces they had idols, that is to say, heads, some of which had three faces, others but one; sometimes, it was a human skull ... That in their assemblies, and especially in their grand chapters, they worshipped the idol as a god, as their saviour, saying that this head could save them, that it bestowed on the order all its wealth, made the trees flower, and the plants of the earth to sprout forth."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>, <i>History of France</i> (1860)<sup id="cite_ref-Michelet_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templars_Burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Templars_Burning.jpg/250px-Templars_Burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Templars_Burning.jpg/330px-Templars_Burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Templars_Burning.jpg/500px-Templars_Burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Two Templars <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned at the stake</a>; illustration from a 15th–century French manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Baphomet</i> comes up in several of these dubious confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Partner states in his 1987 book <i>The Knights Templar and their Myth</i>: "In the trial of the Templars one of their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as a <i>Baphomet</i> (Baphomet = <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mahomet</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-partner_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of the object changed from confession to confession; some Templars denied any knowledge of it, while others, who <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">confessed under torture</a>, described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead1999266_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead1999266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads as <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquaries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005139_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005139-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one marked <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capud <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">lviii</span><sup>m</sup></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another said to be <a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">St. Euphemia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006244_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006244-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly the actual head of <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens" title="Hugues de Payens">Hugues de Payens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claims of an idol named <i>Baphomet</i> were unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngeo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngeo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005119_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karen Ralls, author of the <i>Knights Templar Encyclopedia</i>, argues that it is significant that "no specific evidence [of Baphomet] appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalls2007154_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERalls2007154-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, said that their superior showed him an idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, "that he worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, 'Yalla', which was", he says, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"verbum Saracenorum"</i></span>, a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, "Adore this head—this head is your god and your Mahomet." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a>, <i>The Worship of the Generative Powers</i> (1865)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1865138_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1865138-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg/250px-Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg/330px-Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg/500px-Pentagrams_from_La_Clef_de_la_Magie_Noire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>Drawings of upright and inverted pentagrams representing Spirit over matter (holiness) and matter over Spirit (evil), respectively, from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Clef de la magie noire</i></span> (1897) by French occultist <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_de_Guaita" title="Stanislas de Guaita">Stanislas de Guaita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guaita_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guaita-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note the names <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Baphomet</i> came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars. Modern scholars agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name "Mohammed",<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">Outremer</a>, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitors">Inquisitors</a> as heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-barber_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barber-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Demurger" title="Alain Demurger">Alain Demurger</a>, however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-BarberTale_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarberTale-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Nicholson_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Nicholson (historian)">Helen Nicholson</a> writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"—the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Muslims".<sup id="cite_ref-BarberTale_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarberTale-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Medieval Christians</a> believed that Muslims were <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a> and worshipped <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> as a god,<sup id="cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>mahomet</i> becoming <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mammet" class="extiw" title="wikt:mammet">mammet</a></i> in English, meaning an <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idol</a> or false god<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamesCoren2007143–144_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamesCoren2007143–144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a>). This idol-worship is attributed to Muslims in several <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chansons de geste</a></i></span>. For example, one finds the gods <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Bafum e <a href="/wiki/Termagant" title="Termagant">Travagan</a></i></span> in a Provençal poem on the life of <a href="/wiki/Honoratus" title="Honoratus">St. Honorat</a>, completed in 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFéraud1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCtc5AAAAcAAJpgPA2_2]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFéraud1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCtc5AAAAcAAJpgPA2_2]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chanson de Simon Pouille</i></span>, written before 1235, a Saracen idol is called <i>Bafumetz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPouille1968153_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPouille1968153-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_etymologies">Alternative etymologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative etymologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While modern scholars and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state that the origin of the name Baphomet was a probable Old French version of "Mahomet",<sup id="cite_ref-partner_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barber_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barber-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternative etymologies have also been proposed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_Artistic_representationi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Abraxas_Artistic_representationi.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_grand_master_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Seal of the grand master of the Knights Templar">Knights Templar seal</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> figure <a href="/wiki/Abraxas" title="Abraxas">Abraxas</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalls2007184–185_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERalls2007184–185-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, speculative theories arose that sought to tie the Knights Templar with the origins of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knighttemplars_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knighttemplars-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookseller, Freemason and <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminatus</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_Nicolai" title="Christoph Friedrich Nicolai">Christoph Friedrich Nicolai</a> (1733–1811), in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Versuch über die Beschuldigungen welche dem Tempelherrenorden gemacht worden, und über dessen Geheimniß</i></span> (1782), was the first to claim that the Templars were <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>, and that "Baphomet" was formed from the Greek words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βαφη μητȢς</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">baphe metous</i></span>, to mean <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Taufe der Weisheit</i></span>, "Baptism of Wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolai "attached to it the idea of the image of the supreme God, in the state of quietude attributed to him by the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> Gnostics", according to F. J. M. Raynouard, and "supposed that the Templars had a secret doctrine and initiations of several grades", which "the Saracens had communicated ... to them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaud1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmAcMAAAAYAAJpgPA496_496]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaud1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmAcMAAAAYAAJpgPA496_496]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further connected the <i>figura Baffometi</i> with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagram_of_Pythagoras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentagram of Pythagoras (page does not exist)">Pythagorean pentacle</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>What properly was the sign of the Baffomet, <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">"figura Baffometi"</span></span>, which was depicted on the breast of the bust representing the Creator, cannot be exactly determined ... I believe it to have been the Pythagorean pentagon (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fünfeck</i></span>) of health and prosperity: ... It is well known how holy this figure was considered, and that the Gnostics had much in common with the Pythagoreans. From the prayers which the soul shall recite, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ophite_Diagrams" title="Ophite Diagrams">diagram of the Ophite-worshippers</a>, when they on their return to God are stopped by the Archons, and their purity has to be examined, it appears that these serpent-worshippers believed they must produce a token that they had been clean on earth. I believe that this token was also the holy pentagon, the sign of their initiation (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τελειας βαφης μετεος</span></span>). </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Symbols and Symbolism" in <i>Freemasons' Quarterly Magazine</i>, 1854<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Littr%C3%A9" title="Émile Littré">Émile Littré</a> (1801–1881) in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dictionnaire de la langue francaise</i></span> asserted that the word was <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">cabalistically</a> formed by writing backward <i>tem. o. h. p. ab</i>, an abbreviation of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">templi omnium hominum pacis abbas</i></span>, "abbot, or father of the temple of peace of all men". His source is the "Abbé Constant", which is to say, Alphonse-Louis Constant, the real name of Eliphas Lévi.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> (1901–1988),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the scholars who worked on the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, argued in his book <i>The Essene Odyssey</i> that the word "Baphomet" was created with knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Atbash" title="Atbash">Atbash</a> substitution cipher, which substitutes the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet for the last, the second for the second last, and so on. "Baphomet" rendered in Hebrew is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בפומת</span>‎ (<i>bpwmt</i>); interpreted using Atbash, it becomes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שופיא</span>‎ (<i>šwpy‘</i>, "Shofya'"), which can be interpreted as the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i>, meaning "wisdom". This theory appears as an important plot point in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i>, although it was recently questioned by the French historian Thierry Murcia, who challenges the method of calculation used by Schonfield.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joseph_Freiherr_von_Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I,_Fig_7-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png/170px-Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png/255px-Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png/340px-Mysterium_Baphometis_Revelatum_-_Tab_I%2C_Fig_7-8.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall</a> (1774–1856) associated a series of carved or engraved figures found on a number of supposed 13th-century Templar artifacts (such as cups, bowls and coffers) with the Baphometic idol.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1818, the name Baphomet appeared in the essay by the Viennese Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mysterium Baphometis revelatum, seu Fratres Militiæ Templi, qua Gnostici et quidem Ophiani, Apostasiæ, Idoloduliæ et Impuritatis convicti, per ipsa eorum Monumenta</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Discovery of the Mystery of Baphomet, by which the Knights Templars, like the <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a>, are convicted of Apostasy, of Idolatry and of moral Impurity, by their own Monuments"), which presented an elaborate pseudohistory constructed to discredit <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Templarist Masonry</a> and, by extension, Freemasonry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1987140_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1987140-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Nicolai, he argued, using as archaeological evidence "Baphomets" faked by earlier scholars and literary evidence such as the Grail romances, that the Templars were Gnostics and the "Templars' head" was a Gnostic idol called <i>Baphomet:</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>His chief subject is the images which are called Baphomet ... found in several museums and collections of antiquities, as in Weimar ... and in the imperial cabinet in Vienna. These little images are of stone, partly hermaphrodites, having, generally, two heads or two faces, with a beard, but, in other respects, female figures, most of them accompanied by serpents, the sun and moon, and other strange emblems, and bearing many inscriptions, mostly in Arabic ... The inscriptions he reduces almost all to <i>Mete</i>[, which] ... is, according to him, not the Μητις of the Greeks, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)#Achamōth" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Achamot</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)#Prunikos" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Prunikos</a></i> of the Ophites, which was represented half man, half woman, as the symbol of wisdom, unnatural voluptuousness and the principle of sensuality ... He asserts that those small figures are such as the Templars, according to the statement of a witness, carried with them in their coffers. <i>Baphomet</i> signifies <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βαφη Μητεος</span></span>, <i>baptism of Metis, baptism of fire</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <i>Gnostic baptism</i>, an <i>enlightening of the mind</i>, which, however, was interpreted by the Ophites, in an obscene sense, as <i>fleshly union</i> ... the fundamental assertion, that those idols and cups came from the Templars, has been considered as unfounded, especially as the images known to have existed among the Templars seem rather to be images of saints. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Baphomet" in <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>, 1851<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Hammer's essay did not pass unchallenged, and F. J. M. Raynouard published an <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Étude sur 'Mysterium Baphometi revelatum'</i></span> in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des savants</a></i></span> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a> criticized Hammer, saying that he had been deceived by "the paraphernalia of ... Rosicrucian or alchemical quacks",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Partner" title="Peter Partner">Peter Partner</a> agreed that the images "may have been forgeries from the occultist workshops".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1987141_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1987141-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the very least, there was little evidence to tie them to the Knights Templar—in the 19th century some European museums acquired such pseudo-Egyptian objects,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which were cataloged as "Baphomets" and credulously thought to have been idols of the Templars.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Éliphas_Lévi"><span id=".C3.89liphas_L.C3.A9vi"></span>Éliphas Lévi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Éliphas Lévi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliphas_Levi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/170px-Eliphas_Levi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/255px-Eliphas_Levi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/340px-Eliphas_Levi.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Éliphas Lévi</figcaption></figure> <p>Later in the 19th century, the name of Baphomet became further associated with the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> published <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dogme_et_Rituel_de_la_Haute_Magie" title="Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie">Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie</a></i></span> (<i>Dogma and Rituals of High Magic</i>) as two volumes (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dogme</i></span> 1854, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rituel</i></span> 1856), in which he included an image he had drawn himself, which he described as Baphomet and "The Sabbatic Goat", showing a winged humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns (see the illustration). This image has become the best-known representation of Baphomet. Lévi considered the Baphomet to be a depiction of the absolute in symbolic form and explicated in detail his symbolism in the drawing that served as the frontispiece: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The goat on the frontispiece carries the sign of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> on the forehead, with one point at the top, a symbol of light, his two hands forming the sign of occultism, the one pointing up to the white moon of <a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a>, the other pointing down to the black one of <a href="/wiki/Gevurah" title="Gevurah">Geburah</a>. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is female, the other male like the ones of the androgyne of Khunrath, the attributes of which we had to unite with those of our goat because he is one and the same symbol. The flame of intelligence shining between his horns is the magic light of the universal balance, the image of the soul elevated above matter, as the flame, whilst being tied to matter, shines above it. The beast's head expresses the horror of the sinner, whose materially acting, solely responsible part has to bear the punishment exclusively; the soul is insensitive according to its nature and can only suffer when it materializes. The rod standing instead of genitals symbolizes eternal life, the body covered with scales: the water, the semi-circle above it: the atmosphere, the feathers following above: the volatile. Humanity is represented by the two breasts and the androgyne arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Éliphas Lévi, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dogme et rituel de la haute magie</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witches'_Sabbath"><span id="Witches.27_Sabbath"></span>Witches' Sabbath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Witches' Sabbath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lévi's depiction of Baphomet is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil (Tarot card)">The Devil</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lévi, working with correspondences different from those later used by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers" title="Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers">S. L. MacGregor Mathers</a>, "equated the Devil Tarot key with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>", giving "his figure Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, rising like a phallus from his groin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlace200585_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlace200585-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol is said to have originated when Mercury / Hermes once attempted to stop a fight between two snakes by throwing his rod at them, whereupon they twined themselves around the rod. The word Caduceus is from the Greek root meaning "herald’s wand" and was also a badge of diplomatic ambassadors and became associated with commerce, eloquence, alchemy, thievery, and lying. The etymology of Caduceus is from <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κᾱρύκειον</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">karukeion</i></span>, from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κῆρυξ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kērux</i></span> meaning "herald".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_15.jpg/170px-Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_15.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Diable</i></span>, from the early 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseilles" title="Tarot of Marseilles">Tarot of Marseilles</a> by Jean Dodal</figcaption></figure> <p>Lévi believed that the alleged devil worship of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a> was a perpetuation of ancient pagan rites. A goat with a candle between its horns appears in medieval witchcraft records,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other pieces of lore are cited in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dogme et Rituel</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Below this figure we read a frank and simple inscription—THE DEVIL. Yes, we confront here that phantom of all terrors, the dragon of all theogonies, the Ahriman of the Persians, the Typhon of the Egyptians, the Python of the Greeks, the old serpent of the Hebrews, the fantastic monster, the nightmare, the Croquemitaine, the gargoyle, the great beast of the Middle Ages, and—worse than all these—the Baphomet of the Templars, the bearded idol of the alchemist, the obscene deity of Mendes, the goat of the Sabbath. The frontispiece to this 'Ritual' reproduces the exact figure of the terrible emperor of night, with all his attributes and all his characters ... Yes, in our profound conviction, the Grand Masters of the Order of Templars worshipped the Baphomet, and caused it to be worshipped by their initiates; yes, there existed in the past, and there may be still in the present, assemblies which are presided over by this figure, seated on a throne and having a flaming torch between the horns. But the adorers of this sign do not consider, as do we, that it is a representation of the devil; on the contrary, for them it is that of the god Pan, the god of our modern schools of philosophy, the god of the Alexandrian theurgic school and of our own mystical Neoplatonists, the god of Lamartine and Victor Cousin, the god of Spinoza and Plato, the god of the primitive Gnostic schools; the Christ also of the dissident priesthood ... The mysteries of the Sabbath have been variously described, but they figure always in grimoires and in magical trials; the revelations made on the subject may be classified under three heads—1. those referring to a fantastic and imaginary Sabbath; 2. those which betray the secrets of the occult assemblies of veritable adepts; 3. revelations of foolish and criminal gatherings, having for their object the operations of black magic. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lévi, "The Sabbath of the Sorcerers"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi1896288–292"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi1896288–292"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Lévi's Baphomet may have been partly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> carvings on the Templar churches of Lanleff in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and Saint-Merri in Paris, which depict squatting bearded men with bat wings, female breasts, horns and the shaggy hindquarters of a beast.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism,_romanticism,_and_magnetism"><span id="Socialism.2C_romanticism.2C_and_magnetism"></span>Socialism, romanticism, and magnetism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socialism, romanticism, and magnetism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lévi's references to the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">School of Alexandria</a> and the Templars can be explained against the background of debates about the origins and character of true Christianity. It has been pointed out that these debates included contemporary forms of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a>, which were seen as the heirs of the Gnostics, Templars, and other mystics. Lévi, being himself an adherent of these schools since the 1840s, regarded the socialists and Romantics (such as <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>) as the successors of this alleged tradition of true religion. In fact, his narrative mirrors historiographies of socialism, including the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire des Montagnards</i></span> (1847) by his best friend and political comrade <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Esquiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse Esquiros">Alphonse Esquiros</a>. Consequently, the Baphomet is depicted by Lévi as the symbol of a revolutionary heretical tradition that would soon lead to the "emancipation of humanity" and the establishment of a perfect social order.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lévi's writings, the Baphomet does not only express a historical-political tradition, but also occult natural forces that are explained by his magical theory of the Astral Light. He developed this notion in the context of what has been called "spiritualist magnetism": theories that stressed the religious implications of magnetism. Often, their representatives were socialists that believed in the social consequences of a "synthesis" of religion and science that was to be achieved by the means of magnetism.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritualist magnetists with a socialist background include the <a href="/wiki/Baron_du_Potet" title="Baron du Potet">Baron du Potet</a> and Henri Delaage, who served as main sources for Lévi. At the same time, Lévi polemicized against famed Catholic authors such as Jules-Eudes de Mirville and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gougenot_des_Mousseaux" title="Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux">Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux</a>, who regarded magnetism as the workings of demons and other infernal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paragraph just before the passage cited in the previous section has to be seen against this background: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let us state now for the edification of the vulgar, for the satisfaction of M. le Comte de Mirville, for the justification of the demonologist Bodin, for the greater glory of the Church, which persecuted Templars, burnt magicians, excommunicated Freemasons, &c. let us state boldly and precisely that all the inferior initiates of the occult sciences and profaners of the great arcanum, not only did in the past, but do now, and will ever, adore what is signified by this alarming symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi1896288"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi1896288"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goat_of_Mendes">Goat of Mendes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Goat of Mendes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Goat of Mendes" redirects here. For the album by Akercocke, see <a href="/wiki/The_Goat_of_Mendes" title="The Goat of Mendes">The Goat of Mendes</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khnum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Khnum.svg/120px-Khnum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Khnum.svg/250px-Khnum.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>) was usually depicted with the head of a spiral-horned ram</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banebdjedet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Banebdjedet.svg/100px-Banebdjedet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Banebdjedet.svg/150px-Banebdjedet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Banebdjedet.svg/200px-Banebdjedet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>) was sometimes depicted with four ram heads.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a> is the Greek name for the ancient Egyptian city of Djedet. Lévi equates his image with "The Goat of Mendes", possibly following the account by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the god of Mendes was depicted with a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great reverence by the Mendesians, and how in his time a woman publicly <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">copulated with a goat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> of Mendes were the <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a> (lit. <i>Ba of the Lord of Djedet</i>), who was the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">Ba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, and his consort, the fish goddess <a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a>, with both deities being worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a> was the equivalent god in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pinch_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinch-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khnum was typically portrayed with the horns of a <a href="/wiki/Ram_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram (sheep)">ram</a>, one of the sacred animals worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, representing aspects such as <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, rebirth, regeneration, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>. He was originally illustrated with horizontally spiraled horns (based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_corkscrew-horned_sheep" title="Ancient Egyptian corkscrew-horned sheep">Ancient Egyptian corkscrew-horned sheep</a>, an extinct subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">barbary sheep</a>), but his representation later evolved to feature the down-turned horns of <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Ammon" title="Horns of Ammon">Ammon</a> in the New Kingdom (based on the extinct sheep subspecies <i>Ovis platyra palaeoaegyptiacus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At several places in the Delta, e.g. Hermopolis, Lycopolis, and Mendes, the god Pan and a goat were worshipped; Strabo, quoting (xvii. 1, 19) Pindar, says that in these places goats had intercourse with women, and Herodotus (ii. 46) instances a case which was said to have taken place in the open day. The Mendisians, according to this last writer, paid reverence to all goats, and more to the males than to the females, and particularly to one he-goat, on the death of which public mourning is observed throughout the whole Mendesian district; they call both Pan and the goat Mendes, and both were worshipped as gods of generation and fecundity. Diodorus compares the cult of the goat of Mendes with that of <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a>, and groups the god with the Pans and the Satyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6SBLAAAAYAAJpgPA353_353]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6SBLAAAAYAAJpgPA353_353]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The link between Baphomet and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">pagan god Pan</a> was also observed by <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many pleasures revered before the advent of Christianity were condemned by the new religion. It required little change-over to transform the horns and cloven hooves of Pan into a most convincing devil! Pan's attributes could neatly be changed into charged-with-punishment sins, and so the metamorphosis was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aleister_Crowley">Aleister Crowley</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aleister Crowley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22em;border-width:3px; border-color:#9999CC #BEBEED #BEBEED #9999CC; padding:0; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Thelema" title="Category:Thelema">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:170%;"><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowley_unicursal_hexagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowley's unicursal hexagram"><img alt="Crowley's unicursal hexagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crowley_unicursal_hexagram.svg/120px-Crowley_unicursal_hexagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crowley_unicursal_hexagram.svg/150px-Crowley_unicursal_hexagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="220" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Unicursal_hexagram" title="Unicursal hexagram">Unicursal hexagram</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Liber_OZ" title="Liber OZ">The Rights of Man</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Holy Books and Stele</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Books_of_Thelema" title="The Holy Books of Thelema">The Holy Books of Thelema</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu" title="Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu">The Stele of Revealing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Key figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu_i" title="Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu i">Ankh-af-na-Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Neuburg_(poet)" title="Victor Neuburg (poet)">Victor Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stansfeld_Jones" title="Charles Stansfeld Jones">Charles Stansfeld Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Parsons" title="Jack Parsons">Jack Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Talbot_Smith" title="Wilfred Talbot Smith">Wilfred Talbot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wolfe" title="Jane Wolfe">Jane Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Germer" title="Karl Germer">Karl Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_Louis_McMurtry" title="Grady Louis McMurtry">Grady McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ramos_Motta" title="Marcelo Ramos Motta">Marcelo Ramos Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Cameron" title="Marjorie Cameron">Marjorie Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Northrup_Hollister" title="Sara Northrup Hollister">Sara Northrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Parsons_Smith" title="Helen Parsons Smith">Helen Parsons Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Seckler" title="Phyllis Seckler">Phyllis Seckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hyatt" title="Christopher Hyatt">Christopher Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nema_Andahadna" title="Nema Andahadna">Nema Andahadna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wasserman" title="James Wasserman">James Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> The Scarlet Women</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Kelly">Rose Edith Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_d%27Este_Sturges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary d'Este Sturges (page does not exist)">Mary d'Este Sturges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster" title="Jeanne Robert Foster">Jeanne Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roddie_Minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roddie Minor (page does not exist)">Roddie Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Rohling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Rohling (page does not exist)">Marie Rohling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Hirsig" title="Leah Hirsig">Leah Hirsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Waddell" title="Leila Waddell">Leila Waddell</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Core concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Star_in_Sight" title="One Star in Sight">One Star in Sight</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(Thelema)" title="Great Work (Thelema)">Great Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Will" title="True Will">True Will</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(Thelema)" title="Abyss (Thelema)">The Abyss</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Magick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Qabalah</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel#Thelema" title="Guardian angel">Holy Guardian Angel</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth_Tarot" title="Thoth Tarot">Thoth Tarot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Yoga</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_XV,_The_Gnostic_Mass" title="Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass">Gnostic Mass</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_of_Horus" title="Aeon of Horus">The Aeon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Methods</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahadabra" title="Abrahadabra">Abrahadabra</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Pan" title="Night of Pan">Night of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh_vel_Helios" title="Liber Resh vel Helios">Liber Resh</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Abyss" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing the Abyss">Crossing the Abyss</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornless_Ritual" title="Bornless Ritual">Bornless Ritual</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">Qaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of life</a><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thelemic_texts" title="Category:Thelemic texts">Thelemic texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley_bibliography" title="Aleister Crowley bibliography">Aleister Crowley bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Grant bibliography">Kenneth Grant bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Motta_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelo Motta bibliography">Marcelo Motta bibliography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC)</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO)</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Society_Ordo_Templi_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Society Ordo Templi Orientis">Society Ordo Templi Orientis (SOTO)</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Thelemic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn">Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order (TOTO)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Deities</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuit" title="Nuit">Nuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit">Hadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ra-ha" title="Heru-ra-ha">Heru-ra-ha</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiwass" title="Aiwass">Aiwass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therion_(Thelema)" title="Therion (Thelema)">Therion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalon" title="Babalon">Babalon</a><br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)#Greco-Roman_tradition" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Places</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boleskine_House" title="Boleskine House">Boleskine House</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Thelema" title="Abbey of Thelema">Abbey of Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_Lodge" title="Agape Lodge">Agape Lodge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">Abramelin oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_of_Light" title="Cake of Light">Cake of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choronzon" title="Choronzon">Choronzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroto-comatose_lucidity" title="Eroto-comatose lucidity">Eroto-comatose lucidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pennae_Praenumbra" title="Liber Pennae Praenumbra">Liber Pennae Praenumbra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_magical_correspondences" title="Table of magical correspondences">Table of magical correspondences</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Worship of heavenly bodies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thelema" title="Template:Thelema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thelema" title="Template talk:Thelema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Baphomet of Lévi was to become an important figure within the cosmology of <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, the mystical system established by <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> in the early 20th century. Baphomet features in the Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church recited by the congregation in <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_XV,_The_Gnostic_Mass" title="Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass">The Gnostic Mass</a></i>, in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and the Lion, Mystery of Mysteries, in His name BAPHOMET."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)">Magick (Book 4)</a></i>, Crowley asserted that Baphomet was a divine androgyne and "the hieroglyph of arcane perfection", seen as that which reflects: "What occurs above so reflects below, or As above so below": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Devil does not exist. It is a false name invented by the Black Brothers to imply a Unity in their ignorant muddle of dispersions. A devil who had unity would be a God... "The Devil" is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes ... This serpent, SATAN, is not the enemy of Man, but He who made Gods of our race, knowing Good and Evil; He bade "Know Thyself!" and taught Initiation. He is "The Devil" of <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Thoth (Crowley)">The Book of Thoth</a>, and His emblem is <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BAPHOMET</span></span>, the Androgyne who is the hieroglyph of arcane perfection ... He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter is <i>ayin</i>, the Eye, so that he is Light; and his Zodiacal image is Capricornus, that leaping goat whose attribute is Liberty. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Magick: Liber ABA</i>, Book Four, Parts I–IV<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowleyDestiWaddell2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowleyDestiWaddell2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>For Crowley, Baphomet is further a representative of the spiritual nature of the <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">Spermatozoon</a>, while also being symbolic of the "magical child" produced as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">sex magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Baphomet represents the Union of Opposites, especially as mystically personified in <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babalon" title="Babalon">Babalon</a> combined and biologically manifested with the sperm and egg united in the zygote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Crowley proposed that Baphomet was derived from "Father <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>". In his <i>Confessions</i> he describes the circumstances that led to this etymology:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I had taken the name Baphomet as my motto in the O.T.O. For six years and more I had tried to discover the proper way to spell this name. I knew that it must have eight letters, and also that the numerical and literal correspondences must be such as to express the meaning of the name in such a way as to confirm what scholarship had found out about it, and also to clear up those problems which archaeologists had so far failed to solve ... One theory of the name is that it represents the words βαφὴ μήτεος, the baptism of wisdom; another, that it is a corruption of a title meaning "Father Mithras". Needless to say, the suffix R supported the latter theory. I added up the word as spelt by the Wizard. It totalled 729. This number had never appeared in my Cabbalistic working and therefore meant nothing to me. It however justified itself as being the cube of nine. The word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κηφας</span></span>, the mystic title given by Christ to Peter as the cornerstone of the Church, has this same value. So far, the Wizard had shown great qualities! He had cleared up the etymological problem and shown why the Templars should have given the name Baphomet to their so-called idol. Baphomet was Father Mithras, the cubical stone which was the corner of the Temple. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_interpretations_and_usage">Modern interpretations and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg/170px-RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg/255px-RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg/340px-RWS_Tarot_15_Devil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil (Tarot card)">The Devil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_tarot_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Rider–Waite tarot deck">Rider–Waite tarot deck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lévi's Baphomet is the source of the later <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot</a> image of the Devil in the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Rider–Waite design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waite_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waite-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a downward-pointing pentagram on its forehead was enlarged upon by Lévi in his discussion (without illustration) of the Goat of Mendes arranged within such a pentagram, which he contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy">microcosmic man</a> arranged within a similar but upright pentagram.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual image of a goat in a downward-pointing <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> first appeared in the 1897 book <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Clef de la Magie Noire</i></span>, written by the French occultist <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_de_Guaita" title="Stanislas de Guaita">Stanislas de Guaita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guaita_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guaita-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this image that was later adopted as the official symbol—called the <a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a>—of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a>, and continues to be used among Satanists.<sup id="cite_ref-churchofsatan.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churchofsatan.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baphomet, as Lévi's illustration suggests, has occasionally been portrayed as a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>, a member of the hierarchy of Hell. Baphomet appears in that guise as a character in <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Judgment" title="The Day After Judgment">The Day After Judgment</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian evangelist <a href="/wiki/Jack_T._Chick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack T. Chick">Jack T. Chick</a> claimed that Baphomet is a demon worshipped by <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim that apparently originated with the <a href="/wiki/Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a>. Lévi's Baphomet was depicted on the cover of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Mystères de la franc-maçonnerie dévoilés</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Taxil" title="Léo Taxil">Léo Taxil</a>'s lurid paperback "exposé" of Freemasonry, which, in 1897, he revealed as a hoax intended to ridicule the Catholic Church and its anti-Masonic propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a> commissioned an 8.5 ft (2.6 m) <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Baphomet" title="Statue of Baphomet">statue of Baphomet</a> to stand alongside a <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_Monument_(Oklahoma_City)" title="Ten Commandments Monument (Oklahoma City)">monument of the Ten Commandments at the Oklahoma State Capitol</a>, citing "respect for diversity and religious minorities" as reasons for the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">Oklahoma Supreme Court</a> ultimately declared religious displays illegal.)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baphomet statue was unveiled in Detroit on 25 July 2015, as a symbol of the modern Satanist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statue2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statue2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satanic Temple transported the Baphomet statue to Little Rock, Arkansas, where another 10 Commandments monument had been recently installed; the statue was publicly displayed during a Temple demonstration on 16 August 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeoTaxilmysteres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/LeoTaxilmysteres.jpg/170px-LeoTaxilmysteres.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/LeoTaxilmysteres.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Promotional poster for <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Taxil" title="Léo Taxil">Léo Taxil</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Mystères de la franc-maçonnerie dévoilés</i></span> (1886) adapted Lévi's invention</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> (1833–34) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, protagonist Diogenes Teufelsdröckh describes his spiritual rebirth as a "Baphometic Fire-baptism".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Barker" title="Clive Barker">Clive Barker</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cabal_(novella)" title="Cabal (novella)">Cabal</a></i> (1988) and its film adaption, <i><a href="/wiki/Nightbreed" title="Nightbreed">Nightbreed</a></i> (1990), Baphomet is depicted as the god worshipped by the Night Breed creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baphomet appears as a recurring antagonist in the long-running German novel series <i><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(German_fiction)" title="John Sinclair (German fiction)">Geisterjäger John Sinclair</a></i>, in which he is the master of Vincent van Akkeren and his cult of renegade Knights Templar. The horror novels by author <a href="/wiki/Jason_Dark" title="Jason Dark">Jason Dark</a> portray Baphomet as one of the three entities that form the unholy trinity of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, with the other two being <a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Asmodis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2016 audio drama <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood:_The_Knights_Of_The_Apocalypse" title="Robin of Sherwood: The Knights Of The Apocalypse">Robin of Sherwood: The Knights Of The Apocalypse</a></i> (based on the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood" title="Robin of Sherwood">Robin of Sherwood</a></i>), has Robin and his companions come into conflict with the titular Knights. The Knights of the Apocalypse are depicted as a cult which worships Baphomet; the Knights are also depicted as a splinter group from the Knights Templar.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a> – Biblical figure identified with fallen angel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> – Satan, or type of demon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a> – Biblical creature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a> – Dichotomy between two opposing approaches to magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahound" title="Mahound">Mahound</a> – Muhammad portrayed as a demon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a> – Mesopotamian demon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termagant" title="Termagant">Termagant</a> – Medieval European term and character</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Strube-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strube_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2017">Strube 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introvigne-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introvigne_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introvigne_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, pp. 105–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Templars"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Templars">"Templars" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 599. <q>In the 19th century a fresh impetus was given to the discussion by the publication in 1813 of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Just_Marie_Raynouard" title="François Just Marie Raynouard">F. J. M. Raynouard's</a> brilliant defence of the order. The challenge was taken up, among others, by the famous orientalist Friedrich von Hammer-Purgstall, who in 1818 published his <i>Mysterium Baphometis revelatum</i>, an attempt to prove that the Templars followed the doctrines and rites of the Gnostic Ophites, the argument being fortified with reproductions of obscene representations of supposed Gnostic ceremonies and of mystic symbols said to have been found in the Templars' buildings. Wilcke, while rejecting Hammer's main conclusions as unproved, argued in favour of the existence of a secret doctrine based, not on Gnosticism, but on the unitarianism of Islam, of which Baphomet (Mahmoed) was the symbol. On the other hand, Wilhelm Havemann (<i>Geschichte des Ausganges des Tempelherrenordens, Stuttgart and Tübingen</i>, 1846) decided in favour of the innocence of the order. This view was also taken by a succession of German scholars, in England by C. G. Addison, and in France by a whole series of conspicuous writers: e.g. Mignet, Guizot, Renan, Lavocat. Others, like Boutaric, while rejecting the charge of heresy, accepted the evidence for the <i>spuitio</i> and the indecent kisses, explaining the former as a formula of forgotten meaning and the latter as a sign of <i>fraternité!</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Templars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=599&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahuljak2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahuljak2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahuljak2013">Stahuljak 2013</a>, pp. 71–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field_2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2016_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField2016" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Sean L. (April 2016). <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jansen" title="Katherine Jansen">Jansen, Katherine L.</a> (ed.). "Torture and Confession in the Templar Interrogations at Caen, 28–29 October 1307". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies</a></i>. <b>91</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America" title="Medieval Academy of America">Medieval Academy of America</a>: <span class="nowrap">297–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F684916">10.1086/684916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2040-8072">2040-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43883958">43883958</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/27015446">27015446</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35801878">35801878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159457836">159457836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum%3A+A+Journal+of+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=Torture+and+Confession+in+the+Templar+Interrogations+at+Caen%2C+28%E2%80%9329+October+1307&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43883958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F684916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35801878&rft.issn=2040-8072&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F27015446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159457836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Sean+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michelet_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelet_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelet_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelet_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelet1860">Michelet 1860</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drQMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA375">375</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waite-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waite_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waite_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite1911">Waite 1911</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/pkt/pkt0102.htm">Class I, §2</a>: "Since 1856 the influence of Eliphas Lévi and his doctrine of occultism has changed the face of this card, and it now appears as a pseudo-Baphometic figure with the head of a goat and a great torch between the horns; it is seated instead of erect, and in place of the generative organs there is the Hermetic caduceus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullonii_(of_Bouillon)2018" class="citation web cs1">Bullonii (of Bouillon), Godfrey (30 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cIUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA475">"Godefridi Bullonii epistolae et diplomata; accedunt appendices"</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Godefridi+Bullonii+epistolae+et+diplomata%3B+accedunt+appendices&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Bullonii+%28of+Bouillon%29&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cIUAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarberBate201029-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarberBate201029_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarberBate2010">Barber & Bate 2010</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaud1853">Michaud 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497">497</a>: "Raimundus de Agiles says of the Mahometans: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">In ecclesiis autem magnis <b>Bafumarias</b> faciebant ... habebant monticulum ubi duæ erant <b>Bafumariæ</b></i></span>. The troubadours employ Baformaria for mosque, and Bafomet for Mahomet."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gavaudan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gavaudan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1999" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, Michael (1999). "The Later Troubadours". In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gaunt" title="Simon Gaunt">Gaunt, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kay" title="Sarah Kay">Kay, Sarah</a> (eds.). <i>The Troubadours: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 112</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Later+Troubadours&rft.btitle=The+Troubadours%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span>: <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Ab Luy venseretz totz los cas<br /> Cuy <b>Bafometz</b> a escarnitz<br /> e·ls renegatz outrasalhitz</i></span><br /> ("with his [i.e. Jesus'] help you will defeat all the<br /> dogs whom <b>Mahomet</b> has led astray<br /> and the impudent renegades"). </p> </div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austorc, Pillet-Carstens 40, 1, quoted in Jaye Puckett, "<i>Reconmenciez novele estoire</i>: The Troubadours and the Rhetoric of the Later Crusades", <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Notes" title="Modern Language Notes">Modern Language Notes</a></i>, <b>116</b>.4, French Issue (September 2001:844–889), p. 878, note 59. He is also quoted in Kurt Lewent, "Old Provençal <i>Lai</i>, <i>Lai on</i>, and <i>on</i>," <i>Modern Language Notes</i>, <b>79</b>.3, French Issue (May 1964:296–308), p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other chapters are <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">De la ley nova</i></span>, <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">De caritat</i></span>, and <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">De iustitia</i></span>. The three folios of the Occitan fragment were reunited on 21 April 1887, and the work was then "discovered". Today it can be found in <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a> fr. 6182. <a href="/wiki/Clovis_Brunel" title="Clovis Brunel">Clovis Brunel</a> dated it to the 13th century, and it was probably made in the <a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a>. The work was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Latin</a>, but medieval <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> translation exists, as does a complete Occitan one. The Occitan fragment has been translated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZorzi1954" class="citation journal cs1">Zorzi, Diego (1954). "Un frammento provenzale della <i>Doctrina Pueril</i> di Raimondo Lull". <i>Aevum</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">345–</span>349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aevum&rft.atitle=Un+frammento+provenzale+della+Doctrina+Pueril+di+Raimondo+Lull&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Zorzi&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006204-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006204_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006306-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006306_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005138-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005138_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaag2009" class="citation book cs1">Haag, Michael (2009). <i>Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's temple to the Freemasons</i>. Profile Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Templars%3A+History+and+Myth%3A+From+Solomon%27s+temple+to+the+Freemasons&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-partner-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-partner_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartner1987">Partner 1987</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead1999266-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead1999266_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead1999">Read 1999</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005139-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005139_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelet1851">Michelet 1851</a>, p. 218: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"Per quem allatum fuit eis quoddam magnum capud argenteum deauratum pulcrum, figuram muliebrem habens, intra quod erant ossa unius capitis, involuta et consuta in quodam panno lineo albo, syndone rubea superposita, et erat ibi quedam cedula consuta in qua erat scriptum capud <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">lviii</span><sup>m</sup>, et dicta ossa assimilabantur ossibus capitis parvi muliebris, et dicebatur ab aliquibus quod erat capud unius undecim millium virginum."</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006244-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006244_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 331: "It is possible that the head mentioned was in fact a reliquary of Hugh of Payns, containing his actual head."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngeo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ngeo_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Evans2006" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Jesse Evans (22 February 2006). <i>Knights Templar</i> (video documentary). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knights+Templar&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Channel&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft.au=Jesse+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005119-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005119_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERalls2007154-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalls2007154_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRalls2007">Ralls 2007</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1865138-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1865138_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1865">Wright 1865</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guaita-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guaita_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guaita_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Guaita1897">De Guaita 1897</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaisdescience00guaigoog/page/n403">387</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barber-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barber_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barber_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarberTale-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BarberTale_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarberTale_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamesCoren2007143–144-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamesCoren2007143–144_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamesCoren2007">Games & Coren 2007</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFéraud1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCtc5AAAAcAAJpgPA2_2]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFéraud1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCtc5AAAAcAAJpgPA2_2]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFéraud1858">Féraud 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ctc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPouille1968153-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPouille1968153_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPouille1968">Pouille 1968</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a></i> reports "Baphomet" as a medieval form of Mahomet, but does not find a first appearance in English until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallam" title="Henry Hallam">Henry Hallam</a>, <i>The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages</i>, which also appeared in 1818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERalls2007184–185-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalls2007184–185_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRalls2007">Ralls 2007</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knighttemplars-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knighttemplars_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodapp2005">Hodapp 2005</a>, pp. 203–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown" class="citation web cs1">McKeown, Trevor W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/illuminati.html">"A Bavarian Illuminati Primer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bavarian+Illuminati+Primer&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=Trevor+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Ftexts%2Filluminati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolai1782">Nicolai 1782</a>, vol. I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3A31ED-VFgC&pg=RA1-PA136">p. 136ff</a>. Nicolai's theories are discussed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">Thomas De Quincey</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuincey1824" class="citation journal cs1">Quincey, Thomas De (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhaaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA444">"Historico-Critical Inquiry into the Origin of the Rosicrucians and the Free-Masons"</a>. <i>London Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Magazine&rft.atitle=Historico-Critical+Inquiry+into+the+Origin+of+the+Rosicrucians+and+the+Free-Masons&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Quincey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhaaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span> See also Partner, p. 129: "The German Masonic bookseller, Friedrich Nicolai, produced an idea that the Templar Masons, through the medieval Templars, were the eventual heirs of an heretical doctrine which originated with the early Gnostics. He supported this belief by a farrago of learned references to the writings of early Fathers of the Church on heresy, and by impressive-looking citations from the Syriac. Nicolai based his theory on false etymology and wild surmise, but it was destined to be very influential. He was also most probably familiar with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>'s claim, made in the early sixteenth century, that the medieval Templars had been wizards."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaud1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmAcMAAAAYAAJpgPA496_496]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaud1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmAcMAAAAYAAJpgPA496_496]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaud1853">Michaud 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA496">496</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFgDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284">"Symbols and Symbolism"</a>. <i>Freemasons' Quarterly Magazine</i>. <b>1</b>. London: <span class="nowrap">275–</span>292. 1854.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freemasons%27+Quarterly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Symbols+and+Symbolism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFgDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span> p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoucherieDessenLittré1881" class="citation book cs1">Boucherie, Anatole; Dessen, Bernard; Littré, Emile (1881). <i>Additions au dictionnaire de Littré (Lexicologie botanique) d'apres le de compositione medicamentorum de Bernard Dessen (1556)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.23021">10.5962/bhl.title.23021</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additions+au+dictionnaire+de+Littr%C3%A9+%28Lexicologie+botanique%29+d%27apres+le+de+compositione+medicamentorum+de+Bernard+Dessen+%281556%29&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.23021&rft.aulast=Boucherie&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft.au=Dessen%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Littr%C3%A9%2C+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchonfield1984" class="citation book cs1">Schonfield, Hugh J. (1984). <i>The Essene Odyssey</i> (1998 paperback ed.). Longmead, Dorset: Element. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essene+Odyssey&rft.place=Longmead%2C+Dorset&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=1998+paperback&rft.pub=Element&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Schonfield&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurcia2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Murcia, Thierry (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/101826933">"Dan Brown, Hugh J. Schonfield, and the Hebrew transliteration of 'Sophia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Templarkey</i>. No. 7. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Templarkey&rft.atitle=Dan+Brown%2C+Hugh+J.+Schonfield%2C+and+the+Hebrew+transliteration+of+%27Sophia%27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Murcia&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101826933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammer-Purgstall1818" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer-Purgstall (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LrFEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1">"Mysterium Baphometis revelatum"</a>. <i>Fundgruben des Orients</i>. <b>6</b>. Vienna: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>120, <span class="nowrap">445–</span>499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fundgruben+des+Orients&rft.atitle=Mysterium+Baphometis+revelatum&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E120%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Hammer-Purgstall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLrFEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1987140-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1987140_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartner1987">Partner 1987</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sic</i>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μητις</span></span> is lit. 'wisdom, craft, or skill'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agepedia.org/wiki/BAPHOMET">"Baphomet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723145303/http://www.agepedia.org/wiki/BAPHOMET">Archived</a> 2012-07-23 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>, 1851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journaldessavant1819acaduoft"><i>Journal des savants</i></a> (in French). Paris C. Klincksieck. 1819. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>161, <span class="nowrap">221–</span>229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+des+savants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E161%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Paris+C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournaldessavant1819acaduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span> (Noted by Barber 1994, p. 393, note 13.) An abridged English translation appears in Michaud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mAcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n506">"Raynouard's note on Hammer's 'Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>, pp. 494–500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/gar60.htm">"The Gnostics and Their Remains: Part V. Templars, Rosicrucians, Freemasons: The Templars"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Gnostics+and+Their+Remains%3A+Part+V.+Templars%2C+Rosicrucians%2C+Freemasons%3A+The+Templars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgno%2Fgar%2Fgar60.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1987141-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1987141_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartner1987">Partner 1987</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Tietze illustrated one, in the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTietze1934" class="citation journal cs1">Tietze, Hans (August 1934). "The Psychology and Aesthetics of Forgery in Art". <i>Metropolitan Museum Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1522815">10.2307/1522815</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522815">1522815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+and+Aesthetics+of+Forgery+in+Art&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1934-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1522815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1522815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tietze&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span> p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi1861">Lévi 1861</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KFOi-CfETNIC/page/n230">211</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le bouc qui est représenté dans notre frontispice porte sur le front le signe du pentagramme, la pointe en haut, ce qui suffit pour en faire un symbole de lumière; il fait des deux mains le signe de l'occultisme, et montre en haut la lune blanche de Chesed, et en bas la lune noire de Géburah. Ce signe exprime le parfait accord de la miséricorde avec la justice. L'un des ses bras est féminin, l'autre masculin, comme dans l'androgyne de Khunrath dont nous avons dû réunir les attributs à ceux de notre bouc, puisque c'est un seul et même symbole. Le flambeau de l'intelligence qui brille entre ses cornes, est la lumière magique de l'équilibre universel; c'est aussi la figure de l'âme élevée au-dessus de la matière, bien que tenant à la matière même, comme la flamme tient au flambeau. La tête hideuse de l'animal exprime l'horreur du péché, dont l'agent matériel, seul responsable, doit seul à jamais porter la peine: car l'âme est impassible de sa nature, et n'arrive à souffrir qu'en se matérialisant. Le caducée, qui tient lieu de l'organe générateur, représente la vie éternelle; le ventre couvert d'écailles c'est l'eau; le cercle qui est au-dessus, c'est l'atmosphère; les plumes qui viennent ensuite sont l'emblème du volatile; puis l'humanité est représentée par les deux mamelles et les bras androgynes de ce sphinx des sciences occultes.</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi1861">Lévi 1861</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFOi-CfETNIC&pg=RA1-PA352">352</a>: "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎ <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le ciel de Mercure, science occulte, magie, commerce, éloquence, mystère, force morale. Hiéroglyphe, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">le diable</span>, le bouc de Mendès ou le Baphomet du temple avec tous ses attributs panthéistiques.</i></span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlace200585-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlace200585_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlace2005">Place 2005</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohigian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bohigian, George (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913859">"The Caduceus vs. Staff of Aesculapius – One Snake or Two?"</a>. <i>Missouri Medicine</i>. <b>116</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">476–</span>477. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913859">6913859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911724">31911724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Caduceus+vs.+Staff+of+Aesculapius+%E2%80%93+One+Snake+or+Two%3F&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6913859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31911724&rft.aulast=Bohigian&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6913859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="#CITEREFMurray1921">Murray 1921</a>, the devil was said to appear as "a great <i>Black Goat</i> with a <i>Candle</i> between his Horns". Murray, p. 145. For the devil as a goat, see pp. 63, 65, 68–69, 70, 144–146, 159, 160, 180, 182, 183, 233, 247, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi1896288–292"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi1896288–292"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi1896">Lévi 1896</a>, pp. 288–292, "The Sabbath of the Sorcerers".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Nigel, & Howard, Michael (2003). <i>The Pillars of Tubal Cain</i>. Milverton, Somerset: Capall Bann. p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi1896288"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi1896288"The_Sabbath_of_the_Sorcerers"_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi1896">Lévi 1896</a>, p. 288, "The Sabbath of the Sorcerers".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. <i>Histories</i>. ii. 42, 46 and 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=ii.+42%2C+46+and+166&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch specifically associates <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> with the "goat at Mendes". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/th1/th140.htm"><i>De Iside et Osiride</i></a>. p. lxxiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Iside+et+Osiride&rft.pages=lxxiii&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgno%2Fth1%2Fth140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, History, Book II, 42 (<a href="/wiki/Robin_Waterfield" title="Robin Waterfield">Robin Waterfield</a> translation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volokhine, Youri, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Pan en Egypte et le «bouc» de Mendès"</span></span>, in Francesca Prescendi and Youri Volokhine, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dans le laboratoire de l'historien des religions: Mélanges offerts à Philippe Borgeaud</i></span>. Editions Labor et Fides, 2011, pp. 637–642, 646–647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinch-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinch_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinch2004" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Geraldine (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-mTqRTrimgC"><i>Handbook of Egyptian mythology</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517024-5"><bdi>0-19-517024-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Egyptian+mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-mTqRTrimgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Mona Ezz (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ekb.eg/article_94946_8d4c80161800403237fbbcd71888b68f.pdf">"God Heryshef"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Association+of+Arab+Universities+for+Tourism+and+Hospitality&rft.atitle=God+Heryshef&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mona+Ezz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ekb.eg%2Farticle_94946_8d4c80161800403237fbbcd71888b68f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6SBLAAAAYAAJpgPA353_353]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6SBLAAAAYAAJpgPA353_353]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1904">Budge 1904</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA353">353</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAleister_Crowley" class="citation book cs1">Aleister Crowley. <i>777 and Other Qabalistic Correspondences 1970</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=777+and+Other+Qabalistic+Correspondences+1970&rft.au=Aleister+Crowley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnton_LaVey" class="citation book cs1">Anton LaVey. <i>The Satanic Bible 1969</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Bible+1969&rft.au=Anton+LaVey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelenaTau_Apiryon" class="citation web cs1">Helena; Tau Apiryon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabazius.oto-usa.org/the-creed-of-the-gnostic-catholic-church-an-examination/">"The Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church: An Examination"</a>. <i>The Invisible Basilica of Sabazius</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Invisible+Basilica+of+Sabazius&rft.atitle=The+Creed+of+the+Gnostic+Catholic+Church%3A+An+Examination&rft.au=Helena&rft.au=Tau+Apiryon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabazius.oto-usa.org%2Fthe-creed-of-the-gnostic-catholic-church-an-examination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowleyDestiWaddell2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowleyDestiWaddell2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowleyDestiWaddell2004">Crowley, Desti & Waddell 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2005" class="citation book cs1">Carter, John (2005). <i>Sex and Rockets: the Occult Life of Jack Parsons</i>. USA: Feral House. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780922915972" title="Special:BookSources/9780922915972"><bdi>9780922915972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Rockets%3A+the+Occult+Life+of+Jack+Parsons&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780922915972&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1929" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister (1929). <i>The Spirit of Solitude: an autohagiography: subsequently re-Antichristened The Confessions of Aleister Crowley</i>. London: Mandrake Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Solitude%3A+an+autohagiography%3A+subsequently+re-Antichristened+The+Confessions+of+Aleister+Crowley&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mandrake+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi1861">Lévi 1861</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFOi-CfETNIC&pg=RA1-PA93">93–98</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Le pentagramme élevant en l'air deux de ses pointes représente Satan ou le bouc du sabbat, et il représente le Sauveur lorsqu'il élève en l'air un seul de ses rayons ... En le disposant de manière que deux de ses pointes soient en haut et une seule pointe en bas, on peut y voir les cornes, les oreilles et la barbe du bouc hiératique de Mendès, et il devient le signe des évocations infernales."</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-churchofsatan.com-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-churchofsatan.com_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmore" class="citation web cs1">Gilmore, Peter H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/BaphometSigil.html">"Sigil of Baphomet"</a>. Church of Satan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sigil+of+Baphomet&rft.pub=Church+of+Satan&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofsatan.com%2FPages%2FBaphometSigil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketterer, David (1987). <i>Imprisoned in a tesseract: The Life and Work of James Blish</i>. Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-334-9">978-0-87338-334-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/1074/1074_01.asp">"That's Baphomet?"</a>. <i>www.chick.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chick.com&rft.atitle=That%27s+Baphomet%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chick.com%2Freading%2Ftracts%2F1074%2F1074_01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/taxilconfession.html">"Leo Taxil's confession"</a>. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown" class="citation web cs1">McKeown, Trevor W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/taxil_confessed.html">"Leo Taxil's confession"</a>. Grand Moshe of British Columbia and Yukon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Taxil%27s+confession&rft.pub=Grand+Moshe+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=Trevor+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Ftexts%2Ftaxil_confessed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/02/satanic-temples-7ft-baphomet-demon-pictures_n_5253153.html">"First Look: The 7ft Satanic 'Baphomet' Demon Statue Is Coming Along Nicely (PICTURES)"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=First+Look%3A+The+7ft+Satanic+%27Baphomet%27+Demon+Statue+Is+Coming+Along+Nicely+%28PICTURES%29&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2014%2F05%2F02%2Fsatanic-temples-7ft-baphomet-demon-pictures_n_5253153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140501212156/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/09/satanists-we-want-a-monument-in-oklahoma/">"Satanists want statue next to 10 Commandments"</a>. <i>CNN Blogs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/09/satanists-we-want-a-monument-in-oklahoma/">the original</a> on May 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Blogs&rft.atitle=Satanists+want+statue+next+to+10+Commandments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2013%2F12%2F09%2Fsatanists-we-want-a-monument-in-oklahoma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtheist" class="citation web cs1">Atheist, Friendly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/10/25/suspect-in-ten-commandments-monument-vandalism-case-taken-to-mental-health-facility/">"Suspect in Ten Commandments Monument Vandalism Case Taken to Mental Health Facility"</a>. <i>Patheos</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Suspect+in+Ten+Commandments+Monument+Vandalism+Case+Taken+to+Mental+Health+Facility&rft.aulast=Atheist&rft.aufirst=Friendly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Ffriendlyatheist%2F2014%2F10%2F25%2Fsuspect-in-ten-commandments-monument-vandalism-case-taken-to-mental-health-facility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/07/25/baphomet-satanic-temple-detroit-preachers-prayers/30682409/">"Protesters: Don't turn Detroit over to Satanists"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Protesters%3A+Don%27t+turn+Detroit+over+to+Satanists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2Fdetroit%2F2015%2F07%2F25%2Fbaphomet-satanic-temple-detroit-preachers-prayers%2F30682409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3972713/detroit-satanic-statue-baphomet/">"Hundreds Gather for Unveiling of Satanic Statue in Detroit"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Hundreds+Gather+for+Unveiling+of+Satanic+Statue+in+Detroit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3972713%2Fdetroit-satanic-statue-baphomet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statue2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statue2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2015" class="citation news cs1">Daniels, Serena Maria (Jul 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/satanic-temple-unveils-sculpture-in-detroit_55b63881e4b0224d8832b687">"Satanic Temple Unveils Baphomet Sculpture In Detroit"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Satanic+Temple+Unveils+Baphomet+Sculpture+In+Detroit&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Serena+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsatanic-temple-unveils-sculpture-in-detroit_55b63881e4b0224d8832b687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arkansas/articles/2018-08-16/satanic-temple-unveils-baphomet-statue-at-arkansas-capitol">"Satanic Temple Unveils Baphomet Statue at Arkansas Capitol"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Satanic+Temple+Unveils+Baphomet+Statue+at+Arkansas+Capitol&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Farkansas%2Farticles%2F2018-08-16%2Fsatanic-temple-unveils-baphomet-statue-at-arkansas-capitol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle" class="citation book cs1">Carlyle, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/files/1051/1051-h/1051-h.htm"><i>Sartor Resartus</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-07</span></span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartor+Resartus&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1051%2F1051-h%2F1051-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalisburyGilbert1990" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Mark; Gilbert, John (1990). <i>Clive Barker's Nightbreed: The Making of the Film</i>. London: Fontana. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780006381365" title="Special:BookSources/9780006381365"><bdi>9780006381365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clive+Barker%27s+Nightbreed%3A+The+Making+of+the+Film&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780006381365&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilleberg2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hilleberg, Florian (2023). <i>Dunkle Legenden. Fakten, Mythen, Hintergründe – 50 Jahre Geisterjäger John Sinclair</i> (in German). Cologne: Bastei Lübbe. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-404-61746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-404-61746-3"><bdi>978-3-404-61746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dunkle+Legenden.+Fakten%2C+Mythen%2C+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+%E2%80%93+50+Jahre+Geisterj%C3%A4ger+John+Sinclair&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Bastei+L%C3%BCbbe&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-404-61746-3&rft.aulast=Hilleberg&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-36323768">"Robin of Sherwood: Cult show returns with fan-funded drama"</a>. BBC News. 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robin+of+Sherwood%3A+Cult+show+returns+with+fan-funded+drama&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-36323768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Barber, Malcolm</a> (1994). <i>The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42041-9"><bdi>978-0-521-42041-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Knighthood%3A+A+History+of+the+Order+of+the+Temple&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42041-9&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber2006" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (2006). <i>The Trial of the Templars</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67236-8"><bdi>978-0-521-67236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Templars&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67236-8&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarberBate2010" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm; Bate, Keith (2010). <i>Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th-13th Centuries</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6356-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+the+East%3A+Crusaders%2C+Pilgrims+and+Settlers+in+the+12th-13th+Centuries&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6356-0&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Bate%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudge1904" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SBLAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Gods of the Egyptians: or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology</i></a>. Vol. II. London: Methuen & Co – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Egyptians%3A+or%2C+Studies+in+Egyptian+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Alfred+Wallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SBLAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyDestiWaddell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley, Aleister</a>; Desti, Mary; <a href="/wiki/Leila_Waddell" title="Leila Waddell">Waddell, Leila</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">Hymenaeus Beta</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)"><i>Magick: Liber ABA, Book 4, Parts I–IV</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/York_Beach,_Maine" title="York Beach, Maine">York Beach, Maine</a>: Samuel Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-919-7"><bdi>978-0-87728-919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magick%3A+Liber+ABA%2C+Book+4%2C+Parts+I%E2%80%93IV&rft.place=York+Beach%2C+Maine&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-919-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft.au=Desti%2C+Mary&rft.au=Waddell%2C+Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Guaita1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Guaita, Stanislas (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeYNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Essais de sciences mandites</i></a> (in French). Vol. III: La Clef de la magie noire. Chamuel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essais+de+sciences+mandites&rft.pub=Chamuel&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=De+Guaita&rft.aufirst=Stanislas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeYNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFéraud1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Féraud, Raymond (1858). Sardou, A. L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ctc5AAAAcAAJ"><i>La vida de Sant Honorat (La vie de Saint Honorat)</i></a> (in French). Paris: P. Janet, Dezobry, E. 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Tarcher/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-349-1"><bdi>978-1-58542-349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarot%3A+History%2C+Symbolism+and+Divination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Jeremy+P.+Tarcher%2FPenguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-349-1&rft.aulast=Place&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarothistorysymb00plac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPouille1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pouille, Simon de (1968). Baroin, Jeanne (ed.). <i>Simon de Pouille: Chanson de Geste</i> (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02428-0"><bdi>978-2-600-02428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+de+Pouille%3A+Chanson+de+Geste&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-2-600-02428-0&rft.aulast=Pouille&rft.aufirst=Simon+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRalls2007" class="citation book cs1">Ralls, Karen (2007). <i>Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places, Events, and Symbols of the Order of the Temple</i>. Career Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564149268" title="Special:BookSources/9781564149268"><bdi>9781564149268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+Templar+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+the+People%2C+Places%2C+Events%2C+and+Symbols+of+the+Order+of+the+Temple&rft.pub=Career+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781564149268&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRead1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Paul_Read" title="Piers Paul Read">Read, Piers Paul</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/templars00read"><i>The Templars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81071-8"><bdi>978-0-306-81071-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templars&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81071-8&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Piers+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftemplars00read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahuljak2013" class="citation book cs1">Stahuljak, Zrinka (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhjewlXH4gcC&pg=PA71">"Symbolic Archaeology"</a>. <i>Pornographic Archaeology: Medicine, Medievalism, and the Invention of the French Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>/<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9780812207316.71">10.9783/9780812207316.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4447-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-4447-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhd6c.7">j.ctt3fhd6c.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolic+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Pornographic+Archaeology%3A+Medicine%2C+Medievalism%2C+and+the+Invention+of+the+French+Nation&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=De+Gruyter%2FUniversity+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt3fhd6c.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812207316.71&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4447-2&rft.aulast=Stahuljak&rft.aufirst=Zrinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhjewlXH4gcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrube2017" class="citation journal cs1">Strube, Julian (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://correspondencesjournal.com/15303-2/">"The "Baphomet" of Eliphas Lévi: Its Meaning and Historical Context"</a>. <i>Correspondences</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Correspondences&rft.atitle=The+%22Baphomet%22+of+Eliphas+L%C3%A9vi%3A+Its+Meaning+and+Historical+Context&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorrespondencesjournal.com%2F15303-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaite1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">Waite, Arthur</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/pkt/index.htm"><i>The Pictorial Key to the Tarot</i></a>. London: W. Rider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Key+to+the+Tarot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Rider&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Ftarot%2Fpkt%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1865" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Thomas (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/sex/wgp/index.htm">"The Worship of the Generative Powers During the Middle Ages of Western Europe"</a>. In Knight, Richard Payne (ed.). <i>A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus</i>. London: J. C. Hotten.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Worship+of+the+Generative+Powers+During+the+Middle+Ages+of+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=A+Discourse+on+the+Worship+of+Priapus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hotten&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fsex%2Fwgp%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley, Aleister</a> (1944). <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Thoth (Crowley)"><i>The Book of Thoth: A Short Essay on the Tarot of the Egyptians, being the Equinox, Volume III, No. V</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Thoth%3A+A+Short+Essay+on+the+Tarot+of+the+Egyptians%2C+being+the+Equinox%2C+Volume+III%2C+No.+V&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ordo+Templi+Orientis&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister (1991). <i>The Equinox of the Gods</i>. Scottsdale, AZ: New Falcon Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56184-028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56184-028-1"><bdi>978-1-56184-028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Equinox+of+the+Gods&rft.place=Scottsdale%2C+AZ&rft.pub=New+Falcon+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-56184-028-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Finke, Heinrich (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kITUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Papsttum und untergang des Templerordens: Quellen</i></a> (in German). Vol. II. Muenster: Druck und verlag der Aschendorffschen buchhandlung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-6900-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-6900-5"><bdi>978-0-8370-6900-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papsttum+und+untergang+des+Templerordens%3A+Quellen&rft.place=Muenster&rft.pub=Druck+und+verlag+der+Aschendorffschen+buchhandlung&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-0-8370-6900-5&rft.aulast=Finke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkITUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hedenborg-White, Manon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7956171">"To Him the Winged Secret Flame, To Her the Stooping Starlight: The Social Construction of Gender in Contemporary Ordo Templi Orientis"</a>. <i>Pomegranate</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">102–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v15i1-2.102">10.1558/pome.v15i1-2.102</a> (inactive 2 January 2025) – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pomegranate&rft.atitle=To+Him+the+Winged+Secret+Flame%2C+To+Her+the+Stooping+Starlight%3A+The+Social+Construction+of+Gender+in+Contemporary+Ordo+Templi+Orientis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v15i1-2.102&rft.aulast=Hedenborg-White&rft.aufirst=Manon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7956171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">King, C. W. (1887) [1864]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/index.htm"><i>The Gnostics and their Remains</i></a>. London: David Nutt – via Sacred-texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics+and+their+Remains&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+Nutt&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgno%2Fgar%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Migne, Jacques Paul (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cIUAAAAQAAJ"><i>Godefridi Bullonii epistolae et diplomata; accedunt appendices</i></a> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godefridi+Bullonii+epistolae+et+diplomata%3B+accedunt+appendices&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Migne&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cIUAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Just_Marie_Raynouard" title="François Just Marie Raynouard">Raynouard, François</a> (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rKaEgbAMNwC"><i>Monuments historiques relatifs à la condamnation des chevaliers des temples et à l'abolition de leur ordre</i></a> (in French). Paris: Égron.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+historiques+relatifs+%C3%A0+la+condamnation+des+chevaliers+des+temples+et+%C3%A0+l%27abolition+de+leur+ordre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89gron&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Raynouard&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rKaEgbAMNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spunda, Franz (2007). <i>Baphomet: Der geheime Gott der Templer: ein alchimistischer Roman</i> (in German). Festa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86552-073-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86552-073-9"><bdi>978-3-86552-073-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baphomet%3A+Der+geheime+Gott+der+Templer%3A+ein+alchimistischer+Roman&rft.pub=Festa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-86552-073-9&rft.aulast=Spunda&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baphomet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" class="extiw" title="commons:Baphomet"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Baphomet</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baphomet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baphomet">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/baphomet.html">"Myth of the Baphomet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_%26_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon">Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon</a></i>. 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+%26+Yukon&rft.atitle=Myth+of+the+Baphomet&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Fbaphomet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaphomet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thelema154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thelema_series" title="Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thelema_series" title="Template talk:Thelema series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thelema154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternitas_Saturni" title="Fraternitas Saturni">Fraternitas Saturni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn">Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Ordo_Templi_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Society Ordo Templi Orientis">Society Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelemic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn">Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thelemites" title="List of Thelemites">List of Thelemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu_i" title="Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu i">Ankh-af-na-khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Allan Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Butts" title="Mary Butts">Mary Butts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Cameron" title="Marjorie Cameron">Marjorie Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Milo_DuQuette" title="Lon Milo DuQuette">Lon Milo DuQuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster" title="Jeanne Robert Foster">Jeanne Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Germer" title="Karl Germer">Karl Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frieda_Harris" title="Lady Frieda Harris">Lady Frieda Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Hirsig" title="Leah Hirsig">Leah Hirsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hyatt" title="Christopher Hyatt">Christopher Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stansfeld_Jones" title="Charles Stansfeld Jones">Charles Stansfeld Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cecil_Jones" title="George Cecil Jones">George Cecil Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kaczynski" title="Richard Kaczynski">Richard Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Edith_Kelly" title="Rose Edith Kelly">Rose Edith Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_Louis_McMurtry" title="Grady Louis McMurtry">Grady Louis McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogg_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogg Morgan">Mogg Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ramos_Motta" title="Marcelo Ramos Motta">Marcelo Ramos Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nema_Andahadna" title="Nema Andahadna">Nema Andahadna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Neuburg_(poet)" title="Victor Neuburg (poet)">Victor Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Northrup_Hollister" title="Sara Northrup Hollister">Sara Northrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Parsons" title="Jack Parsons">Jack Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Parsons_Smith" title="Helen Parsons Smith">Helen Parsons Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Russell" title="C. F. Russell">C. F. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Seckler" title="Phyllis Seckler">Phyllis Seckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Talbot_Smith" title="Wilfred Talbot Smith">Wilfred Talbot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Waddell" title="Leila Waddell">Leila Waddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wasserman" title="James Wasserman">James Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webster_(writer)" title="Sam Webster (writer)">Sam Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wolfe" title="Jane Wolfe">Jane Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thelemic_texts" title="Category:Thelemic texts">Thelemic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley_bibliography" title="Aleister Crowley bibliography">Aleister Crowley bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lies_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Lies (Crowley)">The Book of Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law"><i>The Book of the Law</i> (<i>Liber AL vel Legis</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Thoth (Crowley)">The Book of Thoth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_without_Water" title="Clouds without Water">Clouds without Water</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Works_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="Collected Works of Aleister Crowley">Collected Works</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="The Confessions of Aleister Crowley">Confessions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Drug_Fiend" title="The Diary of a Drug Fiend">The Diary of a Drug Fiend</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lectures_on_Yoga" title="Eight Lectures on Yoga">Eight Lectures on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox" title="The Equinox">The Equinox</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Equinox" title="The Blue Equinox">The Blue Equinox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox_of_the_Gods" title="The Equinox of the Gods">The Equinox of the Gods</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Books_of_Thelema" title="The Holy Books of Thelema">The Holy Books of Thelema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konx_Om_Pax" title="Konx Om Pax">Konx Om Pax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_is_for_All" title="The Law is for All">The Law is for All</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/777_and_Other_Qabalistic_Writings_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley">Liber 777</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Aleph" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Aleph">Liber Aleph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_OZ" title="Liber OZ">Liber OZ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pennae_Praenumbra" title="Liber Pennae Praenumbra">Liber Pennae Praenumbra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Resh">Liber Resh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Trigrammaton" title="Liber Trigrammaton">Liber Trigrammaton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Essays_Toward_Truth" title="Little Essays Toward Truth">Little Essays Toward Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)">Magick (Book 4)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_Without_Tears" title="Magick Without Tears">Magick Without Tears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonchild_(novel)" title="Moonchild (novel)">Moonchild</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Star_in_Sight" title="One Star in Sight">One Star in Sight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stratagem_and_other_Stories" title="The Stratagem and other Stories">The Stratagem and other Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_Tarot" title="Thoth Tarot">Thoth Tarot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_and_the_Voice" title="The Vision and the Voice">The Vision and the Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Stains" title="White Stains">White Stains</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelema#93" title="Thelema">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(Thelema)" title="Abyss (Thelema)">Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Thelema)" title="Aeon (Thelema)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">English Qaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(Thelema)" title="Great Work (Thelema)">Great Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel#Thelema" title="Guardian angel">Holy Guardian Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Pan" title="Night of Pan">Night of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu" title="Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu">Stele of Revealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Stellar wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Will" title="True Will">True Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahadabra" title="Abrahadabra">Abrahadabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian_magic" title="Enochian magic">Enochian magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroto-comatose_lucidity" title="Eroto-comatose lucidity">Eroto-comatose lucidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremony and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh_vel_Helios" title="Liber Resh vel Helios">Liber Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagram ritual">Pentagram Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornless_Ritual" title="Bornless Ritual">Bornless Ritual</a></li> <li><a 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>44 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-dvhww","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.222","walltime":"1.498","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10247,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":245747,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19588,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":2,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":302077,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1308.203 1 -total"," 27.37% 358.073 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.34% 200.735 53 Template:Lang"," 13.84% 181.101 48 Template:Cite_book"," 8.29% 108.420 22 Template:Sfn"," 6.91% 90.360 11 Template:Blockquote"," 6.54% 85.505 1 Template:Cite_EB1911"," 6.11% 79.877 1 Template:Thelema"," 5.93% 77.622 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.74% 61.946 1 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[\"CITEREFHammer-Purgstall1818\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelenaTau_Apiryon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilleberg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodapp2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntrovigne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesse_Evans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévi1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévi1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeown\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichaud1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelet1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelet1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurcia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolai1782\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlace2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPouille1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuincey1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalls2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoutledge1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisburyGilbert1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonfield1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahuljak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrube2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTietze1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaite1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorzi1954\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anli\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 11,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 53,\n [\"Lead too short\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 3,\n [\"Thelema\"] = 1,\n [\"Thelema series\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-skj9n","timestamp":"20250403041427","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Baphomet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baphomet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243362","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243362","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-28T22:17:17Z","dateModified":"2025-03-14T01:53:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg","headline":"claimed idol or demon of the Templars, introduced into modern occultism by \u00c9liphas L\u00e9vi"}</script> </body> </html>