Research at The Open University

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=EDGE,chrome=1" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-29b0ae52b5befd8eda1",applicationID:"549506889"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <script>drupal_uid = 0; var now = new Date(); var expirationDate = new Date(); samlSessionCookie = document.cookie.indexOf("CDC_UID="); if (samlSessionCookie < 0) { // not logged in so allow Varnish caching // by removing our NO_CACHE cookie expirationDate.setDate(now.getDate() - 7); document.cookie = "DRUPAL_NO_CACHE=true; expires=" + expirationDate.toUTCString() + "; path=/"; } else { expirationDate.setDate(now.getDate() + 365); document.cookie = "DRUPAL_NO_CACHE=true; expires=" + expirationDate.toUTCString() + "; path=/"; if (drupal_uid == 0) { window.location.replace(window.location.pathname + "?nocache=1"); } } </script><meta name="keywords" content="research at the open university, ou research, open university research, research, research ou, research open uni" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://research.open.ac.uk/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://research.open.ac.uk/" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Research at The Open University" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://research.open.ac.uk/" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Research at The Open University" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://www.open.ac.uk/research/sites/www.open.ac.uk.research/files/images/degrees/hannah-sargeant.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@openuniversity" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://research.open.ac.uk/" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Research at The Open University" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://www.open.ac.uk/research/sites/www.open.ac.uk.research/files/images/degrees/hannah-sargeant.png" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KfVMvvSOM0TS3733FMVLYee7q9a3N5p4Skw-RmPg9w0" /> <title>Research at The Open University</title> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/modules/system/system.base.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/modules/system/system.messages.css?shsnzc"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/date/date_repeat_field/date_repeat_field.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/modules/field/theme/field.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/modules/node/node.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/modules/user/user.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/views/css/views.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/ckeditor/css/ckeditor.css?shsnzc"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/ctools/css/ctools.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/oembed/oembed.base.css?shsnzc"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/global.normalize.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/global.resets.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/global.box-sizing.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/overrides.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/html.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/objects.layout.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/objects.grid.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/objects.blocks.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/objects.colours.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/objects.various.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.accordion.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.audio-video.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.articles.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.boxes.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.buttons.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.carousel.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.creative.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.events.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.forms.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.icons.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.images.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.lists.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.nav.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.quotes.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.tables.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/components.various.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/trumps.various.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/theme.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/drupal.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/accessibility.css?shsnzc"); @import url("https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome.min.css?shsnzc"); </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/2.2/jquery.min.js?v=2.2.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=2.2.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=2.2.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_browser.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/external/jquery.cookie.js?v=67fb34f6a866c40d0570"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery.form/4/jquery.form.min.js?v=4.2.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/ajax.js?v=7.96"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_update.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/entityreference/js/entityreference.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/views/js/base.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/misc/progress.js?v=7.96"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/views/js/ajax_view.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/js/responsive-tabs.min.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/js/scripts.js?shsnzc"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.open.ac.uk/ouheaders/gui/Open_University_OG_Image.png"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="The Open University"><meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.open.ac.uk/ouheaders/gui/Open_University_OG_Image.png"><meta property="og:title" content="The Open University"> <script src="https://de.cdn-v3.conductrics.com/ac-LXFBNkXiNm/v3/agent-api/js/f-dWyHnIAdDA/dt-EzQ29xSsSbrFdEypQszyo9LrPicxDP?apikey=api-Yj4rznDbbdMSfZflSxhm7BLtxY"></script>   <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];/*]]>*/</script>   <script>/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://sgtm.open.ac.uk/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PPS2SH'); /*]]>*/</script>   <script src="/ouheaders/js/headerfooter.min.js?2.0.0.585"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/ouheaders/gui/headerfooter.css?2.0.0.585" media="screen">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ouheaders/gui/headerfooter-print.css?2.0.0.585" media="print">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/ouheaders/gui/cassiecookiewidget.css?2.0.0.585" media="screen">   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/ou_ice5/gui/icons/apple-touch-icon.png" />  <link rel="icon" href="/ouice/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="gui/ou-logo.png" /> </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-5857 node-type-page ou-ia-research ou-theme ou-theme--blue" > <div id="ou-org">  <div class="ou_gtaiframe"><noscript><iframe src="https://sgtm.open.ac.uk/ns.html?id=GTM-PPS2SH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" name="GTM"></iframe></noscript></div> <div id="ou-head"> <div id="ou-header"><a class="ou-skip" href="#int-content" id="ou-skip-anchor-tutor-home" data-translate="true"><i class="int-icon int-icon-arrow-circle-down"></i>Skip to content </a> <div id="ou-logo"> <a class="ou-logo england" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo roi" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/republic-of-ireland/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo nir" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/northern-ireland/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo scotland" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/scotland/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo wales" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/wales/en/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo cymraeg" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/wales/cy/" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> <a class="ou-logo nonav" href="javascript:void(0);" title="The Open University"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Logo_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University"> </a> </div> <div id="mod-mobile-basket"><button onclick="javascript:mc_show_mobile_basket()" id="mod-basket-link" aria-label="Shopping cart - Your module choices"><i class="int-icon int-icon-shopping-cart int-icon-2x"></i><span id="mc-mobilecredits">0</span>cr </button></div> <div class="ou-identity"> <p class="ou-identity-name" data-hj-masked=""></p> </div> <div class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle-div"><a href="#" class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up" id="ou-mobile-menu-toggle"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Toggle service links" title="Toggle service links"></a></div> <div id="ou-header-nav"> <div id="ou-service-links" aria-label="Your links" role="navigation"> <div id="ou-identity"> <p class="ou-identity-name" data-hj-masked=""></p> <p id="ou-identity-id" data-hj-masked=""></p> </div> <ul> <li class="ou-role-signin" id="ou-signin1"><a href="https://msds.open.ac.uk/signon/sams001.aspx" id="ou-signin2" data-translate="true">Sign in</a><span>|</span></li> <li class="ou-role-signout ou-header-remove" id="ou-signout"><a href="https://msds.open.ac.uk/signon/samsoff.aspx" id="ou-signout2" data-translate="true">Sign out</a><span>|</span></li> <li id="ou-myaccount" class="ou-header-remove"> <a href="https://msds.open.ac.uk/students/" data-translate="true">My Account</a> <span>|</span> </li> <li id="ou-studenthome" class="ou-header-remove"> <a href="https://msds.open.ac.uk/students/" data-translate="true">StudentHome</a> <span>|</span> </li> <li id="ou-tutorhome" class="ou-header-remove"> <a href="https://msds.open.ac.uk/tutorhome/" data-translate="true">TutorHome</a> <span>|</span> </li> <li id="ou-intranethome" class="ou-header-remove"> <a href="https://intranet.open.ac.uk/oulife-home/" data-translate="true">IntranetHome</a> <span>|</span> </li> <li id="ou-contact"><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/contact" data-translate="true" class="ou-ia-public" id="ou-public-contact">Contact the OU</a><a href="https://www2.open.ac.uk/students/help/your-contacts/" data-translate="true" class="ou-ia-student" id="ou-student-contact">Contact the OU</a><a href="https://www2.open.ac.uk/tutors/help/who-to-contact/" data-translate="true" class="ou-ia-tutor" id="ou-tutor-contact">Contact the OU</a><span>|</span></li> <li><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" data-translate="true" class="ou-display-public-tutor">Accessibility hub</a><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university/" data-translate="true" class="ou-ia-student">Accessibility hub</a></li> <li class="ou-search ou-ia-public"><label for="ou-header-search-public" class="ou-hide" data-translate="true">Search the OU</label><input type="search" id="ou-header-search-public" class="ou-header-search" name="q" data-translate="true" placeholder="Search the OU" onkeyup="javascript: onSearchBoxInput(event);"><div class="ou-button-container"><button type="button" value="Search" id="search-button-header" onclick="submitSearch('ou-header-search-public');"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/Search_Icon_Magnifier.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Search_Icon_Magnifier.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Search_Icon_Magnifier.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Search" title="Search"></button></div> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="ou-ia-nav" id="ou-ia-nav" aria-label="Main" role="navigation"> <ul class="ou-ia-public"> <li class="ou-ia-courses"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses">Courses</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-postgraduate"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate">Postgraduate</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-inter_national"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/international-students">International</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-research"> <a href="https://research.open.ac.uk/">Research</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-about"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/">About</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-news"> <a href="https://ounews.co/">News & media</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-business"> <a href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/business/">Business & apprenticeships</a> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </div> </div> <div id="ou-site"> <div id="ou-site-header"> <div class="ou-site-ident"> <h2 class="ou-site-ident__title"><a href="/" title="Home" rel="home">Research at The Open University</a></h2> </div> <nav class="ou-sections ou-sections--bar"> <ul id="primary" class="links clearfix main-menu"><li class="menu-372 first active ou-selected"><a href="/" title="" class="active ou-selected">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-1511"><a href="/societal-challenges">Open Societal Challenges</a></li> <li class="menu-1456"><a href="/open-research">Open Research</a></li> <li class="menu-1461"><a href="/next-generation">Next Generation</a></li> <li class="menu-673"><a href="/faculties-institutes">Faculties & institutes</a></li> <li class="menu-815"><a href="/engagement">Innovation & engagement</a></li> <li class="menu-1064"><a href="/environment">Research environment</a></li> <li class="menu-616"><a href="/news">News</a></li> <li class="menu-618 last"><a href="/events" title="">Events</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="region region-site-header"> <div id="block-block-226" class="block-block ou-accessibility-statement-link clearfix"> <style>.ou-ia-footer-accessibility-statement {display:none !important} </style> <a href="https://research.open.ac.uk/accessibility-statement">Accessiblity statement</a></div>  <div id="block-block-161" class="block-block ou-box ou-bg-dark-blue mb-0 clearfix"> <style>#ou-region1 h1 {display:none;} #white-link {color: #fff !important; } .ou-header-banner-white-bg { line-height: 1.1; } .ou-header-banner-white-bg span { background: #fff; display: inline-block; padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px; } #block-block-161 { width:100%; max-width:1180px; margin:0 auto;} } </style> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <h1 class="ou-header-banner-white-bg"><span style="color: #072B54;">Research that transforms lives</span></h1> <span style="color:#FFFFFF;"> <p class="ou-introduction">We use our research to transform lives across the four nations and globally.</p> <p class="ou-introduction">We take a challenge-led and open approach to research through our Open Societal Challenges (OSC).</p> <p class="ou-introduction">These Challenges are driving real change across the themes of Sustainability, Tackling Inequalities and Living Well.</p> <p class="ou-introduction">We need the brightest minds to address the most pressing needs of our time and we are building a more diverse next generation of research leaders to continue to support this and to broaden our horizons.</p> </span> <a class="ou-introduction ou-button ou-bg-orange mb-0" href="/faculties-themes">Learn more about the OSC programme</a> <a class="ou-introduction ou-button ou-bg-orange mb-0" href="https://societal-challenges.open.ac.uk/">Collaborate with us</a> </div> </div>  <div id="block-block-122" class="block-block clearfix"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/feed2js/style/oro.css" media="all" /></div>  </div> </div> <div id="ou-site-body"> <div id="ou-page"> <div id="ou-region0"> <div class="region region-region0"> <div id="block-block-119" class="block-block clearfix"> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <style> .ou-sections--bar a { padding: 11px 8px 12px 8px !important; } #ou-region1 h1 {display:none;} .at-padding-bottom-0 { padding-bottom: 0px !important; } .at-padding-15 { padding-top: 15px !important; } .at-padding-40 { padding-top: 40px !important; } .at-image-bottom { vertical-align: bottom !important; } #block-block-114 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-125 { margin-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-115 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-116 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-111 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-117 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-block-118 { padding-bottom: 60px; } #block-views-news-home_list { padding-top: 15px; } .mbat-0 { margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .ou-ancestors { display: none; } #white-link {color: #fff !important; } .oro-rss-item { list-style: none; list-style-type: none; } .ou-hero-a { position: relative; margin: 0 auto 25px auto; max-width: 1180px; } .ou-hero__image-a { display: block; height: auto; } .ou-hero__wording-a:hover { background-color: #000 !important; } .ou-hero__link-a, .ou-hero__link-a:hover { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; background-color: transparent; } .ou-hero__wording-a { display: block; position: absolute; width: 60%; right: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; background: #0e56a7; text-align: right; padding: 25px 20px; margin: 0; } .ou-hero__wording-a:hover { background-color: #000 !important; } .ou-hero__wording-a a:visited { color: #fff; } .ou-hero__title-a { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; line-height: 120%; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-size: 1.8em; } .ou-hero__description-a { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; font-size: 1em; margin: 5px 0 0 0; } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px), only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .ou-hero__wording-a { text-align: left !important; width: 100% !important; position: static !important; } .at-mobile-display-none { display: none!important; } } .ou-creative__title { color: white; font-size: 2em !important; } .ou-creative__description { color: white; } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px), only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .ou-hero__wording { text-align: left !important; width: 100% !important; position: static !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1180px), only screen and (max-device-width: 1180px) { .ou-creative__wording { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; display: block !important; position: static !important; } } /* end media query */ .ou-hero__image { width: 100% !important; } .ou-hero__wording { text-align: left !important; width: 100% !important; position: static !important; } .ou-hero__wording:hover { background-color: #000 !important; } .ou-hero__title { font-size: 1.2em !important; } .at-centre { text-align: center !important; } </style> </div>  </div> </div> <div id="ou-region1"> <div class="ou-content"> <p> <a id="int-content" ></a> <a id="main-content" ></a> </p> <h1>Research at The Open University</h1> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block-system clearfix"> <div id="node-5857" class="node node-page node-full"> </div>  </div>  <div id="block-views-news-home_list" class="block-views clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Research news and articles</h2> <div class="view view-news view-id-news view-display-id-home_list ou-articles view-dom-id-30f86680752197b4f85795d75ddfe3ec"> <div class="view-content"> <div> <div id="node-9341" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/anna-de-liddo-headshot-article.jpg?itok=vLfw0Zrv" width="400" height="250" alt="Anna De Liddo, with long blonde hair, wearing a white top and a beige jacket, standing in front of glass windows of a building and bushes" title="Professor Anna De Liddo" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/rethinking-collective-decision-making-age-social-media">Rethinking collective decision-making in the age of social media</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In her inaugural lecture, on Thursday 21 November 2024, Anna De Liddo, Professor of Human-Computer Interaction and Director of Research at the Knowledge Media Institute of The Open University, pointed out that the biggest problems of our time call for collective action.</p></div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 21st November 2024 </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div> <div id="node-9331" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/green-roof-article.jpg?itok=NgHYTtPg" width="400" height="250" alt="People on a green roof on top of a building, with buildings in the background" title="Green roof" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/living-roof-project-wins-open-societal-challenges-funding-urban-green-roofing-initiative">Living Roof project wins Open Societal Challenges funding for urban green roofing initiative</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In a significant stride towards sustainable urban development, Bridgman & Bridgman LLP and The Open University have secured Open Societal Challenges funding for their innovative project, the “Living Roof Live Lab.”</div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 21st November 2024 </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div> <div id="node-9321" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/senedd-building-article.jpg?itok=7J7ZMKud" width="400" height="250" alt="A tall, mushroom-shaped wooden building structure, with tables, seats and people underneath it" title="The Senedd Building, Cardiff" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/new-report-looks-political-understanding-young-people-wales">New research report looks at political understanding of young people in Wales </a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>A report, based on one of The Open University's Open Societal Challenges, shows that young people in Wales are more likely to be dissatisfied with democracy and less likely to participate in formal politics.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 20th November 2024 </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div> <div id="node-9311" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/family-hike-article.jpg?itok=vKzXd_10" width="400" height="250" alt="A group of five men and women sitting on a log overlooking a view of trees and mountains" title="Family hike in the mountains" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/launch-new-toolkit-promote-health-across-generations">Launch of new toolkit to promote health across generations</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Open University researchers are launching a toolkit (21 November 2024) which will help people across generations to keep healthy together.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 19th November 2024 </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <a class="ou-button ou-button--more" href="/news"> See all news</a> </div></div>  </div> </div> </div> <div id="ou-region2"> <div class="ou-clearfix"> </div> <div class="region region-region2"> <div id="block-block-120" class="block-block clearfix"> <h2 class="ou-smaller">Social media</h2> <ul class="ou-list ou-list--social ou-list--social--icons"> <li class="ou-list__youtube rtecenter"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeSVsfXknNvc4CY7Hq58TQw" >YouTube</a></li> <li class="ou-list__facebook rtecenter"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theopenuniversity/" >Facebook</a></li> <li class="ou-list__twitter rtecenter"><a href="https://twitter.com/openuniversity" >Twitter</a></li> <li class="ou-list__linkedin rtecenter"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/theopenuniversity" >LinkedIn</a></li> <li class="ou-list__instagram rtecenter"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/theopenuniversity/" >Instagram</a></li> </ul></div>  <div id="block-block-121" class="block-block clearfix"> <a class="ou-skip" data-translate="true" href="#end-of-twitter-ouresearch"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-down"> </i>Skip Twitter timeline</a> <a class="twitter-timeline" data-height="675" href="https://twitter.com/OpenUniResearch?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by @OpenUniResearch</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <a id="end-of-twitter" name="end-of-twitter-ouresearch"></a> </br> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ou-site-footer"> <div class="region region-site-footer"> <div id="block-block-171" class="block-block ou-box ou-bg-dark-blue at-padding-bottom-0 clearfix"> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--2-cols mbat-0 ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div class="mbat-0 at-padding-15"> <h2>Quarterly Review of Research</h2> <p>Read our Quarterly Review of Research to learn about our latest quality academic output.</p> <a class="ou-button ou-bg-orange" href="/news/quarterly-review">View the latest review</a></div> <div class="mbat-0"><img alt="" class="at-image-bottom" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/report-image-new-brand.png" /></div> </div></div>  <div id="block-block-116" class="block-block clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Discover more</h2> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--2-cols ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/faculties-institutes" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Our faculties and institutes</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">Our research is conducted across four faculties, two research institutes, and a variety of inter-faculty research areas.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/people" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Find a researcher</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">We have a global and diverse community of more than 1,200 academic and research staff and 900 postgraduate research students.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/engagement" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Our research services</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">We are passionate about the creation and impact of research-based knowledge and how we can apply this to real challenges.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/careers" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Start a career with the OU</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">We provide excellent training and development opportunities for researchers at all stages of their career so that they excel in their academic profession.</p> </div> </a> </div> </div></div>  <div id="block-block-115" class="block-block clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Featured research impact</h2> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--3-cols ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div class="ou-hero"><img alt="A group of two women and two men, standing in front of trees" class="ou-hero__image" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/article/managing-ageing-article.png" /> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-dark-blue"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title"><a class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/living-well/managing-our-ageing" id="white-link">Engaging with healthy ageing</a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="ou-hero"><img alt="Two glass bottles, one with clear water in and the other with blue water in" class="ou-hero__image" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/article/wastewater-process-article.jpg" title="Two glass bottles, one with clear water in and the other with blue water in" /> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-dark-blue"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title"><a a="" class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/sustainability/waste-resource" id="white-link">Waste as a resource: SPLICE Project</a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="ou-hero"><img alt="Members of a jury" class="ou-hero__image" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/article/shutterstock-121503349-jury-article.jpg" title="Members of a jury" /> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-dark-blue"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title"><a class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/tackling-inequalities/justice-affected-peoples-ethnicity" id="white-link" title="link to the impact case study">Is justice affected by ethinicity?</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <p class="at-centre mb-0"><a class="ou-button ou-button--more mb-0 at-centre" href="/impact">Learn about the impact of our research</a></p> </div>  <div id="block-block-118" class="block-block ou-wrapper clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Five most recent publications</h2> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://oro.open.ac.uk/feed2js/feed2js.php?src=https://oro.open.ac.uk/cgi/r/okaxirf&desc=-1&num=5&utf=y" charset="UTF-8" type="text/javascript"></script> <p class="at-centre"><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/view/" "blank" class="ou-button ou-button--more mb-0 at-centre">Browse a full list of our publications</a></p></div>  <div id="block-block-117" class="block-block ou-wrapper clearfix"> <style> .homepage_download_stats_below { float: right; } .ou_homepage_search { margin-top: 0.5rem; white-space: nowrap; } .hide_label { position: absolute; height: 1px; width: 1px; overflow: hidden; } .ou_homepage_text { width: 85%; border: solid #cc411c 1px; padding: 0.2rem; margin: 0; display: inline-block; height: 2rem; vertical-align: middle; } .ou_homepage_search_button { background: #cc411c; border: 0px; padding: 4px 4px; margin: 0px -1px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; min-height: 2rem; } </style> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--2-cols mb-0 ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div> <h2>Discover research at The Open University</h2> <p class="ou-introduction"><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/" "blank" class="ou-external">Open Research Online (ORO)</a> is the Open Access repository of research outputs from The Open University's research community.</p> <p>The service is publicly accessible and can be browsed and searched freely. It is home to thousands of peer reviewed publications.</p> <p><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/view/" "blank" class="ou-external">Browse ORO</a> or search using the box below.</p> <div class="ou_homepage_search"> <form method="get" accept-charset="utf8" action="https://oro.open.ac.uk/cgi/search/archive/unified" "blank"> <input name="screen" id="screen" value="Search" type="hidden"> <input name="dataset" id="dataset" value="archive" type="hidden"> <input name="q_merge" id="q_merge" value="ANY" type="hidden"> <label for="q" class="hide_label">Search ORO</label> <input name="q" id="q" maxlength="256" type="text" class="ou_homepage_text" placeholder="Search ORO"><button value="Search" name="_action_search" type="submit" class="ou_homepage_search_button"> <img src="https://oro.open.ac.uk/style/images/search.png" alt="Search"> </button> <input name="order" id="order" value="-date/creators_name/title" type="hidden"> </form> </div> </div> <div> <div class="homepage_download_stats"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">ORO downloads this month</h2> <div class="download_graph"> <svg viewBox="0 0 500 250" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" role="img" aria-labelledby="homepage_dl_stats_title homepage_dl_stats_desc"> <title id="homepage_dl_stats_title">Monthly downloads bar chart</title> <desc id="homepage_dl_stats_desc">Downloads by faculty this month: Fass 30564, FBL 12527, STEM 44674, Wels 26921, IET 12353</desc> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="220" x2="400" y2="220"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="170" x2="400" y2="170"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="120" x2="400" y2="120"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="70" x2="400" y2="70"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="20" x2="400" y2="20"></line> <text x="15" y="225" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">0</text> <text x="0" y="125" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">23k</text> <text x="0" y="25" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">46k</text> <text x="45" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FASS</text> <text x="122" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FBL</text> <text x="185" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">STEM</text> <text x="255" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">WELS</text> <text x="332" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">IET</text> <rect x="40" y="86" width="50" height="132" fill="#e21481"></rect><title>30564 FASS downloads this month</title> <rect x="110" y="164" width="50" height="54" fill="#068293"></rect><title>12527 FBL downloads this month </title> <rect x="180" y="24" width="50" height="194" fill="#0e56a7"></rect><title>44674 STEM downloads this month</title> <rect x="250" y="101" width="50" height="117" fill="#d34616"></rect><title>26921 WELS downloads this month</title> <rect x="320" y="165" width="50" height="53" fill="#301934"></rect><title>12353 IET downloads this month</title> </svg> </div> <div class="homepage_download_stats_below"><a class="homepage_download_stats_link" href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/cgi/stats/report?range=1y&view_range=View">Explore ORO statistics</a></div> <span class="download_update_datestamp">Updated 30 September 2024</span> </div></div>  </div> <a class="ou-to-top" href="#ou-org">Back to top</a> </div> </div>  <div id="ou-org-footer" class="ou-footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="ou site footer"><div class="ou-container"><div class="ou-header"><div class="ou-crest"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University Crest" title="The Open University Crest" /></div><div class="ou-mob-crest"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG_Mobile.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University Crest" title="The Open University Crest" /></div><div class="ou-footer-title"><h2 data-translate="true">The Open University</h2></div></div><div class="ou-footer-nav">  <div id="ou-ia-public" class="ou-ia-footer" role="tablist"> <div class="public-lineone"> <h3 class="ou-collapsible-footer" id="ou-publicFooter-explore-toggle" aria-controls="ou-publicFooter-explore" role="tab" tabindex="-1"> <span data-translate="true">Explore</span> <span class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Menu toggle" title="Menu toggle" /> </span> </h3> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-publicFooter-explore" aria-labelledby="ou-publicFooter-explore-toggle"> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses">Study with us</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/employment/">Work with us</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/what-is-distance-learning">Supported distance learning</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/fees-and-funding">Funding your studies</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/international-students">International students</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/what-is-distance-learning/our-global-reputation">Global reputation</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/sustainability/">Sustainability</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/business">Business</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/business/apprenticeships/">Apprenticeships</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/business/develop-your-workforce">Develop your workforce</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://research.open.ac.uk/">Research</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://ounews.co/">News & media</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/contact">Contact the OU</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="public-linetwo"> <h3 class="ou-collapsible-footer" id="ou-publicFooter-undergraduate-toggle" aria-controls="ou-publicFooter-undergraduate" role="tab" tabindex="-1"> <span data-translate="true">Undergraduate</span> <span class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Menu toggle" title="Menu toggle" /> </span> </h3> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-publicFooter-undergraduate" aria-labelledby="ou-publicFooter-undergraduate-toggle"> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/accounting">Accounting</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/arts">Arts and Humanities</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/art-history">Art History</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/biology">Biology</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/business-management">Business and Management</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/chemistry">Chemistry</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/combined-studies">Combined Studies</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/computing-it">Computing and IT</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/counselling">Counselling</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/creative-arts">Creative Arts</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/creative-writing">Creative Writing</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/criminology">Criminology</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/design">Design</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/early-years">Early Years</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/economics">Economics</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/education">Education</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/electronic-engineering">Electronic Engineering</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/engineering">Engineering</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/english">English</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/environment">Environment</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/film-media">Film and Media</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/geography">Geography</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/health-social-care">Health and Social Care</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/health-wellbeing">Health and Wellbeing</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/health-sciences">Health Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/history">History</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/international-studies">International Studies</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/languages">Languages</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/law">Law</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/marketing">Marketing</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/maths">Mathematics</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/mental-health">Mental Health</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/music">Music</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/nursing-healthcare">Nursing and Healthcare</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/philosophy">Philosophy</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/physics">Physics</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/politics">Politics</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/psychology">Psychology</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/religious-studies">Religious Studies</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/science">Science</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/social-work">Social Work</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/sociology">Sociology</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/search-result/software-engineering">Software Engineering</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/sport-fitness">Sport and Fitness</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/statistics">Statistics</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="public-linethree"> <h3 class="ou-collapsible-footer" id="ou-publicFooter-postgraduate-toggle" aria-controls="ou-publicFooter-postgraduate" role="tab" tabindex="-1"> <span data-translate="true">Postgraduate</span> <span class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Menu toggle" title="Menu toggle" /> </span> </h3> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-publicFooter-postgraduate" aria-labelledby="ou-publicFooter-postgraduate-toggle"> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate">Postgraduate study</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/research-degrees">Research degrees</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f80">Masters in Social Work (MA)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f96">Masters in Economics (MSc)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f71">Masters in Creative Writing (MA)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f70">Masters in Education (MA/MEd)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f46">Masters in Engineering (MSc)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f88">Masters in English Literature (MA)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f89">Masters in History (MA)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f94">Masters in International Relations (MA)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f67">Masters in Finance (MSc)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f87">Masters in Cyber Security (MSc)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f74">Masters in Psychology (MSc)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/f61">MBA</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/atoz">A to Z of Masters degrees</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="public-linefour"> <h3 class="ou-collapsible-footer" id="ou-publicFooter-policy-toggle" aria-controls="ou-publicFooter-policy" role="tab" tabindex="-1"> <span data-translate="true">Policy</span> <span class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up"> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Accordion_Chevron_Down.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Menu toggle" title="Menu toggle" /> </span> </h3> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-publicFooter-policy" aria-labelledby="ou-publicFooter-policy-toggle"> <li class="ou-ia-footer-accessibility-statement"> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-hub/accessibility-statement-open">OU Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/wales/cy/yr-iaith-gymraeg">Cymraeg</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/conditions-use-open-university-websites">Conditions of use</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-privacy-ou">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/cookie-use-ou-website">Cookie policy</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="#" onclick="CassieWidgetLoader.Widget.showModal(); managePreferenceSetInterval();">Manage cookie preferences</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/sites/about.open.ac.uk/files/files/modern-slavery-act-statement.pdf">Modern slavery act (pdf 149kb)</a> </li> <li> <a data-translate="true" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/copyright-ou-websites">Copyright</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="ou-ia-student" class="ou-ia-footer"> <div class="ou-row"> <div class="ou-grid3"> <ul> <li> <h4 class="ou-social-media" id="ou-footer-ou-community-toggle" tabindex="-1"> <span>Follow us on Social media</span> <span class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle icon-up"> <img src="#" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/sprite.png?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/sprite-x3.png?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Menu toggle" title="Menu toggle" /> </span> </h4> <div class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-footer-ou-community" role="tabpanel"> <ul class="ou-inline"> <li class="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/theopenuniversity" title="Facebook"> <span> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Social_facebook.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Social_facebook.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Social_facebook.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="Facebook" title="Facebook" /> </span> </a> </li> <li class="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/OpenUniversity" title="Twitter"> <span> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Twitter_X_icon.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Twitter_X_icon.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Twitter_X_icon.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="X (formerly Twitter)" title="X (formerly Twitter)" /> </span> </a> </li> <li class="youtube"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheOpenUniversity" title="Youtube"> <span> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Social_youtube.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Social_youtube.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Social_youtube.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="YouTube" title="YouTube" /> </span> </a> </li> <li class="linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=12659&trk=edu-cp-title" title="LinkedIn"> <span> <img src="/ouheaders/gui/Social_linkedin.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/Social_linkedin.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/Social_linkedin.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn" /> </span> </a> </li>  </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ou-grid3"> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-footer-support"> <li class="ou-ia-footer-accessibility-statement"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-hub/accessibility-statement-open">OU Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/conditions-use-open-university-websites">Conditions of use</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/copyright-ou-websites">Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/wales/cy/yr-iaith-gymraeg">Cymraeg</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ou-grid3"> <ul> <li> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-footer-study"> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-privacy-ou">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/cookie-use-ou-website">Cookie policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" onclick="CassieWidgetLoader.Widget.showModal(); managePreferenceSetInterval();">Manage cookie preferences</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://help.open.ac.uk/documents/policies"> Student Policies and Regulations </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ou-grid3"> <ul> <li> <ul class="ou-mobile-menu-toggle" id="ou-footer-policy"> <li> <a href="https://www2.open.ac.uk/students/charter"> Student Charter </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://status.open.ac.uk"> System Status </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ou-ia-outis1bd-footer"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/contact" class="ou-ia-public" id="ou-footer-public-contact" data-translate="true">Contact the OU</a> <a href="https://www2.open.ac.uk/tutors/help/who-to-contact/" class="ou-ia-tutor" id="ou-footer-tutor-contact" data-translate="true">Contact the OU</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/employment/" data-translate="true">Work with us</a> </li> <li class="ou-ia-footer-accessibility-statement"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-hub/accessibility-statement-open" data-translate="true">OU Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/wales/cy/yr-iaith-gymraeg">Cymraeg</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/conditions-use-open-university-websites" data-translate="true">Conditions of use</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-privacy-ou" data-translate="true">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/cookie-use-ou-website" data-translate="true">Cookie policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" onclick="CassieWidgetLoader.Widget.showModal(); managePreferenceSetInterval();" data-translate="true">Manage cookie preferences</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/sites/about.open.ac.uk/files/files/modern-slavery-act-statement.pdf" data-translate="true">Modern Slavery Act (pdf 149kb)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/copyright-ou-websites" data-translate="true">Copyright</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="ou-small-print"><div class="ou-crest-icon"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.585 2x" alt="The Open University Crest" title="The Open University Crest" /></div><p class="ou-copyright" id="ou-copyright" style="display:none"><small> ©<span id="ou-copyright-year"><a style="display:none">.</a></span>. <span data-translate="true" id="ou-footer-statement"><a style="display:none">.</a></span></small></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { RESPONSIVEUI.responsiveTabs(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-29b0ae52b5befd8eda1","applicationID":"549506889,529980123","transactionName":"blcDZRNVCEJVUUBaXVcdIFIVXQlfG1xbV1dmQgBWBGsQWFFF","queueTime":17,"applicationTime":176,"atts":"QhAAE1tPG0w=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Research at The Open University