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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Emergence in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anandpur_Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anandpur_Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Anandpur Resolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anandpur_Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_in_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_in_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Emergence in the diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_in_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chohan_in_Pakistan_and_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chohan_in_Pakistan_and_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Chohan in Pakistan and US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chohan_in_Pakistan_and_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Khalistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Khalistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Council of Khalistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Khalistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Blue_Star_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Operation Blue Star and impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1970s_to_1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1970s_to_1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Late 1970s to 1983 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_1970s_to_1983-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Late 1970s to 1983 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Late_1970s_to_1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delhi_Asian_Games_(1982)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Asian_Games_(1982)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Delhi Asian Games (1982) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Asian_Games_(1982)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1984 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1984-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1984 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_militant_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_militant_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Increasing militant activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_militant_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Constitutional issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Blue_Star"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Operation Blue Star </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi_and_anti-Sikh_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi_and_anti-Sikh_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi_and_anti-Sikh_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985_to_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_to_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1985 to present day </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1985_to_present_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1985 to present day subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1985_to_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1985 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rajiv-Longowal_Accord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajiv-Longowal_Accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Rajiv-Longowal Accord </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajiv-Longowal_Accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_India_Flight_182" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_India_Flight_182"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Air India Flight 182 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_India_Flight_182-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Late 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Retribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance_of_pro-Khalistan_parties_and_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance_of_pro-Khalistan_parties_and_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3.1 Electoral performance of pro-Khalistan parties and candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance_of_pro-Khalistan_parties_and_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Militancy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Militancy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Militancy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Militancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Militant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Militant groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abatement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abatement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Abatement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abatement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outside of India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside of India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Khalistan movement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan-beweging" title="Khalistan-beweging – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khalistan-beweging" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حركة خالصتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة خالصتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9paratisme_sikh" title="Séparatisme sikh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séparatisme sikh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="ख़ालिस्तान आंदोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ालिस्तान आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Khalistan" title="Gerakan Khalistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Khalistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_Khalistan" title="Movimento Khalistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento Khalistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഖലിസ്ഥാൻ പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖലിസ്ഥാൻ പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Khalistan" title="Gerakan Khalistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerakan Khalistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="खालिस्तान आन्दोलन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खालिस्तान आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ ਲਹਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ ਲਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="خالصتان تحریک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالصتان تحریک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_Khalistan" title="Movimento Khalistan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento Khalistan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Халистанское движение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Халистанское движение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_Movement" title="Khalistan Movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khalistan Movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan-liike" title="Khalistan-liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khalistan-liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காலிஸ்தான் இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காலிஸ்தான் இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="ఖలిస్తాన్ ఉద్యమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sikh separatist movement in the Punjab region</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-Khalistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag-of-Khalistan.svg/220px-Flag-of-Khalistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag-of-Khalistan.svg/330px-Flag-of-Khalistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag-of-Khalistan.svg/440px-Flag-of-Khalistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The proposed flag of Khalistan is often used as a symbol of the Khalistan movement.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The Khalistan movement is a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist movement</a> seeking to create a homeland for <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> by establishing an <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">ethno</a>‐<a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> called Khalistan (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">land of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>') in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The proposed boundaries of Khalistan vary between different groups; some suggest the entirety of the Sikh-majority Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, while larger claims include <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> have been proposed as the capital of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehtab_Ali_Shah,_The_Foreign_Policy_of_Pakistan199724–25-5">[5]</a> The call for a separate Sikh state began during the 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a> was nearing its end.<a href="#cite_note-keith-call-homeland-6">[6]</a> In 1940, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in a pamphlet titled "Khalistan".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> With financial and political support from the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>, the movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab – which has a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Sikh-majority population</a> – continuing through the 1970s and 1980s, and reaching its zenith in the late 1980s. The Sikh separatist leader <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a> said that during his talks with <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, the latter affirmed his support for the Khalistan movement in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971 Indo-Pakistan war</a>, which resulted in the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-ChohanIT22-9">[9]</a> The separatist <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">insurgency in Punjab</a> started in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-HT_New2018-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-india-canada-list-11">[11]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Khalistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Groups of Khalistan movement"> Khalistani groups</a> were involved in the armed insurgency, including <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a> took responsibility for the assassination of General <a href="/wiki/Arun_Vaidya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun Vaidya">Arun Vaidya</a>, in retaliation for 1984's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-topgeneralassasinated-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-vaidyamurdercase-14">[14]</a> By the mid-1990s, the insurgency petered out, with the last major incident being the <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)#Assassination" title="Beant Singh (politician)">assassination of Chief Minister Beant Singh</a>, who was killed in a bomb blast by a member of <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbar Khalsa International">Babbar Khalsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The movement failed to reach its objective for multiple reasons, including violent police crackdowns on separatists, factional infighting, and disillusionment from the Sikh population.<a href="#cite_note-HT_New2018-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a> There is some support within India and the Sikh diaspora, with yearly demonstrations in protest of those killed during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In early 2018, some militant groups were arrested by police in Punjab, India.<a href="#cite_note-HT_New2018-10">[10]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Minister of Punjab</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a> claimed that the recent extremism is backed by Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) and "Khalistani sympathisers" in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OutlookAmarinder-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a> is currently the only pro-Khalistan party recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. As of 2024, two seats in the Indian Parliament are held by <a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Amritpal Singh</a>, an incarcerated pro-Khalistan activist, and <a href="/wiki/Sarabjeet_Singh_Khalsa" title="Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa">Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa</a>, who is the son of the assassin of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Dedicates-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-1950s">Pre-1950s</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg/220px-Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg/330px-Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg/440px-Map_showing_Sikh_Empire%27s_territory_at_the_time_of_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99s_passing_away.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="4020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> at its peak in c. 1839; most of its territory in the Punjab plain is currently under <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> Sikhs have been concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Before its conquest by the British, the region around Punjab had been ruled by the confederacy of <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Misl">Sikh Misls</a>. The Misls ruled over the eastern Punjab from 1733 to 1799,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly,_Sikh_Revivalist_Movements19886-24">[24]</a> until their confederacy was unified into the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maharajah_Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajah Ranjit Singh">Maharajah Ranjit Singh</a> from 1799 to 1849.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849, the Sikh Empire was dissolved into separate <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British province of Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In newly conquered regions, "religio-nationalist movements emerged in response to British '<a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a>' administrative policies, the perceived success of Christian missionaries converting Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims, and a general belief that the solution to the downfall among India's religious communities was a grassroots religious revival."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005127-27">[27]</a> As the British Empire began to dissolve in the 1930s, Sikhs made their first call for a Sikh homeland.<a href="#cite_note-keith-call-homeland-6">[6]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> demanded Punjab be made into a Muslim state, the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akalis</a> viewed it as an attempt to usurp a historically Sikh territory.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In response, the Sikh party <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> argued for a community that was separate from Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Akali Dal imagined Khalistan as a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> state led by the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Patiala" title="Maharaja of Patiala">Maharaja of Patiala</a> with the aid of a cabinet consisting of the representatives of other units.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The country would include parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_India,_1947">Partition of India, 1947</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/220px-Punjab_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/330px-Punjab_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/440px-Punjab_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">British Punjab Province</a>, in 1909</figcaption></figure> Before the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, Sikhs were not in majority in any of the districts of pre-partition <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British Punjab Province</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a> (where Sikhs formed 41.6% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Rather, districts in the region had a majority of either the Hindus or Muslims depending on its location in the province. <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> was partitioned on a religious basis in 1947, where the Punjab province was divided between India and the newly created Pakistan. As result, a majority of Sikhs, along with the Hindus, migrated from the Pakistani region to India's Punjab, which included present-day <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. The Sikh population, which had gone as high as 19.8% in some Pakistani districts in 1941, dropped to 0.1% in Pakistan, and rose sharply in the districts assigned to India. However, they would still be a minority in the Punjab province of India, which remained a Hindu-majority province.<a href="#cite_note-WHM_Sikhs_1991-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_relationship_with_Punjab_(via_Oberoi)">Sikh relationship with Punjab (via Oberoi)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_district_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/220px-Punjab_district_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/330px-Punjab_district_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/440px-Punjab_district_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>A map of the present-day Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Following the partition, <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">PEPSU</a>) was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.</figcaption></figure> Sikh historian <a href="/wiki/Harjot_Oberoi" title="Harjot Oberoi">Harjot Singh Oberoi</a> argues that, despite the historical linkages between Sikhs and Punjab, territory has never been a major element of Sikh self-definition. He makes the case that the attachment of Punjab with Sikhism is a recent phenomenon, stemming from the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> has been pan-Indian, with the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (the main scripture of Sikhism) drawing from works of saints in both North and South India, while several major seats in Sikhism (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a> in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Takht Sri Patna Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib" title="Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>) are located outside of Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Oberoi makes the case that Sikh leaders in the late 1930s and 1940s realized that the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Muslims in Pakistan</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hindus in India</a> was imminent. To justify a separate Sikh state within the Punjab, Sikh leaders started to mobilize meta-commentaries and signs to argue that Punjab belonged to Sikhs and Sikhs belong to Punjab. This began the territorialization of the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> This territorialization of the Sikh community would be formalized in March 1946, when the Sikh political party of <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> passed a resolution proclaiming the natural association of Punjab and the Sikh religious community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005130-37">[37]</a> Oberoi argues that despite having its beginnings in the early 20th century, Khalistan as a separatist movement was never a major issue until the late 1970s and 1980s when it began to militarize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005128-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s_to_1970s">1950s to 1970s</h2></div> There are two distinct narratives about the origins of the calls for a sovereign Khalistan. One refers to the events within India itself, while the other privileges the role of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>. Both of these narratives vary in the form of governance proposed for this state (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>) as well as the proposed name (i.e. Sikhistan vs Khalistan). Even the precise geographical borders of the proposed state differs among them although it was generally imagined to be carved out from one of various historical constructions of the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005134-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_in_India">Emergence in India</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></div> Established on 14 December 1920, <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> was a Sikh political party that sought to form a government in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Following the 1947 independence of India, the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a>, led by the Akali Dal, sought the creation of a province (<a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">suba</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi people</a>. The Akali Dal's maximal position of demands was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> (i.e. Khalistan), while its minimal position was to have an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous state</a> within India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005134-39">[39]</a> The issues raised during the Punjabi Suba movement were later used as a premise for the creation of a separate Sikh country by proponents of Khalistan. As the religious-based partition of India led to much bloodshed, the Indian government initially rejected the demand, concerned that creating a Punjabi-majority state would effectively mean yet again creating a state based on religious grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune_Relations_2003-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 7 September 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Reorganisation_Act,_1966" title="Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966">Punjab Reorganisation Act</a> was passed in Parliament, implemented with effect beginning 1 November 1966. Accordingly, Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, with certain areas to <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> was made a centrally administered <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-india_gov_PRA_1966-43">[43]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> agreed with the creation of Punjab state but refused to make Chandigarh as its capital and also refused to make it autonomous. The outcome of the Punjabi Suba movement failed to meet demands of its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anandpur_Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a></div> As Punjab and Haryana now shared the capital of Chandigarh, resentment was felt among Sikhs in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Adding further grievance, a canal system was put in place over the rivers of <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, which flowed through Punjab, in order for water to also reach Haryana and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. As result, Punjab would only receive 23% of the water while the rest would go to the two other states. The fact that the issue would not be revisited brought on additional turmoil to Sikh resentment against Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> The Akali Dal was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election">1972 Punjab elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitra_Puzzle-45">[45]</a> To regain public appeal, the party put forward the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a> in 1973 to demand radical devolution of power and further autonomy to Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The resolution document included both religious and political issues, asking for the recognition of Sikhism as a religion separate from Hinduism, as well as the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> and certain other areas to Punjab. It also demanded that power be radically devolved from the central to state governments.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-47">[47]</a> The document was largely forgotten for some time after its adoption until gaining attention in the following decade. In 1982, the Akali Dal and <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> joined hands to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in order to implement the resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to such demands as larger shares of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Akshay1991-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_in_the_diaspora">Emergence in the diaspora</h3></div> According to the 'events outside India' narrative, particularly after 1971, the notion of a sovereign and independent state of Khalistan began to get popularized among Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. One such account is provided by the Khalistan Council which had moorings in <a href="/wiki/West_London" title="West London">West London</a>, where the Khalistan movement is said to have been launched in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005134-39">[39]</a> Davinder Singh Parmar migrated to London in 1954. According to Parmar, his first pro-Khalistan meeting was attended by less than 20 people and he was labelled as a madman, receiving only one person's support. Parmar continued his efforts despite the lack of following, eventually raising the Khalistani flag in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005135-49">[49]</a> In 1969, two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections, Indian politician <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to start his campaign for the creation of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Chohan_Dies-50">[50]</a> Chohan's proposal included Punjab, Himachal, Haryana, as well as some parts of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-51">[51]</a> Parmar and Chohan met in 1970 and formally announced the Khalistan movement at a London press conference, though being largely dismissed by the community as fanatical fringe without any support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005135-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chohan_in_Pakistan_and_US">Chohan in Pakistan and US</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg/220px-Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg/330px-Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg/440px-Pakistan_-_Punjab_-_Nankana_Sahib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>, that was proposed as the capital of Khalistan by ZA Bhutto.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, Chohan visited <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as a guest of such leaders as <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Zahoor_Elahi" title="Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi">Chaudhuri Zahoor Elahi</a>. Visiting <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a> and several historical gurdwaras in Pakistan, Chohan utilized the opportunity to spread the notion of an independent Sikh state. Widely publicized by Pakistani press, the extensive coverage of his remarks introduced the international community, including those in India, to the demand of Khalistan for the first time. Though lacking public support, the term Khalistan became more and more recognizable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005135-49">[49]</a> According to Chohan, during a talk with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> of Pakistan, Bhutto had proposed to make Nankana Sahib the capital of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-ChohanIT-52">[52]</a> On 13 October 1971, visiting the United States at the invitation of his supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>, Chohan placed an advertisement in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> proclaiming an independent Sikh state. Such promotion enabled him to collect millions of dollars from the diaspora,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Chohan_Dies-50">[50]</a> eventually leading to charges in India relating to <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and other crimes in connection with his separatist activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Khalistan">Council of Khalistan</h4></div> After returning to India in 1977, Chohan travelled to Britain in 1979. There, he would establish the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Khalistan" title="Council of Khalistan">Council of Khalistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> declaring its formation at <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a> on 12 April 1980. Chohan designated himself as President of the Council and Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General. In May 1980, Chohan travelled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to announce the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> by Sandhu, who released stamps and currency of Khalistan. Operating from a building termed "Khalistan House", Chohan named a Cabinet and declared himself president of the "Republic of Khalistan," issuing symbolic Khalistan 'passports,' 'postage stamps,' and 'Khalistan dollars.' Moreover, embassies in Britain and other European countries were opened by Chohan.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Chohan_Dies-50">[50]</a> It is reported that, with the support of a wealthy Californian peach magnate, Chohan opened an Ecuadorian bank account to further support his operation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-51">[51]</a> As well as maintaining contacts among various groups in Canada, the US, and Germany, Chohan kept in contact with the Sikh leader <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> who was campaigning for a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> Sikh homeland.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Chohan_Dies-50">[50]</a> The globalized Sikh diaspora invested efforts and resources for Khalistan, but the Khalistan movement remained nearly invisible on the global political scene until the Operation Blue Star of June 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005135-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Blue_Star_and_impact">Operation Blue Star and impact</h4></div> In later disclosures from former special secretary G.B.S. Sidhu of the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> (R&AW), the foreign-intelligence agency of India, R&AW itself helped "build the Khalistan legend," actively participating in the planning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>. While posted in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada in 1976 to look into the "Khalistan problem" among the Sikh diaspora, Sidhu found "nothing amiss" during the three years he was there,<a href="#cite_note-dulat-54">[54]</a> stating that "Delhi was unnecessarily making a mountain of a molehill where none existed," that the agency created seven posts in West Europe and North America in 1981 to counter non-existent Khalistan activities, and that the deployed officers were "not always familiar with the Sikhs or the Punjab issue."<a href="#cite_note-dulat-54">[54]</a> He described the secessionist movement as a "chimera" until the army operation, after which the insurgency would start.<a href="#cite_note-dulat-54">[54]</a> According to a New York Times article written just a few weeks after the operation, "Before the raid on the Golden Temple, neither the Government nor anyone else appeared to put much credence in the Khalistan movement. Mr. Bhindranwale himself said many times that he was not seeking an independent country for Sikhs, merely greater autonomy for Punjab within the Indian Union.... One possible explanation advanced for the Government's raising of the Khalistan question is that it needs to take every opportunity to justify the killing in Amritsar and the invasion of the Sikhs' holiest shrine."<a href="#cite_note-stevens-55">[55]</a> Khushwant Singh had written that "considerable Khalistan sentiment seems to have arisen since the raid on the temple, which many Sikhs, if not most, have taken as a deep offense to their religion and their sensibilities," referring to the drastic change in community sentiments after the army attack.<a href="#cite_note-stevens-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_1970s_to_1983">Late 1970s to 1983</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_Asian_Games_(1982)">Delhi Asian Games (1982)</h3></div> The Akali leaders, having planned to announce a victory for Dharam Yudh Morcha, were outraged by the changes to the agreed-upon settlement. In November 1982, Akali leader <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a> announced that the party would disrupt the <a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">9th annual Asian Games</a> by sending groups of Akali workers to Delhi to intentionally get arrested. Following negotiations between the Akali Dal and the government failed at the last moment due to disagreements regarding the transfer of areas between Punjab and Haryana.<a href="#cite_note-JSChima-56">[56]</a> Knowing that the Games would receive extensive coverage, Akali leaders vowed to overwhelm Delhi with a flood of protestors, aiming to heighten the perception of Sikh "plight" among the international audience.<a href="#cite_note-JSChima-56">[56]</a> A week before the Games, <a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Lal_Bishnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajan Lal Bishnoi">Bhajan Lal</a>, Chief Minister of Haryana and member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> party, responded by sealing the Delhi-Punjab border,<a href="#cite_note-JSChima-56">[56]</a> and ordering all Sikh visitors travelling from to Delhi from Punjab to be frisked.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> While such measures were seen as discriminatory and humiliating by Sikhs, they proved effective as Akali Dal could only organize small and scattered protests in Delhi. Consequently, many Sikhs who did not initially support Akalis and Bhindranwale began sympathizing with the Akali Morcha.<a href="#cite_note-JSChima-56">[56]</a> Following the conclusion of the Games, Longowal organised a convention of Sikh veterans at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Darbar Sahib</a>. It was attended by a large number of Sikh ex-servicemen, including <abbr title="retired">retd.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/General_(India)" title="General (India)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabeg_Singh" title="Shabeg Singh">Shabeg Singh</a> who subsequently became Bhindranwale's military advisor.<a href="#cite_note-JSChima-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1984">1984</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_militant_activity">Increasing militant activity</h3></div> Widespread murders by followers of Bhindranwale occurred in 1980s' Punjab. Armed Khalistani militants of this period described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Kharku" title="Kharku">kharku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kharku-58">[58]</a> On its own, the year 1984 (from 1 January to 3 June) saw 775 violent incidents, resulting in 298 people killed and 525 injured.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-59">[59]</a> Though it was common knowledge that those responsible for such bombings and murders were taking shelter in <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> declared that it could not enter these places of worship, for the fear of hurting Sikh sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-Akshay1991-48">[48]</a> Even as detailed reports on the open shipping of arms-laden trucks were sent to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, the Government choose not to take action.<a href="#cite_note-Akshay1991-48">[48]</a> Finally, following the murder of six Hindu bus passengers in October 1983, emergency rule was imposed in Punjab, which would continue for more than a decade.<a href="#cite_note-GusMartin2011-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_issues">Constitutional issues</h3></div> The Akali Dal began more agitation in February 1984, protesting against Article 25, clause (2)(b), of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a>, which ambiguously explains that "the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jaina</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> religion," while also implicitly recognizing Sikhism as a separate religion: "the wearing and carrying of <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kripans</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion."<a href="#cite_note-:3-61">[61]</a>: 109  Even today, this clause is deemed offensive by many religious minorities in India due to its failure to recognise such religions separately under the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-:3-61">[61]</a> Members of the Akali Dal demanded that the removal of any ambiguity in the Constitution that refers to Sikhs as Hindu, as such prompts various concerns for the Sikh population, both in principle and in practice. For instance, a Sikh couple who would marry in accordance to the <a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">rites of their religion</a> would have to register their union either under the <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</a> or the <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955">Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</a>. The Akalis demanded replacement of such rules with laws specific to <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Blue_Star">Operation Blue Star</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> was an Indian military operation ordered by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, between 1 and 8 June 1984, to remove militant religious leader <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> and his armed followers from the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a> complex (aka the Golden Temple) in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> – the most sacred site in Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-TH_Mi6-62">[62]</a> In July 1983, <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> President <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a> had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence at the sacred temple complex,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> which the government would allege that Bhindranwale would later make into an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">armoury</a> and headquarters for his armed uprising.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_accord-65">[65]</a> Since the inception of the Dharam Yudh Morcha to the violent events leading up to Operation Blue Star, Khalistani militants had directly killed 165 <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankaris</a>, as well as 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale, while a total of 410 were killed and 1,180 injured as a result of Khalistani violence and riots.<a href="#cite_note-ms_casualty_terror-66">[66]</a> As negotiations held with Bhindranwale and his supporters proved unsuccessful, Indira Gandhi ordered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> to launch Operation Blue Star.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Along with the Army, the operation would involve <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a>. Army units led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Singh_Brar" title="Kuldip Singh Brar">Kuldip Singh Brar</a> (a Sikh), surrounded the temple complex on 3 June 1984. Just before the commencement of the operation, Lt. Gen. Brar addressed the soldiers:<a href="#cite_note-:4-68">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The action is not against the Sikhs or the Sikh religion; it is against terrorism. If there is anyone amongst them, who have strong religious sentiments or other reservations, and do not wish to take part in the operation he can opt out, and it will not be held against him.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Singh_Brar" title="Kuldip Singh Brar">Kuldip Singh Brar</a></cite></div></blockquote> However, none of the soldiers opted out, including many "Sikh officers, junior commissioned officers and other ranks."<a href="#cite_note-:4-68">[68]</a> Using a <a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">public address system</a>, the Army repeatedly demanded the militants to surrender, asking them to at least allow pilgrims to leave the temple premises before commencing battle. Nothing happened until 7:00 pm (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rediff_interview_limit-69">[69]</a> The Army, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, had grossly underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants, who attacked with <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine-gun</a> fire from the heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, and who possessed Chinese-made, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade launchers</a> with <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shell">armour-piercing</a> capabilities. After a 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a>, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Bhindranwale was killed in the operation, while many of his followers managed to escape. Army casualty figures counted 83 dead and 249 injured,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> although Rajiv Gandhi would later admit that over 700 Indian soldiers died.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008-71">[71]</a> According to the official estimate presented by the Indian Government, the event resulted in a combined total of 493 militant and civilian casualties, as well as the apprehension of 1592 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-WhitePaper1984-72">[72]</a> Independent estimates say over 5,000 civilians and only 200 militants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">U.K. Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> attributed high civilian casualties to the Indian Government's attempt at a full frontal assault on the militants, diverging from the recommendations provided by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">U.K. Military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[ii]</a> Opponents of Gandhi also criticised the operation for its excessive use of force. Lieutenant General Brar later stated that the Government had "no other recourse" due to a "complete breakdown" of the situation: state machinery was under the militants' control, declaration of Khalistan was imminent, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> would have come into the picture declaring its support for Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Nonetheless, the operation did not crush Khalistani militancy, as it continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005128-38">[38]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>, in 1982 the Soviets used a recruit in the New Delhi residency named "Agent S" who was close to Indira Gandhi as a major channel for providing her disinformation regarding Khalistan. Agent S provided Indira Gandhi with false documents purporting to show Pakistani involvement to create religious disturbances and allegedly initiate a Khalistan conspiracy. After <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s visit to Moscow in 1983, the Soviets persuaded him that the US was engaged in secret support for the Sikhs. By 1984, according to Mitrokhin, the disinformation the Soviets provided had influenced Indira Gandhi to pursue Operation Blue Star.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swamy19922-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi_and_anti-Sikh_riots">Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi assassination">Indira Gandhi assassination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/170px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/255px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg/340px-Indira_Gandhi_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> On the morning of 31 October 1984, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> by her two personal security guards <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a>, both Sikhs, in retaliation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005128-38">[38]</a> The assassination triggered the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> across <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. While the ruling party, <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC), maintained that the violence was due to spontaneous riots, its critics have alleged that INC members themselves had planned a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-JohnMichael2000-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nanavati_Commission" title="Nanavati Commission">Nanavati Commission</a>, a special commission created to investigate the riots, concluded that INC leaders (including <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler" title="Jagdish Tytler">Jagdish Tytler</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._K._L._Bhagat" title="H. K. L. Bhagat">H. K. L. Bhagat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a>) had directly or indirectly taken a role in the rioting incidents.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-tehelka_fish-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nath" title="Kamal Nath">Kamal Nath</a> was accused of leading riots near <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib">Rakab Ganj</a>, but was cleared due to lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-tehelka_fish-82">[80]</a> Other political parties strongly condemned the riots.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Two major civil-liberties organisations issued a joint report on the anti-Sikh riots, naming 16 significant politicians, 13 police officers, and 198 others, accused by survivors and eyewitnesses.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1985_to_present_day">1985 to present day</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985">1985</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajiv-Longowal_Accord">Rajiv-Longowal Accord</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab accord">Punjab accord</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Khalistan_movement#Rajiv-Longowal_Accord_missing_citations" title="Talk:Khalistan movement">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Khalistan_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Khalistan movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many Sikh and Hindu groups, as well as organisations not affiliated to any religion, have attempted to establish peace between the Khalistan proponents and the Government of India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Akalis continued to witness radicalization of Sikh politics, fearing disastrous consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> In response, President <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a> reinstated the head of the Akali Dal and pushed for a peace initiative that reiterated the importance of Hindu-Sikh amity, condemning Sikh extremist violence, therefore declaring that the Akali Dal was not in favor of Khalistan. In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> attempted to seek a political solution to the grievances of the Sikhs through the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv-Longowal_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajiv-Longowal Accord">Rajiv-Longowal Accord</a>, which took place between Longowal and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>. The Accord – recognizing the religious, territorial, and economic demands of the Sikhs that were thought to be non-negotiable under Indira Gandhi's tenure – agreed to establish commissions and independent tribunals in order to resolve the Chandigarh issue and the river dispute, laying the basis for Akali Dal's victory in the coming elections.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Though providing a basis for a return to normality, Chandigarh evidently remained an issue and the agreement was denounced by Sikh militants who refused to give up the demand for an independent Khalistan. These extremists, who were left unappeased, reacted by assassinating Longowal.<a href="#cite_note-LA_accord-65">[65]</a> Such behavior lead to the dismissal of negotiations, whereby both Congress and the Akali parties accused each other of aiding terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> The Indian Government pointed to the involvement of a "foreign hand," referring to Pakistan's abetting of the movement. Punjab noted to the Indian Government that militants were able to obtain sophisticated arms through sources outside the country and by developing links with sources within the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> As such, the Government believed that large illegal flows of arms were flowing through the borders of India, with Pakistan being responsible for trafficking arms. India claimed that Pakistan provided sanctuary, arms, money, and moral support to the militants, though most of the accusations were based on circumstantial evidence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_India_Flight_182">Air India Flight 182</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg/220px-Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg/330px-Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg/440px-Irish_Naval_Service_recovering_bodies_from_the_Air_India_Flight_182_disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Irish Naval Service recovering bodies from the Air India Flight 182 bombing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg/220px-1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg/330px-1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg/440px-1985-06-10_VT-EFO_Air_India_EGLL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft involved, VT-EFO, seen on 10 June 1985, less than two weeks before the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a> flight operating on the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montréal</a>-<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-<a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> route. On 23 June 1985, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> operating on the route was blown up by a bomb mid-air off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. A total of 329 people aboard were killed,<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> 268 Canadian citizens, 27 British citizens and 24 Indian citizens, including the flight crew. On the same day, an explosion due to a luggage bomb was linked to the terrorist operation and occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita Airport</a> in Tokyo, Japan, intended for Air India Flight 301, killing two baggage handlers. The entire event was inter-continental in scope, killing 331 people in total and affected five countries on different continents: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. The main suspects in the bombing were members of a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> separatist group called the <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a>, and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state of Khalistan in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>. In September 2007, the Canadian Commission of Inquiry investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine <a href="/wiki/Tehelka" title="Tehelka">Tehelka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> that a hitherto unnamed person, <a href="/wiki/Lakhbir_Singh_Rode" title="Lakhbir Singh Rode">Lakhbir Singh Rode</a>, had masterminded the explosions. However, in conclusion two separate Canadian inquiries officially determined that the mastermind behind the terrorist operation was in fact the Canadian, <a href="/wiki/Talwinder_Singh_Parmar" title="Talwinder Singh Parmar">Talwinder Singh Parmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Several men were arrested and tried for the Air India bombing. Inderjit Singh Reyat, a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> national and member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Sikh_Youth_Federation" title="International Sikh Youth Federation">International Sikh Youth Federation</a> who pleaded guilty in 2003 to <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, would be the only person convicted in the case.<a href="#cite_note-ISYFlink-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for assembling the bombs that exploded on board Air India Flight 182 and at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1980s">Late 1980s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></div> In 1986, when the insurgency was at its peak, the Golden Temple was again occupied by militants belonging to the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>. The militants called an assembly (<a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a>) and, on 26 January, they passed a resolution (gurmattā) in favour of the creation of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> However, only the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> (SGPC) had the authority to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Jathedar" title="Jathedar">jathedar</a>, the supreme religio-temporal seat of the Sikhs. The militants thus dissolved the SGPC and appointed their own jathedar, who turned out to refuse their bidding as well. Militant leader <a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Manochahal" title="Gurbachan Singh Manochahal">Gurbachan Singh Manochahal</a> thereby appointed himself by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a> On 29 April 1986, an assembly of separatist Sikhs at the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> made a declaration of an independent state of Khalistan,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and a number of rebel militant groups in favour of Khalistan subsequently <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">waged a major insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. A decade of violence and conflict in Punjab would follow before a return to normality in the region. This period of insurgency saw clashes of Sikh militants with the police, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankaris</a>, a mystical Sikh sect who are less conservative in their aims to reform Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The Khalistani militant activities manifested in the form of <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of terrorist incidents in Punjab (India)">several attacks</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/1987_Lalru_bus_massacre" title="1987 Lalru bus massacre">1987 massacre of 32 Hindu bus passengers</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lalru" title="Lalru">Lalru</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1991_Punjab_killings" title="1991 Punjab killings">1991 killing of 80 train passengers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Such activities continued on into the 1990s as the perpetrators of the 1984 riots remained unpunished, while many Sikhs also felt that they were being discriminated against and that their religious rights were being suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-nytenvoy-95">[93]</a> In the parliamentary elections of 1989, Sikh separatist representatives were victorious in 10 of Punjab's 13 national seats and had the most popular support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurharpal_Singh,_Ethnic_Conflict_in_India2000Chapters_8_&_9-96">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The Congress cancelled those elections and instead hosted a <a href="/wiki/Khaki_election" title="Khaki election">Khaki election</a>. The separatists boycotted the poll. The voter turnout was 24%. The Congress won this election and used it to further its anti-separatist campaign. Most of the separatist leadership was wiped out and the moderates were suppressed by end of 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurharpal_Singh,_Ethnic_Conflict_in_India2000Chapter_10-97">[95]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, while Sikh political groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Raj_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Raj Party">Khalsa Raj Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">SAD (A)</a> continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non-violent means.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia2006-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Whereas to take iron from the terrorists in the village Bhikhiwind, district Tarn Taran 'Sandhu' family fought everyday like the last day and defeated terrorists several times. One such incident was on 30 September 1990, when about 200 terrorists attacked Balwinder Singh's house. In retaliation, the Sandhu family using weapons provided by state police killed several and compiled the rest of the terrorists to run away. The Family awarded the <a href="/wiki/Shaurya_Chakra" title="Shaurya Chakra">Shaurya Chakra</a> to show most conspicuous bravery, indomitable courage.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> In August 1991, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Ribeiro_(Indian_police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Ribeiro (Indian police officer)">Julio Ribeiro</a>, then-Indian Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, was attacked and wounded at <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in an assassination attempt by gunmen identified as <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjabi</a> Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Latshot-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytenvoy-95">[93]</a> Sikh groups also claimed responsibility for the 1991 kidnapping of Liviu Radu, the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> in New Delhi. This appeared to be in retaliation for Romanian arrests of <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force" title="Khalistan Liberation Force">Khalistan Liberation Force</a> members suspected of the attempted assassination of Ribeiro.<a href="#cite_note-nytenvoy-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-TIME-103">[101]</a> Radu was released unharmed after Sikh politicians criticised the action.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In October 1991, the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> reported that violence had increased sharply in the months leading up to the kidnapping, with Indian security forces or Sikh militants killing 20 or more people per day, and that the militants had been "gunning down" family members of police officers.<a href="#cite_note-nytenvoy-95">[93]</a> Scholar Ian Talbot states that all sides, including the Indian Army, police and the militants, committed crimes like murder, rape and torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot,_India_and_Pakistan2000272-105">[103]</a> From 24 January 1993 to 4 August 1993, Khalistan was a member of the <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>. The membership was permanently suspended on 22 January 1995.<a href="#cite_note-UNPO_yearbook_Khalistan-106">[104]</a> On 31 August 1995, Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(chief_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beant Singh (chief minister)">Beant Singh</a> was killed in a suicide bombing, for which the pro-Khalistan group <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a> claimed responsibility. Security authorities, however, reported the group's involvement to be doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-babarkilledsingh-107">[105]</a> A 2006 press release by the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_New_Delhi" title="Embassy of the United States, New Delhi">Embassy of the United States in New Delhi</a> indicated that the responsible organisation was the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KCFconvict-108">[106]</a> While the militants enjoyed some support among Sikh separatists in the earlier period, this support gradually disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The insurgency weakened the Punjab economy and led to an increase in violence in the state. With dwindling support and increasingly-effective Indian security troops eliminating anti-state combatants, Sikh militancy effectively ended by the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retribution">Retribution</h4></div> There have been serious charges levelled by human rights activists against Indian Security forces (headed by Sikh police officer, <a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Pal_Singh_Gill" title="Kanwar Pal Singh Gill">K. P. S. Gill</a>), claiming that thousands of suspects were killed in staged shootouts and thousands of bodies were cremated/disposed of without proper identification or post-mortems.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that, since 1984, government forces had resorted to widespread human rights violations to fight the militants, including: <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention" title="Indefinite detention">prolonged detention without trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of civilians and suspected militants. Family members were frequently detained and tortured to reveal the whereabouts of relatives sought by the police.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has alleged several cases of disappearances, torture, rape, and unlawful detentions by the police during the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a>, for which 75–100 police officers had been convicted by December 2002.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s">2010s</h4></div> Activities in the 2010s by Khalistani militants include the <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran</a> blast, in which a police crackdown arrested 4 terrorists, one of whom revealed they were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a> to kill multiple Dera leaders in India.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Pro-Khalistan organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(International)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (International)">Dal Khalsa</a> are also active outside India, supported by a section of the Sikh diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> As of 25 December, there also have been inputs by multiple agencies about a possible attack in Punjab by Babbar Khalsa and <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force" title="Khalistan Zindabad Force">Khalistan Zindabad Force</a>, according to Indian Media sources, are allegedly in contact with their Pakistani handlers and are trying to smuggle arms across the border.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In November 2015, a congregation of the Sikh community (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a>) was called in response to recent unrest in the Punjab region. The Sarbat Khalsa adopted 13 resolutions to strengthen Sikh institutions and traditions. The 12th resolution reaffirmed the resolutions adopted by the Sarbat Khalsa in 1986, including the declaration of the sovereign state of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Moreover, signs in favour of Khalistan were raised when SAD (Amritsar) President Simranjeet Singh Mann met with <a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh_Khalsa" title="Surat Singh Khalsa">Surat Singh Khalsa</a>, who was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Medical_College_%26_Hospital" title="Dayanand Medical College & Hospital">Dayanand Medical College & Hospital</a> (DMCH). While Mann was arguing with ACP Satish Malhotra, supporters standing at the main gate of DMCH raised Khalistan signs in the presence of heavy police force. After a confrontation with the police authorities that lasted about 15–20 minutes, Mann was allowed to meet Khalsa along with ADCP Paramjeet Singh Pannu.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Maintaining persistent connection their culture and religion, the Sikh diaspora outside India is seen increasingly supporting the movement by means of financial support, propaganda and political lobbying in the countries they reside and taking a prominent role in driving the movement. Emboldened by expansive political and financial ties, the Diaspora has used gurudwaras, among other available establishments as such, to disperse financial and diplomatic aid to the movement in Punjab and modern communication modes such as the internet and social media to rally support for it.<a href="#cite_note-stsfor.org-125">[123]</a> Recently, many signs have been raised in several places in support of the Khalistan movement, although the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada" title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</a> (IRB) reports that Sikhs who support Khalistan may themselves be detained and tortured.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Notably, on the 31st anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bluestar">Operation Bluestar</a>, pro-Khalistan signs were raised in Punjab, resulting in 25 Sikh youths being detained by police.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Pro-Khalistan signs were also raised during a function of <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Punjabi Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a>. Two members of SAD-A, identified as Sarup Singh Sandha and Rajindr Singh Channa, raised pro-Khalistan and anti-Badal signs during the chief minister's speech.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In retrospect, the Khalistan movement has failed to reach its objectives in India due to several reasons: <ul><li>Heavy Police crackdown on the separatists under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a> chief <a href="/wiki/KPS_Gill" class="mw-redirect" title="KPS Gill">KPS Gill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HT_New2018-10">[10]</a> Several militant leaders were killed and others surrendered and rehabilitated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Gill credits the decline to change in the policies by adding provision for an adequate number of police and security forces to deal with the militancy. The clear political will from the government without any interference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Lack of a clear political concept of 'Khalistan' even to the extremist supporters. As per Kumar (1997), the name which was wishful thinking only represented their revulsion against the Indian establishment and did not find any alternative to it.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar_book-129">[127]</a></li> <li>In the later stages of the movement, militants lacked an ideological motivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>The entry of criminals and government loyalists into its ranks further divided the groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Loss of sympathy and support from the Sikh population of Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>The divisions among the Sikhs also undermined this movement. According to Pettigrew non-<a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a> urban Sikhs did not want to live in a country of "Jatistan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew,_The_Sikhs_of_the_Punjab1995188–197-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009992-131">[129]</a> Further division was caused as the people in the region traditionally preferred police and military service as career options. The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a> had a majority of <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikhs</a> and the conflict was referred as "Jat against Jat" by Police Chief Gill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009990-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Moderate factions of Akali Dal led by <a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Prakash Singh Badal</a> reclaimed the political positions in the state through all three assembly (namely parliamentary) and <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">SGPC</a> elections. The dominance of traditional political parties was reasserted over the militant-associated factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009991-132">[130]</a></li> <li>The increased vigilance by security forces in the region against rise of separatist elements.<a href="#cite_note-HT_Period-133">[131]</a></li> <li>The confidence building measures adopted by the Sikh community helped in rooting out the Khalistan movement.<a href="#cite_note-HT_Period-133">[131]</a></li></ul> Simrat Dhillon (2007), writing for the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, noted that while a few groups continued to fight, "the movement has lost its popular support both in India and within the Diaspora community."<a href="#cite_note-SikhDiaspora-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020s">2020s</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Referendum" title="Khalistan Referendum">Khalistan Referendum</a></div> In 2021, the secessionist group, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a> (SFJ), began an unofficial, non binding, ongoing "referendum" regarding the potential creation of a Khalistan state which would include the entire states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, and several districts of other Indian states. Numerous referendum votes have been held in various locations including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, England, and the United States. Hundreds of thousands of Sikhs have partaken in these votes according to various news reports. During a Khalistan referendum vote held in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a> in January 2023 , two separate brawls broke out between Khalistan supporters and pro-India demonstrators, leading to two people being injured and two Sikh men being arrested. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Police" title="Victoria Police">Victoria Police Department</a> issued statements afterwards:“During the fight, flag poles were used by several men as weapons which caused physical injuries to multiple victims in which two victims were treated at the scene by paramedics” and “As a result of each incident a 34-year-old man and a 39-year-old man were arrested, and each issued with a penalty notice for riotous behaviour.” Australia's High Commissioner to India Barry O'Farrell condemned the incident.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In February 2022, Deepak Punj, a Brampton radio host and a vocal critic of the Khalistan movement, was assaulted by three belligerent men who warned him "against speaking about <a href="/wiki/Deep_Sidhu" title="Deep Sidhu">Deep Sidhu</a> and Khalistan". In a statement to The Globe and Mail, Punj claimed "one of them pulled a gun on me, and the other hit me on the head with a beer bottle". Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown condemned the attack, stating "no one in the media should face violence or intimidation." Peel Police subsequently launched an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> In August 2022, Amritpal Singh, a self styled radical<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Indian preacher, came to prominence after being appointed as the head of <a href="/wiki/Waris_Punjab_De" title="Waris Punjab De">Waris Punjab De</a> (a Sikh political organization which lent support to pro-Khalistan figures and groups) immediately after Deep Sidhu's death (a succession described as illegitimate by the relatives and some associates of Sidhu).<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> He subsequently embarked on a campaign and numerous preaching tours advocating for the creation of Khalistan and for Sikhs to receive baptism, imbibe religious austerities, and to shun drugs and other vices.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> He glorified the use of violence and weapons during public events.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> On 18 March 2023, Indian authorities initiated a crackdown on Waris Punjab De, alleging the organization's involvement in attempted murder, attacks on police personnel, and spreading disharmony in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> An extensive manhunt for Singh ensued, who absconded and managed to evade police capture for 35 days. He was arrested on 23 April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Numerous protests, particularly among diaspora Sikhs, occurred in the aftermath of the Indian police's manhunt for Singh. While many transpired without incident, numerous violent attacks were reported in various locations. A mob of protesters attacked the Indian consulate in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, another mob attacked the <a href="/wiki/Indian_High_Commission_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian High Commission in London">Indian High Commission</a> office in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and attempted to pull down the <a href="/wiki/Indian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian flag">Indian flag</a> off a pole, broke windows, and inflicted minor injuries on security staff.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">NIA</a> claimed that a group of protesters in San Francisco were exhorted to kill all representatives of the Indian government.<a href="#cite_note-:22-155">[153]</a> On 21 March 2023, two men poured flammable material in the entrance of the consulate and attempted to set the San Francisco consulate on fire.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In Washington, Khalistan supporters verbally intimidated and physically assaulted an Indian journalist covering the protests.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In a Surrey protest, Sameer Kaushal, a journalist, was allegedly assaulted and harassed by Khalistan supporters.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In the aftermath of the Surrey protest, Surrey RCMP spokesperson Cpl. Vanessa Munn confirmed police were investigating alleged assault involving a different victim and that the RCMP was seeking witnesses and video evidence. She stated “There is an assault investigation into the assault of one person who was in the crowd and did appear to be swarmed and assaulted by multiple people”.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The Indian Ambassador to the US Taranjit Singh Sandhu was threatened with <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> by Khalistanis.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> On 18 June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Nijjar" title="Hardeep Singh Nijjar">Hardeep Singh Nijjar</a> was shot dead in the parking lot of a Sikh temple in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, British Columbia</a>. Nijjar was allegedly the head of two pro-Khalistan organisations in Canada, and had been accused by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian Government</a> of orchestrating targeted killings in India, for which it unsuccessfully sought his extradition.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> On 2 July 2023, Khalistani supporters set the Indian consulate in San Francisco on fire.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The arson attempt was promptly suppressed by the San Francisco Fire Department, resulting in limited damage to the building and no injuries to the staffers present.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune_India_July_2023-163">[161]</a> The incident was condemned by the State Department's spokesman Matthew Miller.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> A video of the incident was released on Twitter by Khalistani supporters, suggesting the attack was retaliation for the recent death of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune_India_July_2023-163">[161]</a> Nijjar's death sparked protests among sections of the Sikh diaspora; posters promoting these events alleged that Indian diplomats played a role in the death. The posters were condemned by Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Melanie Joly who assured the safety of Indian diplomats and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> According to a Globe and Mail report published one year after Nijjar's death, some Canadian security officials did not believe there was sufficient evidence to arrest Nijjar, and accused Indian intelligence officials of "having a reputation for torqueing evidence to fit with political objectives". However, the report also stated that interviews with Nijjar's associates and his own disclosures, revealed that "he was steeped in Sikh extremism", made speeches calling for violence against Indian adversaries, had relations with the architects of the 1995 assassination of Punjab's chief minister <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a>, was photographed in Pakistan with an AK-47 and had a close relationship with Jagtar Singh Tara — head of the <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbar Khalsa International">Babbar Khalsa International</a> and other militant outfits, had "underworld associates" and relations with members of the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Tiger_Force" title="Khalistan Tiger Force">Khalistan Tiger Force</a>, and led several men in weapons, GPS, and target practice in Lower Mainland BC.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> On 1 September 2024, the organization, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a>, held a rally in Toronto. Floats within the parade glorified <a href="/wiki/Dilawar_Singh_Babbar" title="Dilawar Singh Babbar">Dilawar Singh Babbar</a>, a suicide bomber affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbar Khalsa International">Babbar Khalsa International</a> (a banned organization in Canada), who killed former Punjab chief minister <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a> and numerous other bystanders. A sign at the rally read "Beanta Bombed to Death". SFJ described Babbar as a "human bomb". SFJ's general counsel in a statement said:"We are all offspring of Dilawar. At that time in 1995, the choice of weapon was a bomb, but we have choice of ballot today.” Some attendees chanted "Kill India" at the rally.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In October 2024, Rishi Nagar, a Canadian radio host of Calgary Red FM, reported on an incident at Gurdwara Dashmesh Culture Centre, a Sikh temple in Calgary, in which two men were arrested on various firearms related charges, including unauthorized possession of a firearm and pointing a firearm; multiple guns were seized by the police at the site. Following the report, Nagar was assaulted by two men. The attack left Nagar with severe injuries to his eye. Nagar attributed the assault to Khalistani elements stating “The pro-Khalistan people attacked me”. Calgary Police's Staff Sergeant John Guigon described the assault as “particularly troubling to us when a member of the media gets attacked in a democracy”.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Calgary Red FM stated that Nagar "faced some blowback for his opposition to the Khalistan movement".<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre and Alberta premier Danielle Smith condemned the attack.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Chandra Arya, a Canadian Liberal MP, denounced attacks on journalists perpetrated by Khalistan supporters. In the House of Commons, he criticized the attacks on Nagar, Punj, and Kaushal. Arya further stated “I call on law enforcement agencies to take notice of Khalistani extremism with all seriousness it deserves.” Mocha Bezirgan, a journalist, has also received death threats for his coverage on Khalistani extremism.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In November 2024, Khalistani demonstrators attacked people outside the Hindu Sabha Mandir in Brampton with flag poles and sticks. In a video circulated in social media, individuals holding pro-Khalistan flags were seen running into the temple property and striking people within their vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Justin Trudeau, Pierre Poilievre, and Jagmeet Singh, along with other Canadian politicians, condemned the incident.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> As a result of the violence, Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown announced he that he intended to introduce a motion at city council to prohibit protests outside places of worship in Brampton.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> An off duty Peel Police sergeant Harinder Sohi was suspended from duty for participating in the protest. Sohi was filmed holding a Khalistan flag outside the temple.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> In another social media post, a police officer was seen charging at a temple-goer and punching him, seemingly without provocation. The Toronto Star reached out to Peel Police who claimed they were aware of the video and "looking into it".<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Prior to the melee at the temple, the Indian consulate announced a visit to the temple to assist elderly members of the Indian diaspora with their pensions and to them issue life certificates.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Most beneficiaries of the consular service were Sikh diaspora members.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a> subsequently began a protest, alleging the Indian consulate intended to spy on Sikhs and collect intelligence on the separatist movement.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Inderjeet Singh Gosal, Sikhs for Justice Khalistan Referendum co-ordinator for Canada, who organized the protest stated: "This is not a Hindu and Sikh battle. This is strictly Sikhs versus the Indian government [...] Any place they (consular officials) go, we’ve been protesting there."<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Gosal was arrested on 8 November 2024 and charged with assault with a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Electoral_performance_of_pro-Khalistan_parties_and_candidates">Electoral performance of pro-Khalistan parties and candidates</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2022_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election">2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangrur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency">Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election_in_Punjab" title="2024 Indian general election in Punjab">2024 Indian general election in Punjab</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election">2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a>, a splinter group of the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a>, and the only pro Khalistan party in India,<a href="#cite_note-Only_pro-195">[193]</a> contested 81 out of the 117 seats in the Punjab Legislative Assembly and received 386,176 votes or 2.48% of the vote share. SAD(A) received 49,260 votes (0.3% of the vote share) in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election">2017 Legislative Assembly election</a>. Simranjit Singh Mann, head of the SAD(A), won the Sangrur <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangrur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency">by-election</a> held in June 2022, receiving 253,154 votes in the constituency or 35.61% of the vote share. However, Mann went on to lose the <a href="/wiki/Sangrur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency">2024 Sangrur Lok Sabha election</a>, receiving 187,246 votes or 18.55% of the vote share. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election_in_Punjab" title="2024 Indian general election in Punjab">2024 Indian general election in Punjab</a>, thirteen parliamentary constituencies were contested. Two MP candidates associated with the Khalistan movement, Amritpal Singh and Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa,<a href="#cite_note-PKS-196">[194]</a> won in their respective constituencies and were subsequently elected as Indian Members of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> SAD(A) ran candidates in 12 out of 13 constituencies, but did not win any race. They received over 500,000 votes in the election. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral performance of pro Khalistan candidates/parties in the 2024 Indian general election in Punjab </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate/Party </th> <th>Affiliation </th> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Won/Lost </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amritpal Singh </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>Khadoor Sahib </td> <td>Won </td> <td>404,430<a href="#cite_note-ECI2024-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>38.62 </td> <td>Incarcerated pro-Khalistan activist.<a href="#cite_note-PKS-196">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>Faridkot </td> <td>Won </td> <td>298,062<a href="#cite_note-ECI2024-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>29.38 </td> <td>Son of the <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">assassin</a> of former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) </td> <td>Contested 12 out of the 13 parliamentary constituencies </td> <td>Lost in all 12 constituencies </td> <td>517,024<a href="#cite_note-ECI2024-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>~3.82% of total vote share </td> <td>Only pro-Khalistan party in India.<a href="#cite_note-Only_pro-195">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Total vote count of pro-Khalistan candidates </td> <td>1,219,516 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Total votes in general election </td> <td>~13,530,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>% of vote </td> <td>~9% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militancy">Militancy</h2></div> During the late 1980s and the early 1990s, there was a dramatic rise in radical State militancy in Punjab. The 1984 military Operation Blue Star in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in Amritsar offended many Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew,_The_Sikhs_of_the_Punjab199524-200">[198]</a> The separatists used this event, as well as the following <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a>, to claim that the interest of Sikhs was not safe in India and to foster the spread of militancy among Sikhs in Punjab. Some sections of the Sikh diaspora also began join the separatists with financial and diplomatic support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005128-38">[38]</a> A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab and several Sikh militant outfits proliferated in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> Some militant groups aimed to create an independent state through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army, or forces. A large numbers of Sikhs condemned the actions of the militants.<a href="#cite_note-JCSP1992-201">[199]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> analysis, one reason young men had for joining militant and other religious nationalist groups was for fun, excitement, and expressions of masculinity. Puri, Judge, and Sekhon (1999) suggest that illiterate/under-educated young men, lacking enough job prospects, had joined pro-Khalistan militant groups for the primary purpose of "fun."<a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[200]</a> They mention that the pursuit of Khalistan itself was the motivation for only 5% of "militants."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009991-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militant_groups">Militant groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Khalistani_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistani groups">Khalistani groups</a></div> There are several militant Sikh groups, such as the Khalistan Council, that are currently functional and provides organization and guidance to the Sikh community. Multiple groups are organized across the world, coordinating their military efforts for Khalistan. Such groups were most active in 1980s and early 1990s, and have since receded in activity. These groups are largely defunct in India but they still have a political presence among the Sikh diaspora, especially in countries such as Pakistan where they are not proscribed by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005133-203">[201]</a> Most of these outfits were crushed by 1993 during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> operations. In recent years, active groups have included Babbar Khalsa, International Sikh Youth Federation, Dal Khalsa, and Bhindranwale Tiger Force. An unknown group before then, the Shaheed Khalsa Force claimed credit for the marketplace bombings in New Delhi in 1997. The group has never been heard of since. Major pro-Khalistan militant outfits include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a> International (BKI) <ul><li>Listed as a terrorist organisation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EU_terror_list-204">[202]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-psepc.gc.ca-205">[203]</a> India,<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a> and UK.<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKBKlisting-207">[205]</a></li> <li>Included in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" title="United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">Terrorist Exclusion List</a> of the U.S. Government in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></li> <li>Designated by the US and the Canadian courts for the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> on 27 June 2002.<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhindranwale_Tiger_Force_of_Khalistan" title="Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan">Bhindranwala Tiger Force of Khalistan</a> (BTFK; aka Bhindranwale Tiger Force, BTF) <ul><li>This group appears to have been formed in 1984 by <a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Manochahal" title="Gurbachan Singh Manochahal">Gurbachan Singh Manochahal</a>.</li> <li>Seems to have disbanded or integrated into other organisations after the death of Manochahal.<a href="#cite_note-fightingbook-210">[208]</a></li> <li>Listed in 1995 as one of the 4 "major militant groups" in the Khalistan movement.<a href="#cite_note-TerrorismInContext-211">[209]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a> (KCF)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> <ul><li>Formed by the <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a> in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-encycloextreme-212">[210]</a> It does not figure in the list of terrorist organisations declared by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> (DOS).<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></li> <li>According to the DOS<a href="#cite_note-KCFconvict-108">[106]</a> and the Assistant Inspector General of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a> Intelligence Division,<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> the KCF was responsible for the deaths of thousands in India, including the 1995 assassination of Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KCFconvict-108">[106]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan Liberation Army">Khalistan Liberation Army</a> (KLA) <ul><li>Reputed to have been a wing of, associated with, or a breakaway group of the Khalistan Liberation Force.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force" title="Khalistan Liberation Force">Khalistan Liberation Force</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> <ul><li>Formed in 1986</li> <li>Believed to be responsible for several bombings of civilian targets in India during the 1980s and 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-1995patterns-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN96may22-216">[214]</a> sometimes in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir separatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN96may21-217">[215]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force" title="Khalistan Zindabad Force">Khalistan Zindabad Force</a> (KZF) <ul><li>Listed as a terrorist organisation by the EU.<a href="#cite_note-EU_terror_list-204">[202]</a></li> <li>Last major suspected activity was a bomb blast in 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Inter_State_Bus_Terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter State Bus Terminals">Inter-State Bus Terminus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sikh_Youth_Federation" title="International Sikh Youth Federation">International Sikh Youth Federation</a> (ISYF),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005129-35">[35]</a> based in the United Kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a> (AISSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashmesh_Regiment" title="Dashmesh Regiment">Dashmesh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Khalsa_Force" title="Shaheed Khalsa Force">Shaheed Khalsa Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abatement">Abatement</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> found that Sikh extremism had decreased significantly from 1992 to 1997, although a 1997 report noted that "Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists gather funds from overseas Sikh communities."<a href="#cite_note-uspatterns-219">[217]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Nayar" title="Kuldip Nayar">Kuldip Nayar</a>, writing for <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a>, stated in an article, titled "It is fundamentalism again", that the Sikh "masses" had rejected terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-rediffeject-220">[218]</a> By 2001, Sikh extremism and the demand for Khalistan had all but abated.<a href="#cite_note-221">[iii]</a> Reported in his paper, titled "From Bhindranwale to Bin Laden: Understanding Religious Violence", Director <a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Mark Juergensmeyer</a> of the Orfalea Centre for Global & International Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">UCSB</a>, interviewed a militant who said that "the movement is over," as many of his colleagues had been killed, imprisoned, or driven into hiding, and because public support was gone.<a href="#cite_note-dubiousreference1-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_of_India">Outside of India</h2></div> Operation Blue Star and its violent aftermaths popularized the demand for Khalistan among many Sikhs dispersed globally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005136-223">[220]</a> Involvement of sections of Sikh diaspora turned out to be important for the movement as it provided the diplomatic and financial support. It also enabled Pakistan to become involved in the fueling of the movement. Sikhs in UK, Canada and USA arranged for cadres to travel to Pakistan for military and financial assistance. Some Sikh groups abroad even declared themselves as the Khalistani government in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005128-38">[38]</a> Sikh places of worship, gurdwaras, provided the geographic and institutional coordination for the Sikh community. Sikh political factions have used the gurdwaras as a forum for political organization. The gurdwaras sometimes served as the site for mobilization of diaspora for Khalistan movement directly by raising funds. Indirect mobilization was sometimes provided by promoting a stylized version of conflict and Sikh history. The rooms in some gurdwara exhibit pictures of Khalistani leaders along with paintings of martyrs from Sikh history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005132-224">[221]</a> Gurdwaras also host speakers and musical groups that promote and encourage the movement. Among the diasporas, Khalistan issue has been a divisive issue within gurdwaras. These factions have fought over the control of gurdwaras and their political and financial resources. The fights between pro and anti-Khalistan factions over gurdwaras often included violent acts and bloodshed as reported from UK and North America. The gurdwaras with Khalistani leadership allegedly funnel the collected funds into activities supporting the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005132-224">[221]</a> Different groups of Sikhs in the diaspora organize the convention of international meetings to facilitate communication and establish organizational order. In April 1981 the first "International Convention of Sikhs," was held in New York and was attended by some 200 delegates. In April 1987 the third convention was held in Slough, Berkshire where the Khalistan issue was addressed. This meeting's objective was to "build unity in the Khalistan movement."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005132-224">[221]</a> All these factors further strengthened the emerging nationalism among Sikhs. Sikh organizations launched many fund-raising efforts that were used for several purposes. After 1984 one of the objectives was the promotion of the Sikh version of "ethnonational history" and the relationship with the Indian state. The Sikh diaspora also increased their efforts to build institutions to maintain and propagate their ethnonational heritage. A major objective of these educational efforts was to publicize a different face to the non-Sikh international community who regarded the Sikhs as "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005137-225">[222]</a> In 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>, but was suspended in a few months. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Edward T.G. Anderson, an associate professor in history, describes the Khalistan movement outside India as follows:<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One example is the Khalistan movement, a separatist struggle for Sikh self-determination in Punjab, which in the diaspora has manifested in highly conspicuous and provocative protests, pugnacious rhetoric, violent tensions between different South Asian communities, and 'long-distance' support for militant secessionists.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edward T.G. Anderson, Hindu Nationalism in the Indian Diaspora, Oxford University Press (2024)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> Pakistan has long aspired to dismember India through its <a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India</a> strategy. Even before the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, then a member of the military regime of General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>, stated, "Once the back of Indian forces is broken in the east, Pakistan should occupy the whole of Eastern India and make it a permanent part of East Pakistan.... Kashmir should be taken at any price, even the Sikh Punjab and turned into Khalistan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehera,_Demystifying_Kashmir200787–88-229">[226]</a> The Sikh separatist leader <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a> said that during his talks with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistani prime minister</a> that <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> affirmed "we'll help you and make it the capital of Khalistan"; Bhutto wanted revenge over Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-ChohanIT-52">[52]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul Haq">Zia-ul Haq</a>, who succeeded Bhutto as the Head of State, attempted to reverse the traditional antipathy between Sikhs and Muslims arising from the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition violence</a> by restoring Sikh shrines in Pakistan and opening them for Sikh pilgrimage. The expatriate Sikhs from England and North America that visited these shrines were at the forefront of the calls for Khalistan. During the pilgrims' stay in Pakistan, the Sikhs were exposed to Khalistani propaganda, which would not be openly possible in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani,_Pakistan_Between_the_Mosque_and_Military2010270–271-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirrs,_Pakistan's_Inter-Services_Intelligence_Directorate2016167-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005133-203">[201]</a> The ISI chief, General Abdul Rahman, opened a cell within ISI with the objective of supporting the "[Sikhs']...freedom struggle against India". Rahman's colleagues in ISI took pride in the fact that "the Sikhs were able to set the whole province on fire. They knew who to kill, where to plant a bomb and which office to target." General Hamid Gul argued that keeping Punjab destabilized was equivalent to the Pakistan Army having an extra division at no cost. Zia-ul Haq, on the other hand, consistently practised the art of plausible denial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani,_Pakistan_Between_the_Mosque_and_Military2010270–271-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirrs,_Pakistan's_Inter-Services_Intelligence_Directorate2016167-231">[228]</a> The Khalistan movement was brought to a decline only after India fenced off a part of the Punjab border with Pakistan and the <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> government agreed to joint patrols of the border by Indian and Pakistani troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani,_Pakistan_Between_the_Mosque_and_Military2010272-232">[229]</a> In 2006, an American court convicted Khalid Awan, a Muslim and Canadian of Pakistani descent, of "supporting terrorism" by providing money and financial services to the Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-KCFconvict-108">[106]</a> KCF members had carried out deadly attacks against Indian civilians causing thousands of deaths. Awan frequently travelled to Pakistan and was alleged by the U.S. officials to have links to Sikh and Muslim extremists, as well as Pakistani intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail-233">[230]</a> In 2008, India's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau</a> indicated that Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> organisation was trying to revive Sikh militancy.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported in June 1984 that Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> conveyed to <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, both of them being former Chancellors of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, that United States' <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) was involved in causing unrest in Punjab. It also reported that <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a> quoted anonymous officials from India's intelligence establishment as saying that the CIA "masterminded" a plan to support the acolytes of <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, who died during Operation Blue Star, by smuggling weapons for them through Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[232]</a> The United States embassy denied this report's findings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-235">[232]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/B._Raman" title="B. Raman">B. Raman</a>, former Additional Secretary in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretariat_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretariat (India)">Cabinet Secretariat</a> of India and a senior official of the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a>, the United States initiated a plan in complicity with Pakistan's General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> in 1971 to support an insurgency for Khalistan in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> In 2023, the United States alleged a plot by the Indian government to assassinate the New York–based Sikh separatist <a href="/wiki/Gurpatwant_Singh_Pannun" title="Gurpatwant Singh Pannun">Gurpatwant Singh Pannun</a>, a spokesperson for the pro-Khalistan group <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a>. On November 29, 2023, an Indian government employee was the target of an indictment in New York for their alleged role in the assassination plot.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> Immediately after Operation Blue Star, authorities were unprepared for how quickly extremism spread and gained support in Canada, with extremists "...threatening to kill thousands of Hindus by a number of means, including blowing up Air India flights."<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Canadian <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Ujjal Dosanjh</a>, a moderate Sikh, stated that he and others who spoke out against Sikh extremism in the 1980s faced a "reign of terror".<a href="#cite_note-THESTAR-241">[238]</a> On 18 November 1998, the Canada-based Sikh journalist <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_Hayer" title="Tara Singh Hayer">Tara Singh Hayer</a> was gunned down by suspected Khalistani militants. The publisher of the Indo-Canadian Times, a Canadian Sikh and once-vocal advocate of the armed struggle for Khalistan, he had criticised the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a>, and was to testify about a conversation he overheard concerning the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-lofbook-243">[240]</a> On 24 January 1995,<a href="#cite_note-sikhtimesBK-244">[241]</a> Tarsem Singh Purewal, editor of Britain's Punjabi-language weekly Des Pardes, was killed as he was closing his office in <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall</a>. There is speculation that the murder was related to Sikh extremism, which Purewal may have been investigating. Another theory is that he was killed in retaliation for revealing the identity of a young rape victim.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Milewski" title="Terry Milewski">Terry Milewski</a> reported in a 2007 documentary for the CBC that a minority within Canada's Sikh community was gaining political influence even while publicly supporting terrorist acts in the struggle for an independent Sikh state.<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/World_Sikh_Organization_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sikh Organization of Canada">World Sikh Organization of Canada</a> (WSO), a Canadian Sikh human rights group that opposes violence and extremism,<a href="#cite_note-WSO_website-247">[244]</a> sued the CBC for "defamation, slander, and libel", alleging that Milewski linked it to terrorism and damaged the reputation of the WSO within the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-WSOsuesCBC-248">[245]</a> In 2015, however, the WSO unconditionally abandoned "any and all claims" made in its lawsuit. Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Bolan" title="Kim Bolan">Kim Bolan</a> has written extensively on Sikh extremism. Speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> in 2007, she reported that she still received death threats over her coverage of the 1985 Air India bombing.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> In 2008, a CBC report stated that "a disturbing brand of extremist politics has surfaced" at some of the <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> and the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Visakha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakha Puja">Vesak</a> parades in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a> and The Trumpet agreed with the CBC assessment.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Two leading Canadian Sikh politicians refused to attend the parade in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a>, saying it was a glorification of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-cbcca-extremism-206">[204]</a> In 2008, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>, Prime Minister of India, expressed his concern that there might be a resurgence of Sikh extremism.<a href="#cite_note-RNWSikhExt-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-KBresurgent-252">[249]</a> There has been some controversy over Canada's response to the Khalistan movement. After Amarinder Singh's refusal to meet <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> in 2017, calling him a "Khalistani sympathizer", Singh ultimately met with Trudeau on 22 February 2018 over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Trudeau assured Singh that his country would not support the revival of the separatist movement.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-india-canada-list-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Shiromani Akali Dal President Sukhbir Badal was quoted saying Khalistan is "no issue, either in Canada or in Punjab".<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> A 2020 report by Canadian ex-journalist <a href="/wiki/Terry_Milewski" title="Terry Milewski">Terry Milewski</a> criticized the Khalistan movement as driven by the Pakistani government, and as a threat to Canadian interests.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> In September 2023, while speaking to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Canadian parliament</a>, Justin Trudeau accused India of being involved in the slaying of <a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Nijjar" title="Hardeep Singh Nijjar">Hardeep Singh Nijjar</a>, a prominent advocate of the Khalistan separatist movement who had been killed by masked gunmen in Surrey, British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-apnews2023-258">[255]</a> Although Nijjar had been accused by India of having links to terrorism, India denied any involvement in his death. A subsequent <a href="/wiki/Canada-India_diplomatic_row" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada-India diplomatic row"> diplomatic row</a> followed, with both countries expelling multiple diplomatic staff in 2023 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-apnews2023-258">[255]</a> <a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> Canada has not shared evidence of Indian involvement in the killing of Nijar, citing the need to protect sensitive intelligence sources and methods.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnews2023-258">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> reported that the Chief of the Punjab Police, NPS Aulakh, alleged that militant groups were receiving money from the British Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> The same report included statements that although the Sikh militant groups were poorly equipped and staffed, intelligence reports and interrogations indicated that Babbar Khalsa was sending its recruits to the same <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">terrorist training camps</a> in Pakistan used by <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2008FebFileon4-262">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bassam,_Baron_Bassam_of_Brighton" title="Steve Bassam, Baron Bassam of Brighton">Lord Bassam of Brighton</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> minister, stated that <a href="/wiki/International_Sikh_Youth_Federation" title="International Sikh Youth Federation">International Sikh Youth Federation</a> (ISYF) members working from the UK had committed "assassinations, bombings, and kidnappings" and were a "threat to national security."<a href="#cite_note-ISYFlink-88">[86]</a> The ISYF is listed in the UK as a "Proscribed Terrorist Group"<a href="#cite_note-UKBKlisting-207">[205]</a> but it has not been included in the list of terrorist organisations by the United States Department of State.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> It was also added to the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Department">US Treasury Department</a> terrorism list on 27 June 2002.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gilligan" title="Andrew Gilligan">Andrew Gilligan</a>, reporting for the <a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a>, stated that the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Federation_(UK)" title="Sikh Federation (UK)">Sikh Federation (UK)</a> is the "successor" of the ISYF, and that its executive committee, objectives, and senior members ... are largely the same.<a href="#cite_note-ISYFlink-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-martyrboard-265">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a> reported in February 2008 that <a href="/wiki/Dabinderjit_Singh" title="Dabinderjit Singh">Dabinderjit Singh</a> was campaigning to have both the Babbar Khalsa and International Sikh Youth Federation de-listed as terrorist organisations.<a href="#cite_note-delistingeffort-266">[263]</a> It also stated of Public Safety Minister <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> that "he has not been approached by anyone lobbying to delist the banned groups". Day is also quoted as saying "The decision to list organizations such as Babbar Khalsa, Babbar Khalsa International, and the International Sikh Youth Federation as terrorist entities under the Criminal Code is intended to protect Canada and Canadians from terrorism."<a href="#cite_note-delistingeffort-266">[263]</a> There are claims of funding from <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs outside India</a> to attract young people into these pro-Khalistan militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_foreignFund-267">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharku" title="Kharku">Kharku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Hague, William. 2014. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/alleged-uk-link-to-operation-at-sri-harmandir-sahib-amritsar-1984">Allegations of UK Involvement in the Indian Operation at Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar 1984</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116061623/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/alleged-uk-link-to-operation-at-sri-harmandir-sahib-amritsar-1984">Archived</a> 16 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (<a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">Policy paper</a>). Available as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277292/Cabinet_Secretary_report_to_PM_on_allegations_of_UK_involveme....pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094158/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277292/Cabinet_Secretary_report_to_PM_on_allegations_of_UK_involveme....pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2020. "The FCO files (Annex E) record the Indian Intelligence Co-ordinator telling a UK interlocutor, in the same time-frame as this public Indian report, that some time after the UK military adviser's visit the Indian Army took over lead responsibility for the operation, the main concept behind the operation changed, and a frontal assault was attempted, which contributed to the large number of casualties on both sides." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26027631">Golden Temple attack: UK advised India but impact 'limited'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173430/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26027631">Archived</a> 3 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2020. "The adviser suggested using an element of surprise, as well as helicopters, to try to keep casualty numbers low – features which were not part of the final operation, Mr Hague said." </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJodhka2001">Jodhka (2001)</a>: "Not only has the once powerful Khalistan movement virtually disappeared, even the appeal of identity seems to have considerably declined during the last couple of years." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShah2022" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Murtaza Ali (27 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/amp/395548-khalistan-flag-installed-on-gandhi-statue-in-washington">"Khalistan flag installed on Gandhi Statue in Washington"</a>. Geo News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731125523/https://www.geo.tv/amp/395548-khalistan-flag-installed-on-gandhi-statue-in-washington">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Khalistan+flag+installed+on+Gandhi+Statue+in+Washington&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Murtaza+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Famp%2F395548-khalistan-flag-installed-on-gandhi-statue-in-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnvall2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinnvall, Catarina (24 January 2007). "Situating Sikh and Hindu Nationalism in India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJzUzWDwZ4kC">Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-413570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-413570-7"><bdi>978-1-13-413570-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072123/https://books.google.com/books?id=XJzUzWDwZ4kC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Situating+Sikh+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+India&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Religious+Nationalism+in+India%3A+The+Search+for+Ontological+Security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-13-413570-7&rft.aulast=Kinnvall&rft.aufirst=Catarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJzUzWDwZ4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crenshaw-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw_3-0">^</a> Crenshaw, Martha, 1995, Terrorism in Context, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01015-1">978-0-271-01015-1</a> p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanton2022" class="citation news cs1">Canton, Naomi (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/banned-sjf-leader-unveils-khalistan-map-with-shimla-as-capital-before-pak-press-in-lahore/articleshow/92090727.cms">"Banned SFJ leader unveils 'Khalistan map', with Shimla as 'capital', before Pak press in Lahore"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/banned-sjf-leader-unveils-khalistan-map-with-shimla-as-capital-before-pak-press-in-lahore/articleshow/92090727.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Banned+SFJ+leader+unveils+%27Khalistan+map%27%2C+with+Shimla+as+%27capital%27%2C+before+Pak+press+in+Lahore&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.aulast=Canton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fbanned-sjf-leader-unveils-khalistan-map-with-shimla-as-capital-before-pak-press-in-lahore%2Farticleshow%2F92090727.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehtab_Ali_Shah,_The_Foreign_Policy_of_Pakistan199724–25-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehtab_Ali_Shah,_The_Foreign_Policy_of_Pakistan199724–25_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehtab_Ali_Shah,_The_Foreign_Policy_of_Pakistan1997">Mehtab Ali Shah, The Foreign Policy of Pakistan 1997</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-keith-call-homeland-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keith-call-homeland_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keith-call-homeland_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel2001" class="citation book cs1">Axel, Brian Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"</a>. Duke University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-2615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072138/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The call for a Sikh homeland was first made in the 1930s, addressed to the quickly dissolving empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Tortured+Body%3A+Violence%2C+Representation%2C+and+the+Formation+of+a+Sikh+%22Diaspora%22&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2615-1&rft.aulast=Axel&rft.aufirst=Brian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj8yJsixw8QC%26dq%3Dakali%2Bdal%2Bkhalistan%2B1930s%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShani2007" class="citation book cs1">Shani, Giorgio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&q=bhatti">Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</a>. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10189-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072134/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&q=bhatti">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>However, the term Khalistan was first coined by Dr V.S. Bhatti to denote an independent Sikh state in March 1940. Dr Bhatti made the case for a separate Sikh state in a pamphlet entitled 'Khalistan' in response to the Muslim League's Lahore Resolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10189-4&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKu66SixH6AC%26q%3Dbhatti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchiniChaturvediIvekovicSamaddar2004" class="citation book cs1">Bianchini, Stefano; Chaturvedi, Sanjay; Ivekovic, Rada; Samaddar, Ranabir (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32h_AgAAQBAJ&q=pamphlet%20forty%20pages">Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds</a>. Routledge. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27654-7"><bdi>978-1-134-27654-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=32h_AgAAQBAJ&q=pamphlet%20forty%20pages">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Around the same time, a pamphlet of about forty pages, entitled 'Khalistan', and authored by medical doctor, V.S. 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Asian Survey. 26 (3): 363–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644197">10.2307/2644197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644197">2644197</a>. <q>Over 8,000,000 of India's 10,378,979 Sikhs were concentrated in Punjab</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+as+a+%22Minority%22+in+a+Sikh+Majority+State+in+India&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-377&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644197&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly,_Sikh_Revivalist_Movements19886-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly,_Sikh_Revivalist_Movements19886_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJolly,_Sikh_Revivalist_Movements1988">Jolly, Sikh Revivalist Movements (1988)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurewal2017" class="citation book cs1">Purewal, Navtej K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFM8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh+unified&pg=PT68">Living on the Margins: Social Access to Shelter in Urban South Asia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74899-5"><bdi>978-1-351-74899-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072117/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFM8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh+unified&pg=PT68">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The wrangling between various Sikh groupings were resolved by the nineteenth century when Maharajah Ranjit Singh unified the Punjab from Peshawar t the Sutluj River.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+on+the+Margins%3A+Social+Access+to+Shelter+in+Urban+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-74899-5&rft.aulast=Purewal&rft.aufirst=Navtej+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJFM8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMaharaja%2BRanjit%2BSingh%2Bunified%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+empire+british&pg=PA470">Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7524-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072126/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+empire+british&pg=PA470">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>A second conflict, just two years later, led to complete subjugation of the Sikhs and the incorporation of the remainder of their lands</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7524-1&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdFbCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsikh%2Bempire%2Bbritish%26pg%3DPA470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005127-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005127_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFair,_Diaspora_Involvement_in_Insurgencies2005">Fair, Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies (2005)</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel2001" class="citation book cs1">Axel, Brian Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"</a>. Duke University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-2615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072138/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The Akalis viewed the Lahore Resolution and the Cripps Mission as a betrayal of the Sikhs and an attempt to usurp what, since the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was historically a Sikh territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Tortured+Body%3A+Violence%2C+Representation%2C+and+the+Formation+of+a+Sikh+%22Diaspora%22&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2615-1&rft.aulast=Axel&rft.aufirst=Brian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj8yJsixw8QC%26dq%3Dakali%2Bdal%2Bkhalistan%2B1930s%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanKudaisya2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tai_Yong" title="Tan Tai Yong">Tan, Tai Yong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kudaisya" title="Gyanesh Kudaisya">Kudaisya, Gyanesh</a> (2005) [First published 2000], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia</a>, Routledge, p. 100, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28908-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28908-5</bdi></a>, <q>The professed intention of the Muslim League to impose a Muslim state on the Punjab (a Muslim majority province) was anathema to the Sikhs ... the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution ... Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28908-5&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Tai+Yong&rft.au=Kudaisya%2C+Gyanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPOBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel2001" class="citation book cs1">Axel, Brian Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"</a>. Duke University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2615-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-2615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072138/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&dq=akali+dal+khalistan+1930s&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Against the nationalist ideology of a united India, which called for all groups to set aside "communal" differences, the Shiromani Akali Dal Party of the 1930s rallied around the proposition of a Sikh panth (community) that was separate from Hindus and Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Tortured+Body%3A+Violence%2C+Representation%2C+and+the+Formation+of+a+Sikh+%22Diaspora%22&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2615-1&rft.aulast=Axel&rft.aufirst=Brian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj8yJsixw8QC%26dq%3Dakali%2Bdal%2Bkhalistan%2B1930s%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShani2007" class="citation book cs1">Shani, Giorgio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&dq=shani+theocratic+state+khalistan&pg=PA52">Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</a>. Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10189-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072207/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&dq=shani+theocratic+state+khalistan&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Khalistan was imagined as a theocratic state, a mirror-image of 'Muslim' Pakistan, led by the Maharaja of Patiala with the aid of a cabinet consisting of representing federating units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10189-4&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKu66SixH6AC%26dq%3Dshani%2Btheocratic%2Bstate%2Bkhalistan%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1997" class="citation cs2">Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&q=khalistan+lahore&pg=PA25">The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994</a>, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-169-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-169-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072122/https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&q=khalistan+lahore&pg=PA25">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Pakistan%3A+Ethnic+Impacts+on+Diplomacy+1971%E2%80%931994&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-169-5&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Mehtab+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7czT4fipTyoC%26q%3Dkhalistan%2Blahore%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSeltzerLeaningMalik2003" class="citation cs2">Hill, K.; Seltzer, W.; Leaning, J.; Malik, S.J.; Russell, S. S.; Makinson, C. 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Retrieved 13 June 2021. <q>Bhindranwale never raised the demand for Khalistan or went beyond the Akali Anandpur Sahib Resolution, while he himself was prepared for negotiations to the very end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Genesis+of+tumultuous+period+in+Punjab&rft.date=2020-12-13&rft.aulast=Dulat&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Freviews%2Fstory%2Fgenesis-of-tumultuous-period-in-punjab-183639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevens-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevens_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevens_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1984" class="citation news cs1">Stevens, William K. 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Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Army+reveals+startling+facts+on+Bluestar%2C+says+Longowal+surrendered&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.aulast=Walia&rft.aufirst=Varinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20070320%2Fpunjab1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chima2008-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJugdep_S_Chima2008" class="citation book cs1">Jugdep S Chima (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements</a>. Sage Publishing India. pp. 114–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351509530" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351509530"><bdi>978-9351509530</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072225/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Separatist+Insurgency+in+India%3A+Political+Leadership+and+Ethnonationalist+Movements&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Sage+Publishing+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9351509530&rft.au=Jugdep+S+Chima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxpBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitePaper1984-72"><a href="#cite_ref-WhitePaper1984_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">White Paper on the Punjab Agitation</a>. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1984. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1839009M">1839009M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072248/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Paper+on+the+Punjab+Agitation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1839009M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqSAngEACAAJ%26q%3D493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim1991" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Afsir (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC">Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor</a>. Lancer Publishers. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170621270" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170621270"><bdi>978-8170621270</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072148/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter+Terrorism%2C+the+Pakistan+Factor&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8170621270&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Afsir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoqwQb38SQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03inter.htm">"Pakistan would have recognised Khalistan"</a>. Rediff.com. 3 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129052453/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03inter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+would+have+recognised+Khalistan&rft.date=2004-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fjun%2F03inter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher M.; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoclAQAAMAAJ">The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World</a>. Allen Lane. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9359-2"><bdi>978-0-7139-9359-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072147/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoclAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mitrokhin+Archive+II%3A+The+KGB+and+the+World&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9359-2&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoclAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn2oJQAACAAJ">The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World</a>. DIANE Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-9312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-9312-3"><bdi>978-1-4223-9312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072134/https://books.google.com/books?id=nn2oJQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Was+Going+Our+Way%3A+The+KGB+and+the+Battle+for+the+Third+World&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4223-9312-3&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn2oJQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swamy19922-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Swamy19922_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian_Swamy1992" class="citation book cs1">Subramanian Swamy (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBIAAAAMAAJ">Building a New India: An Agenda for National Renaissance</a>. UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85674-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85674-21-6"><bdi>978-81-85674-21-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072222/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBIAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022. <q>The 1984 Operation Bluestar became necessary because of the vast disinformation against Sant Bhindranwale by the KGB, and repeated inside Parliament by the Congress Party of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+a+New+India%3A+An+Agenda+for+National+Renaissance&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-85674-21-6&rft.au=Subramanian+Swamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQBIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnMichael2000-80"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnMichael2000_80-0">^</a> Guidry, John A., Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. 2000. Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power, and the Transnational Public Sphere. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06721-3">978-0-472-06721-3</a>. p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G._T._Nanavati" title="G. T. Nanavati">Nanavati, G. T.</a> 9 February 2005. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Nanavati-I_eng_3.pdf">Report of the Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry (1984 Anti-Sikh Riots)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203231408/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Nanavati-I_eng_3.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" 1. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127130507/http://www.mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Nanavati-I_eng.pdf">Archived</a> from the original 27 November 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2020. Also available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/library/resource/report-of-the-justice-nanavati-commission-of-inquiry-1984-anti-sikh-riots-volumes-i-and-ii/">People's Archive of Rural India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507133202/https://ruralindiaonline.org/library/resource/report-of-the-justice-nanavati-commission-of-inquiry-1984-anti-sikh-riots-volumes-i-and-ii/">Archived</a> 7 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tehelka_fish-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tehelka_fish_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehelka_fish_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913061657/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=Ne082005_What_about.asp">"What about the big fish?"</a>. Tehelka. Anant Media. 25 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=Ne082005_What_about.asp">the original</a> on 13 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehelka&rft.atitle=What+about+the+big+fish%3F&rft.date=2005-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main13.asp%3Ffilename%3DNe082005_What_about.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Singh, Swadesh Bahadur. 31 May 1996. "Cabinet berth for a Sikh." <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">Indian Express</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Kumar, Ram Narayan, et al. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Reduced_to_Ashes_(book)" title="Reduced to Ashes (book)">Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Forum_for_Human_Rights" title="South Asia Forum for Human Rights">South Asia Forum for Human Rights</a>. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705030307/http://www.punjabjustice.org/report/report.htm">Available</a> via Committee for Information and Initiative on Punjab. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/victims.html">In Depth: Air India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318220743/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/victims.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Victims, CBC News Online, 16 March 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912212106/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp">"Free. Fair. Fearless"</a>. Tehelka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp">the original</a> on 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free.+Fair.+Fearless&rft.pub=Tehelka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main33.asp%3Ffilename%3DNe040807operation_silence.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030">"Jagmeet Singh now rejects glorification of Air India bombing mastermind"</a>. CBC News. 15 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002032159/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Jagmeet+Singh+now+rejects+glorification+of+Air+India+bombing+mastermind&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISYFlink-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISYFlink_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISYFlink_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISYFlink_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilligan2008" class="citation news cs1">Gilligan, Andrew (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612112108/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-mayor/article-23479477-details/Ken's+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group/article.do">"Ken's adviser is linked to terror group"</a>. London Evening Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-mayor/article-23479477-details/Ken%27s+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group/article.do">the original</a> on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Ken%27s+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Gilligan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard-mayor%2Farticle-23479477-details%2FKen%2527s%2Badviser%2Bis%2Blinked%2Bto%2Bterror%2Bgroup%2Farticle.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolan2008" class="citation news cs1">Bolan, Kim (9 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=9bfcf081-3b29-45ea-8bb3-ad82c051bcbb">"Air India bombmaker sent to holding centre"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Pro-Khalistan+slogans+raised+during+Punjab+CM+Parkash+Singh+Badal%27s+function&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fpunjab-and-haryana%2Fpro-khalistan-slogans-raised-during-punjab-cm-parkash-singh-badals-function%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_book-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_book_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar1997" class="citation cs2">Kumar, Ram Narayan (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WD9uAAAAMAAJ">The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective</a>, Ajanta, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0453-9"><bdi>978-81-202-0453-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+unrest+and+the+Indian+state%3A+politics%2C+personalities%2C+and+historical+retrospective&rft.pub=Ajanta&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-202-0453-9&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWD9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/feb/22sikh.htm">Rediff On the Net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815170823/http://www.rediff.com/news/feb/22sikh.htm">Archived</a> 15 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew,_The_Sikhs_of_the_Punjab1995188–197-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettigrew,_The_Sikhs_of_the_Punjab1995188–197_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettigrew,_The_Sikhs_of_the_Punjab1995">Pettigrew, The Sikhs of the Punjab (1995)</a>, pp. 188–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009992-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009992_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009">Van Dyke, The Khalistan Movement (2009)</a>, p. 992. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009991-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009991_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009991_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009">Van Dyke, The Khalistan Movement (2009)</a>, p. 991. </li> <li id="cite_note-HT_Period-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HT_Period_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HT_Period_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/no-chance-of-another-khalistan-movement-in-punjab-defence-experts/story-o9MSyS8jNS79kQo9cNIGHP.html">"No chance of another Khalistan movement in Punjab: Defence experts"</a>. Hindustan Times. ANI. 19 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506103911/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/no-chance-of-another-khalistan-movement-in-punjab-defence-experts/story-o9MSyS8jNS79kQo9cNIGHP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=No+chance+of+another+Khalistan+movement+in+Punjab%3A+Defence+experts&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fno-chance-of-another-khalistan-movement-in-punjab-defence-experts%2Fstory-o9MSyS8jNS79kQo9cNIGHP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SikhDiaspora-134"><a href="#cite_ref-SikhDiaspora_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillon2007" class="citation web cs1">Dhillon, Simrat (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/1787132181IPCS-ResearchPaper12-SimratDhillon.pdf">"The Sikh Diaspora and the Quest for Khalistan: A Search for Statehood or for Self-preservation?"</a> (PDF). Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817012224/http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/1787132181IPCS-ResearchPaper12-SimratDhillon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Diaspora+and+the+Quest+for+Khalistan%3A+A+Search+for+Statehood+or+for+Self-preservation%3F&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Studies&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Simrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcs.org%2Fissue_briefs%2Fissue_brief_pdf%2F1787132181IPCS-ResearchPaper12-SimratDhillon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand" class="citation news cs1">Anand, Nisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/australian-police-releases-pics-of-6-men-involved-in-khalistan-referendum-brawl-101679310384539.html">"Australian police releases pics of 6 men involved in Khalistan referendum brawl"</a>. Hindustan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Australian+police+releases+pics+of+6+men+involved+in+Khalistan+referendum+brawl&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Nisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Faustralian-police-releases-pics-of-6-men-involved-in-khalistan-referendum-brawl-101679310384539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brawl-khalistan-referendum-australia-india-8412876/">"Brawl breaks out over Khalistan referendum in Australia; India raises concerns with authorities"</a>. The Indian Express. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Brawl+breaks+out+over+Khalistan+referendum+in+Australia%3B+India+raises+concerns+with+authorities&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fbrawl-khalistan-referendum-australia-india-8412876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/appalled-australian-envoy-on-attack-by-khalistan-elements-on-pro-india-groups-101675090248789.html">"'Appalled': Australian envoy on attack by Khalistan elements on pro-India groups"</a>. Hindustan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Appalled%27%3A+Australian+envoy+on+attack+by+Khalistan+elements+on+pro-India+groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fappalled-australian-envoy-on-attack-by-khalistan-elements-on-pro-india-groups-101675090248789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-police-investigating-attack-on-brampton-radio-host-after-remarks-on/">"Police investigating attack on Brampton radio host after remarks on Punjabi actor"</a>. The Globe and Mail. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2024. <q>He told police he was approached near his Brampton studio Wednesday afternoon by three men who were shouting support for Mr. Sidhu, who was also a Sikh activist. "One of them pulled a gun on me, and the other hit me on the head with a beer bottle," he told The Globe and Mail.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Police+investigating+attack+on+Brampton+radio+host+after+remarks+on+Punjabi+actor&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-police-investigating-attack-on-brampton-radio-host-after-remarks-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/people/bhindranwale-2-0-radical-preacher-and-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-very-active-in-punjab-3810442">"'Bhindranwale 2.0': Radical Khalistan Sympathiser Amritpal Singh Active in Punjab"</a>. NDTV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224152453/https://www.ndtv.com/people/bhindranwale-2-0-radical-preacher-and-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-very-active-in-punjab-3810442">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023. <q>Often escorted by armed supporters and donning a flowing white 'chola' and a navy-blue turban, radical preacher and Khalistan sympathiser Amritpal Singh has been very active for some time in Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV+News&rft.atitle=%27Bhindranwale+2.0%27%3A+Radical+Khalistan+Sympathiser+Amritpal+Singh+Active+in+Punjab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fpeople%2Fbhindranwale-2-0-radical-preacher-and-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-very-active-in-punjab-3810442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Print_Feb_2023-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Print_Feb_2023_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi2023" class="citation news cs1">Sethi, Chitleen K. (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/radical-activist-amritpal-storms-ajnala-police-station-with-supporters-secures-aides-release/1394086/">"Radical activist Amritpal storms Ajnala police station with supporters, secures aide's release"</a>. ThePrint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224154325/https://theprint.in/india/radical-activist-amritpal-storms-ajnala-police-station-with-supporters-secures-aides-release/1394086/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Radical+activist+Amritpal+storms+Ajnala+police+station+with+supporters%2C+secures+aide%27s+release&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Chitleen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fradical-activist-amritpal-storms-ajnala-police-station-with-supporters-secures-aides-release%2F1394086%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/radical-preacher-amritpal-singh-issue-habeas-corpus-petition-moved-in-hc-seeking-his-release/3015120/">"Radical preacher Amritpal Singh issue: Habeas corpus petition moved in HC seeking his 'release'"</a>. The Financial Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319175249/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/radical-preacher-amritpal-singh-issue-habeas-corpus-petition-moved-in-hc-seeking-his-release/3015120/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Radical+preacher+Amritpal+Singh+issue%3A+Habeas+corpus+petition+moved+in+HC+seeking+his+%27release%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Fradical-preacher-amritpal-singh-issue-habeas-corpus-petition-moved-in-hc-seeking-his-release%2F3015120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Print_Feb_2023-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/deep-sidhu-disliked-amritpal-blocked-his-phone-439160">"Deep Sidhu disliked Amritpal Singh, blocked his phone"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210053836/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/deep-sidhu-disliked-amritpal-blocked-his-phone-439160">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Deep+Sidhu+disliked+Amritpal+Singh%2C+blocked+his+phone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fdeep-sidhu-disliked-amritpal-blocked-his-phone-439160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatharu2022" class="citation web cs1">Matharu, Sonal (25 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/fiery-orator-bhindranwale-2-0-whos-amritpal-singh-new-head-of-deep-sidhus-waris-punjab-de/1180939/">"Fiery orator, 'Bhindranwale 2.0' – who's Amritpal Singh, new 'head' of Deep Sidhu's Waris Punjab De"</a>. ThePrint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116122122/https://theprint.in/india/fiery-orator-bhindranwale-2-0-whos-amritpal-singh-new-head-of-deep-sidhus-waris-punjab-de/1180939/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Fiery+orator%2C+%27Bhindranwale+2.0%27+%E2%80%93+who%27s+Amritpal+Singh%2C+new+%27head%27+of+Deep+Sidhu%27s+Waris+Punjab+De&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.aulast=Matharu&rft.aufirst=Sonal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Ffiery-orator-bhindranwale-2-0-whos-amritpal-singh-new-head-of-deep-sidhus-waris-punjab-de%2F1180939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/the-rise-and-fall-of-fugitive-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-489705">"The rise and fall of Amritpal Singh"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223804/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/the-rise-and-fall-of-fugitive-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-489705">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+Amritpal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-fugitive-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-489705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/unaware-how-amritpal-singh-declared-himself-head-of-waris-punjab-de-says-deep-sidhus-kin/2992029/">"Unaware how Amritpal Singh declared himself head of 'Waris Punjab De', says Deep Sidhu's kin"</a>. Financialexpress. 24 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319194109/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/unaware-how-amritpal-singh-declared-himself-head-of-waris-punjab-de-says-deep-sidhus-kin/2992029/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financialexpress&rft.atitle=Unaware+how+Amritpal+Singh+declared+himself+head+of+%27Waris+Punjab+De%27%2C+says+Deep+Sidhu%27s+kin&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Funaware-how-amritpal-singh-declared-himself-head-of-waris-punjab-de-says-deep-sidhus-kin%2F2992029%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amrit-sanchar-to-focus-on-de-addiction-of-youth-445952">"Amritpal Singh: Amrit Sanchar to focus on 'de-addiction' of youth"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116122120/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amrit-sanchar-to-focus-on-de-addiction-of-youth-445952">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Amritpal+Singh%3A+Amrit+Sanchar+to+focus+on+%27de-addiction%27+of+youth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Famrit-sanchar-to-focus-on-de-addiction-of-youth-445952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khalistan-shouldn-t-be-seen-as-amritpal-singh-as-lovepreet-singh-set-to-be-released-today-101677225024364.html">"'Khalistan shouldn't be seen as…': Amritpal Singh as Toofan to be freed today"</a>. Hindustan Times. 24 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224155044/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khalistan-shouldn-t-be-seen-as-amritpal-singh-as-lovepreet-singh-set-to-be-released-today-101677225024364.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Khalistan+shouldn%27t+be+seen+as%E2%80%A6%27%3A+Amritpal+Singh+as+Toofan+to+be+freed+today&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkhalistan-shouldn-t-be-seen-as-amritpal-singh-as-lovepreet-singh-set-to-be-released-today-101677225024364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amritpal-singh-a-radical-preacher/article66553973.ece">"Amritpal Singh | A radical preacher"</a>. The Hindu. 25 February 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amritpal-singh-a-radical-preacher/article66553973.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Amritpal+Singh+%7C+A+radical+preacher&rft.date=2023-02-25&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Famritpal-singh-a-radical-preacher%2Farticle66553973.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogul2023" class="citation web cs1">Mogul, Rhea (22 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/22/india/india-separatist-khalistan-movement-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html">"Khalistan: The outlawed Sikh separatist movement that has Indian authorities on edge"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323000018/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/22/india/india-separatist-khalistan-movement-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Khalistan%3A+The+outlawed+Sikh+separatist+movement+that+has+Indian+authorities+on+edge&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft.aulast=Mogul&rft.aufirst=Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F03%2F22%2Findia%2Findia-separatist-khalistan-movement-explainer-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece">"'Waris Punjab De' chief Amritpal Singh arrested from Punjab's Moga under NSA; shifted to Assam's Dibrugarh jail"</a>. The Hindu. 23 April 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423073440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Waris+Punjab+De%27+chief+Amritpal+Singh+arrested+from+Punjab%27s+Moga+under+NSA%3B+shifted+to+Assam%27s+Dibrugarh+jail&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Famritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested%2Farticle66769442.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/watch-sikhs-attack-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-raise-khalistani-flag-to-protest-against-crackdown-on-amritpal-singh">"Watch: Sikhs attack Indian consulate in San Francisco, raise Khalistani flag to protest against crackdown on Amritpal Singh"</a>. Free Press Journal. 20 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321101735/https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/watch-sikhs-attack-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-raise-khalistani-flag-to-protest-against-crackdown-on-amritpal-singh">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+Sikhs+attack+Indian+consulate+in+San+Francisco%2C+raise+Khalistani+flag+to+protest+against+crackdown+on+Amritpal+Singh&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fworld%2Fwatch-sikhs-attack-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-raise-khalistani-flag-to-protest-against-crackdown-on-amritpal-singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_LittleJulie_Nolin" class="citation news cs1">Simon Little; Julie Nolin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/">"Journalist allegedly assaulted as Punjab tensions spill over into B.C."</a> Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321101735/https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Journalist+allegedly+assaulted+as+Punjab+tensions+spill+over+into+B.C.&rft.au=Simon+Little&rft.au=Julie+Nolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9565072%2Fsurrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65010388">"Indian High Commission: Diplomat summoned after London protest"</a>. BBC News. 20 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625023001/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65010388">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+High+Commission%3A+Diplomat+summoned+after+London+protest&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-65010388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-155"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waris-punjab-de-chief-s-brother-in-law-named-primary-accused-in-attack-on-indian-high-commission-in-canada-101687549686353.html">"Amritpal Singh's brother-in-law key accused in attack on Indian high commission in Canada"</a>. Hindustan Times. 24 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705072929/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/waris-punjab-de-chief-s-brother-in-law-named-primary-accused-in-attack-on-indian-high-commission-in-canada-101687549686353.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Amritpal+Singh%27s+brother-in-law+key+accused+in+attack+on+Indian+high+commission+in+Canada&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fwaris-punjab-de-chief-s-brother-in-law-named-primary-accused-in-attack-on-indian-high-commission-in-canada-101687549686353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/pro-khalistan-protesters-attempted-to-set-on-fire-indias-consulate-in-san-francisco-490025">"Pro-Khalistan protesters tried to set on fire India's consulate in San Francisco"</a>. The Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625025651/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/pro-khalistan-protesters-attempted-to-set-on-fire-indias-consulate-in-san-francisco-490025">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Pro-Khalistan+protesters+tried+to+set+on+fire+India%27s+consulate+in+San+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fdiaspora%2Fpro-khalistan-protesters-attempted-to-set-on-fire-indias-consulate-in-san-francisco-490025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/senior-indian-journalist-attacked-by-pro-khalistanis-outside-indian-embassy-in-washington-1203621.html">"Senior Indian journalist attacked by pro-Khalistanis outside Indian Embassy in Washington"</a>. Deccan Herald. 26 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625021638/https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/senior-indian-journalist-attacked-by-pro-khalistanis-outside-indian-embassy-in-washington-1203621.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Senior+Indian+journalist+attacked+by+pro-Khalistanis+outside+Indian+Embassy+in+Washington&rft.date=2023-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Finternational%2Fworld-news-politics%2Fsenior-indian-journalist-attacked-by-pro-khalistanis-outside-indian-embassy-in-washington-1203621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/">"Journalist allegedly assaulted as Punjab tensions spill over into B.C."</a> Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321101735/https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Journalist+allegedly+assaulted+as+Punjab+tensions+spill+over+into+B.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9565072%2Fsurrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9565072/surrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown/">"Journalist allegedly assaulted as Punjab tensions spill over into B.C."</a> Global News. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Journalist+allegedly+assaulted+as+Punjab+tensions+spill+over+into+B.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9565072%2Fsurrey-protest-assault-punjab-crackdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mr-taranjit-singh-sandhu-khalistan-supporters-threaten-indian-envoy-to-us-watch-101679805410645.html">"'Mr Taranjit Singh Sandhu…': Khalistan supporter threatens Indian envoy to US | Watch"</a>. Hindustan Times. 26 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627184325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mr-taranjit-singh-sandhu-khalistan-supporters-threaten-indian-envoy-to-us-watch-101679805410645.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Mr+Taranjit+Singh+Sandhu%E2%80%A6%27%3A+Khalistan+supporter+threatens+Indian+envoy+to+US+%7C+Watch&rft.date=2023-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fmr-taranjit-singh-sandhu-khalistan-supporters-threaten-indian-envoy-to-us-watch-101679805410645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnirudh_Bhattacharyya2018" class="citation news cs1">Anirudh Bhattacharyya (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nijjar-accused-by-india-of-being-khalistani-terrorist-briefly-taken-into-custody-by-canada/story-Tdi9QZxxyDKuBlcjjc6ZXN.html">"Canadian police frees Khalistani 'separatist' Hardeep Nijjar after 24 hours in custody"</a>. Hindustan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921182446/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nijjar-accused-by-india-of-being-khalistani-terrorist-briefly-taken-into-custody-by-canada/story-Tdi9QZxxyDKuBlcjjc6ZXN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+police+frees+Khalistani+%27separatist%27+Hardeep+Nijjar+after+24+hours+in+custody&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.au=Anirudh+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fnijjar-accused-by-india-of-being-khalistani-terrorist-briefly-taken-into-custody-by-canada%2Fstory-Tdi9QZxxyDKuBlcjjc6ZXN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2nd-attack-since-march-indian-consulate-set-on-fire-in-san-francisco-us-condemns-violence/articleshow/101471463.cms?from=mdr">"2nd attack since March: Indian consulate set on fire in San Francisco; US condemns violence"</a>. The Times of India. 4 July 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2nd-attack-since-march-indian-consulate-set-on-fire-in-san-francisco-us-condemns-violence/articleshow/101471463.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=2nd+attack+since+March%3A+Indian+consulate+set+on+fire+in+San+Francisco%3B+US+condemns+violence&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2F2nd-attack-since-march-indian-consulate-set-on-fire-in-san-francisco-us-condemns-violence%2Farticleshow%2F101471463.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune_India_July_2023-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_India_July_2023_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_India_July_2023_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/us-condemns-vandalism-attempted-arson-against-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-522658">"US condemns vandalism, attempted arson against Indian Consulate in San Francisco"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704213518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/us-condemns-vandalism-attempted-arson-against-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-522658">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=US+condemns+vandalism%2C+attempted+arson+against+Indian+Consulate+in+San+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fdiaspora%2Fus-condemns-vandalism-attempted-arson-against-indian-consulate-in-san-francisco-522658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us-condemns-vandalism-indian-consulate-san-francisco-2023-07-04/">"US condemns vandalism at Indian consulate in San Francisco"</a>. Reuters. 4 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205012/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-condemns-vandalism-indian-consulate-san-francisco-2023-07-04/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+condemns+vandalism+at+Indian+consulate+in+San+Francisco&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus-condemns-vandalism-indian-consulate-san-francisco-2023-07-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-sikh-protests-toronto-vancouver/">"'Heated' demonstration at Indian consulate in Toronto sees one arrested"</a>. The Globe and Mail. 9 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714010058/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-sikh-protests-toronto-vancouver/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. <q>Some online posters ahead of the event said "Kill India" and suggested, without evidence, that Indian diplomats played a role in Mr. Nijjar's death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=%27Heated%27+demonstration+at+Indian+consulate+in+Toronto+sees+one+arrested&rft.date=2023-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-sikh-protests-toronto-vancouver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-a-year-after-hardeep-singh-nijjars-death-mysteries-remain-about-how-he/">"A year after Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death, mysteries remain about how he really lived"</a>. The Globe and Mail. 22 June 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=A+year+after+Hardeep+Singh+Nijjar%27s+death%2C+mysteries+remain+about+how+he+really+lived&rft.date=2024-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-a-year-after-hardeep-singh-nijjars-death-mysteries-remain-about-how-he%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/world/pro-khalistani-group-in-toronto-glorifies-beant-singhs-killer-indian-authorities-to-raise-issue-with-canada-exclusive-9035805.html">"Pro-Khalistani Group in Toronto Glorifies Beant Singh's Killer, Indian Authorities to Raise Issue With Canada | EXCLUSIVE"</a>. News18. 2 September 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Pro-Khalistani+Group+in+Toronto+Glorifies+Beant+Singh%27s+Killer%2C+Indian+Authorities+to+Raise+Issue+With+Canada+%7C+EXCLUSIVE&rft.date=2024-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fworld%2Fpro-khalistani-group-in-toronto-glorifies-beant-singhs-killer-indian-authorities-to-raise-issue-with-canada-exclusive-9035805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstoday.in/world/canada/story/canada-pro-khalistan-rallies-feature-floats-celebrating-1995-beant-singh-bombing-443897-2024-09-01?onetap=true">"Canada: Pro-Khalistan rallies feature floats celebrating 1995 Beant Singh bombing"</a>. Business Today. 1 September 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Today&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+Pro-Khalistan+rallies+feature+floats+celebrating+1995+Beant+Singh+bombing&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fstory%2Fcanada-pro-khalistan-rallies-feature-floats-celebrating-1995-beant-singh-bombing-443897-2024-09-01%3Fonetap%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10789526/calgary-radio-host-attack-cctv-red-fm-rishi-nagar/">"'I will not be silenced': Calgary radio host attack caught on CCTV"</a>. Global News. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=%27I+will+not+be+silenced%27%3A+Calgary+radio+host+attack+caught+on+CCTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F10789526%2Fcalgary-radio-host-attack-cctv-red-fm-rishi-nagar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/video/10789528/calgary-radio-host-speaks-out-after-being-attacked-outside-banquet-hall/">"Calgary radio host speaks out after being attacked outside banquet hall"</a>. Global News. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Calgary+radio+host+speaks+out+after+being+attacked+outside+banquet+hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fvideo%2F10789528%2Fcalgary-radio-host-speaks-out-after-being-attacked-outside-banquet-hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indocanadian-mediaperson-attacked-by-two-persons-blames-pro-khalistan-elements-101727784955199.html">"Indo-Canadian mediaperson, attacked by two persons, blames 'pro-Khalistan' elements"</a>. Hindustan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Indo-Canadian+mediaperson%2C+attacked+by+two+persons%2C+blames+%27pro-Khalistan%27+elements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Findocanadian-mediaperson-attacked-by-two-persons-blames-pro-khalistan-elements-101727784955199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/calgary-police-investigating-weekend-assault-of-radio-host-1.7058356">"Calgary police investigating weekend assault of radio host"</a>. CTV News Calgary. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News+Calgary&rft.atitle=Calgary+police+investigating+weekend+assault+of+radio+host&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalgary.ctvnews.ca%2Fcalgary-police-investigating-weekend-assault-of-radio-host-1.7058356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/police-investigate-allegedly-politically-motivated-assault-on-radio-journalist/ar-AA1rxplx">"Radio journalist says he was assaulted in attack over news coverage"</a>. Calgary Herald. <q>City police are seeking two suspects in an assault on a well-known radio journalist in Calgary's northeast that apparently targeted his reporting on crime issues within the Sikh community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Radio+journalist+says+he+was+assaulted+in+attack+over+news+coverage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fpolice-investigate-allegedly-politically-motivated-assault-on-radio-journalist%2Far-AA1rxplx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/police-investigate-assault-on-radio-host-1.7338352">"Calgary police probe assault of RED FM news director"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <q>Staff Sgt. John Guigon said Nagar was struck in the head but was not seriously hurt, and that the incident was captured on video. "It was not a pleasant situation," he said."[It is] particularly troubling to us when a member of the media gets attacked in a democracy.... We're throwing resources at it."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Calgary+police+probe+assault+of+RED+FM+news+director&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fpolice-investigate-assault-on-radio-host-1.7338352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2024" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Abhinav (3 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diyatvusa.com/canadian-radio-journalist-rishi-nagar-attacked-by-khalistani-groups-in-canada/">"Canadian radio journalist Rishi Nagar attacked by Khalistani groups in Canada"</a>. Diya TV. Retrieved 4 October 2024. <q>A group of men supportive of the Khalistan separatist movement violently assaulted Canada-based RED FM News Director Rishi Nagar allegedly for refusing to align with their agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diya+TV&rft.atitle=Canadian+radio+journalist+Rishi+Nagar+attacked+by+Khalistani+groups+in+Canada&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Abhinav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiyatvusa.com%2Fcanadian-radio-journalist-rishi-nagar-attacked-by-khalistani-groups-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoharib2024" class="citation web cs1">Moharib, Nadia (30 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgary.citynews.ca/2024/09/30/calgary-sikh-temple-firearms-incident/">"Man threatened outside NE temple, two arrested: Calgary police"</a>. CityNews Calgary. Retrieved 11 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityNews+Calgary&rft.atitle=Man+threatened+outside+NE+temple%2C+two+arrested%3A+Calgary+police&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft.aulast=Moharib&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalgary.citynews.ca%2F2024%2F09%2F30%2Fcalgary-sikh-temple-firearms-incident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2024" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Jonathan (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernstandard.news/alberta/red-fm-calgary-host-says-attack-will-not-stop-his-journalism/58314">"RED FM Calgary host says attack will not stop his journalism"</a>. Western Standard. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Standard&rft.atitle=RED+FM+Calgary+host+says+attack+will+not+stop+his+journalism&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernstandard.news%2Falberta%2Fred-fm-calgary-host-says-attack-will-not-stop-his-journalism%2F58314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2024" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Jonathan (2 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernstandard.news/alberta/poilievre-says-he-is-disturbed-by-attack-on-red-fm-calgary-host/58342">"UPDATED: Poilievre, Smith say they are disturbed by attack on RED FM Calgary host"</a>. Western Standard. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Standard&rft.atitle=UPDATED%3A+Poilievre%2C+Smith+say+they+are+disturbed+by+attack+on+RED+FM+Calgary+host&rft.date=2024-10-02&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernstandard.news%2Falberta%2Fpoilievre-says-he-is-disturbed-by-attack-on-red-fm-calgary-host%2F58342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/journalists-reporting-against-khalistan-groups-under-attack-in-canada-says-indian-origin-mp/">"Journalists reporting against Khalistan groups under attack in Canada, says Indian-origin MP"</a>. The Tribune. 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Toronto Star. Retrieved 10 November 2024. <q>In another video, individuals holding pro-Khalistan flagpoles can be seen running onto the property, striking those inside the perimeter with them. A chaotic scene ensues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98This+is+not+a+Hindu+and+Sikh+battle%E2%80%99%3A+The+complex+history+behind+protests+that+erupted+at+Brampton+temples+this+week+over+Indian+consular+visits&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Raju+Mudhar%2C+Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2Fthis-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted%2Farticle_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2024" class="citation web cs1">Aguilar, Bryann (3 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/local/peel/2024/11/03/peel-police-investigating-incident-during-protest-at-hindu-temple-in-brampton/">"Police increase their presence at Hindu temple in Brampton after protest"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=3+arrested+and+charged+after+protest+at+Brampton+Hindu+temple%2C+police+say&rft.date=2024-11-04&rft.aulast=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca&rft.aufirst=Zone+Justice+et+faits+divers-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Frci%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2117369%2F3-arrested-and-charged-after-protest-at-brampton-hindu-temple-police-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien2024" class="citation web cs1">O’Brien, Raju Mudhar, Abby (9 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/this-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted/article_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html">"'This is not a Hindu and Sikh battle': The complex history behind protests that erupted at Brampton temples this week over Indian consular visits"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved 10 November 2024. <q>The clash saw three people arrested and an off-duty police officer who participated in the protest, Sergeant Harinder Sohi, suspended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98This+is+not+a+Hindu+and+Sikh+battle%E2%80%99%3A+The+complex+history+behind+protests+that+erupted+at+Brampton+temples+this+week+over+Indian+consular+visits&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Raju+Mudhar%2C+Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2Fthis-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted%2Farticle_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/peel-officer-suspended-hindu-temple-protest-1.7372954">"Peel cop suspended after participating in protest outside Hindu temple"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheDailyGuardian&rft.atitle=Who+Is+The+Suspended+Cop+Harinder+Sohi+And+What+Happened+At+The+Pro-Khalistan+Protest%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedailyguardian.com%2Fwho-is-the-suspended-cop-harinder-sohi-and-what-happened-at-the-pro-khalistan-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien2024" class="citation web cs1">O’Brien, Raju Mudhar, Abby (9 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/this-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted/article_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html">"'This is not a Hindu and Sikh battle': The complex history behind protests that erupted at Brampton temples this week over Indian consular visits"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved 10 November 2024. <q>The video then appears to show one of the officers breaking away from his colleagues, running onto temple property, and repeatedly striking an individual. When reached for comment, Peel police said it was aware of the video and was looking into it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98This+is+not+a+Hindu+and+Sikh+battle%E2%80%99%3A+The+complex+history+behind+protests+that+erupted+at+Brampton+temples+this+week+over+Indian+consular+visits&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Raju+Mudhar%2C+Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2Fthis-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted%2Farticle_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-brampton-temple-attack-peel-police-assault-hindu-community-indians-khalistan-mob-viral-video-2627588-2024-11-04">"Video: Canadian cop punches Hindu man protesting against pro-Khalistan mob attack"</a>. India Today. 4 November 2024. 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The Globe and Mail. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024. <q>The Khalistani protesters claimed the event at the Hindu temple Sunday – where Indian consular staff were helping Indian immigrants apply for government pensions – was part of surveillance efforts to keep tabs on pro-Khalistan Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Fears+of+more+clashes+between+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+Brampton%2C+Ont.%2C+as+Canada-India+rift+spills+over+into+suburbs&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-tensions-in-brampton-boil-over-with-violent-protests-clashes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien2024" class="citation web cs1">O’Brien, Raju Mudhar, Abby (9 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/this-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted/article_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html">"'This is not a Hindu and Sikh battle': The complex history behind protests that erupted at Brampton temples this week over Indian consular visits"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved 10 November 2024. <q>It was the presence of Indian Consular officials, who have been visiting communities to help older people in the diaspora who may be entitled to pensions, that prompted SFJ to plan Sunday's demonstration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98This+is+not+a+Hindu+and+Sikh+battle%E2%80%99%3A+The+complex+history+behind+protests+that+erupted+at+Brampton+temples+this+week+over+Indian+consular+visits&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Raju+Mudhar%2C+Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2Fthis-is-not-a-hindu-and-sikh-battle-the-complex-history-behind-protests-that-erupted%2Farticle_8a786650-9dfd-11ef-a451-1fda9f2db36f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/violent-clashes-erupt-outside-consular-camp-at-hindu-temple-in-canadas-brampton/article68827909.ece">"Violent clashes erupt outside consular camp at Hindu temple in Canada's Brampton"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/region/asiapacific/080306-india-sikh-extremism">the original</a> on 10 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+PM+warns+against+renewed+Sikh+extremism&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionetherlands.nl%2Fcurrentaffairs%2Fregion%2Fasiapacific%2F080306-india-sikh-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBresurgent-252"><a href="#cite_ref-KBresurgent_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolan2008" class="citation news cs1">Bolan, Kim (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020313/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2be0865c-29ba-4dab-9bcc-d945e75007c1">"Sikh separatist threat on rise in Canada: Indian PM warns of resurgent threat in Canada"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2be0865c-29ba-4dab-9bcc-d945e75007c1">the original</a> on 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Sikh+separatist+threat+on+rise+in+Canada%3A+Indian+PM+warns+of+resurgent+threat+in+Canada&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Bolan&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fvancouversun%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2be0865c-29ba-4dab-9bcc-d945e75007c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amarinder-singh-meets-justin-trudeau-and-canadas-defence-minister-khalistani-sympathiser-harjit-sajjan/articleshow/63012999.cms">"Amarinder Singh meets Justin Trudeau and Canada's 'Khalistani sympathiser' minister"</a>. 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Sikh diasporic identity and critical international theory1", Sikh Formations, 1 (1): 57–74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448720500132565">10.1080/17448720500132565</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145300683">145300683</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Beyond+Khalistan%3F+Sikh+diasporic+identity+and+critical+international+theory1&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-74&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448720500132565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145300683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShani2008" class="citation cs2">Shani, Giorgio (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ">Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4"><bdi>978-0-415-42190-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072049/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42190-4&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dckd8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurharpal_Singh,_Ethnic_Conflict_in_India2000" class="citation cs2">Singh, Gurharpal (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOyHDAAAQBAJ">Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case-Study of Punjab</a>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98177-1"><bdi>978-0-333-98177-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072051/https://books.google.com/books?id=vOyHDAAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 3 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+in+India%3A+A+Case-Study+of+Punjab&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-98177-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOyHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirrs,_Pakistan's_Inter-Services_Intelligence_Directorate2016" class="citation book cs1">Sirrs, Owen L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&q=bhindranwale%20ISI&pg=PA167">Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations</a>. Routledge. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19609-9"><bdi>978-1-317-19609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Inter-Services+Intelligence+Directorate%3A+Covert+Action+and+Internal+Operations&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-19609-9&rft.aulast=Sirrs&rft.aufirst=Owen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_S-TDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbhindranwale%2520ISI%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah,_Leveling_Crowds1996" class="citation cs2">Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC">Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist conflicts and collective violence in South Asia</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20642-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20642-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072104/https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leveling+Crowds%3A+Ethnonationalist+conflicts+and+collective+violence+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20642-7&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Jeyaraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WEKZHVKZ-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot,_India_and_Pakistan2000" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccywQgAACAAJ">India and Pakistan: Inventing the Nation</a>, Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70633-6"><bdi>978-0-340-70633-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214512/https://books.google.com/books?id=ccywQgAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023, retrieved 3 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Inventing+the+Nation&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-340-70633-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccywQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyke,_The_Khalistan_Movement2009" class="citation cs2">Van Dyke, Virginia (2009), "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions", Asian Survey, 49 (6): 975–997, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2009.49.6.975">10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Khalistan+Movement+in+Punjab%2C+India%2C+and+the+Post-Militancy+Era%3A+Structural+Change+and+New+Political+Compulsions&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=975-997&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2009.49.6.975&rft.aulast=Van+Dyke&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Pal_Singh_Gill" title="Kanwar Pal Singh Gill">Gill, Kanwar Pal Singh</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm">Punjab, the Knights of Falsehood</a>. Har-Anand Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014135815/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%2C+the+Knights+of+Falsehood&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Kanwar+Pal+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fsatporgtp%2Fpublication%2Fnightsoffalsehood%2Ffalsehood4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Julio Ribeiro. Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html">The Ghost of Khalistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053015/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html">Archived</a> 4 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Sikh Times</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045932/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/cremations.pdf">The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law</a> (PDF), Ensaaf, January 2007, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/cremations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjab+Mass+Cremations+Case%3A+India+Burning+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.pub=Ensaaf&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensaaf.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Fcremations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaurDhami2007" class="citation cs2">Kaur, Jaskaran; Dhami, Sukhman (October 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india1007webwcover.pdf">Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India</a> (PDF), vol. 19, New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305140817/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india1007webwcover.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 4 December 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+the+Killers%3A+A+Policy+of+Impunity+in+Punjab%2C+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Jaskaran&rft.au=Dhami%2C+Sukhman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Findia1007webwcover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ram Narayan Kumar et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705030307/http://www.punjabjustice.org/report/report.htm">Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Forum_for_Human_Rights" title="South Asia Forum for Human Rights">South Asia Forum for Human Rights</a>, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisKaur2005" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Mie; Kaur, Jaskaran (5 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045959/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/fabricatingterrorism/fabricatingterrorism.pdf">Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture</a> (PDF), Santa Clara: Ensaaf, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/fabricatingterrorism/fabricatingterrorism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+Police%3A+Fabricating+Terrorism+Through+Illegal+Detention+and+Torture&rft.place=Santa+Clara&rft.pub=Ensaaf&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mie&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Jaskaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensaaf.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Ffabricatingterrorism%2Ffabricatingterrorism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaMarwahaKlingner2009" class="citation cs2">Silva, Romesh; Marwaha, Jasmine; Klingner, Jeff (26 January 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050107/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/descriptiveanalysis/reportwcover.pdf">Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis</a> (PDF), Palo Alto: Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/descriptiveanalysis/reportwcover.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Deaths+and+Enforced+Disappearances+During+the+Counterinsurgency+in+Punjab%2C+India%3A+A+Preliminary+Quantitative+Analysis&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Ensaaf+and+the+Benetech+Human+Rights+Data+Analysis+Group+%28HRDAG%29&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Romesh&rft.au=Marwaha%2C+Jasmine&rft.au=Klingner%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensaaf.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Fdescriptiveanalysis%2Freportwcover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Parvinder (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032411/http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/kristallnacht.pdf">"1984 Sikhs Kristallnacht"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/kristallnacht.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1984+Sikhs+Kristallnacht&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Parvinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensaaf.org%2Fpdf%2Freports%2Fkristallnacht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass1974" class="citation cs2">Brass, Paul R. (1974), Language, Religion and Politics in North India, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2"><bdi>978-0-595-34394-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-595-34394-2&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Sikh History" in 10 volumes (volumes 7, 8, 9). Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2010–11.</li> <li>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Akal Takht: Concept and Role". Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Satish Jacob and Mark Tully. Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-02328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-02328-4">0-224-02328-4</a>.</li> <li>Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. A Sea of Orange: Writings on the Sikhs and India. Xlibris Corporation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4010-2857-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4010-2857-8">1-4010-2857-8</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li>Ranbir Singh Sandhu. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Ohio: SERF, 1999.</li> <li>Anurag Singh. Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Bluestar. 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazavy2006" class="citation cs2">Razavy, Maryam (2006), "Sikh Militant Movements in Canada", Terrorism and Political Violence, 18 (1): 79–93, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546550500174913">10.1080/09546550500174913</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145522554">145522554</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Sikh+Militant+Movements+in+Canada&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-93&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546550500174913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145522554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Razavy&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1998" class="citation cs2">Singh, Gopal (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glH_Ir0Lr8oC&pg=PA278">South Asia: democracy, discontent and societal conflicts</a>, Anamika Pub., p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86565-31-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86565-31-5"><bdi>978-81-86565-31-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+democracy%2C+discontent+and+societal+conflicts&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Anamika+Pub.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-86565-31-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglH_Ir0Lr8oC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1989" class="citation cs2">Singh, Gurmit (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-u8jwEACAAJ">History of Sikh Struggles: (1946-1966)</a>, South Asia Books, pp. 110–111, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-5889-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-5889-3"><bdi>978-0-8364-5889-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072106/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-u8jwEACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Struggles%3A+%281946-1966%29&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-5889-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-u8jwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1986" class="citation cs2">Singh, Iqbal (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir4wOAAACAAJ">Punjab Under Siege: A Critical Analysis</a>, Allen, McMillan, and Enderson, p. 38, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934839-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934839-04-4"><bdi>978-0-934839-04-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir4wOAAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+Under+Siege%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Allen%2C+McMillan%2C+and+Enderson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-934839-04-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIr4wOAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwant_Singh1999" class="citation cs2">Singh, Patwant (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC">The Sikhs</a>, John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42933-9"><bdi>978-0-307-42933-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072118/https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42933-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Patwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27XYeylUzWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritam_Singh1997" class="citation cs2">Singh, Pritam (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tr6hyylx0-4C">Political economy of the Punjab: an insider's account</a>, M.D. Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-031-3"><bdi>978-81-7533-031-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072120/https://books.google.com/books?id=tr6hyylx0-4C">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+economy+of+the+Punjab%3A+an+insider%27s+account&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7533-031-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtr6hyylx0-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritam_Singh,_Federalism,_Nationalism_and_Development2008" class="citation cs2">Singh, Pritam (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA137">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>, Routledge, pp. 137–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04946-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072122/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA137">archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023, retrieved 24 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04946-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpswqcdDLIC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangah_Singh1995" class="citation cs2">Singh, Sangat (1995), The Sikhs in History, New York: S. Singh</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=S.+Singh&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sangat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1982" class="citation cs2">Singh, Satinder (1982), Khalistan: An Academic Analysis, Delhi & Punjab: Amar Prakashan, p. 114</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khalistan%3A+An+Academic+Analysis&rft.place=Delhi+%26+Punjab&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Amar+Prakashan&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1995" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Sadhna (1995), State Politics in India, New Delhi: Mittal Publications, p. 324</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Politics+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sadhna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalistan+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khalistan_movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khalistan_movement" title="Template:Khalistan movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khalistan_movement" title="Template talk:Khalistan movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khalistan_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khalistan movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khalistan_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalistan movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DB4F;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mand" title="Operation Mand">Operation Mand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Hoshiarpur_bus_massacre" title="1986 Hoshiarpur bus massacre">1986 Hoshiarpur bus massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Punjab_killings" title="1991 Punjab killings">1991 Punjab killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination of Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Arjun_Dass" title="Assassination of Arjun Dass">Assassination of Arjun Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Julio_Ribeiro" title="Attempted assassination of Julio Ribeiro">Attempted assassination of Julio Ribeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh_manhunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritpal Singh manhunt">Amritpal Singh manhunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sikh_protests" title="2023 Sikh protests">2023 Sikh protests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DB4F;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khalistani_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistani groups">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Khalistan" title="Council of Khalistan">Council of Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sikh_Youth_Federation" title="International Sikh Youth Federation">International Sikh Youth Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_attributed_to_KCF" title="List of actions attributed to KCF">List of actions attributed to KCF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force" title="Khalistan Liberation Force">Khalistan Liberation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalistan_Liberation_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalistan Liberation Organisation (page does not exist)">Khalistan Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan Liberation Army">Khalistan Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Tiger_Force" title="Khalistan Tiger Force">Khalistan Tiger Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force" title="Khalistan Zindabad Force">Khalistan Zindabad Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Khalsa_Force" title="Shaheed Khalsa Force">Shaheed Khalsa Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_Punjab_De" title="Waris Punjab De">Waris Punjab De</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DB4F;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaspal_Atwal" title="Jaspal Atwal">Jaspal Atwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmit_Singh_Aulakh" title="Gurmit Singh Aulakh">Gurmit Singh Aulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Babbar" title="Sukhdev Singh Babbar">Sukhdev Singh Babbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtar_Singh_Brahma" title="Avtar Singh Brahma">Avtar Singh Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjant_Singh_Budhsinghwala" title="Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala">Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harminder_Singh_Nihang" title="Harminder Singh Nihang">Harminder Singh Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbir_Singh_Chaheru" title="Manbir Singh Chaheru">Manbir Singh Chaheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdeep_Singh_Deepa_Heran_Wala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala">Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurpatwant_Singh_Pannun" title="Gurpatwant Singh Pannun">Gurpatwant Singh Pannun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtar_Singh_Hawara" title="Jagtar Singh Hawara">Jagtar Singh Hawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhbir_Singh_Rode" title="Lakhbir Singh Rode">Lakhbir Singh Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjinder_Singh_Jinda" title="Harjinder Singh Jinda">Harjinder Singh Jinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Singh_Kaunke" title="Gurdev Singh Kaunke">Gurdev Singh Kaunke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtar_Singh_Khanda" title="Avtar Singh Khanda">Avtar Singh Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Manochahal" title="Gurbachan Singh Manochahal">Gurbachan Singh Manochahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Nijjar" title="Hardeep Singh Nijjar">Hardeep Singh Nijjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talwinder_Singh_Parmar" title="Talwinder Singh Parmar">Talwinder Singh Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritpal Singh (activist)">Amritpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinder_Singh_Sodhi" title="Surinder Singh Sodhi">Surinder Singh Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labh_Singh" title="Labh Singh">Labh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toofan_Singh" title="Toofan Singh">Toofan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhwinder_Singh_Sangha" title="Sukhwinder Singh Sangha">Sukhwinder Singh Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Sukha" title="Sukhdev Singh Sukha">Sukhdev Singh Sukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmeet_Singh_(militant)" title="Harmeet Singh (militant)">Harmeet Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DB4F;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(International)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (International)">Dal Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Referendum" title="Khalistan Referendum">Khalistan Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panthic_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panthic Committee (page does not exist)">Panthic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DB4F;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India">List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">Human rights abuses in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DB4F"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Khalistan_movement" title="Category:Khalistan movement">Category:Khalistan movement</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_politics" title="Template talk:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Akali_Dal" title="Haryana State Akali Dal">Haryana State Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Longowal)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(1920)" title="Akali Dal (1920)">Akali Dal (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Akali_Dal" title="United Akali Dal">United Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Panthic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_Delhi" title="Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi">Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Sanyukt)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Sikh_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" title="Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Sikh_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Caveeshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardul Singh Caveeshar">Sardul Singh Caveeshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Badal" title="Sukhbir Singh Badal">Sukhbir Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcharan_Singh_Longowal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcharan Singh Longowal">Harcharan Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Gill" title="Lachhman Singh Gill">Lachhman Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Dhindsa" title="Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa">Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir_Kaur" title="Jagir Kaur">Jagir Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Singh_Majithia" title="Sundar Singh Majithia">Sundar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Rarewala" title="Gian Singh Rarewala">Gian Singh Rarewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Tohra" title="Gurcharan Singh Tohra">Gurcharan Singh Tohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Singh_Chandumajra" title="Prem Singh Chandumajra">Prem Singh Chandumajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Kairon" title="Partap Singh Kairon">Partap Singh Kairon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kaur_Bhattal" title="Rajinder Kaur Bhattal">Rajinder Kaur Bhattal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Amritpal Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Suba">Punjab State Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder" title="Operation Black Thunder">Operation Black Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> Portal:Sikhism <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless nationalism</a> in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">List of active separatist movements in Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Turkestan_Movement" title="Southern Turkestan Movement">South Turkestani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bashu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Southern Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_National_Party" title="Shanghai National Party">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Manipur" title="Insurgency in Manipur">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">West Papuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Azerbaijan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement">South Azerbaijani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Sovereignty_Movement" title="Sarawak Sovereignty Movement">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zogam" title="Zogam">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang" title="Kokang">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_National_Liberation_Army" title="Mon National Liberation Army">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27ang_National_Liberation_Army" title="Ta'ang National Liberation Army">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people#Shan_nationalism" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degar_Central_Highlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degar Central Highlands (page does not exist)">Montagnard</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%90%C3%AAga" class="extiw" title="vi:Nhà nước Đêga">vi</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Movement" title="Southern Movement">South Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Separatist_movements_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_separatist_movements" title="Template:India separatist movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_separatist_movements" title="Template talk:India separatist movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_separatist_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India separatist movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Separatist_movements_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">Separatist movements</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Nadu" title="Dravida Nadu">Dravida Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Meghalaya" title="Insurgency in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Manipur" title="Insurgency in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict_in_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic conflict in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Separatist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Tripura_Tiger_Force" title="All Tripura Tiger Force">All Tripura Tiger Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_Khalsa" title="Babbar Khalsa">Babbar Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhindranwala_Tigers_Force_of_Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan">Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Liberation_Tigers_Force" title="Bodo Liberation Tigers Force">Bodo Liberation Tigers Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(International)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (International)">Dal Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashmesh_Regiment" title="Dashmesh Regiment">Dashmesh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sikh_Youth_Federation" title="International Sikh Youth Federation">International Sikh Youth Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_(Yasin_Malik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamtapur_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamtapur Liberation Organization">Kamtapur Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanglei_Yawol_Kanna_Lup" title="Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup">Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan Liberation Army">Khalistan Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Longri_N.C._Hills_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front">Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Zindabad_Force" title="Khalistan Zindabad Force">Khalistan Zindabad Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front" title="Mizo National Front">Mizo National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_United_Liberation_Tigers_of_Assam" title="Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam">Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_Bodoland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Front of Bodoland">National Democratic Front of Bodoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Manipur" title="People's Liberation Army of Manipur">People's Liberation Army of Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Kangleipak" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak">People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Liberation_Army" title="Tamil Nadu Liberation Army">Tamil Nadu Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Hurriyat" title="Tehreek-e-Hurriyat">Tehreek-e-Hurriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_National_Volunteers" title="Tripura National Volunteers">Tripura National Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom" title="United Liberation Front of Asom">United Liberation Front of Asom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Liberation_Front" title="United National Liberation Front">United National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Democratic_Solidarity" title="United People's Democratic Solidarity">United People's Democratic Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_Punjab_De" title="Waris Punjab De">Waris Punjab De</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Front" title="Bodoland People's Front">Bodoland People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Muslim_Conference" title="All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference">All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Democratic_Freedom_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party">Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Democratic_Liberation_Party" title="Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party">Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kashmir_People%27s_National_Party" title="United Kashmir People's National Party">United Kashmir People's National Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhizeet_Asom" title="Abhizeet Asom">Abhizeet Asom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Zapu_Phizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Angami Zapu Phizo">Angami Zapu Phizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anup_Chetia" title="Anup Chetia">Anup Chetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabinda_Rajkhowa" title="Arabinda Rajkhowa">Arabinda Rajkhowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Thakur" title="Ayub Thakur">Ayub Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswamohan_Debbarma" title="Biswamohan Debbarma">Biswamohan Debbarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikh_leader)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)">Fateh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_Qureshi" title="Hashim Qureshi">Hashim Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhbir_Singh_Brar_Rode" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode">Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwaiz_Umar_Farooq" title="Mirwaiz Umar Farooq">Mirwaiz Umar Farooq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abbas_Ansari" title="Mohammad Abbas Ansari">Mohammad Abbas Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muppala_Lakshmana_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Muppala Lakshmana Rao">Muppala Lakshmana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresh_Baruah" title="Paresh Baruah">Paresh Baruah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Debbarma" title="Ranjit Debbarma">Ranjit Debbarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Aziz" title="Sheikh Abdul Aziz">Sheikh Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Shah_Geelani" title="Syed Ali Shah Geelani">Syed Ali Shah Geelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Babbar" title="Sukhdev Singh Babbar">Sukhdev Singh Babbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talwinder_Singh_Parmar" title="Talwinder Singh Parmar">Talwinder Singh Parmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_in_Northeast_India" title="Human rights issues in Northeast India">Human rights issues in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">Human rights abuses in Punjab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" 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title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional 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