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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-簡介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簡介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 簡介 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簡介-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-热力学史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#热力学史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 热力学史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-热力学史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分支学科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分支学科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 分支学科 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分支学科-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关分支学科子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-分支学科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-经典热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经典热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 经典热力学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经典热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-局域平衡态热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#局域平衡态热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 局域平衡态热力学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-局域平衡态热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩展热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩展热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 扩展热力学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩展热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 统计热力学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统计热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 熱力學定律 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱力學定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系統模型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統模型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 系統模型 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統模型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學設備" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學設備"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 熱力學設備 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱力學設備-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-共軛變數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共軛變數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 共軛變數 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共軛變數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-局限性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#局限性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 局限性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-局限性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子学科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子学科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 子学科 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子学科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">热力学</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。125种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" > 125种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديناميكا حرارية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديناميكا حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="طيرموديناميك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيرموديناميك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termuodinam%C4%97ka" title="Termuodinamėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Termuodinamėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تێرمۆدینامیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێرمۆدینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynameg" title="Thermodynameg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thermodynameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Θερμοδυναμική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Termodünaamika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikka" title="Termodynamiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%A4oppus" title="Lämmäoppus – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmäoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamik" title="Termodünaamik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Termodünaamik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmidinimic" title="Teirmidinimic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmidinimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תרמודינמיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8modinamik" title="Tèmodinamik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ջերմադինամիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Varmafræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="熱力学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toermodainamix" title="Toermodainamix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toermodainamix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%8Bga%C9%A3_n%C9%9B_%C9%96o%C5%8B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8B%CA%8B_t%C9%9B" title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%AEnam%C3%AEk" title="Termodînamîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Termodînamîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudinamica" title="Termudinamica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Termudinamica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="താപഗതികം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപഗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Термодинамик – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ऊष्मागतिकी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daayinaamiksii_Ho%E2%80%99aa" title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تھرموڈائینامکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھرموڈائینامکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترموډینامیک – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодінаміка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Термодінаміка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudin%C3%A0mica" title="Termudinàmica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Termudinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%C9%A3lasmussut" title="Taẓɣlasmussut – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓɣlasmussut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwendojoto" title="Mwendojoto – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwendojoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อุณหพลศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинаміка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حر حرکیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حر حرکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động lực học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="טערמאדינאמיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערמאדינאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">热力学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" title="卡诺热机"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.65em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">经典的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡诺热机">卡诺热机</a> T（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%BA%AB" title="熱庫">熱庫</a>）、Q（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a>）、W（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>） H（高溫）、C（低溫）</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#分支学科">分支</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子热力学">量子热力学</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平衡热力学（页面不存在）">平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Equilibrium thermodynamics">Equilibrium thermodynamics</a>） / <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%85%8B%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="非平衡態熱力學">非平衡</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#熱力學定律">定律</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第零定律">第零</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律">第一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第二定律">第二</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第三定律">第三</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="热力学系统">系统</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="熱力學狀態">状态</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">状态方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="實際氣體">實際氣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">相 / 物质状态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" title="控制體積">控制體積</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学仪器（页面不存在）">仪器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_instruments" class="extiw" title="en:Thermodynamic instruments">Thermodynamic instruments</a>）</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="热力学过程">过程</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%8E%8B%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等压过程">等压</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%AE%B9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等容过程">等体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%B8%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等温过程">等温</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%83%AD%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="绝热过程">绝热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%86%B5%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等熵过程">等熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%84%93%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="等焓過程">等焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E9%9D%9C%E6%85%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="準靜態過程">准静态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="多方过程">多方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="自由膨脹">自由膨脹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="可逆过程">可逆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E6%80%A7" title="不可逆性">不可逆</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内可逆热力学（页面不存在）">内可逆</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="热力学循环">循环</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" title="热机">热机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="熱泵及冷凍循環">热泵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="热效率">热效率</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="熱力學性質列表">系统性质</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%96" title="熱力學圖">性质图</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%90%AB%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%96%E5%BB%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="內含及外延性質">强度和广延性质</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="态函数">状态函数</a> （斜体<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="共軛物理量 (熱力學)">共軛物理量</a>）</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">温度</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵的简介（页面不存在）">熵的简介</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy" class="extiw" title="en:Introduction to entropy">Introduction to entropy</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="體積 (熱力學)">体积</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化学势</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="粒子數">粒子數</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E9%87%8F" title="蒸氣量">蒸氣量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="对比性质">简化性质</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="過程函數">過程函數</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (热力学)（页面不存在）">功</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Work (thermodynamics)">Work (thermodynamics)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">热</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="材料性质 (热力学)">材料性质</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量">比热容</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></td><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%80%A7" title="压缩性">压缩性</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></td><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%80%E5%86%B7%E7%BC%A9" title="热胀冷缩">热膨胀</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></td><td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纯物质的热力学数据库（页面不存在）">性质数据库</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="熱力學方程">方程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations" class="extiw" title="en:Thermodynamic equations">Thermodynamic equations</a>）</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="卡諾定理 (熱力學)">卡诺定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="克劳修斯定理">克劳修斯定理</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="热力学基本关系">基本关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="理想气体状态方程">理想气体定律</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="麦克斯韦关系式">麦克斯韦关系</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%92%E6%98%93%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="昂萨格倒易关系">昂萨格倒易关系</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E6%9B%BC%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布里奇曼热力学方程（页面不存在）">布里奇曼热力学方程</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学方程表（页面不存在）">热力学方程表</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="热力学势">势</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="热力学自由能">自由能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由熵（页面不存在）">自由熵</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能">内能</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="亥姆霍兹自由能">亥姆霍兹自由能</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">历史／文化</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热和统计物理哲学（页面不存在）">哲学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5_(%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%AE%AD%E5%A4%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵 (时间箭头)（页面不存在）">熵与时间</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵与生活（页面不存在）">熵与生活</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E6%A3%98%E8%BC%AA" title="布朗棘輪">布朗棘轮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%A6%96" title="麦克斯韦妖">麦克斯韦妖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%AF%82%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热寂佯谬（页面不存在）">热寂佯谬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛施密特佯谬（页面不存在）">洛施密特佯谬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="协同学">协同学</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 历史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="热力学史">总史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热的历史（页面不存在）">热</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵的历史（页面不存在）">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气体定律（页面不存在）">气体定律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永动机的历史（页面不存在）">永动机</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 理论</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%B4%A8%E8%AF%B4" title="热质说">热质说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="活力">活力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%B4" title="热动说">热动说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9F%E5%BD%93%E9%87%8F" title="热功当量">热功当量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动力（页面不存在）">动力</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="物理著作">关键著作</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E6%BF%80%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E6%BA%90" title="论摩擦激起的热源">论摩擦激起的热源</a>》</div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%A4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="关于多相物质平衡">关于多相物质平衡</a>》</div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论火的动力（页面不存在）">论火的动力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire" class="extiw" title="en:Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire">Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire</a>）》</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 年表</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学年表（页面不存在）">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热机技术年表（页面不存在）">热机</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">科学家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="拉斯·昂萨格">昂萨格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9" title="丹尼尔·伯努利">伯努利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%98%82" title="皮埃尔·迪昂">迪昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="约西亚·吉布斯">吉布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8C" title="康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里">卡拉西奥多里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif/300px-Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>一个典型的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="热力学系统">熱力學系統</a>，热从较热处（锅炉）流向较冷处（冷凝器），在这一过程中有一系列活塞做了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>。</figcaption></figure> 热力学（法語：thermodynamique，德語：Thermodynamik，英語：thermodynamics，源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>θερμός及δύναμις），是研究热现象中<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="物态">物态</a>转变和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>转换规律的学科。它着重研究物质的平衡状态以及与準平衡态的物理、化学过程。热力学定義許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巨觀">巨觀</a>的物理量（像<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓強</a>等），描述各物理量之間的關係。热力学描述數量非常多的微觀粒子的平均行為，其定律可以用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>推導而得。 熱力學可以總結為四條定律： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第零定律">熱力學第零定律</a>定義了温度這一物理量，指出了相互接觸的两个系統，熱流的方向。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第一定律">熱力學第一定律</a>指出内能這一物理量的存在，並且與系統整體運動的動能和系統與環境相互作用的位能是不同的，區分出熱與功的轉換。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第二定律">熱力學第二定律</a>涉及的物理量是温度和熵。熵是研究不可逆过程引入的物理量，表征系統透過熱力學過程向外界最多可以做多少熱力學功。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第三定律">熱力學第三定律</a>認為，不可能透過有限過程使系統冷却到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對零度">絕對零度</a>。</li></ul> 熱力學可以應用在許多科學及工程的領域中，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="引擎">引擎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="相變化">相變化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%BF%90%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="输运现象">輸運現象</a>甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>。熱力學計算的結果不但對<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>的其他領域很重要，對<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空工程">航空工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航海工程">航海工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="車輛工程">車輛工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="機械工程">機械工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞生物學">細胞生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物醫學工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="化學工程">化學工程</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="材料科學">材料科學</a>等科學技術領域也很重要，甚至也可以應用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>中<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haynie-2">[2]</a>，另見「<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="熱經濟學">熱經濟學</a>」。 热力学是从18世纪末期发展起来的理论，主要是研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="热量">热量</a>之間的能量轉換；在此功定義為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="位移">位移</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="內積">內積</a>；而熱則定義為在熱力系統邊界中，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>之差所造成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>傳遞。兩者都不是存在於熱力系統內的性質，而是在熱力過程中所產生的。 熱力學的研究一開始是為了提昇<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸汽引擎">蒸汽引擎</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="熱效率">效率</a>，早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" title="尼古拉·卡诺">尼古拉·卡諾</a>有許多的貢獻，他認為若引擎效率提昇，法國有可能贏得<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a><a href="#cite_note-Clausius-3">[3]</a>。出生於愛爾蘭的英國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·湯姆森，第一代開爾文男爵">開爾文</a>在1854年首次提出了熱力學明確的定義<a href="#cite_note-kelvin1854-4">[4]</a>： <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">熱力學是一門描述熱和物體中各部份之間作用力的關係，以及描述熱和電器之間關係的學科。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> 一開始熱力學研究關注在<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熱機">熱機</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="工質">工質</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" title="蒸氣">蒸氣</a>）的熱力學性質，後來延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="化学过程">化学过程</a>中的能量轉移，例如在1840年科學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E8%BF%88%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E6%96%AF" title="杰迈因·亨利·盖斯">杰迈因·亨利·盖斯</a>提出，有關化學反應的能量轉移的研究<a href="#cite_note-Hess-5">[5]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化學熱力學</a>中研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>的影響<a href="#cite_note-Fermi-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs_1876-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duhem_1886-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Randall_1923-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggenheim_1933-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggenheim_1949/1967-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prigogine_and_Defay_1954-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fermi-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrot-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 。統計熱力學也稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>，利用根據微觀粒子力學性質的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計學">統計學</a>預測來解釋巨觀的熱力學性質。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="簡介">簡介</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：簡介">编辑</a>]</div> 熱力學一詞一般是指物體和過程的巨觀描述<a href="#cite_note-Reif-15">[15]</a>：「古典熱力學和個別原子的性質無關」<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-16">[16]</a>。「統計熱力學」會用個別原子的性質來描述物體和過程，主要是將其描述為一群有類似特性的粒子，彼此的機率都相同。 熱力學最早是在研究能量的轉移，藉由巨觀變數可以將能量轉移分為二類：<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (熱力學)（页面不存在）">功</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Work (thermodynamics)">Work (thermodynamics)</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Bridgman-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Partington_1949-18">[18]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">熱力學平衡</a>是熱力學中幾個最重要概念中的一個<a href="#cite_note-Tisza-19">[19]</a>。一個熱力學平衡系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>可以明確定義，可能也是熱力學中最有代表性的物理量。若系統及過程不在熱力學平衡的狀態，就很難進行精確的熱力學研究。不過在工程的應用中，往往會通过简单的近似计算，用平衡熱力學中的物理量，得到較實用的數值。在許多實際的系統中（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熱機">熱機</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a>），系統會包括數個有不同溫度和壓強的子系統，若這些子系統的熱力學變數已足夠接近明確定義的情形，就可以用較有效的方法來求解熱力學系統的變數。 热力学最基础的概念是<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="热力学系统">系统</a>和<a class="mw-selflink selflink">环境</a><a href="#cite_note-Kondepudi_2008-20">[20]</a>。一个热力学系统的环境是与之相互作用的其他热力学系统。热力学环境的一个典型例子是热浴，使系统的温度维持在某特定值，具体的相互作用形式可不去关心。 热力学最基本的实体是热力学状态和热力学过程。热力学中的推理可基于热力学状态或热力学循环过程。 热力学系统可由其状态来描述，热力学系统是个宏观物理对象，由描述宏观性质的物理和化学变量描述。所需的宏观态变量视具体的实验而定。 热力学系统可由其所经历的过程来描述，尤其是循环过程，这也是热力学创立者所采用的方法。 热力学和统计热力学应用于研究某一体系的过程，过程中分子的运动可分为两类： <ul><li>快速运动，在所研究的过程的时间尺度上，分子可以遍历它所有可能的状态，使体系很快达到热力学平衡。</li> <li>慢速运动，在所研究的过程的时间尺度上，可忽略分子运动。<a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_R._1939_page_13-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul> 如果宏观过程中，分子运动介于快速运动和慢速运动之间，在所研究的过程的时间尺度上，系统一般处于非平衡态。分离分子运动的时间尺度是热力学中经常考虑的问题。 例如，经典热力学主要是研究物质的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">状态方程</a>，宏观力学量和温度比环境的变化要快很多，实际上是研究热力学平衡下的状态变量。状态方程表述的是系统的本构特性。状态方程常写为压强是体积和温度的函数。<a href="#cite_note-Planck_1926_page_5-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Partington_121-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adkins_19–20-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haase_pages_11–16-26">[26]</a> 本条目以由浅入深的方式介绍热力学，先介绍循环过程和热力学平衡态，最后介绍热力学非平衡态。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="热力学史">热力学史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：热力学史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_founding_schools.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eight_founding_schools.png/300px-Eight_founding_schools.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eight_founding_schools.png/450px-Eight_founding_schools.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Eight_founding_schools.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>热力学始创八学派的代表性科學家</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="热力学史">热力学史</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="热力学史">热力学史</a>可追溯到1650年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奥托·冯·格里克">格里克</a>设计和建造了世界上第一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%B5" title="真空泵">真空泵</a>，并用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="马德堡半球">马德堡半球</a>实验证明了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空">真空</a>的存在，推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>提出的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%8E%8C%E6%81%B6%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然界厌恶真空（页面不存在）">自然界厌恶真空</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_vacui_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Horror vacui (physics)">Horror vacui (physics)</a>）”的假说。1656年，物理学家和化学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%B9%89%E8%80%B3" title="罗伯特·波义耳">罗伯特·波义耳</a>借鉴格里克的设计，与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·胡克">罗伯特·胡克</a>发明了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%B0%94%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="抽气机">抽气机</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>。利用抽气机，波义耳和胡克证明了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF" title="体积">体积</a>之间有一定的关系，波义耳给出了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%B9%89%E8%80%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波义耳定律">波义耳定律</a>，对于一定温度下的一定量的气体，压强与体积成反比。1679年，波义耳的助手<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%BD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼斯·帕潘">丹尼斯·帕潘</a>发明了<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E8%92%B8%E7%85%AE%E5%99%A8" title="蒸汽蒸煮器">蒸汽蒸煮器</a>，这是一个严密封盖的容器，里面会产生高压气体。帕潘后来对他发明的蒸煮器做了改进，加装了放气阀门，避免爆炸。帕潘观察到了阀门的周期性的运动，构想出活塞和汽缸蒸汽机，但是他没有去实现自己的想法。1697年，工程师<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" title="托马斯·塞维利">托马斯·塞维利</a>在帕潘的设计的基础上，发明了第一个蒸汽机。随后，1712年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E7%8E%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E7%A7%91%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="汤玛斯·纽科门">汤玛斯·纽科门</a>也发明了一种蒸汽机。这些早期的蒸汽机非常粗糙，效率很低，但吸引了当时顶尖的科学家的注意。 1759年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·瓦特">詹姆斯·瓦特</a>开始设计蒸汽机，屡经失败。瓦特向<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉斯哥大学">格拉斯哥大学</a>的教授<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="約瑟夫·布拉克">约瑟夫·布拉克</a>求教。布拉克向其讲解了自己提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="热容">热容</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潜热</a>的概念，瓦特还想出了分离冷凝器的想法，终于显著提高了蒸汽机的效率<a href="#cite_note-28">[a]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" title="尼古拉·卡诺">尼古拉·卡诺</a>总结前人工作，在1824年发表著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论火的动力（页面不存在）">论火的动力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire" class="extiw" title="en:Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire">Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire</a>）》。这部著作论述了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡诺热机">卡诺热机</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="卡诺循环">卡诺循环</a>的关系。这部著作是热力学成为现代科学的标志，卡诺也被称作热力学之父。 19世纪50年代，热力学第一和第二定律同时形成，主要完成者是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%A4%B8%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E9%87%91" title="威廉·约翰·麦夸恩·兰金">威廉·约翰·麦夸恩·兰金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·克劳修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·汤姆森，第一代开尔文男爵">威廉·汤姆森</a>。1859年，史上第一部热力学教科书出版，作者是兰金。<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> 统计热力学的创立者包括：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·马克士威">馬克士威</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="路德维希·玻尔兹曼">玻尔兹曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a>、克劳修斯、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="约西亚·吉布斯">吉布斯</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分支学科">分支学科</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：分支学科">编辑</a>]</div> 热力学系统是理论上构建出来，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學定律">热力学定律</a>研究有物质和能量交换的物理系统。热力学系统的研究可分为几个分支学科，各自有不同的基本模型，或采用不同的原理。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经典热力学">经典热力学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：经典热力学">编辑</a>]</div> 经典热力学用不随时间改变的平衡态或者连续的循环过程描述和研究热力学系统。应用的物理量是不随时间改变的实验可测量的宏观平衡态的物理量，即物理量的长时间平均的量不随时间改变，比如循环过程的流。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="局域平衡态热力学">局域平衡态热力学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：局域平衡态热力学">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="扩展热力学">扩展热力学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：扩展热力学">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="统计热力学">统计热力学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：统计热力学">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱力學定律">熱力學定律</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：熱力學定律">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第零定律">熱力學第零定律</a>：在不受外界影响的情况下，只要A和B同时与C处于热平衡，即使A和B没有热接触，他们仍然处于热平衡状态。这个定律说明，互相处于热平衡的物体之间必然具有相等的温度。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第一定律">熱力學第一定律</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恒定律">能量守恒定律</a>对非<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系统</a>的扩展。此时能量可以以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>W<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%96" class="mw-disambig" title="或">或</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">热量</a>Q的形式传入或传出系统。热力学第一定律表达式为：<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{int}}\ =E_{\text{int,f}}-E_{\text{int,i}}=Q-W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>int</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>int,f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>int,i</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{int}}\ =E_{\text{int,f}}-E_{\text{int,i}}=Q-W}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b127f388ae7bb923a092175b7041e09f0408c0b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.419ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{int}}\ =E_{\text{int,f}}-E_{\text{int,i}}=Q-W}"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第二定律">熱力學第二定律</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="熵 (熱力學)">熵（失序）</a>不會減少──簡言之，熱不能自發的從冷處轉到熱處，而不引起其他变化。任何高溫的物體在不受熱的情況下，都會逐漸冷卻。这条定律说明第二类<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="永动机">永动机</a>不可能制造成功。熱力學第二定律也可表示為熵增原理：<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S\geq 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S\geq 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa331aee4875f49fa0f9bc35b807212533254270" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.696ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S\geq 0}">。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第三定律">熱力學第三定律</a>：完整晶体於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對溫度">絕對溫度</a>零度時（即攝氏-273.15度），熵增為零。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="系統模型">系統模型</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：系統模型">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption>各種熱力學系統中允許的質量或能量交換方式 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>熱力學系統分類 </th> <th colspan="3">交換方式 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="開放系統 (熱力學)">開放系統</a> </th> <td align="center"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td colspan="2"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a> </th> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>絕熱封閉系統 </th> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <th>力學封閉系統 </th> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a> </th> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:System_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/System_boundary.svg/220px-System_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/System_boundary.svg/330px-System_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/System_boundary.svg/440px-System_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>熱力學系統的示意圖</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="热力学系统">熱力學系統</a>是熱力學的重要概念之一，是指一塊有明確定義的區域，所有不在熱力學系統內的區域合稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1)" title="環境 (系統)">環境</a>，系統和環境之間是由邊界隔開，系統和環境透過邊界才能交換物質、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (熱力學)（页面不存在）">功</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Work (thermodynamics)">Work (thermodynamics)</a>）或熱。 邊界就是包圍系統外圍的表面，任何通過表面，會影響系統內能的都需要在能量平衡方程式中考慮。像<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">马克斯·普朗克</a>在1900年時的研究就將系統定義為單一原子周圍有共振能量的區域，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="尼科拉斯·莱奥纳德·萨迪·卡诺">薩迪·卡諾</a>在1824年將系統定義為<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%9C%BA" title="蒸汽机">蒸汽机</a>中的蒸氣，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94" title="克里·伊曼纽尔">克里·伊曼紐爾</a>在1986年有關<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣熱力學">大氣熱力學</a>的研究中將系統定義為<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a>的本體。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子统计力学">量子統計力學</a>中會將<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a>（一個由夸克組成的系統）定義為一個系統。 邊界可分為四種：固定、活動、真实、虛構。在引擎中的固定邊界是指活塞固定在某特定位置，因此在等容過程中，不會產生功。而在引擎中的活動邊界是指允許活塞移動位置，因此可以產生功。在封閉系統中，邊界是真实的，而在開放系統中，邊界多半是虛構的。<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> 系統可以依邊界允許的質量或能量交換方式來分類，簡單分類可以分為以下三類： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a>：系統完全不與外界交換能量或質量。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a>：系統只與外界交換能量而不交換質量。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="開放系統 (熱力學)">開放系統</a>：系統與外界交換能量和質量。</li></ul> 但若將能量再細分為功和熱，封閉系統可以再多區分出二類，其性質介於封閉系統和孤立系統之間：若系統不允許外界交換熱，只能有功的交換，稱為絕熱封閉系統或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱孤立系統（页面不存在）">熱孤立系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermally_isolated_system" class="extiw" title="en:Thermally isolated system">Thermally isolated system</a>），若系統不允許外界交換功，只能有能的交換，稱為Adynamically封閉系統<a href="#cite_note-Partington_1913-31">[30]</a>，也稱作<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="力学孤立系统">力學孤立系統</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱力學設備">熱力學設備</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：熱力學設備">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/300px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/450px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/600px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="卡諾循環">卡諾循環</a>，其中的TH和TC就是高溫熱庫及低溫熱庫</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學設備（页面不存在）">熱力學設備</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/thermodynamic_instruments" class="extiw" title="en:thermodynamic instruments">thermodynamic instruments</a>）可分為二種，分為是儀表（meter）和源（reservoir）。熱力學儀表是指任何可以量測熱力學系統中參數的設備。有時熱力學的參數是用理想的量測儀表來定義，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第零定律">熱力學第零定律</a>說明若二個物體分別和一個物體達到熱平衡，這二個物體之間也達到了熱平衡。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·马克士威">馬克士威</a>在1872年時提出熱力學第零定律，也提到可以量測溫度的方式。理想的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="溫度計">溫度計</a>是在定壓下定量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a>，根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="理想氣體定律">理想氣體定律</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57c364f7f0b47178cfd35c3bbaf6dcb22a98cf44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.94ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}">，氣體的體積即可用來表示壓強，雖然壓強是用力學的方式定義，也可以用定溫下定量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a>的體積來當作理想的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="气压表">气压表</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8F%E8%AE%A1" title="热量计">热量计</a>則是量測系統內能及能量變化的設備。 熱力學源是指一個很大的系統，和測試系統接觸時其特定狀態幾乎不會變化。熱力學源一般是用來將系統的狀態施加到某一特定數值。像壓強源是在特定壓強下的系統，和其他系統連接後，會使其他系統的壓強等於該特定值。地球的大氣常作為壓強源。熱力學中常見的熱力學源是熱庫，是特定溫度下的系統，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="卡諾循環">卡諾循環</a>中就用到了高溫熱庫及低溫熱庫。<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="共軛變數">共軛變數</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：共軛變數">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="共軛變數 (熱力學)">共軛變數 (熱力學)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>是熱力學的中心概念之一。<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第一定律">熱力學第一定律</a>說明系統和環境的總能量守恆。若要加入能量到系統中，可以透過加熱、壓縮、加入物質的方式。若要從系統中提出能量，則可以透過冷卻、膨脹、移出物質的方式。例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="力學">力學</a>的能量轉移等於對一物體的施力及物體的位移。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="共軛變數 (熱力學)">共軛變數</a>是成對的熱力學概念，其中第一個表示施加在熱力學系統中的某種「力」，第二個則表示熱力學系統上的某種「位移」，二者的乘積即為轉移的能量。常見的共軛變數有： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓強</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="體積 (熱力學)">體積</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="力學">力學</a>參數）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>（熱參數）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化學勢</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="粒子數">粒子數</a>（材料參數）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="局限性">局限性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：局限性">编辑</a>]</div> 熱力學由於發展較早，也有其自身的局限性，主要表現在： <ol><li>它僅適用於粒子很多的宏觀系統；</li> <li>它主要研究物質在平衡態下的性質，並不解答系統達到平衡態的詳細過程；</li> <li>它把物質視作“連續體”，不考慮物質的微觀結構。</li></ol> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="统计物理学">统计物理学</a>与热力学结合起来研究热现象常常可以弥补以上局限性<a href="#cite_note-熱學-33">[32]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="子学科">子学科</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：子学科">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="传热学">传热学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算传热学（页面不存在）">计算传热学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="材料热力学">材料熱力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化工热力学（页面不存在）">化工热力学</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Newcomen engine was improved from 1711 until Watt's work, making the efficiency comparison subject to qualification, but the increase from the Newcomen 1765 version was on the order of 100%. </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smith, J.M.; Van Ness, H.C.; Abbott, M.M. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. McGraw Hill. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-310445-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-310445-0">ISBN 0-07-310445-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56491111">OCLC 56491111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Abbott%2C+M.M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Van+Ness%2C+H.C.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Chemical+Engineering+Thermodynamics&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-310445-0&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56491111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynie-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Haynie_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Haynie, Donald, T. Biological Thermodynamics. Cambridge University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-79549-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-79549-4">ISBN 0-521-79549-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43993556">OCLC 43993556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Haynie%2C+Donald%2C+T.&rft.btitle=Biological+Thermodynamics&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-79549-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43993556&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Clausius-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Clausius_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Clausius, Rudolf. On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). 1850. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-486-59065-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-486-59065-8">ISBN 0-486-59065-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.aulast=Clausius&rft.btitle=On+the+Motive+Power+of+Heat%2C+and+on+the+Laws+which+can+be+deduced+from+it+for+the+Theory+of+Heat&rft.date=1850&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-486-59065-8&rft.pub=Poggendorff%27s+%27%27Annalen+der+Physik%27%27%2C+LXXIX+%28Dover+Reprint%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kelvin1854-4"><a href="#cite_ref-kelvin1854_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sir William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nWMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100">Mathematical and Physical Papers</a> 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. 1882: 232 [2013-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620093310/http://books.google.com/books?id=nWMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100">存档</a>于2013-06-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Sir+William+Thomson%2C+LL.D.+D.C.L.%2C+F.R.S.&rft.btitle=Mathematical+and+Physical+Papers&rft.date=1882&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=232&rft.place=London%2C+Cambridge&rft.pub=C.J.+Clay%2C+M.A.+%26+Son%2C+Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWMSAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Hess_5-0">^</a> Hess, H. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151359/f397.image.r=Annalen%20der%20Physik%20(Leipzig)%20125.langEN">Thermochemische Untersuchungen</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210423154444/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151359/f397.image.r=Annalen%20der%20Physik%20(Leipzig)%20125.langEN">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Annalen der Physik und Chemie (Poggendorff, Leipzig) 126(6): 385–404. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermi-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fermi_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fermi_6-1">6.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Enrico Fermi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=VEZ1ljsT3IwC&printsec=frontcover">Thermodynamics</a>. Courier Dover Publications. 1956: ix. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-486-60361-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-486-60361-X">ISBN 0-486-60361-X</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="联机计算机图书馆中心">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/230763036">230763036</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54033021">54033021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Enrico+Fermi&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-486-60361-X&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVEZ1ljsT3IwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs_1876-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_1876_7-0">^</a> Gibbs, Willard, J. (1876). Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, III, pp. 108–248, Oct. 1875 – May 1876, and pp. 343–524, May 1877 – July 1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duhem_1886-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Duhem_1886_8-0">^</a> Duhem, P.M.M. (1886). Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications, Hermann, Paris. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_Randall_1923-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_Randall_1923_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsfr00gnle_603">Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances</a>. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gilbert+N.&rft.au=Randall%2C+Merle&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics+and+the+Free+Energy+of+Chemical+Substances&rft.date=1923&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthermodynamicsfr00gnle_603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Guggenheim_1933-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Guggenheim_1933_10-0">^</a> Guggenheim, E.A. (1933). Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of J.W. Gibbs, Methuen, London. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guggenheim_1949/1967-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Guggenheim_1949/1967_11-0">^</a> Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967) </li> <li id="cite_note-Prigogine_and_Defay_1954-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Prigogine_and_Defay_1954_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ilya Prigogine, I. & Defay, R., translated by D.H. Everett. Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Includes classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics. 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Ilya+Prigogine%2C+I.+%26+Defay%2C+R.%2C+translated+by+D.H.+Everett&rft.btitle=Chemical+Thermodynamics&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.%2C+London.+Includes+classical+non-equilibrium+thermodynamics.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrot-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Perrot_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Perrot, Pierre. A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-856552-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-856552-6">ISBN 0-19-856552-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="联机计算机图书馆中心">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123283342">123283342</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38073404">38073404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Perrot&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+Thermodynamics&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-856552-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Clark, John, O.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialdiction0000unse">The Essential Dictionary of Science</a>. Barnes & Noble Books. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7607-4616-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-7607-4616-8">ISBN 0-7607-4616-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="联机计算机图书馆中心">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58732844">58732844</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63473130">63473130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Clark%2C+John%2C+O.E.&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Dictionary+of+Science&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7607-4616-8&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialdiction0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Reif-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Reif_15-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Reif, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofst00fred">Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1965: 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Reif%2C+F.&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Statistical+and+Thermal+Physics&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=122&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofst00fred&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_16-0">^</a> Fowler, R., Guggenheim, E.A. (1939). Statistical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge UK. p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridgman-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Bridgman_17-0">^</a> Bridgman, P.W. (1943). The Nature of Thermodynamics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Partington_1949-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Partington_1949_18-0">^</a> Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, Longmans, Green and Co., London. page 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tisza-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Tisza_19-0">^</a> Tisza, L. (1966). Generalized Thermodynamics, M.I.T Press, Cambridge MA p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kondepudi_2008-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Kondepudi_2008_20-0">^</a> Kondepudi, D. (2008). Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley, Chichester, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780470015988" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8</a>. Includes local equilibrium thermodynamics. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler,_R._1939_page_13-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_R._1939_page_13_21-0">^</a> Fowler, R., Guggenheim, E.A. (1939), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Tisza, L. (1966), pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Planck_1926_page_5-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Planck_1926_page_5_23-0">^</a> Planck, M. 1923/1926, page 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Partington_121-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Partington_121_24-0">^</a> Partington, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkins_19–20-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Adkins_19–20_25-0">^</a> Adkins, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haase_pages_11–16-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Haase_pages_11–16_26-0">^</a> Haase, R. (1971), pages 11–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._Partington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. R. Partington（页面不存在）">Partington, J.R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofch0000part_q6h4">A Short History of Chemistry</a>. Dover. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19353301">OCLC 19353301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Partington%2C+J.R.&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Dover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofch0000part_q6h4&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19353301&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-310768-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-310768-9">ISBN 0-07-310768-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Cengel%2C+Yunus+A.%3B+Boles%2C+Michael+A.&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics+%E2%80%93+an+Engineering+Approach&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-310768-9&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lauth,Günter J.; Kowalczyk, Jürgen. Thermodynamik: Eine Einführung. Springer Spektrum. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-662-46228-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-662-46228-7">ISBN 978-3-662-46228-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Lauth%2CG%C3%BCnter+J.%3B+Kowalczyk%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.btitle=Thermodynamik%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-662-46228-7&rft.pub=Springer+Spektrum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Partington_1913-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Partington_1913_31-0">^</a> Partington, J.R. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/textbookofthermo00partiala">A Text-book of Thermodynamics</a>, Van Nostrand, New York, page 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Windisch, Herbert. Thermodynamik: Ein Lehrbuch für Ingenieure Auflage 5. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-486-77847-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-486-77847-2">ISBN 978-3-486-77847-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Windisch%2C+Herbert&rft.btitle=Thermodynamik%3A+Ein+Lehrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ingenieure&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=Auflage+5.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-486-77847-2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-熱學-33"><a href="#cite_ref-熱學_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">秦允豪. 《热学》（第二版）. 高等教育出版社. : 第3页. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-04-013790-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-04-013790-3">ISBN 978-7-04-013790-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E7%A7%A6%E5%85%81%E8%B1%AA&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-04-013790-3&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A1%B5&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="热力学函数">熱力學函數</a>（或譯：熱力學參數）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學歷史（页面不存在）">熱力學歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="en:History of thermodynamics">History of thermodynamics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學歷史線（页面不存在）">熱力學歷史線</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of thermodynamics">Timeline of thermodynamics</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:物理學分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:物理学分支">分支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="物理学史">物理学史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组成部分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">实验物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">应用物理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学">力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E9%81%93%E5%AD%A6" title="弹道学">弹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="拉格朗日力学">拉格朗日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密顿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="连续介质力学">连续介质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="天體力學">天体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按专业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼物理學">數碼物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子與光物理學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="等离子体物理学">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A7%82%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="介观物理学">介观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学">声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学">光学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine">Laser medicine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理学">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">主題</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physics">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:物理学">专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="暖通空調" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Template:暖通空調"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Template talk:暖通空調"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:暖通空調"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="暖通空調" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B0" title="换气次数">换气次数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%98%E5%B9%B2" title="烘干">烘干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%A4%96%E6%AE%BC" title="建築外殼">建築外殼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8A" title="稀释">稀释</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭能源消耗（页面不存在）">家庭能源消耗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" class="extiw" title="en:Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="流體動力學">流體動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%9C%BA" title="压缩机">压缩机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="熱泵及冷凍循環">熱泵及冷凍循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD" title="传热">传热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滲透 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">滲透</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" class="extiw" title="en:Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration (HVAC)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噪音控制（页面不存在）">噪音控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_control" class="extiw" title="en:Noise control">Noise control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E6%B0%A3" title="釋氣">釋氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="懸浮粒子">颗粒物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%B8" title="測濕學">測濕學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E7%86%B1" title="顯熱">顯熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="煙囪效應">煙囪效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%88%92%E9%81%A9%E6%80%A7" title="熱舒適性">熱舒適性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%84%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱脱層化作用（页面不存在）">熱脱層化作用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_destratification" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱質量（页面不存在）">熱質量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="水蒸气压">水蒸气压</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7" title="吸收式制冷">吸收式制冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣密層（页面不存在）">氣密層</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Air barrier">Air barrier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" title="空氣調節">空氣調節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%87%8D%E5%8A%91" title="防凍劑">防凍劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83" title="汽车空调">汽车空调</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自主性建築（页面不存在）">自主性建築</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_building" class="extiw" title="en:Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BF%9D%E6%BA%AB%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築保溫材料（页面不存在）">建築保溫材料</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation_materials" class="extiw" title="en:Building insulation materials">Building insulation materials</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BE%9B%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="中央供暖系统">中央供暖系统</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中央太陽能供熱（页面不存在）">中央太陽能供熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_solar_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E6%A8%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷樑（页面不存在）">冷樑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilled_beam" class="extiw" title="en:Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷卻水（页面不存在）">冷卻水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilled_water" class="extiw" title="en:Chilled water">Chilled water</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%A2%A8%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定風量系統（页面不存在）">定風量系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_air_volume" class="extiw" title="en:Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E5%89%82" title="冷却剂">冷却剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="新風系統">獨立式外氣空調系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%90%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深層水源冷卻（页面不存在）">深層水源冷卻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E9%87%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%96%E6%B0%A3%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需量控制外氣量（页面不存在）">需量控制外氣量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand-controlled_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Demand-controlled ventilation">Demand-controlled ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%AE%E6%8F%9B%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="置換通風（页面不存在）">置換通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區域製冷（页面不存在）">區域製冷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:District cooling">District cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E4%BE%9B%E6%9A%96" title="區域供暖">區域供暖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%86%B1" title="電熱">電熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="全熱交換機">全熱交換機</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火系統（页面不存在）">防火系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop" class="extiw" title="en:Firestop">Firestop</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強制供熱（页面不存在）">強制供熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-air" class="extiw" title="en:Forced-air">Forced-air</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E4%BE%9B%E7%86%B1%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強制供熱氣體（页面不存在）">強制供熱氣體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced-air_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然冷卻（页面不存在）">自然冷卻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_cooling" class="extiw" title="en:Free cooling">Free cooling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱回收通風系統（页面不存在）">熱回收通風系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱混合（页面不存在）">熱混合</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="循環加熱冷卻系統（页面不存在）">循環加熱冷卻系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronics" class="extiw" title="en:Hydronics">Hydronics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E8%93%84%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰蓄製冷空調系统（页面不存在）">冰蓄製冷空調系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" class="extiw" title="en:Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9A%E6%88%BF%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廚房通風（页面不存在）">廚房通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混合式通風（页面不存在）">混合式通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="微型發電">微型發電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然通風（页面不存在）">自然通風</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Natural ventilation">Natural ventilation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB" title="無動力冷卻">無動力冷卻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%82%E8%83%BD%E5%B1%8B" title="被动式节能屋">被动式节能屋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射加熱和冷卻系統（页面不存在）">輻射加熱和冷卻系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling_system" class="extiw" title="en:Radiant heating and cooling system">Radiant heating and cooling system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB" title="輻射冷卻">輻射冷卻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射加熱（页面不存在）">輻射加熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A1%E6%B0%A3%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氡氣降低系統（页面不存在）">氡氣降低系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_mitigation" class="extiw" title="en:Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7" title="制冷">制冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="再生熱能（页面不存在）">再生熱能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="室內空調分配（页面不存在）">室內空調分配</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_air_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能空氣加熱（页面不存在）">太陽能空氣加熱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_air_heat" class="extiw" title="en:Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能複合式系統（页面不存在）">太陽能複合式系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_combisystem" class="extiw" title="en:Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83" title="太阳能空调">太阳能空调</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能加熱系統（页面不存在）">太陽能加熱系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heating" class="extiw" title="en:Solar heating">Solar heating</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E7%BB%9D%E7%BC%98" title="热绝缘">热绝缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%81%E9%A3%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地板式送风空调系统">地板式送风空调系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地暖系統">地暖系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E6%BD%AE%E8%86%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防潮膜（页面不存在）">防潮膜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7" title="蒸氣壓縮製冷">蒸氣壓縮製冷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E9%A2%A8%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變風量系統（页面不存在）">變風量系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_air_volume" class="extiw" title="en:Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%AA%92%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可變冷媒流量（页面不存在）">可變冷媒流量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8" title="通風">通風</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">設備</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%AE%8A%E5%99%A8" title="逆變器">變頻式空調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%96%80" title="空氣門">空氣門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%BB%A4%E6%B8%85%E5%99%A8" title="空气滤清器">空气滤清器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣調節器（页面不存在）">空氣調節器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler" class="extiw" title="en:Air handler">Air handler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2%E5%99%A8" title="空氣電離器">空氣離子產生器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣混合室（页面不存在）">空氣混合室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" class="extiw" title="en:Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E5%87%80%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8" title="空气净化器">空气净化器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%90%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空氣源熱泵（页面不存在）">空氣源熱泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_source_heat_pumps" class="extiw" title="en:Air source heat pumps">Air source heat pumps</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自動平衡閥（页面不存在）">自動平衡閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E5%AE%A4%E9%8D%8B%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃室鍋爐（页面不存在）">燃室鍋爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_boiler" class="extiw" title="en:Back boiler">Back boiler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C%E7%AE%A1%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屏障管線（页面不存在）">屏障管線</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_pipe" class="extiw" title="en:Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80%E9%98%BB%E5%B0%BC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風門阻尼器（页面不存在）">風門阻尼器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_damper" class="extiw" title="en:Blast damper">Blast damper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%85%E7%82%89" title="锅炉">锅炉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%A2%E5%BF%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="離心式風扇（页面不存在）">離心式風扇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" class="extiw" title="en:Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷卻機（页面不存在）">冷卻機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiller" class="extiw" title="en:Chiller">Chiller</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷凝泵（页面不存在）">冷凝泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensate_pump" class="extiw" title="en:Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%99%A8" title="冷凝器">冷凝器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%BC%8F%E9%8D%8B%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷凝式鍋爐（页面不存在）">冷凝式鍋爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensing_boiler" class="extiw" title="en:Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流加熱器（页面不存在）">對流加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Convection heater">Convection heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%A1%94" title="冷卻塔">冷卻塔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%80%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="節風門（页面不存在）">節風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damper_(flow)" class="extiw" title="en:Damper (flow)">Damper (flow)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E6%BF%95%E6%A9%9F" title="除濕機">除湿机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風道（页面不存在）">風道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(flow)" class="extiw" title="en:Duct (flow)">Duct (flow)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8" title="廢氣加熱器">廢氣加熱器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%98" title="静电除尘">静电除尘</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒸發式冷卻器（页面不存在）">蒸發式冷卻器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" class="extiw" title="en:Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91%E5%99%A8" title="蒸发器">蒸发器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%B2%B9%E7%83%9F%E6%9C%BA" title="吸油烟机">吸油烟机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%94%E6%89%87" title="排气扇">排气扇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E6%A7%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膨脹槽（页面不存在）">膨脹槽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_tank" class="extiw" title="en:Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%A9%9F%E7%9B%A4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A9%9F%E7%B5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風機盤管機組（页面不存在）">風機盤管機組</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" class="extiw" title="en:Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風扇加熱器（页面不存在）">風扇加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Fan heater">Fan heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火風門（页面不存在）">防火風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_damper" class="extiw" title="en:Fire damper">Fire damper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90" title="壁爐">壁爐</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E5%B5%8C%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內嵌式壁爐（页面不存在）">內嵌式壁爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace_insert" class="extiw" title="en:Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低温恒温器（页面不存在）">低温恒温器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_stat" class="extiw" title="en:Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%99%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煙道（页面不存在）">煙道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue" class="extiw" title="en:Flue">Flue</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="氟利昂">氟利昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%A3%8E%E6%9F%9C" title="通风柜">通风柜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%89" title="炉">炉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E5%AE%A4_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃燒室 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">燃燒室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_room" class="extiw" title="en:Furnace room">Furnace room</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%9C%BA" title="压缩机">压缩机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤氣加熱器（页面不存在）">煤氣加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Gas heater">Gas heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汽油加熱器（页面不存在）">汽油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%BA%90%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="地源熱泵系統">地源熱泵系統</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1_(%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="油管 (暖通空調)（页面不存在）">油管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_duct" class="extiw" title="en:Grease duct">Grease duct</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%9F%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格柵（页面不存在）">格柵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille" class="extiw" title="en:Grille">Grille</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地面耦合熱交換器（页面不存在）">地面耦合熱交換器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" class="extiw" title="en:Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="换热器">换热器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%AE%A1" title="熱導管">熱導管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5" title="熱泵">熱泵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%83%AD%E8%86%9C" title="电热膜">电热膜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E6%B0%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖氣系統（页面不存在）">暖氣系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_system" class="extiw" title="en:Heating system">Heating system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E7%84%A1%E8%BB%B8%E5%B0%81%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高效率無軸封循環泵（页面不存在）">高效率無軸封循環泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" class="extiw" title="en:High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%BB%A4%E7%BD%91" title="高效滤网">高效滤网</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%A3%93%E5%88%87%E6%96%B7%E9%96%8B%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高壓切斷開關（页面不存在）">高壓切斷開關</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_pressure_cut_off_switch" class="extiw" title="en:High pressure cut off switch">High pressure cut off switch</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B9%BF%E5%99%A8" title="加湿器">加湿器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="红外加热器">红外加热器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E9%A0%BB%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變頻壓縮機（页面不存在）">變頻壓縮機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_compressor" class="extiw" title="en:Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤油加熱器（页面不存在）">煤油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%91%89_(%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E7%89%A9)" title="百葉 (結構物)">百葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%89%87" title="风扇">风扇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機械室（页面不存在）">機械室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_room" class="extiw" title="en:Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B9%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="油加熱器（页面不存在）">油加熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Oil heater">Oil heater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%BC%8F%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一體式空調（页面不存在）">一體式空調</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" class="extiw" title="en:Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%9E%E5%A3%93%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="增壓空間（页面不存在）">增壓空間</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenum_space" class="extiw" title="en:Plenum space">Plenum space</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%A3%93%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加壓管道（页面不存在）">加壓管道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" class="extiw" title="en:Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排氣管道（页面不存在）">排氣管道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_duct_work" class="extiw" title="en:Process duct work">Process duct work</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%87" title="暖氣片">散熱器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射反射器（页面不存在）">輻射反射器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_reflector" class="extiw" title="en:Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A9%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="復熱器（页面不存在）">復熱器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recuperator" class="extiw" title="en:Recuperator">Recuperator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%89%82" title="制冷剂">制冷剂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%BF%E9%A2%A8%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="調風器（页面不存在）">調風器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" class="extiw" title="en:Register (air and heating)">Register (air and heating)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%8B%95%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回動閥（页面不存在）">回動閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversing_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E8%BF%B4%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="循環迴路（页面不存在）">循環迴路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-around_coil" class="extiw" title="en:Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E6%8D%B2%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦捲式壓縮機（页面不存在）">渦捲式壓縮機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressor" class="extiw" title="en:Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%85%99%E5%9B%AA" title="太陽能煙囪">太陽能煙囪</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能輔助熱泵（页面不存在）">太陽能輔助熱泵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" class="extiw" title="en:Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%8A%A0%E7%83%AD%E5%99%A8" title="空间加热器">空间加热器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E7%85%99%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排煙管道系統（页面不存在）">排煙管道系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" class="extiw" title="en:Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱膨脹閥（页面不存在）">熱膨脹閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E5%BC%8F%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉輪式熱交換器（页面不存在）">轉輪式熱交換器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_wheel" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%99%B9%E5%90%B8%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱虹吸管（页面不存在）">熱虹吸管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon" class="extiw" title="en:Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8%E6%81%86%E6%BA%AB%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散熱器恆溫閥（页面不存在）">散熱器恆溫閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%93%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E9%A2%A8%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涓流通風口（页面不存在）">涓流通風口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle_vent" class="extiw" title="en:Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%91%E9%99%BD%E4%BF%9D%E6%BA%AB%E7%89%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="向陽保溫牆（页面不存在）">向陽保溫牆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombe_wall" class="extiw" title="en:Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8E%E6%B5%81%E7%BF%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="導流翼（页面不存在）">導流翼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" class="extiw" title="en:Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes (HVAC)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BD%8E%E7%A9%BF%E9%80%8F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%81%8E%E6%BF%BE%E7%B6%B2" title="超低穿透空氣過濾網">超低穿透空氣過濾網</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%8B%E9%80%81%E9%A2%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全屋送風系統（页面不存在）">全屋送風系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-house_fan" class="extiw" title="en:Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E6%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風斗（页面不存在）">風斗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher" class="extiw" title="en:Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E6%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F%E7%81%AB%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃木式火爐（页面不存在）">燃木式火爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" class="extiw" title="en:Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">測量與控制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣流計（页面不存在）">氣流計</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_flow_meter" class="extiw" title="en:Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%AB%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水溫調節器（页面不存在）">水溫調節器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquastat" class="extiw" title="en:Aquastat">Aquastat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">建築自動化控制網路通訊協定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%93%E9%A2%A8%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼓風門（页面不存在）">鼓風門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blower_door" class="extiw" title="en:Blower door">Blower door</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="智能建筑">智能建筑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氧化碳感應器（页面不存在）">二氧化碳感應器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADR%E5%80%BC" title="CADR值">清淨空氣輸出率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控制閥（页面不存在）">控制閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Control valve">Control valve</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%95%8F%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" title="气敏传感器">气敏传感器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%9B%A3%E8%A6%96%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭能源監視器（页面不存在）">家庭能源監視器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" class="extiw" title="en:Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%BA%BC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆溼器（页面不存在）">恆溼器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidistat" class="extiw" title="en:Humidistat">Humidistat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖通空調控制系統（页面不存在）">暖通空調控制系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC_control_system" class="extiw" title="en:HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最低效率值（页面不存在）">最低效率值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenTherm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenTherm（页面不存在）">OpenTherm</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenTherm" class="extiw" title="en:OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%9E%8B%E6%BA%AB%E6%8E%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可編程通訊型溫控器（页面不存在）">可編程通訊型溫控器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" class="extiw" title="en:Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E6%BA%AB%E6%8E%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可編程溫控器（页面不存在）">可編程溫控器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" class="extiw" title="en:Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%B8" title="測濕學">空氣線圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%B8%A9" title="常温">常温</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%99%A8" title="智能恒温器">智能恒温器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%BF%E6%BA%AB%E5%99%A8" title="自動調溫器">自動調溫器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E7%86%B1%E5%99%A8%E6%81%86%E6%BA%AB%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散熱器恆溫閥（页面不存在）">散熱器恆溫閥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" class="extiw" title="en:Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">職業、行業與服務</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑声学">建筑声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建筑工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%8A%80%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築技師（页面不存在）">建築技師</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_technologist" class="extiw" title="en:Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A3%9D%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="屋宇裝備工程">屋宇裝備工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="建築信息模型">建築信息模型</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E7%AF%80%E8%83%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深度節能改造（页面不存在）">深度節能改造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" class="extiw" title="en:Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E7%AE%A1%E6%B4%A9%E6%BC%8F%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風管洩漏測試（页面不存在）">風管洩漏測試</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E7%AE%A1%E6%B8%85%E6%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風管清潔（页面不存在）">風管清潔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Duct_Cleaning" class="extiw" title="en:Air Duct Cleaning">Air Duct Cleaning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">环境工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水力平衡（页面不存在）">水力平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" class="extiw" title="en:Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9A%E6%88%BF%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%A3%E6%B8%85%E6%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廚房排氣清潔（页面不存在）">廚房排氣清潔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" class="extiw" title="en:Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E3%80%81%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93" title="机械、电气和管道">机械、电气和管道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%B4%E8%8F%8C%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7%E3%80%81%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0%E5%8F%8A%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黴菌生長、評估及修復（页面不存在）">黴菌生長、評估及修復</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="extiw" title="en:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%8A%91%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="製冷劑回收（页面不存在）">製冷劑回收</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" class="extiw" title="en:Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E3%80%81%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E5%8F%8A%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測試、調整及平衡（页面不存在）">測試、調整及平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" class="extiw" title="en:Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工業組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%95%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國空調承包商協會（页面不存在）">美國空調承包商協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Conditioning_Contractors_of_America" class="extiw" title="en:Air Conditioning Contractors of America">Air Conditioning Contractors of America</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%81%E9%A2%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國送風機協會（页面不存在）">美國送風機協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Air Movement and Control Association">Air Movement and Control Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%87%E6%9A%96%E3%80%81%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会">美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國材料和試驗協會">美國材料和試驗協會</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國建築研究所（页面不存在）">英國建築研究所</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" class="extiw" title="en:Building Research Establishment">Building Research Establishment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国建筑服务研究与信息协会（页面不存在）">英国建筑服务研究与信息协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSRIA" class="extiw" title="en:BSRIA">BSRIA</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特許屋宇設備工程師學會（页面不存在）">特許屋宇設備工程師學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" class="extiw" title="en:Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國製冷學會（页面不存在）">英國製冷學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" class="extiw" title="en:Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="国际制冷学会">国际制冷学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%85%88%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="領先能源與環境設計">領先能源與環境設計</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%88%91%E9%87%91%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%95%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國鈑金空調承包商協會（页面不存在）">美國鈑金空調承包商協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統一機械規範（页面不存在）">統一機械規範</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" class="extiw" title="en:Uniform Mechanical Code">Uniform Mechanical Code</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="美国绿色建筑委员会">美国绿色建筑委员会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康與安全性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="室內空氣品質">室內空氣品質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E7%85%99" title="二手煙">二手烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%80%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="病态建筑综合征">病态建筑综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A5%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="挥发性有机化合物">挥发性有机化合物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8E%A1%E6%9A%96%E3%80%81%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E8%88%87%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國採暖、製冷與空調工程師學會手冊（页面不存在）">美國採暖、製冷與空調工程師學會手冊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" class="extiw" title="en:ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築科學（页面不存在）">建築科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_science" class="extiw" title="en:Building science">Building science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%81%AB%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防火設計（页面不存在）">防火設計</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing" class="extiw" title="en:Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暖通空調術語列表（页面不存在）">暖通空調術語列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96%E6%88%BF%E5%B1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:自動化房屋（页面不存在）">Template:自動化房屋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Home_automation" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD" title="Template:太阳能">Template:太阳能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style 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