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id="toc-List_of_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>List of islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chausey_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chausey_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Chausey Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chausey_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Highest point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>From the Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Duchy_of_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Duchy_of_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>From the Duchy of Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Duchy_of_Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>From the 17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>After 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flag gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport and communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport_and_communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport and communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Telephone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_islands_in_the_English_Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_islands_in_the_English_Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other islands in the English Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_islands_in_the_English_Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo-pulo_Channel" title="Pulo-pulo Channel – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pulo-pulo Channel" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanaaleilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جزر القناة الإنجليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر القناة الإنجليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Anglonormandas" title="Islas Anglonormandas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islas Anglonormandas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_Anglonormandes" title="Islles Anglonormandes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Anglonormandes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand_adalar%C4%B1" title="Normand adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Normand adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="চ্যানেল দ্বীপপুঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যানেল দ্বীপপুঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-t%C5%8D_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Hái-tō Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-tō Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Нармандскія астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нармандскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Нармандзкія астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нармандзкія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Нормандски острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нормандски острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalska_ostrva" title="Kanalska ostrva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kanalska ostrva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_angl-ha-norman" title="Inizi angl-ha-norman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi angl-ha-norman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Anglonormandes" title="Illes Anglonormandes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Anglonormandes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_(kapuloan_sa_Gernsiy)" title="Channel Islands (kapuloan sa Gernsiy) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Channel Islands (kapuloan sa Gernsiy)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normansk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Normanské ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Normanské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_y_Sianel" title="Ynysoedd y Sianel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd y Sianel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%C3%B8erne" title="Kanaløerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kanaløerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalinseln" title="Kanalinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanalinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalisaared" title="Kanalisaared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanalisaared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Αγγλονορμανδικές Νήσοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλονορμανδικές Νήσοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_del_Canal" title="Islas del Canal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas del Canal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikinsuloj" title="Manikinsuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manikinsuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-normandiar_uharteak" title="Anglo-normandiar uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anglo-normandiar uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="جزایر مانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر مانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermarsundsoyggjar" title="Ermarsundsoyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ermarsundsoyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Anglo-Normandes" title="Îles Anglo-Normandes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Anglo-Normandes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1in_Mhuir_nIocht" title="Oileáin Mhuir nIocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileáin Mhuir nIocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellanyn_Vooir_Eeaght" title="Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileanan_a%27_Chaolais" title="Eileanan a' Chaolais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eileanan a' Chaolais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_da_Canle" title="Illas da Canle – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas da Canle" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%84%EB%84%90_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="채널 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="채널 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin_Channel" title="Tsibirin Channel – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsibirin Channel" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նորմանդյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմանդյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalski_otoci" title="Kanalski otoci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanalski otoci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Channel" title="Kepulauan Channel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Channel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal-Insules" title="Canal-Insules – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Canal-Insules" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermarsundseyjar" title="Ermarsundseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ermarsundseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_del_Canale" title="Isole del Canale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole del Canale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94" title="איי התעלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי התעלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Kanal" title="Kapuloan Kanal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapuloan Kanal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნორმანდიის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმანდიის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Норманд аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Норманд аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiwa_vya_mfereji_wa_Kiingereza" title="Visiwa vya mfereji wa Kiingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Visiwa vya mfereji wa Kiingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Normannicae" title="Insulae Normannicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insulae Normannicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandijas_salas" title="Normandijas salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Normandijas salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandijos_salos" title="Normandijos salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Normandijos salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenaaleilen" title="Kenaaleilen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kenaaleilen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isol_del_Canal" title="Isol del Canal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isol del Canal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csatorna-szigetek" title="Csatorna-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csatorna-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Каналски Острови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каналски Острови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89" title="جزر القنال الانجليزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزر القنال الانجليزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Channel" title="Kepulauan Channel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Channel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaaleilanden" title="Kanaaleilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanaaleilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="チャンネル諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャンネル諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanooleilunen" title="Kanooleilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kanooleilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%C3%B8yene" title="Kanaløyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanaløyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%C3%B8yane" title="Kanaløyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kanaløyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_d%27la_Manche" title="Îles d'la Manche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Îles d'la Manche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Normandas" title="Illas Normandas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illas Normandas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya_orollari" title="Normandiya orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Normandiya orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iles_Inglo-Neurmindes" title="Iles Inglo-Neurmindes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Iles Inglo-Neurmindes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Normandzkie" title="Wyspy Normandzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Normandzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_do_Canal" title="Ilhas do Canal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas do Canal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalinsele" title="Kanalinsele – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kanalinsele" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Canalului" title="Insulele Canalului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Canalului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нормандские острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нормандские острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishujt_e_Kanalit" title="Ishujt e Kanalit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishujt e Kanalit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Channel Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normansk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Normanské ostrovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normanské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalski_otoki" title="Kanalski otoki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanalski otoki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каналска острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каналска острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalski_otoci" title="Kanalski otoci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanalski otoci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaalisaaret" title="Kanaalisaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanaalisaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%C3%B6arna" title="Kanalöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanalöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuluang_Channel" title="Kapuluang Channel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapuluang Channel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கால்வாய் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்வாய் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="หมู่เกาะแชเนิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะแชเนิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C5%9F_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Manş Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manş Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42314" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Channel_Islands&params=49_25_48_N_02_21_00_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°25′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°21′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.43000°N 2.35000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.43000; -2.35000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago in the English Channel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Crown Dependencies. For the archipelago off the coast of California, see <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands (California)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Channel Island (disambiguation)">Channel Island (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Channel Islands</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Îles Anglo-Normandes</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /> <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Îles d'la Manche</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/260px-Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/390px-Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/520px-Channel_Islands_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9867" data-file-height="9867" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite photograph of the Channel Islands in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg/260px-Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg/390px-Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg/520px-Channel_Islands_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of the Channel Islands</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Channel_Islands&params=49_25_48_N_02_21_00_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°25′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°21′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.43000°N 2.35000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.43000; -2.35000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Adjacent to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">7 inhabited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">198 km<sup>2</sup> (76 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Les_Platons" title="Les Platons">Les Platons</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area covered</th><td class="infobox-data">78 km<sup>2</sup> (30 sq mi; <span data-sort-value="7001393939393939393♠" style="display:none"></span>39.4%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area covered</th><td class="infobox-data">118 km<sup>2</sup> (46 sq mi; <span data-sort-value="7001595959595959596♠" style="display:none"></span>59.6%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Channel Islander<br />Channelean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">171,916<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">844.6/km<sup>2</sup> (2187.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±0">UTC</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Internet TLD = GG and JE</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Channel Islands</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, off the French coast of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. They are divided into two <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a>, which is the largest of the islands; and the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a> and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. Although they are not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the UK is responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands as it is for the other Crown Dependency, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, nor part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. They have a total population of about 171,916, and the bailiwicks' <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. </p><p>"Channel Islands" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwicks</a> have been administered separately since the late 13th century. Each has its own independent laws, elections, and representative bodies (although in modern times, politicians from the islands' legislatures are in regular contact). Any institution common to both is the exception rather than the rule. </p><p>The Bailiwick of Guernsey is divided into three jurisdictions – Guernsey, Alderney and Sark – each with its own <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. Although there are a few pan-island institutions (such as the Channel Islands Brussels Office, the Director of Civil Aviation and the Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are actually joint ventures between the bailiwicks), these tend to be established structurally as equal projects between Guernsey and Jersey. Otherwise, entities whose names imply membership of both Guernsey and Jersey might in fact be from one bailiwick only. For instance, <a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">The International Stock Exchange</a> is in Saint Peter Port and therefore is in Guernsey. </p><p>The term "Channel Islands" began to be used around 1830, possibly first by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> as a collective name for the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-ATMS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATMS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup> The term refers only to the archipelago to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>. Other populated islands located in the English Channel, and close to the coast of Britain, such as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea Island</a>, are not regarded as "Channel Islands". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Channel_Islands.svg/240px-Channel_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Channel_Islands.svg/360px-Channel_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Channel_Islands.svg/480px-Channel_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>The Channel Islands and adjacent coast of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_islands">List of islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark-aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/220px-Sark-aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/330px-Sark-aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/440px-Sark-aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg/220px-J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg/330px-J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg/440px-J79159_Yul_cdg_20140624-045846.42_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bailiwick of Jersey</th> <th>Bailiwick of Guernsey </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffffee;"><i>Permanently inhabited islands, with population and area</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> (106,080) (118 km<sup>2</sup>; 46 sq mi)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> (63,026) (65 km<sup>2</sup>; 25 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> (2,039) (8 km<sup>2</sup>; 3.1 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> (600) (5.45 km<sup>2</sup>; 2.10 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a> (60) (2 km<sup>2</sup>; 0.77 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a> (3) (0.2 km<sup>2</sup>; 0.077 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou (Brechou)</a> (1) (0.3 km<sup>2</sup>; 0.12 sq mi)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffffee;"><i>Uninhabited islets</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Minquiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Écréhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a></li> <li>Les <a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Pierres de Lecq</a> (the Paternosters)</li></ul> </td> <td> <p>These lie off Alderney: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquets" class="mw-redirect" title="Casquets">Casquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortac" title="Ortac">Ortac</a></li> <li>Renonquet</li></ul> <p>These lie off Guernsey: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caquorobert" title="Caquorobert">Caquorobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevichon" title="Crevichon">Crevichon</a></li> <li>Grande Amfroque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmets" title="Houmets">Les Houmets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a> (occupied for part of the year)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of the larger islands in the archipelago in general have the <i>-ey</i> suffix, whilst those of the smaller ones have the <i><a href="/wiki/-hou" title="-hou">-hou</a></i> suffix. These are believed to be from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>ey</i> (island) and <i>holmr</i> (islet). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chausey_Islands">The Chausey Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Chausey Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a> Islands south of Jersey are not generally included in the geographical definition of the Channel Islands but are occasionally described in English as 'French Channel Islands' in view of their French jurisdiction. They were historically linked to the Duchy of Normandy, but they are part of the French territory along with continental Normandy, and not part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> or of the Channel Islands in a political sense. They are an incorporated part of the commune of Granville (<a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>). While they are popular with visitors from France, Channel Islanders can only visit them by private or charter boats as there are no direct transport links from the other islands. </p><p>In official <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Standard French</a>, the Channel Islands are called 'Îles de la Manche', while in France, the term 'Îles Anglo-normandes' (Anglo-Norman Isles) is used to refer to the British 'Channel Islands' in contrast to other islands in the Channel. Chausey is referred to as an 'Île normande' (as opposed to <i>Anglo-normande</i>). 'Îles Normandes' and 'Archipel Normand' have also, historically, been used in Channel Island French to refer to the islands as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waters">Waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The very large tidal variation provides an environmentally rich inter-tidal zone around the islands, and some islands such as <a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Écréhous</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Minquiers</a> have been designated <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar sites">Ramsar sites</a>. </p><p>The waters around the islands include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Swinge" title="The Swinge">The Swinge</a> (between Alderney and Burhou)</li> <li>The Little Swinge (between Burhou and Les Nannels)</li> <li>La Déroute (between Jersey and Sark, and Jersey and the Cotentin)</li> <li>Le Raz Blanchard, or <a href="/wiki/Alderney_Race" title="Alderney Race">Race of Alderney</a> (between Alderney and the Cotentin)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Russel" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Russel">Great Russel</a> (between Sark, Jéthou and Herm)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Russel" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russel">Little Russel</a> (between Guernsey, Herm and Jéthou)</li> <li>Souachehouais (between Le Rigdon and L'Étacq, Jersey)</li> <li>Le Gouliot (between Sark and Brecqhou)</li> <li>La Percée (between Herm and Jéthou)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_point">Highest point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Highest point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest point in the islands is <a href="/wiki/Les_Platons" title="Les Platons">Les Platons</a> in Jersey at 143 metres (469 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is the English Channel (sea level). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Channel Islands </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.72em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">186</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">120</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">51</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:0.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.84em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">92</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">66</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.86em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">43</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">33</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">73</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">33</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">117</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:0.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">184</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">128</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:0.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-nasa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.72em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:0.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.84em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.86em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:0.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:0.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:0.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">History of Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">History of Guernsey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg/170px-La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg/255px-La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg/340px-La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption><i>La Gran'mère du Chimquière</i>, <a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin,_Guernsey" title="Saint Martin, Guernsey">Saint Martin, Guernsey</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of human occupation of the Channel Islands has been dated to 250,000 years ago when they were attached to the landmass of continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands became detached by <a href="/wiki/Past_sea_level" title="Past sea level">rising sea levels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period. The numerous <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and other archaeological sites extant and recorded in history demonstrate the existence of a population large enough and organised enough to undertake constructions of considerable size and sophistication, such as the burial mound at <a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Jersey or the <a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">statue menhirs</a> of Guernsey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Iron_Age">From the Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From the Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands,_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg/440px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Channel Islands, Armorican <a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">Billon</a> <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">Stater</a> about 75 BC <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a> coin, the obverse showing a stylised head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands,_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin,_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg/220px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg/330px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg/440px-Channel_Islands%2C_Armorican_Billon_Stater_about_75_BC_Celtic_Coin%2C_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of this coin with a stylised <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> r. and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">boar</a> below</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoards of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorican</a> <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> have been excavated, providing evidence of trade and contact in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period. Evidence for Roman settlement is sparse, although evidently the islands were visited by Roman officials and traders. The Roman name for the Channel Islands was <i>I. Lenuri</i> (Lenur Islands) and is included in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Peutinger Table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRTV_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRTV-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> The traditional Latin names used for the islands (Caesarea for Jersey, Sarnia for Guernsey, Riduna for Alderney) derive (possibly mistakenly) from the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> culture was adopted to an unknown extent in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sixth century, Christian missionaries visited the islands. <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marculf" title="Marculf">Marculf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magloire" title="Magloire">Magloire</a> are among saints associated with the islands. In the sixth century, they were already included in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Coutances" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Coutances">diocese of Coutances</a> where they remained until the Reformation. </p><p>There were probably some <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> who settled on the Islands in the 5th and 6th centuries AD (the indigenous Celts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a>) who had emigrated from Great Britain in the face of invading <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>. But there were not enough of them to leave any trace, and the islands continued to be ruled by the king of the Franks and its church remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Coutances" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Coutances">diocese of Coutances</a>. </p><p>From the beginning of the ninth century, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">raiders</a> appeared on the coasts. Norse settlement eventually succeeded initial attacks, and it is from this period that many place names of Norse origin appear, including the modern names of the islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Duchy_of_Normandy">From the Duchy of Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From the Duchy of Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 933, the islands were granted to <a href="/wiki/William_I_Longsword" class="mw-redirect" title="William I Longsword">William I Longsword</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Raoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs#Carolingian_Dynasty_(752–987)" title="List of French monarchs">the King of Western Francia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. In 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William II of Normandy</a> invaded and conquered England, becoming William I of England, also known as William the Conqueror. In the period 1204–1214, <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Angevin lands">Angevin lands</a> in northern France, including mainland Normandy, to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">King Philip II of France</a>, but managed to retain control of the Channel Islands. In 1259, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>, officially surrendered his claim and title to the Duchy of Normandy, while retaining the Channel Islands, as peer of France and feudal vassal of the King of France. Since then, the Channel Islands have been governed as two separate bailiwicks and were never absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> nor its successor kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, the Channel Islands were part of the French territory recognizing the <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claims of the English kings to the French throne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The islands were invaded by the French in 1338, who held some territory until 1345. <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> granted a Charter in July 1341 to Jersey, Guernsey, Sark and Alderney, confirming their customs and laws to secure allegiance to the English Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Charters_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–4">: 2–4 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a>, a mercenary leader of a <a href="/wiki/Free_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Company">Free Company</a> in the service of the French Crown, attacked Jersey and Guernsey in 1372, and in 1373 <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> reconfirmed in 1378 the Charter rights granted by his grandfather, followed in 1394 with a second Charter granting, because of great loyalty shown to the Crown, exemption forever, from English tolls, customs and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Charters_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–10">: 5–10 </span></sup> Jersey was occupied by the French in 1461 as part of an exchange for helping the Lancastrians fight against the Yorkists during <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Roses">The War of the Roses</a>. It was retaken by the Yorkists in 1468. In 1483 a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a> decreed that the islands would be neutral during time of war. This privilege of neutrality enabled islanders to trade with both France and England and was respected until 1689 when it was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in Great Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Various attempts to transfer the islands from the diocese of Coutances (to Nantes (1400), Salisbury (1496), and Winchester (1499)) had little effect until an Order in Council of 1569 brought the islands formally into the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">diocese of Winchester</a>. Control by the bishop of Winchester was ineffectual as the islands had turned overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a> was not restored until 1620 in Jersey and 1663 in Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the loss of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> in 1558, the Channel Islands were the last remaining English holdings in France and the only French territory that was controlled by the English kings as Kings of France. This situation lasted until the English kings dropped their title and claims to the French throne in 1801, confirming the Channel Islands in a situation of a crown dependency under the sovereignty of neither Great Britain nor France but of the British crown directly. </p><p>Sark in the 16th century was uninhabited until colonised from Jersey in the 1560s. The grant of <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneurship</a> from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> in 1565 forms the basis of Sark's constitution today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_17th_century">From the 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From the 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, Jersey held out strongly for the Royalist cause, providing refuge for <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> in 1646 and 1649–1650, while the more strongly <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> Guernsey more generally favoured the parliamentary cause (although <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> was held by Royalists and did not surrender until October 1651).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemprière1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemprière1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2005226_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2005226-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1937_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1937-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands acquired commercial and political interests in the North American colonies. Islanders became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> fisheries in the 17th century. In recognition for all the help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> gave <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a>, Bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies, which he promptly named <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, now part of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Sir Edmund Andros</a>, bailiff of Guernsey, was an early colonial governor in North America, and head of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century, the islands were dubbed "the French Isles". Wealthy French émigrés fleeing the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> sought residency in the islands. Many of the town domiciles<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> existing today were built in that time. In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, a large part of the harbour had been built by 1865. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG/220px-Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG/330px-Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG/440px-Bunker_in_Alderney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="2093" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>, built during the Second World War, are still scattered throughout the landscape of the Channel Islands.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg/220px-VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg/330px-VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg/440px-VEGA_Royal_Square_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>During the German occupation of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, a stonemason repairing the paving of the Royal Square incorporated a <a href="/wiki/V_sign#Second_World_War:_V_for_Victory_campaign" title="V sign">V for victory</a> under the noses of the occupiers. This was later amended to refer to the Red Cross ship <i>Vega</i>. The addition of the date <i>1945</i> and a more recent frame has transformed it into a monument.</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">demilitarised</a> the islands in June 1940, and the lieutenant-governors were withdrawn on 21 June, leaving the insular administrations to continue government as best they could under impending military occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-GOotCI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before German troops landed, between 30 June and 4 July 1940, evacuation took place. Many young men had already left to join the Allied armed forces, as volunteers. 6,600 out of 50,000 left Jersey while 17,000 out of 42,000 left Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of children were evacuated with their schools to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation,_Channel_Islands,_UK,_1945_D24599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg/170px-Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg/255px-Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg/340px-Channel_Islands_Liberated-_the_End_of_German_Occupation%2C_Channel_Islands%2C_UK%2C_1945_D24599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Crowds cheer as the Channel Islands are liberated at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of Sark largely remained where they were;<sup id="cite_ref-GOotCI_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in <a href="/wiki/Alderney#History" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, all but six people left. In Alderney, the occupying Germans built <a href="/wiki/Alderney_camps" title="Alderney camps">four prison camps</a> which housed approximately 6,000 people, of whom over 700 died. Due to the destruction of documents, it is impossible to state how many forced workers died in the other islands.<sup id="cite_ref-GOotCI_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have claimed that Alderney had the only Nazi concentration camps on <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British</a> soil.<sup id="cite_ref-okeefe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okeefe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aurigny_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aurigny-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have pointed out that, technically, Alderney was not British soil. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockaded</a> the islands from time to time, particularly following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> in June 1944. There was considerable hunger and <a href="/wiki/Privation" title="Privation">privation</a> during the five years of German occupation, particularly in the final months when the population was close to starvation. Intense negotiations resulted in some humanitarian aid being sent via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, leading to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_parcel" title="Red Cross parcel">Red Cross parcels</a> in the supply ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Vega_(1913)" title="SS Vega (1913)">SS Vega</a> in December 1944. </p><p>The German occupation of 1940–45 was harsh: over 2,000 islanders were deported by the Germans,<sup id="cite_ref-GOotCI_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Jews were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>; <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> resistance and retribution, accusations of <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaboration</a>, and slave labour also occurred. Many Spaniards, initially refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, were brought to the islands to build <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ginns_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginns-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europeans</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> continued the work.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginns_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginns-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> were laid, with 65,718 land mines laid in Jersey alone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was no <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> in the Channel Islands on the scale of that in <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">mainland France</a>. This has been ascribed to a range of factors including the physical separation of the islands, the density of troops (up to one German for every two Islanders), the small size of the islands precluding any hiding places for <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance</a> groups, and the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> from the occupying forces. Moreover, much of the population of military age had already joined the British Army. </p><p>The end of the occupation came after <a href="/wiki/VE-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE-Day">VE-Day</a> on 8 May 1945, with Jersey and Guernsey being liberated on 9 May. The German garrison in Alderney was left until 16 May, and it was one of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> remnants to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-dday_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dday-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first evacuees returned on the first sailing from Great Britain on 23 June,<sup id="cite_ref-GOotCI_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the people of Alderney were unable to start returning until December 1945. Many of the evacuees who returned home had difficulty reconnecting with their families after five years of separation.<sup id="cite_ref-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_1945">After 1945</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the liberation of 1945, reconstruction led to a transformation of the economies of the islands, attracting immigration and developing tourism. The legislatures were reformed and non-party governments embarked on social programmes, aided by the incomes from <a href="/wiki/Offshore_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore finance">offshore finance</a>, which grew rapidly from the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands decided not to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> when the UK joined.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, declining profitability of agriculture and tourism has challenged the governments of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_gallery">Flag gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flag gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alderney.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alderney"><img alt="Flag of Alderney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/120px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/180px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/240px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brecqhou"><img alt="Flag of Brecqhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg/120px-Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg/180px-Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg/240px-Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Guernsey"><img alt="Flag of Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/180px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/240px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Herm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Herm"><img alt="Flag of Herm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Herm.svg/120px-Flag_of_Herm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Herm.svg/180px-Flag_of_Herm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Herm.svg/240px-Flag_of_Herm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jersey"><img alt="Flag of Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/120px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/180px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/240px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sark"><img alt="Flag of Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics of Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alderney" title="Politics of Alderney">Politics of Alderney</a></div> <p>The Channel Islands fall into two separate <a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwicks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a>. Each of these is a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a>, and neither is a part of the United Kingdom. They have been parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> since the 10th century, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> was often referred to by her traditional and conventional title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>. However, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris (1259)</a>, she governed in her right as The Queen (the "Crown in right of Jersey",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Crown in right of the <i>république</i> of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not as the Duke. This notwithstanding, it is a matter of local pride for monarchists to treat the situation otherwise: the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_toast" title="Loyal toast">Loyal toast</a> at formal dinners was to 'The Queen, our Duke', rather than to 'Her Majesty, The Queen' as in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen died in 2022 and her son <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> became the King. </p><p>A bailiwick is a territory administered by a bailiff. Although the words derive from a common root ('bail' = 'to give charge of') there is a vast difference between the meanings of the word 'bailiff' in Great Britain and in the Channel Islands; a bailiff in Britain is a court-appointed private debt-collector authorised to collect judgment debts, in the Channel Islands, the <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> in each bailiwick is the civil head, presiding officer of the States, and also head of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and thus the most important citizen in the bailiwick. </p><p>In the early 21st century, the existence of governmental offices such as the bailiffs' with multiple roles straddling the different branches of government came under increased scrutiny for their apparent contravention of the doctrine of separation of powers—most notably in the Guernsey case of <i>McGonnell -v- United Kingdom</i> (2000) 30 EHRR 289. That case, following final judgement at the European Court of Human Rights, became part of the impetus for much recent constitutional change, particularly the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (2005 c.4) in the UK, including the separation of the roles of the Lord Chancellor, the abolition of the House of Lords' judicial role, and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">UK Supreme Court</a>. The islands' bailiffs, however, still retain their historic roles. </p><p>The systems of government in the islands date from <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> times, which accounts for the names of the legislatures, the States, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> 'États' or '<a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a>' (i.e. the Crown, the Church, and the people). The States have evolved over the centuries into democratic parliaments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg/220px-States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg/330px-States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg/440px-States_Chamber_public_entrance_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the public gallery of the States Chamber in Jersey</figcaption></figure> <p>The UK Parliament has power to legislate for the islands, but Acts of Parliament do not extend to the islands automatically. Usually, an Act gives power to extend its application to the islands by an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>, after consultation. For the most part the islands legislate for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each island has its own primary legislature, known as the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a>, with Chief Pleas in Sark and the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Alderney" title="States of Alderney">States of Alderney</a>. The Channel Islands are not represented in the <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a>. Laws passed by the States are given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> by the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>, to whom the islands' governments are responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands have never been part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and thus were not a party to the 2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> membership, but were part of the Customs Territory of the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> by virtue of Protocol Three to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">Treaty on European Union</a>. In September 2010, a Channel Islands Brussels Office was set up jointly by the two Bailiwicks to develop the Channel Islands' influence with the EU, to advise the Channel Islands' governments on European matters, and to promote economic links with the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both bailiwicks are members of the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> are recognised <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> of the islands. </p><p>The legal courts are separate; separate courts of appeal have been in place since 1961. Among the legal heritage from Norman law is the <a href="/wiki/Clameur_de_haro" title="Clameur de haro">Clameur de haro</a>. The basis of the legal systems of both Bailiwicks is Norman customary law (<a href="/wiki/Coutume" class="mw-redirect" title="Coutume">Coutume</a>) rather than the English <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Common Law</a>, although elements of the latter have become established over time. </p><p>Islanders are full British citizens, but were not classed as European citizens unless by descent from a UK national. Any British citizen who applies for a passport in Jersey or Guernsey receives a passport bearing the words "<a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>, Bailiwick of Jersey" or "British Islands, Bailiwick of Guernsey". Under the provisions of Protocol Three, Channel Islanders who do not have a close connection with the UK (no parent or grandparent from the UK, and have never been resident in the UK for a five-year period) did not automatically benefit from the EU provisions on free movement within the EU, and their passports received an endorsement to that effect. This affected only a minority of islanders. </p><p>Under the UK <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a>, the Channel Islands are deemed to be part of the British Islands,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. For the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>, the "British Islands" include the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the Channel Islands and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, taken together, unless the context otherwise requires.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy of Jersey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a></div> <p>Tourism is still important. However, Jersey and Guernsey have, since the 1960s, become major <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically Guernsey's horticultural and greenhouse activities have been more significant than in Jersey, and Guernsey has maintained <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industry</a> as a higher proportion of its economy than Jersey. In Jersey, potatoes are an important export crop, shipped mostly to the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_exports_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_exports-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jersey is heavily reliant on financial services, with 39.4% of Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2018 contributed by the sector. Rental income comes second at 15.1% with other business activities at 11.2%. Tourism 4.5% with agriculture contributing just 1.2% and manufacturing even lower at 1.1%. GVA has fluctuated between £4.5 and £5 billion for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Jsy2018_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jsy2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jersey has had a steadily rising population, increasing from below 90,000 in 2000 to over 105,000 in 2018 which combined with a flat GVA has resulted in GVA per head of population falling from £57,000 to £44,000 per person.<sup id="cite_ref-Jsy2018_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jsy2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Guernsey had a GDP of £3.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with a stable population of around 66,000 has had a steadily rising GDP, and a GVA per head of population which in 2018 surpassed £52,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Jsy2018_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jsy2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both bailiwicks issue their own banknotes and coins, which circulate freely in all the islands alongside UK coinage and Bank of England and Scottish banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_communications">Transport and communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post">Post</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a></div> <p>Since 1969, Jersey and Guernsey have operated postal administrations independently of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>, with their own postage stamps, which can be used for postage only in their respective Bailiwicks. UK stamps are no longer valid, but mail to the islands, and to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, is charged at UK inland rates. It was not until the early 1990s that the islands joined the <a href="/wiki/UK_postcodes" class="mw-redirect" title="UK postcodes">UK's postcode</a> system, Jersey postcodes using the initials JE and Guernsey GY. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport in Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Transport in Jersey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Jersey">Roads in Jersey</a></div> <p>Each of the three largest islands has a distinct vehicle registration scheme: </p> <ul><li>Guernsey (GBG): a number of up to five digits;</li> <li>Jersey (GBJ): <i>J</i> followed by up to six digits (<i>JSY</i> vanity plates are also issued);</li> <li>Alderney (GBA): <i>AY</i> followed by up to five digits (four digits are the most that have been used, as redundant numbers are re-issued).</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, where most motor traffic is prohibited, the few vehicles – nearly all tractors – do not display plates. Bicycles display tax discs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea">Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, names used for the cross-Channel ferries plying the mail route between the islands and <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>, Dorset, were taken from the popular Latin names for the islands: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caesarea</i></span> (Jersey), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sarnia</i></span> (Guernsey) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Riduna</i></span> (Alderney). Fifty years later, the ferry route between the Channel Islands and the UK is operated by <a href="/wiki/Condor_Ferries" title="Condor Ferries">Condor Ferries</a> from both St Helier, Jersey and St Peter Port, Guernsey, using high-speed catamaran fast craft to <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> in the UK. A regular passenger ferry service on the Commodore Clipper goes from both Channel Island ports to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> daily, and carries both passengers and freight. </p><p>Ferry services to Normandy are operated by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Manche Îles Express</span></span>, and services between Jersey and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> are operated by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Compagnie Corsaire</span></span> and Condor Ferries. The Isle of Sark Shipping Company operates small ferries to Sark.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normandy Trader operates an ex military tank landing craft for transporting freight between the islands and France.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 August 2013, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Huelin-Renouf</span></span>, which had operated a "lift-on lift-off" container service for 80 years between the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Southampton" title="Port of Southampton">Port of Southampton</a> and the Port of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, ceased trading.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._H._Maclean" title="Alan J. H. Maclean">Alan Maclean</a>, a Jersey politician, had previously tried to save the 90-odd jobs furnished by the company to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 September, it was announced that Channel Island Lines would continue this service, and would purchase the MV <i>Huelin Dispatch</i> from <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Ports" title="Associated British Ports">Associated British Ports</a> who in turn had purchased them from the receiver in the bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-cil_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cil-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new operator was to be funded by Rockayne Limited, a closely held association of Jersey businesspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-cil_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cil-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_(G-HUET)_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport,_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/220px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/330px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/440px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ATR_42-500" class="mw-redirect" title="ATR 42-500">ATR 42-500</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny Air Services</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three airports in the Channel Islands: <a href="/wiki/Alderney_Airport" title="Alderney Airport">Alderney Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Guernsey Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">Jersey Airport</a>. They are directly connected to each other by services operated by <a href="/wiki/Blue_Islands" title="Blue Islands">Blue Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Channel_Islands_railways" title="List of Channel Islands railways">there have been</a> railway networks on Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, but all of the lines on Jersey and Guernsey have been closed and dismantled. Today there are three working railways in the Channel Islands, of which the <a href="/wiki/Alderney_Railway" title="Alderney Railway">Alderney Railway</a> is the only one providing a regular timetabled passenger service. The other two are a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">184 mm</span>) gauge miniature railway, also on Alderney, and the heritage steam railway operated on Jersey as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pallot_Heritage_Steam_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallot Heritage Steam Museum">Pallot Heritage Steam Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Channel Islands are served by a number of local radio services – <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Jersey" title="BBC Radio Jersey">BBC Radio Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Guernsey" title="BBC Radio Guernsey">BBC Radio Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_103" title="Channel 103">Channel 103</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_FM" title="Island FM">Island FM</a> – as well as regional television news opt-outs from <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(BBC_News)#BBC_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotlight (BBC News)">BBC Channel Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a>. </p><p>On 1 August 2021, DAB+ digital radio became available for the first time, introducing new stations like the local Bailiwick Radio and <a href="/wiki/Soleil_Radio" title="Soleil Radio">Soleil Radio</a>, and UK-wide services like <a href="/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two broadcast transmitters serving Jersey – at <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9mont_Point_transmitting_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Frémont Point transmitting station">Frémont Point</a> and Les Platons – as well as one at Les Touillets in Guernsey and a relay in Alderney. </p><p>There are several local newspapers including the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Press_and_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Press and Star">Guernsey Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a> and magazines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone">Telephone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Telecommunications in Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Telecommunications in Jersey</a></div> <p>Jersey always operated its own telephone services independently of Britain's national system, Guernsey established its own telephone service in 1968. Both islands still form part of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">British telephone numbering plan</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> on the mainlines does not have responsibility for telecommunications regulatory and licensing issues on the islands. It is responsible for wireless telegraphy licensing throughout the islands, and by agreement, for broadcasting regulation in the two large islands only. Submarine cables connect the various islands and provide connectivity with England and France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern broadband speeds are available on all of the islands, including full-fibre (<a href="/wiki/FTTH" class="mw-redirect" title="FTTH">FTTH</a>) in Jersey (offering speeds of up to 1 Gbit/s on all broadband connections) and <a href="/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL">VDSL</a> and some business and homes with fibre connectivity in Guernsey. Providers include <a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Telecom">JT</a>. </p><p>The two Bailiwicks each have their own internet domain, <a href="/wiki/.GG" class="mw-redirect" title=".GG">.GG</a> (Guernsey, Alderney, Sark) and <a href="/wiki/.JE" class="mw-redirect" title=".JE">.JE</a> (Jersey), which are managed by channelisles.net.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture of Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Culture of Guernsey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Music of the Channel Islands">Music of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg/300px-F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg/450px-F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/F%C3%AAte_d%27la_Ma%C3%AFr_Guernesy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>A sea festival advertised using <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Dgèrnésiais</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> predominated in the islands until the nineteenth century, when increasing influence from English-speaking settlers and easier transport links led to Anglicisation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four main dialects/languages of Norman in the islands, <a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> (Alderney, extinct in late twentieth century), <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Dgèrnésiais</a> (Guernsey), <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> (Jersey) and <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a> (Sark, an offshoot of Jèrriais).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> spent many years in exile, first in Jersey and then in Guernsey, where he finished <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>. Guernsey is the setting of Hugo's later novel <i>Les Travailleurs de la Mer</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Guernsey-man" also makes an appearance in chapter 91 of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual "<a href="/wiki/Muratti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muratti">Muratti</a>", the inter-island <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> match, is considered the sporting event of the year, although, due to broadcast coverage, it no longer attracts the crowds of spectators, travelling between the islands, that it did during the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is popular in the Channel Islands. The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cricket_team" title="Jersey cricket team">Jersey cricket team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cricket_team" title="Guernsey cricket team">Guernsey cricket team</a> are both associate members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a>. The teams have played each other in the <a href="/wiki/Inter-insular_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-insular match">inter-insular match</a> since 1957. In 2001 and 2002, the Channel Islands entered a team into the <a href="/wiki/MCCA_Knockout_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="MCCA Knockout Trophy">MCCA Knockout Trophy</a>, the one-day tournament of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_and_Welsh_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor counties of English and Welsh cricket">minor counties of English and Welsh cricket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Channel Island sportsmen and women compete in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> for their respective islands and the islands have also been enthusiastic supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a>. Shooting is a popular sport, in which islanders have won Commonwealth medals.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey's traditional colour for sporting and other purposes is green and Jersey's is red.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/220px-Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/330px-Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/440px-Crapaud_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>This statue of a <i><a href="/wiki/True_toad" title="True toad">crapaud</a></i> (toad) in St Helier represents the traditional nickname for Jersey people</figcaption></figure> <p>The main islanders have traditional animal nicknames:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Guernsey: <i>les ânes</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>" in French and Norman): the steepness of St Peter Port streets required beasts of burden, but Guernsey people also claim it is a symbol of their strength of character – which Jersey people traditionally interpret as stubbornness.</li> <li>Jersey: <i>les crapauds</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>" in French and Jèrriais): Jersey has toads and snakes, which Guernsey lacks.</li> <li>Sark: <i>les corbins</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9siais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dgèrnésiais">Dgèrnésiais</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>, <i>les corbeaux</i> in French): crows could be seen from the sea on the island's coast.</li> <li>Alderney: <i>les lapins</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>" in French and <a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a>): the island is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Warren_(domestic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren (domestic)">warrens</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was brought to the islands around the sixth century; according to tradition, Jersey was evangelised by St <a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier</a>, Guernsey by St <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a>, and the smaller islands were occupied at various times by monastic communities representing strands of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the previously <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> islands converted to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> under the influence of an influx of French-language pamphlets published in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> was imposed in the seventeenth century, but the <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> local tendency returned with a strong adoption of <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodism</a>. In the late twentieth century, a strong Catholic presence re-emerged with the arrival of numerous Portuguese workers (both from mainland <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>). Their numbers have been reinforced by recent migrants from Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Today, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical</a> churches have been established. Services are held in a number of languages. </p><p>According to 2015 statistics, 39% of the population was non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_islands_in_the_English_Channel">Other islands in the English Channel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other islands in the English Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of islands in the English Channel are part of France. Among these are <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-Br%C3%A9hat" title="Île-de-Bréhat">Bréhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Batz" title="Île de Batz">Île de Batz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatihou" title="Tatihou">Tatihou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Saint-Marcouf" title="Îles Saint-Marcouf">Îles Saint-Marcouf</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, which is part of England, lies just off the coast of Great Britain, between the Channel and the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hayling_Island" title="Hayling Island">Hayling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea</a> islands, both being near or part of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, are also part of England (and thus part of the United Kingdom). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_named_after_the_Channel_Islands" title="Places named after the Channel Islands">Places named after the Channel Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>: <i lang="nrf">Îles d'la Manche</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">îles Anglo-Normandes</i> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">îles de la Manche</i></span>. The term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Îles de la Manche</i></span> is the official French appellation in the islands themselves, whereas in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> the usual term is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Îles Anglo-Normandes</i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052748/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">"Royal.gov.uk"</a>. Royal.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal.gov.uk&rft.pub=Royal.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandCrowndependencies%2FChannelIslands.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361537/crown-dependencies.pdf">"Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">Gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209173145/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361537/crown-dependencies.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>HM Government is responsible for the defence and international relations of the Islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Fact+sheet+on+the+UK%27s+relationship+with+the+Crown+Dependencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F361537%2Fcrown-dependencies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ci-fo.org/">"Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Islands+Financial+Ombudsman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci-fo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATMS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATMS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2015" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Richard (2015). <i>At their Majesties' Service</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thisisjersey.com&rft.pub=Thisisjersey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisjersey.com%2Fisland-life%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fla-cotte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919003933/http://www.thisisjersey.com/community/history-heritage/la-hougue-bie/">"Thisisjersey.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thisisjersey.com&rft.pub=Thisisjersey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisjersey.com%2Fcommunity%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fla-hougue-bie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRTV-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRTV_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule1993" class="citation book cs1">Rule, Margaret (1993). <i>A Gallo-Roman Trading Vessel from Guernsey</i>. Guernsey Museums & Galleries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1871560039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1871560039"><bdi>978-1871560039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gallo-Roman+Trading+Vessel+from+Guernsey&rft.pub=Guernsey+Museums+%26+Galleries&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1871560039&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Balleine's History of Jersey</i>, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7">1-86077-065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton1840" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Thomas (1840). <i>Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ</i>. p. lii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magni+rotuli+scaccarii+Normanni%C3%A6+sub+regibus+Angli%C3%A6&rft.pages=lii&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charters-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charters_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charters_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2004" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Tim (2004). <i>The Charters of Guernsey</i>. Woodfield Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903953655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903953655"><bdi>978-1903953655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charters+of+Guernsey&rft.pub=Woodfield+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1903953655&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512190613/http://www.thisisjersey.com/community/history-heritage/bertrand-du-guesclin/">Bertrand du Guesclin: The Black Dog of Brittany</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Thisisjersey.com, copyright 2010, accessed 31 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlY6unhtCEAC&dq=Various+attempts+to+transfer+the+islands+from+the+diocese+of+Coutances+%28to+Nantes+%281400%29%2C+Salisbury+%281496%29%2C+and+Winchester+%281499%29%29+had+little+effect+until+an+Order+in+Council+of+1569+brought+the+islands+formally+into+the+diocese+of+Winchester.+Control+by+the+bishop+of+Winchester+was+ineffectual+as+the+islands+had+turned+overwhelmingly+Calvinist+and+the+episcopacy+was+not+restored+until+1620+in+Jersey+and+1663+in+Guernsey&pg=PA5"><i>The Channel Islands</i></a>, pp. 5–6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=5-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlY6unhtCEAC%26dq%3DVarious%2Battempts%2Bto%2Btransfer%2Bthe%2Bislands%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bdiocese%2Bof%2BCoutances%2B%2528to%2BNantes%2B%25281400%2529%252C%2BSalisbury%2B%25281496%2529%252C%2Band%2BWinchester%2B%25281499%2529%2529%2Bhad%2Blittle%2Beffect%2Buntil%2Ban%2BOrder%2Bin%2BCouncil%2Bof%2B1569%2Bbrought%2Bthe%2Bislands%2Bformally%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bdiocese%2Bof%2BWinchester.%2BControl%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bbishop%2Bof%2BWinchester%2Bwas%2Bineffectual%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bislands%2Bhad%2Bturned%2Boverwhelmingly%2BCalvinist%2Band%2Bthe%2Bepiscopacy%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Brestored%2Buntil%2B1620%2Bin%2BJersey%2Band%2B1663%2Bin%2BGuernsey%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>, Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemprière1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemprière1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemprière1970">Lemprière 1970</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2005226-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2005226_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2005">Moore 2005</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1937-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1937_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis1937">Ellis 1937</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Alan G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqfAAAAMAAJ&q=Charles+II,+George+Carteret,land,+jersey"><i>A People of the sea: the maritime history of the Channel Islands</i></a>. Methuen. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416405408" title="Special:BookSources/9780416405408"><bdi>9780416405408</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821175749/https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqfAAAAMAAJ&q=Charles+II%2C+George+Carteret%2Cland%2C+jersey&dq=Charles+II%2C+George+Carteret%2Cland%2C+jersey">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+of+the+sea%3A+the+maritime+history+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780416405408&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNqfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCharles%2BII%2C%2BGeorge%2BCarteret%2Cland%2C%2Bjersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Alan G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqfAAAAMAAJ&q=Charles+II,+George+Carteret,land,+jersey"><i>A People of the sea: the maritime history of the Channel Islands</i></a>. Methuen. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416405408" title="Special:BookSources/9780416405408"><bdi>9780416405408</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821175817/https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqfAAAAMAAJ&q=Charles+II%2C+George+Carteret%2Cland%2C+jersey&dq=Charles+II%2C+George+Carteret%2Cland%2C+jersey">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+of+the+sea%3A+the+maritime+history+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780416405408&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNqfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCharles%2BII%2C%2BGeorge%2BCarteret%2Cland%2C%2Bjersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmund-Andros">"Sir Edmund Andros"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235804/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmund-Andros">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+Edmund+Andros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEdmund-Andros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOotCI-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GOotCI_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOotCI_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOotCI_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOotCI_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOotCI_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The German Occupation of the Channel Islands</i>, Cruikshank, Oxford 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285087-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285087-3">0-19-285087-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com/evacuation/">"Guernsey Evacuees Oral History"</a>. Guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com. 30 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907042355/http://guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com/evacuation/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guernsey+Evacuees+Oral+History&rft.pub=Guernseyevacuees.wordpress.com&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguernseyevacuees.wordpress.com%2Fevacuation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okeefe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-okeefe_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_O'Keefe" class="citation web cs1">Christine O'Keefe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html">"Appendix F: Concentration Camps: Endlösung – The Final Solution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072014/http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+F%3A+Concentration+Camps%3A+Endl%C3%B6sung+%E2%80%93+The+Final+Solution&rft.au=Christine+O%27Keefe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tartanplace.com%2Ftartanhistory%2Fconcentrationcamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aurigny-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aurigny_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatisson_Consultants" class="citation web cs1">Matisson Consultants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220101021/http://www.matisson-consultants.com/affaire-papon/aurigny.htm">"Aurigny; un camp de concentration nazi sur une île anglo-normande (English: Alderney, a Nazi concentration camp on an island Anglo-Norman)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matisson-consultants.com/affaire-papon/aurigny.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aurigny%3B+un+camp+de+concentration+nazi+sur+une+%C3%AEle+anglo-normande+%28English%3A+Alderney%2C+a+Nazi+concentration+camp+on+an+island+Anglo-Norman%29&rft.au=Matisson+Consultants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matisson-consultants.com%2Faffaire-papon%2Faurigny.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512192750/http://www.thisisjersey.com/community/history-heritage/german-occupation/">Thisisjersey.com</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginns-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginns_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginns_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinns2009" class="citation book cs1">Ginns, Michael (2009). <i>Jersey Occupied: The German Armed Forces in Jersey 1940–1945</i>. Channel Island Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905095292" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905095292"><bdi>978-1905095292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey+Occupied%3A+The+German+Armed+Forces+in+Jersey+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Channel+Island+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1905095292&rft.aulast=Ginns&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>German Fortifications in Jersey</i>, Ginns & Bryans, Jersey 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dday-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dday_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegacy_Publishers2007" class="citation web cs1">Legacy Publishers (11 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-ii/nazi-germany-surrenders12.htm">"Nazi Germany Surrenders: February 1945 – May 1945"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+Surrenders%3A+February+1945+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.date=2007-09-11&rft.au=Legacy+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fnazi-germany-surrenders12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919005420/http://www.thisisjersey.com/community/history-heritage/finance-industry/">"Thisisjersey.com"</a>. Thisisjersey.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thisisjersey.com&rft.pub=Thisisguernsey.com&rft.date=1945-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisguernsey.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhanging-on-to-our-heritage%2Fthe-bailiwick-of-guernsey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf">"Public Hearing: Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Hearing%3A+Review+of+the+Roles+of+the+Crown+Officers&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520Attorney%2520General%2520Transcript%252020100702%2520WM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Guernsey%20LOs%20Submission%2020100330%20HR%20v1.pdf">"Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown Officers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Secretary of State for Justice [2014] UKSC 54 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_PressSummary.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029045344/http://www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases/docs/UKSC_2013_0155_PressSummary.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/crown/bg-info-crown-dependencies.pdf">"Background briefing on the Crown Dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/crown/bg-info-crown-dependencies.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guernsey+and+Jersey+begin+recruiting+for+senior+Brussels+positions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FID%2520InternationalInsight%252020101118%2520JN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507182642/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"British Islands" means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22British+Islands%22+means+the+United+Kingdom%2C+the+Channel+Islands+and+the+Isle+of+Man.+%281889%29&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FactiveTextDocId%3D1838152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142348/https://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8">"British Nationality Act 1981"</a>. <i>Legislation, UK, Acts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Office of Public Sector Information</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legislation%2C+UK%2C+Acts&rft.atitle=British+Nationality+Act+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FRevisedStatutes%2FActs%2Fukpga%2F1981%2Fcukpga_19810061_en_8%23pt5-l1g57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> [Schedule 1., s. 50 (1)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091643/http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%208.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 8"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Z/Yen" title="Z/Yen">Z/Yen</a>. 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guernsey+Annual+GVA+and+GDP+Bulletin+2018+%28First+Estimates%29&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.gg%2FCHttpHandler.ashx%3Fid%3D120674%26p%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/other_notes.aspx">"Other British Islands' Notes | Bank of England"</a>. <i>www.bankofengland.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721035725/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/other_notes.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bankofengland.co.uk&rft.atitle=Other+British+Islands%27+Notes+%7C+Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2FPages%2Fabout%2Fother_notes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simplysark.co.uk/en/visit-sark/how-to-get-here">"Sark Travel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shipping+company+stops+trading&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-23766025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-23737973">"Shipping company at risk of closure"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102163559/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-23737973">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shipping+company+at+risk+of+closure&rft.date=2013-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-23737973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cil-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cil_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cil_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-24176612">"New Channel Island company offers freight service"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018174633/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-24176612">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+Channel+Island+company+offers+freight+service&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-24176612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2021/08/channel-islands-digital-radio-launches-with-an-all-dab-line-up/">"Channel Islands digital radio launches with an all DAB+ line-up – RadioToday"</a>. August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Islands+digital+radio+launches+with+an+all+DAB%2B+line-up+%E2%80%93+RadioToday&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2021%2F08%2Fchannel-islands-digital-radio-launches-with-an-all-dab-line-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelisles.net">"Channel Isles: The Islands' Domain Names :: Home"</a>. <i>www.channelisles.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707003741/https://www.channelisles.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.channelisles.net&rft.atitle=Channel+Isles%3A+The+Islands%27+Domain+Names+%3A%3A+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelisles.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Triumph of the Country</i>, Kelleher, Jersey 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518162-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9518162-4-1">0-9518162-4-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Grève de Lecq</i>, Roger Jean Lebarbenchon, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-905385-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-905385-13-8">2-905385-13-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/trail-of-the-unexpected-victor-hugorsquos-guernsey-2016740.html">"Trail of the unexpected: Victor Hugo's Guernsey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010213035/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/trail-of-the-unexpected-victor-hugorsquos-guernsey-2016740.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 3 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> (St Botoph Society edition, 1892) pp. 381–384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XV8XAAAAYAAJ">Excerpts available</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011955/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2009/05/08/passion-plays-a-part-%E2%80%93-right-across-the-board/">"Thisisjersey.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thisisjersey.com&rft.pub=Thisisjersey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisjersey.com%2F2009%2F05%2F08%2Fpassion-plays-a-part-%25E2%2580%2593-right-across-the-board%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/67/Minor_Counties_Trophy_Matches.html">"Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Channel Islands"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minor+Counties+Trophy+Matches+played+by+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Cricketarchive.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcricketarchive.com%2FArchive%2FTeams%2F0%2F67%2FMinor_Counties_Trophy_Matches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecgf.com/countries/tally_sports.asp">"Thecgf.com"</a>. Thecgf.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-FIFA+National+Teams+Colours&rft.pub=Rsssf.com&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Fcolours%2Fnonfifateams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaire Jersiais-Français</i>, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisguernsey.com/lifestyle/hanging-on-to-our-heritage/guernsey-donkeys/">"Thisisjersey.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thisisjersey.com&rft.pub=Thisisguernsey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisguernsey.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhanging-on-to-our-heritage%2Fguernsey-donkeys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/2015/12/02/first-ever-jersey-official-religion-statistics-show-39-of-islanders-are-non-religious/">"First ever Jersey official religion statistics show 39% of islanders are non-religious"</a>. <i>humanism.org.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanism.org.uk&rft.atitle=First+ever+Jersey+official+religion+statistics+show+39%25+of+islanders+are+non-religious&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2F2015%2F12%2F02%2Ffirst-ever-jersey-official-religion-statistics-show-39-of-islanders-are-non-religious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">"Jersey Annual Social Survey 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.gov.je</i>. States of Jersey. 2 December 2015. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201303/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.je&rft.atitle=Jersey+Annual+Social+Survey+2015&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520JASS%25202015%252020151202%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Vol. 5 (1951), Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Chicago – London – Toronto</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1937" class="citation cs2">Ellis, F H (1937), "The Great Rebellion – Parliamentary invasion", <i>Annual Bulletin de la Société Jersiaise</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.atitle=The+Great+Rebellion+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+invasion&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=F+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> – Republished <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Great_Rebellion_-_Parliamentary_invasion">"This is the eighth part of a 54-page article"</a>. <i>The Great Rebellion – Parliamentary invasion</i>. 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=This+is+the+eighth+part+of+a+54-page+article&rft.btitle=The+Great+Rebellion+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+invasion&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theislandwiki.org%2Findex.php%2FThe_Great_Rebellion_-_Parliamentary_invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hamlin, John F. "No 'Safe Haven': Military Aviation in the Channel Islands 1939–1945" <i>Air Enthusiast</i>, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 6–15 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450">0143-5450</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemprière1970" class="citation cs2">Lemprière, Raoul (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofchanne00lemp"><i>Portrait of the Channel Islands</i></a></span>, London: Hale, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-1541-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-1541-5"><bdi>0-7091-1541-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7091-1541-5&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofchanne00lemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation cs2">Moore, David W. (2005), <i>The Other British Isles: A History of Shetland, Orkney, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Anglesey, Scilly, Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands</i>, McFarland, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb7eCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">226</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786489244" title="Special:BookSources/9780786489244"><bdi>9780786489244</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+British+Isles%3A+A+History+of+Shetland%2C+Orkney%2C+the+Hebrides%2C+Isle+of+Man%2C+Anglesey%2C+Scilly%2C+Isle+of+Wight+and+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780786489244&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_Islands&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Channel Islands">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Channel Islands">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Channel Islands">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Channel Islands">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Channel Islands">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" class="extiw" title="voy:Channel Islands">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Channel Islands"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Channel_Islands">"Channel Islands" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Channel+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alderney.gov.gg/">States of Alderney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gg/">States of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/">States of Jersey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.sark.gg/">Government of Sark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707070746/http://www.gov.sark.gg/">Archived</a> 7 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Casquets" title="Les Casquets">Les Casquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortac" title="Ortac">Ortac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquorobert" title="Caquorobert">Caquorobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevichon" title="Crevichon">Crevichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Hanois" title="Les Hanois">Les Hanois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmets" title="Houmets">Les Houmets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Motte,_Jersey" title="La Motte, Jersey">La Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Pierres de Lecq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_peoples" title="Template:British peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_peoples" title="Template talk:British peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian people">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey people">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_Commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest Commoner">New Forest Commoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islanders" title="Pitcairn Islanders">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaels">Scots Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">Spanish Brits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/75px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/113px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/150px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Prehistory" title="History of the Isle of Man">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Middle_Ages" title="History of the Isle of Man">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Braye du Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Jews in Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Guernsey" title="List of windmills in Guernsey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Witch trials</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Guernsey" title="Fortifications of Guernsey">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_des_Marais,_Guernsey" title="Chateau des Marais, Guernsey">Chateau des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_Monument" title="Doyle Monument">Doyle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet" title="Fort Hommet">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Castle,_Guernsey" title="Vale Castle, Guernsey">Vale Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Occupation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet_10.5_cm_Coastal_Defence_Gun_Casement_Bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">German fortification of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castel,_Guernsey" title="Castel, Guernsey">Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Guernsey" title="Forest, Guernsey">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew, Guernsey">St Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin, Guernsey">St Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Guernsey">St Pierre du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Saviour,_Guernsey" title="Saint Saviour, Guernsey">St Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torteval,_Guernsey" title="Torteval, Guernsey">Torteval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Guernsey" title="Vale, Guernsey">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Grammar_School_and_Sixth_Form_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre">Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_Carteret_School" title="La Mare de Carteret School">La Mare de Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_High_School" title="St Sampson's High School">St Sampson's High</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchelande_College" title="Blanchelande College">Blanchelande College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College,_Guernsey" title="Elizabeth College, Guernsey">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_College,_Guernsey" title="The Ladies' College, Guernsey">The Ladies' College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Guernsey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Courts of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_of_Guernsey" title="List of laws of Guernsey">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy & Resources Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Election" title="States of Election">States of Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Guernsey" title="List of banks in Guernsey">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Guernsey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Guernsey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guernsey" title="Rail transport in Guernsey">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">Harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emergency Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Ambulance_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service">Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Fire and Rescue Service">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Lifeboat_Station" title="Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guernsey" title="Catholic Church in Guernsey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Guernsey">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Bean_Jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Bean Jar">Bean Jar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James,_Guernsey" title="St James, Guernsey">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Guernsey" title="Dean of Guernsey">Dean of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Church,_Guernsey" title="Town Church, Guernsey">Town Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Parish_Church,_Guernsey" title="St Martin's Parish Church, Guernsey">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_Church,_Guernsey" title="The Vale Church, Guernsey">Vale Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Apolline,_Guernsey" title="Chapel of St Apolline, Guernsey">Chapel of St Apolline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guernsey" title="Sport in Guernsey">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_RFC" title="Guernsey RFC">Rugby club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Guernsey">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerine_sarniensis" title="Nerine sarniensis">Floral emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Category:Bailiwick of Guernsey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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