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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governor of Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations_and_controversies_in_Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations_and_controversies_in_Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commemorations and controversies in Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations_and_controversies_in_Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Cornwallis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Edward Cornwallis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/220px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/330px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/440px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="992" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Edward Cornwallis by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> (1756)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1749–1752</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Philipps" title="Richard Philipps">Richard Philipps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 June 1761 – 1 January 1776</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Home,_8th_Earl_of_Home" title="William Home, 8th Earl of Home">Earl of Home</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">Baron Heathfield</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 1713<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1776<span style="display:none">(1776-01-14)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Culford" title="Culford">Culford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Townshend</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_3rd_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis</a> (grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a> (grandfather) <br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis</a> (father)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a> (nephew)<br /><a href="/wiki/James_Cornwallis,_4th_Earl_Cornwallis" title="James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis">James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis</a> (nephew)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis" title="William Cornwallis">William Cornwallis</a> (nephew)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cornwallis" title="Stephen Cornwallis">Stephen Cornwallis</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1730s–1776</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">8th Foot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">20th Foot, 40th Foot, 24th Foot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Cornwallis</b> (5 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 February] 1713 – 14 January 1776)<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British career military officer and member of the aristocratic Cornwallis family, who reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a>. After Cornwallis fought in Scotland, putting down the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rebellion_of_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite rebellion of 1745">Jacobite rebellion of 1745</a>, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Chamber" title="Groom of the Chamber">Groom of the Chamber</a> for King George II (a position he held for the next 17 years). He was then made <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a> (1749–1752), one of the colonies in North America, and assigned to establish the new town of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Cornwallis returned to London, where he was elected as MP for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> and married the niece of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, Great Britain's first Prime Minister. Cornwallis was next appointed as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>. </p><p>Cornwallis arrived in Nova Scotia during a period of conflict with the local indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq peoples</a> of peninsular Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq opposed the founding of Halifax and conducted war raids on the colony. Cornwallis responded with the <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpation</a> proclamation of 1749, orders to bring back scalps of those he considered to be rebels. His administration erected forts at Grand Pre, Chignecto and Halifax and organized a militia of 840 men. Despite these efforts, the conflict would continue for several years after Cornwallis' term. </p><p>Despite the war footing, Cornwallis' administration would establish the Nova Scotian government, consisting of an Executive and Legislative Council, governed by the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> in a Canadian colony.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It instituted the first British law courts in Canada; established a public school for orphans; and respected religious diversity through separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recruited European immigrants to Halifax, establishing <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">the first Jewish community</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">the first ethnic German community</a>, made up of Protestants from Germany and Switzerland, and the first <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Protestant dissenting</a> congregation in a Canadian colony.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis is commemorated in Nova Scotia in the naming of its rivers, parks, streets, towns, and buildings. Such historic commemoration of Cornwallis has become controversial because of the extirpation proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-real_Cornwallis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-real_Cornwallis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Halifax, there were numerous protests at a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Cornwallis" title="Statue of Edward Cornwallis">statue of Cornwallis</a> in a downtown park, leading to its removal. A Halifax church, junior high school, street and park all are no longer named after Cornwallis. Other municipalities are also removing Cornwallis' name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cornwallis' grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_3rd_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis</a>, was First Lord of the Admiralty. His maternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_governors_of_Ireland" title="List of chief governors of Ireland">Governor of Ireland</a> (1682-1684). Cornwallis was the son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">Charles</a>, 4th <a href="/wiki/Baron_Cornwallis" title="Baron Cornwallis">Baron Cornwallis</a>, and Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of the Earl of Arran and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cornwallis family possessed estates at <a href="/wiki/Culford" title="Culford">Culford</a> in Suffolk and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis and his twin brother, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a>, were made royal pages at the age of 12.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> at age 14. Their older brother, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cornwallis" title="Stephen Cornwallis">Stephen Cornwallis</a>, the third son born, was a career officer and rose to the rank of major-general in the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially it was not determined which twin brother would enter the church and which the military. The matter was decided by accident: one day, Frederick fell and the injury paralysed his arm. He would take the religious path.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 18, in 1731, Edward was <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned</a> into the <a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment of Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th regiment, led by Brig. General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bligh" title="Thomas Bligh">Thomas Bligh</a>, Edward Cornwallis participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. He fought under Colonel Craig, who was killed in action. Cornwallis took over command of the regiment and organised a retreat. Cornwallis's regiment lost eight officers and 385 men. While the retreat was respected by the military, the British public chided expedition for their losses.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis played an important role in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fighting with the victorious government soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>, he led a regiment of 320 men north for the pacification of the Scottish Highlands. The Duke of Cumberland ordered him to "plunder, burn and destroy through all the west part of <a href="/wiki/Invernesshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Invernesshire">Invernesshire</a> called Lochaber." Cumberland added: "You have positive orders to bring no more prisoners to the camp."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumberland's campaign was later described by one historian as one of unrestrained violence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis ordered his men to chase off livestock, and destroy crops and food stores.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against Cornwallis' orders, some soldiers raped and murdered non-combatants in an incident to intimidate Jacobites from further rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1747 Cornwallis was made a <a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Bedchamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Groom of the Bedchamber">Groom of the Bedchamber</a>, serving in the households of both kings George II and George III until 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became MP for <a href="/wiki/Eye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eye (UK Parliament constituency)">Eye</a> from 1743 to 1749 and then for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> for 1753 to 1762, in Parliament he was seen as an <a href="/wiki/Old_Whig" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whig">Old Whig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Nova_Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governor of Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Halifax">Founding of Halifax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of Halifax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_House,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia_(inset)_by_Dominic_Serres,_c._1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg/220px-Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg/330px-Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg/440px-Governor%27s_House%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia_%28inset%29_by_Dominic_Serres%2C_c._1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Cornwallis built Governor's House (1749). (<a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a> was later also built on this site and it is furnished still with his <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> table.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> appointed Cornwallis as <a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroys of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a> with the task of establishing a new British settlement to counter France's <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Louisbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Louisbourg">Fortress Louisbourg</a>. In this period, governors were frequently selected from senior officers. He sailed from England aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sphinx_(1748)" title="HMS Sphinx (1748)"><i>HMS Sphinx</i></a> on 14 May 1749, followed by a settlement expedition of 15 vessels (including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Baltimore_(1742)" title="HMS Baltimore (1742)"><i>HMS Baltimore</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Winchelsea_(1740)" title="HMS Winchelsea (1740)"><i>HMS Winchelsea</i></a>) carrying about 2500 settlers. Cornwallis arrived at <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Chebucto Harbour</a> on 21 June 1749, followed by the rest of the fleet five days later. The expedition suffered only one death during the passage, due to careful preparations, good ventilation on the ships, and good luck. This was remarkable at a time when the lengthy transatlantic expeditions regularly lost large numbers of persons to infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis immediately had to decide where to site the town. Settlement organizers in England had recommended <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant</a>, due to its close access to the ocean and ease of defence. His naval advisers opposed this site because it lacked shelter and had shallows preventing the docking of ocean-going ships. They wanted the town to be located at the head of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Basin" title="Bedford Basin">Bedford Basin</a>, a sheltered location with deep water. Others favoured <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cornwallis decided to land the settlers and build the town at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Halifax" title="Downtown Halifax">Downtown Halifax</a>; it was halfway up the harbour with deep water, and protected by a natural, defensible hill (later known as <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a>). By 24 July, the plans of the town had been drawn up. In August lots were drawn to award settlers their town plots in a settlement that was to be named "Halifax" after <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, the President of the Board of Trade and Plantations. Lord Halifax (likely his staff) had drawn up the expedition plans for the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Le_Loutre's_War"><span id="Father_Le_Loutre.27s_War"></span>Father Le Loutre's War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Father Le Loutre's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG/220px-NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG/330px-NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG/440px-NS_Legislature_Red_Room.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>The table first used by Edward Cornwallis and the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> (1749), The Red Chamber of <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Cornwallis arrived in Halifax, there had already been a decades-long history of the Mi'kmaq participating in raids on British settlements in present-day Maine, often allied with French colonists in continuing national tensions. Both sides took captives, sometimes for ransom or adoption by First Nations. (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War#New_England,_Acadia_and_Newfoundland_Theatre" title="King William's War">1688</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1703)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)">1703</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)">1723</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War#Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1724)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">1724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">1745</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">1746</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">1747</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grenier_2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenier_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, various British governors had issued proclamations against the Mi'kmaq for their participation in the raids.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Cornwallis's first priorities was to renew early treaties with the Mi'kmaq and other indigenous tribes in the region. He met with chiefs of the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> and Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmaw) from Chignecto in the Summer of 1749. They agreed with the British to end fighting and renewed an earlier 1725 treaty drafted in Boston, redrafted as the Treaty of 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis's efforts to have other Mi'kmaq tribes sign treaties were rejected. Most Mi'kmaq leaders in Nova Scotia remained loyal to the French King, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grenier_2008_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenier_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mi'kmaq leaders met at <a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peters, Nova Scotia">St. Peters</a> with French missionary Malliard in September 1749 to respond to these British actions. They composed a letter to Cornwallis making it clear that, while they tolerated the small garrison at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>, they completely opposed settlement at Halifax: </p> <blockquote><p>"The place where you are, where you are building dwellings, where you are now building a fort, where you want, as it were, to enthrone yourself, this land of which you want to make yourself absolute master, this land belongs to me".<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Mi'kmaq leaders regarded the Halifax settlement as "a great theft that you have perpetrated against me."<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis sought to project British military power throughout Nova Scotia by establishing forts in the largest Acadian communities, at <a href="/wiki/Pisiguit" title="Pisiguit">Pisiguit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand Pré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Vieux_Logis" title="Fort Vieux Logis">Fort Vieux Logis</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a>). The French erected forts at present- day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>, Chignecto (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Port Elgin, New Brunswick</a>. The fighting started when Acadians and Mi'kmaq responded by attacking the British at Chignecto, <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1749)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1749)">Dartmouth</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To stop the raids on the British settlements and pressure the natives into submission, Cornwallis announced an <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpation</a> proclamation to remove the Mi'kmaq from peninsular Nova Scotia. As part of the proclamation, he offered a bounty for the capture or scalps of Mi'kmaw men. Later instructions offered a bounty for the capture of women and children: the bounty promised a reward for "every Indian you shall destroy (upon producing <i>his</i> Scalp as the Custom is) or every Indian taken [prisoner], Man, Woman or Child."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the bounty, the British forces and settlers had virtually no encounters with the Mi'kmaq and their raids against the British continued. Cornwallis increased the bounty dramatically for Mi'kmaw warriors. Settlers brought in only one scalp in the next nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortEdward2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FortEdward2006.jpg/220px-FortEdward2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FortEdward2006.jpg/330px-FortEdward2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FortEdward2006.jpg/440px-FortEdward2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, named after Edward Cornwallis</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1751, the Mi'kmaq mounted their largest attack on British settlers with the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Dartmouth">Raid on Dartmouth</a>. With this raid, the Mi'kmaq stopped British expansion and they stopped attacking. Cornwallis interpreted the cessation of attacks as the Mi'kmaq wanting peace. Cornwallis laid the foundation for and was at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1752" title="Treaty of 1752">Treaty of 1752</a> with Major Cope, attending at Cope's request. Having committed to being Governor only for two years, Cornwallis eventually resigned his commission and left the colony in October 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-Plank,_1996,_p.34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plank,_1996,_p.34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was ultimately rejected by most of the other Mi'kmaq leaders. Cope burned the treaty six months after he signed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Plank,_1996,_p.33-34_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plank,_1996,_p.33-34-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Governor, Cornwallis reported to the Board of Trade of Britain. The Board repeatedly expressed concern to Cornwallis for overspending: over the amount of bread delivered, the cost of arming Chignecto. In March 1751, Cornwallis was told that he would lose the confidence of parliament unless he refrained from overspending in the future. Cornwallis replied that the Board had underestimated the task of establishing Halifax under such hostile conditions and that to "flatter Your Lordships with hopes of savings" would be "dissimulation of the worst kind."<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Cornwallis,_after_portrait_by_Reynolds.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Edward_Cornwallis%2C_after_portrait_by_Reynolds.png/220px-Edward_Cornwallis%2C_after_portrait_by_Reynolds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Edward_Cornwallis%2C_after_portrait_by_Reynolds.png 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Edward Cornwallis, etching of <a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Eccardt" title="John Giles Eccardt">John Giles Eccardt</a> portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1756 Cornwallis was one of three colonels who were ordered to proceed to Gibraltar and from there embark for <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, which was then under <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1756)">siege</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">John Byng</a> called a council of war, which involved Cornwallis, and advised the return of the fleet to Gibraltar leaving the garrison at Menorca to its fate.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byng, Cornwallis and the other officers were arrested when they returned to England. A large, unruly mob attacked the officers as they left their ships in Portsmouth and later burned effigies of Cornwallis and the other officers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The officers faced court martial on "suspicion of disobedience of orders and neglect of duty."<sup id="cite_ref-report_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byng was found guilty and executed. Cornwallis testified that he had not disobeyed orders, but that it was "impracticable" to land at Menorca due to stiff French defences. Further, he said he was following Byng's command. "I looked upon myself as under the command of the admiral and should have thought it my duty to have obeyed him", he testified.<sup id="cite_ref-report_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis was also one of the senior officers in the September 1757 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">Raid on Rochefort</a> which saw a failed amphibious descent on the French coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast force massed on the Isle of Wight before sailing for Rochefort. The fleet stopped at Île D'Aix and examined the French defences. <a href="/wiki/John_Mordaunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Mordaunt (British Army officer)">General Sir John Mordaunt</a>, head of the land forces, decided the defences were too strong to attack. He called a council of war. Cornwallis voted to retreat, while <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hawke">Admiral Edward Hawke</a>, head of the naval forces, and <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>, quartermaster general, voted to attack. Mordaunt and Cornwallis carried the day and the mission was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mordaunt was arrested and faced court martial. Cornwallis testified that an attempted landing at Rochefort would have been "dangerous, almost impracticable and madness."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governor of Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cornwallis served as the governor of Gibraltar from 14 June 1761 to January 1776 when he died at the age of 63.<sup id="cite_ref-mason_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was returned to England and laid to rest at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culford_Parish_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culford Parish Church (page does not exist)">Culford Parish Church</a> in Culford, near <a href="/wiki/Bury_St._Edmunds" class="mw-redirect" title="Bury St. Edmunds">Bury St. Edmunds</a> on 9 February 1776. Both of his family titles are now extinct. In 1899, MacDonald wrote, "His name is fast coming under the category of 'Britain's forgotten worthies'."<sup id="cite_ref-real_Cornwallis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-real_Cornwallis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg/170px-Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg/255px-Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Hon._Mary_Townshend00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Edward Cornwallis' wife, Mary Townshend</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1763, Cornwallis married Mary Townshend, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a> and Dorothy Townshend (Walpole), the sister of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. His marriage to Mary did not produce any children. His brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis</a> married Mary's half sister, Elizabeth, daughter of Charles and his first wife, Elizabeth Pelham. Through his brother's marriage, he became uncle of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations_and_controversies_in_Nova_Scotia">Commemorations and controversies in Nova Scotia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commemorations and controversies in Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several buildings, (<a href="/wiki/CFB_Cornwallis" title="CFB Cornwallis">Canadian Forces Base Cornwallis</a>, a former Canadian Forces Base located in <a href="/wiki/Deep_Brook,_Nova_Scotia" title="Deep Brook, Nova Scotia">Deep Brook, Nova Scotia</a>) places (Cornwallis Street in Halifax, Cornwallis Street in <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a>, Cornwallis Street in <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_River" title="Cornwallis River">Cornwallis River</a>, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Park,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwallis Park, Nova Scotia">Cornwallis Park</a>), and landmarks have been named after Cornwallis. A number of ships were named after Cornwallis, including the 1944 harbour ferry <a href="/wiki/Governor_Cornwallis_(ferry)" title="Governor Cornwallis (ferry)"><i>Governor Cornwallis</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Coast Guard Ship">Canadian Coast Guard Ship</a> <a href="/wiki/CCGS_Kopit_Hopson_1752" title="CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752"><i>Edward Cornwallis</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These commemorations of Cornwallis have become controversial in Nova Scotia. Cornwallis Junior High School was renamed <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Central_Junior_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Central Junior High">Halifax Central Junior High</a> in January 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church changed its name to <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_Baptist_Church" title="New Horizons Baptist Church">New Horizons Baptist Church</a> to disassociate itself from Cornwallis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Cornwallis Street in Halifax was renamed Nora Bernard Street.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statue became the site of several Mi'kmaw protests in 2017 and the city established a committee to determine how to deal with the issue. Disturbed by lack of progress, in January 2018 the Assembly of Mi'kmaq Chiefs called for immediate removal of the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cornwallis statue was covered with a tarpaulin, then removed by order of <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Council" title="Halifax Regional Council">Halifax Regional Council</a> on 30 January 2018 and placed into storage.<sup id="cite_ref-ch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council worked with Mi'kmaw Chiefs to establish a task force to examine the commemoration of Cornwallis and the final disposition of the statue, as well as how best to commemorate Indigenous history in the Halifax Regional Municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-ch_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 2019, Temma Frecker, a Nova Scotia teacher at The Booker School, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards#Governor_General's_History_Awards" title="Governor General's Awards">Governor General's History Award</a> for her class's proposal to return the statue to Cornwallis Park as part of a larger commemoration of regional ethnic groups. They suggested that the Cornwallis statue be installed among three other statues: <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Doiron" title="Noël Doiron">Noël Doiron</a>; <a href="/wiki/Viola_Desmond" title="Viola Desmond">Viola Desmond</a>, a civil rights activist and <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotian</a>; and Mi'kmaw Chief <a href="/wiki/John_Denny_Jr." title="John Denny Jr.">John Denny Jr.</a> The four statutes would be positioned as if in a conversation with each other, discussing their accomplishments and struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Canadian Coast Guard</a> vessel CCGS <i>Edward Cornwallis</i> was renamed <a href="/wiki/CCGS_Kopit_Hopson_1752" title="CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752">CCGS <i>Kopit Hopson 1752</i></a> in honor of Mi'kmaq Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a> and governor of Nova Scotia <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, a petition was started by a Halifax resident requesting Cornwallis Street in <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Halifax" title="North End, Halifax">North End, Halifax</a> be renamed to honour the prominent human rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Jones" title="Rocky Jones">Rocky Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petition was signed by over 1,700 people, and presented to Halifax City Council by the area's City Councillor.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petition to name the street after Jones was again presented to Halifax Regional Council in October 2021, with 9,330 signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-HRM_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council decided to rename the street and invited submission by the general public. A task force struck by Council has recommended naming the street New Horizons Street after the New Horizons Baptist Church. A short list of suggestions from submissions by the general public was gathered and a further poll was held to select a final name.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Nora Bernard Street", named after the late Mi'kmaq activist <a href="/wiki/Nora_Bernard" title="Nora Bernard">Nora Bernard</a>, topped the public poll. In December 2022, Halifax council voted in favour of the new name, which took effect in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Cornwallis Park in Halifax was renamed "Peace and Friendship Park" by the Regional Municipality of Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bridgewater, Nova Scotia">Bridgewater</a> renamed Cornwallis Street to Crescent Street in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Kentville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentville, Nova Scotia">Kentville</a> renamed its Cornwallis Street to Bridge Street in September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lunenburg is another municipality that is committed to renaming its Cornwallis Street. The town approved a change to Queen Street in December 2023, but is reconsidering that choice to provide for public input over a possible Mi'kmaw name.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq people">Military history of the Mi'kmaq people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Chamber" title="Groom of the Chamber">Groom of the Chamber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">... from 1713 to 1749 Nova Scotia was neglected by England, but the crafty designs of the French to acquire by fraud what they could not obtain by force drew the attention of the British public to the importance of the colony, and encouragements were held out to retired officers, &c. to whom officers of grants of land were made; 3760 adventurers were embarked with their families for the colony; Parliament granted 40,000<i>ℓ</i>. for their support, and they landed at Chebucto harbour, where the town of Halifax was soon erected by the new emigrants under the command of their Governor the Hon. Edward Cornwallis <a href="#CITEREFMartin1837">Martin 1837</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7">p.7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For some contemporary commentators, the original proclamation's reference to the bounty applying to "every Indian" created confusion over whether or not the bounty targeted only Mi'kmaw men or all Mi'kmaw people. Cornwallis' later instructions to Cobb clarifies that the initial bounty was offered only for Mi'kmaw males and the instructions added a reward for taking Mi'kmaw women and children as captives.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DCB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1979">Beck (1979)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRieksts2013" class="citation web cs1">Rieksts, Mark (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnow.org/the-constitutions-of-the-maritime-provinces">"The Constitutions of the Maritime Provinces"</a>. <i>Law Now</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Now&rft.atitle=The+Constitutions+of+the+Maritime+Provinces&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Rieksts&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnow.org%2Fthe-constitutions-of-the-maritime-provinces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuttle1877" class="citation web cs1">Tuttle, Charles Richard (5 March 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWBBAQAAMAAJ&q=attacks+on+Dartmouth,+1750&pg=PA217">"Tuttle's Popular History of the Dominion of Canada, with Art Illustrations: From the Earliest Settlement of the British-American Colonies to the Present Time: Together with Portrait Engravings and Biographical Sketches of the Most Distinguished Men of the Nation"</a>. D. Downie – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuttle%27s+Popular+History+of+the+Dominion+of+Canada%2C+with+Art+Illustrations%3A+From+the+Earliest+Settlement+of+the+British-American+Colonies+to+the+Present+Time%3A+Together+with+Portrait+Engravings+and+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+Most+Distinguished+Men+of+the+Nation&rft.pub=D.+Downie&rft.date=1877-03-05&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=Charles+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWBBAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dattacks%2Bon%2BDartmouth%2C%2B1750%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1873" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Duncan (5 March 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novascotiainits00campgoog"><i>Nova Scotia, in Its Historical, Mercantile and Industrial Relations</i></a>. J. Lovell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novascotiainits00campgoog/page/n418">410</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>halliburton history of nova scotia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nova+Scotia%2C+in+Its+Historical%2C+Mercantile+and+Industrial+Relations&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=J.+Lovell&rft.date=1873-03-05&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovascotiainits00campgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon Godfrey and Judy Godfrey. <i>"Search Out the Land", The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740–1867.</i> McGill Queen's University Press. 1997, pp. 76–77;<a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Pickard_Bell" title="Winthrop Pickard Bell">Bell, Winthrop Pickard</a>. <i>The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century.</i> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-real_Cornwallis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-real_Cornwallis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-real_Cornwallis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTattrie2012" class="citation web cs1">Tattrie, John (11 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718060844/http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/72328-meet-real-edward-cornwallis">"Meet the real Edward Cornwallis"</a>. The Chronicle Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/72328-meet-real-edward-cornwallis">the original</a> on 18 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+the+real+Edward+Cornwallis&rft.pub=The+Chronicle+Herald&rft.date=2012-03-11&rft.aulast=Tattrie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2Fthenovascotian%2F72328-meet-real-edward-cornwallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mason-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mason_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastermason.com/Dresden/story_cornwallis.htm">"Story – Honorable Edward Cornwallis"</a>. <i>www.mastermason.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mastermason.com&rft.atitle=Story+%E2%80%93+Honorable+Edward+Cornwallis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mastermason.com%2FDresden%2Fstory_cornwallis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/cornwallis-hon-stephen-1703-43">"CORNWALLIS, Hon. Stephen (1703-43). | History of Parliament Online"</a>. <i>www.historyofparliamentonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=CORNWALLIS%2C+Hon.+Stephen+%281703-43%29.+%7C+History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1715-1754%2Fmember%2Fcornwallis-hon-stephen-1703-43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlank2005">Plank (2005)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParliament1812" class="citation book cs1">Parliament, Great Britain (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVdYAAAAYAAJ&q=1747+Cornwallis+was+made+a+Groom+of+the+Bedchamber&pg=PA205"><i>Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England: 1741-1743</i></a>. R. Bagshaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobbett%27s+Parliamentary+History+of+England%3A+1741-1743&rft.pub=R.+Bagshaw&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Parliament&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVdYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1747%2BCornwallis%2Bwas%2Bmade%2Ba%2BGroom%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBedchamber%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCORNWALLIS,_Hon._Edward_(1713-76),_of_Essington,_Herts.1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">CORNWALLIS, Hon. Edward (1713-76), of Essington, Herts. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/cornwallis-hon-edward-1713-76">"Romney R. Sedgwick"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Romney_Sedgwick" title="Romney Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Romney</a> (ed.). <i>The House of Commons 1715–1754</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Parliament" title="The History of Parliament">The History of Parliament Trust</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romney+R.+Sedgwick&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Commons+1715%E2%80%931754&rft.pub=The+History+of+Parliament+Trust&rft.date=1970&rft.au=CORNWALLIS%2C+Hon.+Edward+%281713-76%29%2C+of+Essington%2C+Herts.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1715-1754%2Fmember%2Fcornwallis-hon-edward-1713-76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaddall1948">Raddall (1948)</a>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Tod (2016). "Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)". <i>Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Mi%27kmaw+Armed+Resistance+to+British+Expansion+in+Northern+New+England+%281676%E2%80%931761%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Tod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenier_2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenier_2008_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenier_2008_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReidBaker2008">Reid & Baker (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrake1870">Drake (1870)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXIvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134">134</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnston_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnston_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2008">Johnston (2008)</a>, pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olive Dickason, <i>LOUISBOURG AND THE INDIANS: A STUDY IN IMPERIAL RACE RELATIONS, 1713–1760</i>, University of Ottawa, 1971, at p. 138, referencing Cornwallis' instructions to Capt. Silvanus Cobb, commanding the sloop <i>York,</i> 13 January 1750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415010232/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011439372;page=root;view=image;size=100;seq=369;orient=0;num=341">"The London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer"</a>. <i>HathiTrust</i>. 1751. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011439372;page=root;view=image;size=100;seq=369;orient=0;num=341">the original</a> on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=The+London+Magazine%2C+or%2C+Gentleman%27s+Monthly+Intelligencer&rft.date=1751&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011439372%3Bpage%3Droot%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bsize%3D100%3Bseq%3D369%3Borient%3D0%3Bnum%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span> Note: The newspaper article has the date of the increase of the bounty wrong, saying that the amount was increased "four months" from the day the letter was written, but it was nine months later.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plank,_1996,_p.34-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plank,_1996,_p.34_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlank1996">Plank (1996)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/governorofmass01shirrich#page/502/mode/2up">"Correspondence of William Shirley: governor of Massachusetts and military commander in America, 1731–1760"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Correspondence+of+William+Shirley%3A+governor+of+Massachusetts+and+military+commander+in+America%2C+1731%E2%80%931760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgovernorofmass01shirrich%23page%2F502%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plank,_1996,_p.33-34-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plank,_1996,_p.33-34_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlank1996">Plank (1996)</a>, pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Report of the General Officers, Appointed to enquire into the conduct of Major General Stuart, and Colonels Cornwallis and the Earl of Effingham, 8 December 1756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattrie2013">Tattrie (2013)</a>, pp. 217–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Proceedings of a General Court-Martial held at Whitehall upon the Trial of Lieutenant-General Sit John Mordaunt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/cornwallis-junior-high-officially-renamed-1.759067">"Cornwallis Junior High officially renamed"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Cornwallis+Junior+High+officially+renamed&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantic.ctvnews.ca%2Fcornwallis-junior-high-officially-renamed-1.759067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4192078/halifax-church-cornwallis/">"Halifax church drops Cornwallis name, now known as New Horizons Baptist Church - Halifax | Globalnews.ca"</a>. <i>globalnews.ca</i>. 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalnews.ca&rft.atitle=Halifax+church+drops+Cornwallis+name%2C+now+known+as+New+Horizons+Baptist+Church+-+Halifax+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4192078%2Fhalifax-church-cornwallis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBundale2017" class="citation news cs1">Bundale, Brett (17 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/7560318-black-church-to-cast-aside-cornwallis-name/">"Black church to cast aside Cornwallis' name"</a>. <i>DurhamRegion.com</i>. The Canadian Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DurhamRegion.com&rft.atitle=Black+church+to+cast+aside+Cornwallis%27+name&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.aulast=Bundale&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamregion.com%2Fnews-story%2F7560318-black-church-to-cast-aside-cornwallis-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halifax.ca/home/news/cornwallis-street-be-renamed-nora-bernard-street">"Cornwallis Street to be renamed to Nora Bernard Street"</a>. <i>www.halifax.ca</i>. 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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APTN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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With William Shirley. Albany, New York: Joe Munsell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Particular+History+of+the+Five+Years+French+and+Indian+War+in+New+England+and+Parts+Adjacent&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Joe+Munsell&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faparticularhist01drakgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mack_Faragher" title="John Mack Faragher">Faragher, John Mack</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara"><i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393051353" title="Special:BookSources/9780393051353"><bdi>9780393051353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780393051353&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(author)" title="Charlotte Gray (author)">Gray, Charlotte</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/museumcalledcana00gray"><i>The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679312208" title="Special:BookSources/9780679312208"><bdi>9780679312208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+Called+Canada%3A+25+Rooms+of+Wonder&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780679312208&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuseumcalledcana00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PP1"><i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire%3A+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710-1760&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGCin1JJp8cC&pg=PP1"><i>The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44470-5"><bdi>978-1-139-44470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Way+of+War%3A+American+War+Making+on+the+Frontier%2C+1607%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44470-5&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGCin1JJp8cC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._B._Johnston" title="A. J. B. Johnston">Johnston, A. J. B.</a> (2008). <i>Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory, and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803260092" title="Special:BookSources/9780803260092"><bdi>9780803260092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+1758%3A+The+Promise%2C+the+Glory%2C+and+the+Despair+of+Louisbourg%27s+Last+Decade&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780803260092&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Martin, Robert Montgomery</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_46128"><i>History of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, the Sable Islands, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, the Bermudas, Newfoundland, &c., &c</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Byrom_Whittaker" title="George Byrom Whittaker">Whittaker & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665461286" title="Special:BookSources/9780665461286"><bdi>9780665461286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+Cape+Breton%2C+the+Sable+Islands%2C+New+Brunswick%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%2C+the+Bermudas%2C+Newfoundland%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+Company&rft.date=1837&rft.isbn=9780665461286&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_46128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen (1994). "1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples". In Phillip A. Buckner & John G. Reid (ed.). <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802069771" title="Special:BookSources/9780802069771"><bdi>9780802069771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1744%E2%80%931763%3A+Colonial+Wars+and+Aboriginal+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780802069771&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeotto2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Peotto, Thomas (January 2018). <i>Dark Mimesis: a cultural history of the scalping paradigm</i> (PhD thesis). Vancouver: University of British Columbia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0363040">10.14288/1.0363040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F64367">2429/64367</a></span>. <q>The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (History)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Dark+Mimesis%3A+a+cultural+history+of+the+scalping+paradigm&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2429%2F64367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0363040&rft.aulast=Peotto&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlank1996" class="citation journal cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/12030">"The two Majors Cope: the boundaries of nationality in mid-18th century Nova Scotia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acadiensis" title="Acadiensis">Acadiensis</a></i>. <b>XXV</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=The+two+Majors+Cope%3A+the+boundaries+of+nationality+in+mid-18th+century+Nova+Scotia&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.hil.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoVaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812235715" title="Special:BookSources/9780812235715"><bdi>9780812235715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780812235715&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoVaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlank2005" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2005). "New England soldiers in the Saint John River valley: 1758–1760". In Stephen J. Hornsby; John G. Reid (eds.). <i>New England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773528659" title="Special:BookSources/9780773528659"><bdi>9780773528659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+England+soldiers+in+the+Saint+John+River+valley%3A+1758%E2%80%931760&rft.btitle=New+England+and+the+Maritime+Provinces%3A+Connections+and+Comparisons&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780773528659&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaddall1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Head_Raddall" title="Thomas Head Raddall">Raddall, Thomas Head</a> (1948). <i>Halifax: Warden of the North</i>. McClelland & Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax%3A+Warden+of+the+North&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Raddall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReidBaker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Reid" title="John G. Reid">Reid, John G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Baker" title="Emerson Baker">Baker, Emerson W.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TM3AlH-lTscC&pg=PA129">"Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal"</a>. <i>Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442688032">10.3138/9781442688032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-9137-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442688032.12">10.3138/9781442688032.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amerindian+Power+in+the+Early+Modern+Northeast%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Northeastern+North+America%2C+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9137-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTM3AlH-lTscC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTattrie2013" class="citation book cs1">Tattrie, Jon (2013). <i>Cornwallis: The Violent Birth of Halifax</i>. Pottersfield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897426487" title="Special:BookSources/9781897426487"><bdi>9781897426487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis%3A+The+Violent+Birth+of+Halifax&rft.pub=Pottersfield+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781897426487&rft.aulast=Tattrie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2011" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Dianne (2011). <i>Heroes of the Acadian Resistance:The Story of Joseph Beausoleil Broussard and Pierre II Surette 1702-1765</i>. Formac Publishing Company Limited Halifax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-978-1"><bdi>978-0-88780-978-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+the+Acadian+Resistance%3AThe+Story+of+Joseph+Beausoleil+Broussard+and+Pierre+II+Surette+1702-1765&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company+Limited+Halifax&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-978-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Cornwallis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cornwallis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Cornwallis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Cornwallis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Edward Cornwallis</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/maritimemagazine/2012/11/28/living-with-our-history/">Documentary on Cornwallis Statue – CBC Radio – Maritime Magazine Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402162334/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/acadian/english/eexile/respon/cornwall/cornwall.htm">Centre Acadien (1996)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamiltonvalleyscottishrite.com/Craft-Lodges/Other-Craft-Lodges/Blogs/December-2017/THE-BEGINNING-of-FREEMASONRY-in-CANADA">Image of letter signed by Cornwallis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629001542/https://www.hamiltonvalleyscottishrite.com/Craft-Lodges/Other-Craft-Lodges/Blogs/December-2017/THE-BEGINNING-of-FREEMASONRY-in-CANADA">Archived</a> 29 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cornwallis" title="Stephen Cornwallis">Stephen Cornwallis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Cornwallis" title="John Cornwallis">John Cornwallis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Eye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eye (UK Parliament constituency)">Eye</a> </b><br />1743–1749 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornwallis" title="John Cornwallis">John Cornwallis</a> 1743–1747<br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_Townshend_(British_Army_officer,_born_1708)" title="Roger Townshend (British Army officer, born 1708)">Roger Townshend</a> 1747–1748<br /><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hardinge" title="Nicholas Hardinge">Nicholas Hardinge</a> 1748–1749 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hardinge" title="Nicholas Hardinge">Nicholas Hardinge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Courthorpe_Clayton" title="Courthorpe Clayton">Courthorpe Clayton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Viscount Trentham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Peter Warren</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> </b><br />1753–1762 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Marquess_of_Stafford" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford">Viscount Trentham</a> 1753–1754<br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Crosse,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Crosse, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Crosse</a> 1754–1761<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Pulteney,_Viscount_Pulteney" title="William Pulteney, Viscount Pulteney">Viscount Pulteney</a> 1761–1762 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pulteney,_Viscount_Pulteney" title="William Pulteney, Viscount Pulteney">Viscount Pulteney</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys,_2nd_Baron_Sandys" title="Edwin Sandys, 2nd Baron Sandys">Hon. Edwin Sandys</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Philipps" title="Richard Philipps">Richard Philipps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/40th_(2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a> </b><br />1750–1752 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr,_4th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian">The Marquess of Lothian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers" title="South Wales Borderers">24th Regiment of Foot</a> </b><br />1752–1776 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Taylor_(soldier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Taylor (soldier) (page does not exist)">William Taylor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Philipps" title="Richard Philipps">Richard Philipps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a> </b><br />1749–1752 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Home,_8th_Earl_of_Home" title="William Home, 8th Earl of Home">The Earl of Home</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a> </b><br />1761–1776 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Irwin_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Irwin (British Army officer)">Sir John Irwin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Castilian_and_Spanish_rule_(1462–1704)" title="History of Gibraltar">Spanish period (1462–1704)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Salinas" title="Diego de Salinas">De Salinas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">occupation (1704)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nugent" title="Henry Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shrimpton" title="John Shrimpton">Shrimpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Elliott_(governor)" title="Roger Elliott (governor)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanwix" title="Thomas Stanwix">Stanwix</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht (1713)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Colyear,_1st_Earl_of_Portmore" title="David Colyear, 1st Earl of Portmore">Portmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kane" title="Richard Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Clayton" title="Jasper Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sabine_(British_Army_officer)" title="Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hargrave" title="William Hargrave">Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bland" title="Humphrey Bland">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowke" title="Thomas Fowke">Fowke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Hara,_2nd_Baron_Tyrawley" title="James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley">Tyrawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Home,_8th_Earl_of_Home" title="William Home, 8th Earl of Home">Home</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irwin_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Irwin (British Army officer)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Boyd (British Army officer)">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Boyd (British Army officer)">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rainsford" title="Charles Rainsford">Rainsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Hara" title="Charles O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hew_Dalrymple,_1st_Baronet,_of_High_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hew Dalrymple, 1st Baronet, of High Mark">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cradock,_1st_Baron_Howden" title="John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden">Cradock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_born_1754)" title="Colin Campbell (British Army officer, born 1754)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Don</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony (1830)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Houston,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Houston, 1st Baronet">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Woodford" title="Alexander George Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1777)" title="Robert Wilson (British Army officer, born 1777)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gardiner_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Gardiner (British Army officer)">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Fergusson (British Army officer)">Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Codrington_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Codrington (British Army officer)">Codrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Airey,_1st_Baron_Airey" title="Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey">Airey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Napier of Magdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miller_Adye" title="John Miller Adye">Adye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Hardinge" title="Arthur Edward Hardinge">Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Smyth" title="Leicester Smyth">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Nicholson" title="Lothian Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Biddulph_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Biddulph (British Army officer)">Biddulph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forestier-Walker" title="Frederick Forestier-Walker">Forestier-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hunter" title="Archibald Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Miles" title="Herbert Miles">Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Smith-Dorrien" title="Horace Smith-Dorrien">Smith-Dorrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Monro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet">Monro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Godley" title="Alexander Godley">Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harington_(British_Army_officer,_born_1872)" title="Charles Harington (British Army officer, born 1872)">Harington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Gerard_Liddell" title="Clive Gerard Liddell">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Mason-Macfarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Noel Mason-Macfarlane">Mason-Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eastwood" title="Ralph Eastwood">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacMillan" title="Gordon MacMillan">MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Redman" title="Harold Redman">Redman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keightley" title="Charles Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dudley_Ward" title="Alfred Dudley Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lathbury" title="Gerald Lathbury">Lathbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varyl_Begg" title="Varyl Begg">Begg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grandy" title="John Grandy">Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British dependent territory (1981)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="David Williams (Royal Navy officer)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Terry" title="Peter Terry">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Reffell" title="Derek Reffell">Reffell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Chapple (British Army officer)">Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_White" title="Hugo White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Luce,_Baron_Luce" title="Richard Luce, Baron Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Durie" title="David Durie">Durie</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory (2002)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Richards_(diplomat)" title="Francis Richards (diplomat)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Robert Fulton (Royal Marines officer)">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Johns" title="Adrian Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dutton_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="James Dutton (Royal Marines officer)">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Davis_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Ed Davis (Royal Marines officer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="David Steel (Royal Navy officer)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bathurst" title="Ben Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/100px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/150px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/200px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia_30px668" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSLG" title="Template:NSLG"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSLG" title="Template talk:NSLG"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSLG" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSLG"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia_30px668" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Lieutenant-Governor_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors at Annapolis Royal (1710–1749)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vetch" title="Samuel Vetch">Vetch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hobby" title="Charles Hobby">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Caulfeild" title="Thomas Caulfeild">Caulfeild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Caulfeild" title="Thomas Caulfeild">Caulfeild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vetch" title="Samuel Vetch">Vetch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Caulfeild" title="Thomas Caulfeild">Caulfeild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Philipps" title="Richard Philipps">Philipps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Doucett" title="John Doucett">Doucett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Armstrong" title="Lawrence Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cosby" title="Alexander Cosby">Cosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mascarene" title="Paul Mascarene">Mascarene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors at Halifax (1749–1786)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Hopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ellis_(governor)" title="Henry Ellis (governor)">Ellis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher_(jurist)" title="Jonathan Belcher (jurist)">Belcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Wilmot" title="Montague Wilmot">Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Campbell" title="Lord William Campbell">W. Campbell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Green_(merchant)" title="Benjamin Green (merchant)"><i>Green</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francklin" title="Michael Francklin">Francklin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Legge" title="Francis Legge">Legge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francklin" title="Michael Francklin">Francklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hughes,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hughes, 2nd Baronet">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Hamond,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Andrew Hamond, 1st Baronet">Hamond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parr_(colonial_governor)" title="John Parr (colonial governor)">Parr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fanning_(colonial_administrator)" title="Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)">Fanning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant-governors<br />of Cape Breton Island (1784–1820)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Frederick_Wallet_DesBarres" title="Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres">Desbarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Macarmick" title="William Macarmick">Macarmick</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Mathews" title="David Mathews">Mathews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ogilvie_(colonial_administrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Ogilvie (colonial administrator) (page does not exist)">Ogilvie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(colonial_administrator)" title="John Murray (colonial administrator)">Murray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Despard" title="John Despard">Despard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nepean" title="Nicholas Nepean">Nepean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Swayne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Swayne (page does not exist)">Swayne</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Ainslie" title="George Robert Ainslie">Ainslie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant-governors of Nova Scotia before<br />responsible government (1786–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Parr_(colonial_governor)" title="John Parr (colonial governor)">Parr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(civil_servant)" title="Richard Bulkeley (civil servant)"><i>Bulkeley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Wentworth,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pr%C3%A9vost" class="mw-redirect" title="George Prévost">Prévost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Croke" title="Alexander Croke"><i>Croke</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coape_Sherbrooke" title="John Coape Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stracey_Smyth" title="George Stracey Smyth"><i>Smyth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ramsay,_9th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kempt" title="James Kempt">Kempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nickleson_Jeffery" title="Thomas Nickleson Jeffery"><i>Jeffrey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Maitland" title="Peregrine Maitland">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nickleson_Jeffery" title="Thomas Nickleson Jeffery"><i>Jeffrey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_born_1776)" title="Colin Campbell (British Army officer, born 1776)">C. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cary,_10th_Viscount_Falkland" title="Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland">Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dickson" title="Jeremiah Dickson"><i>Dickson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Harvey (British Army officer)">Harvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant-governors between responsible<br />government and Confederation (1848–1867)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Harvey (British Army officer)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bazalgette" title="John Bazalgette"><i>Bazalgette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Le_Marchant_(British_Army_officer,_born_1803)" title="John Le Marchant (British Army officer, born 1803)">Le Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Phipps,_2nd_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby">Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hastings_Doyle" title="Charles Hastings Doyle"><i>Doyle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Graves_MacDonnell" title="Richard Graves MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hastings_Doyle" title="Charles Hastings Doyle"><i>Doyle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Williams" title="Fenwick Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Confederation<br />(1867–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Williams" title="Fenwick Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hastings_Doyle" title="Charles Hastings Doyle">Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Archibald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Richey" title="Matthew Henry Richey">Richey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Bowes_Daly" title="Malachy Bowes Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilpin_Jones" title="Alfred Gilpin Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Cameron_Fraser" title="Duncan Cameron Fraser">D. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Drummond_McGregor" title="James Drummond McGregor">McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacKeen" title="David MacKeen">MacKeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacCallum_Grant" title="MacCallum Grant">M. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robson_Douglas" title="James Robson Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cranswick_Tory" title="James Cranswick Tory">Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stanfield" title="Frank Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Harold_Covert" title="Walter Harold Covert">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(Canadian_politician)" title="Robert Irwin (Canadian politician)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_Mathers" title="Frederick Francis Mathers">Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Kendall" title="Henry Ernest Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Douglas_McCurdy" title="John Alexander Douglas McCurdy">McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Fraser" title="Alistair Fraser">A. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chester_Plow" title="Edward Chester Plow">Plow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Poole_MacKeen" title="Henry Poole MacKeen">MacKeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Bedia_Oland" title="Victor de Bedia Oland">Oland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Gosse" title="Clarence Gosse">Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elvin_Shaffner" title="John Elvin Shaffner">Shaffner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Abraham" title="Alan Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Crouse" title="Lloyd Crouse">Crouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kinley" title="James Kinley">Kinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Freeman" title="Myra Freeman">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayann_Francis" title="Mayann Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Grant" title="John James Grant">J. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_LeBlanc" title="Arthur LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage_(politician)" title="Michael Savage (politician)">Savage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lieutenant-governors who served in the absence of governors are listed in parentheses. Acting administrators are listed in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3048487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata938" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3048487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata938" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3048487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000049116945">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44158243">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/297709/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMhTPtkjbCqR46K7tYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-599bb54556-tcm2r","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.090","walltime":"1.348","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17498,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":173569,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21986,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":184631,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1185.650 1 -total"," 20.46% 242.601 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.75% 222.252 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.69% 162.262 5 Template:Succession_box"," 11.88% 140.863 36 Template:Main_other"," 10.46% 123.965 17 Template:Cite_web"," 7.81% 92.584 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.50% 88.912 1 Template:Governors_of_Gibraltar"," 7.47% 88.606 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.10% 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