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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mammalian female</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammalian_female-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sex determination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sex_determination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sex determination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environmental determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Female</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyfie" title="Wyfie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wyfie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibliches_Geschlecht" title="Weibliches Geschlecht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weibliches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B5_(%E1%8C%BE%E1%89%B3)" title="ሴት (ጾታ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴት (ጾታ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%89" title="أنثى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنثى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fembra" title="Fembra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fembra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A9%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܢܩܒܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܩܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feamin%C3%A2" title="Feaminâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Feaminâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fema" title="Fema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qachu" title="Qachu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qachu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%9Fi" title="Dişi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dişi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دیشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="স্ত্রীলিঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ত্রীলিঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3_(s%C3%A8ng-pia%CC%8Dt)" title="Bó (sèng-pia̍t) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bó (sèng-pia̍t)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%99_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Инә зат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инә зат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Самка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Саміца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саміца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="मादा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मादा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babayi_(tawuha)" title="Babayi (tawuha) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Babayi (tawuha)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Женски организъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Женски организъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenka" title="Ženka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ženka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parez" title="Parez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Parez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femella" title="Femella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Femella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baye" title="Baye – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baye" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzvari" title="Nzvari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzvari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benyw" title="Benyw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Benyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunk%C3%B8n" title="Hunkøn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hunkøn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibliches_Geschlecht" title="Weibliches Geschlecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weibliches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emane" title="Emane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θηλυκό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηλυκό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Авака – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Авака" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hembra" title="Hembra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hembra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_sekso" title="Ina sekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ina sekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eme" title="Eme – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eme" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="ماده (جنس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده (جنس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femelle" title="Femelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Femelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femine_(ses)" title="Femine (ses) – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Femine (ses)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baineannach" title="Baineannach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baineannach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boireannach" title="Boireannach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boireannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femia" title="Femia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Femia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%BB%B7" title="암컷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암컷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Mace" title="Kalmar Mace – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kalmar Mace" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A3" title="Էգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenka" title="Ženka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ženka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwanyi" title="Nwanyi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nwanyi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babai_(sekso)" title="Babai (sekso) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Babai (sekso)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betina" title="Betina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvenkyn" title="Kvenkyn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvenkyn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmina" title="Femmina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Femmina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94" title="נקבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jike" title="Jike – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jike" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fim%C3%A8l" title="Fimèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fimèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femina_(sexus)" title="Femina (sexus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Femina (sexus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81t%C4%ABte" title="Mātīte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mātīte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patel%C4%97" title="Patelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmina" title="Femmina – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Femmina" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb%C9%9B%CC%81mb%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Ebɛ́mbɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ebɛ́mbɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fema" title="Fema – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fema" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%91nem_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Nőnem (biológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nőnem (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D" title="പെണ്ണ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെണ്ണ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मादी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मादी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betina" title="Betina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Betina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC_(%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81)" title="Эм (хүйс) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эм (хүйс)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalewa" title="Yalewa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yalewa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrouwelijk_(biologie)" title="Vrouwelijk (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrouwelijk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="पोथी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोथी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="माजाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माजाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C" title="雌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunn" title="Hunn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokj%C3%B8nn" title="Hokjønn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hokjønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fem%C3%A8la" title="Femèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Femèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samica" title="Samica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAmea" title="Fêmea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fêmea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femel%C4%83" title="Femelă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Femelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_uywa" title="China uywa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="China uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Саміця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Саміця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Самка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्त्री – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्त्री" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female" title="Female – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Female" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femra" title="Femra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Femra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female" title="Female – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Female" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زائفان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زائفان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samica" title="Samica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhedig" title="Dhedig – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhedig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E" title="مێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Женка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Женка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenka" title="Ženka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ženka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikang" title="Bikang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bikang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaras" title="Naaras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naaras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hona" title="Hona – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hona" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="பெண் (பால்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெண் (பால்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawtemt" title="Tawtemt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawtemt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ана зат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ана зат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ఆడతనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆడతనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เพศหญิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพศหญิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%9Fi" title="Dişi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Жіноча стать – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жіноча стать" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%AB" title="مؤنث – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مؤنث" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzmeh" title="Duzmeh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzmeh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9mena" title="Fémena – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fémena" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%91ng_c%C3%A1i" title="Giống cái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giống cái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A4ne" title="Imäne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Imäne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7" title="雌性 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雌性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="נקיבה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נקיבה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B8" title="乸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muotr%C4%97%C5%A1ka_l%C4%ABt%C4%97s" title="Muotrėška lītės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muotrėška lītės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sex of an organism that produces ova</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Female_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Female (disambiguation)">Female (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/220px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/330px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/440px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>The symbol of the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> is used to represent the female sex in biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearn1961_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearn1961-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> is <b>female</b> (<a href="/wiki/Venus_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus symbol">symbol</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E2%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="♀">♀</a>) if it produces the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a> (egg cell), the type of <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> (sex cell) that fuses with the <a href="/wiki/Male_gamete" class="mw-redirect" title="Male gamete">male gamete</a> (sperm cell) during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A female has larger gametes than a <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>. Females and males are results of the <a href="/wiki/Anisogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisogamous">anisogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproduction system</a>, wherein gametes are of different sizes (unlike <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamy</a> where they are the same size). The exact mechanism of female gamete evolution remains unknown. </p><p>In species that have males and females, <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination</a> may be based on either <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex chromosomes">sex chromosomes</a>, or environmental conditions. Most female <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including female <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, have two <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosomes</a>. Characteristics of organisms with a female sex vary between different species, having different <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive systems</a>, with some species showing <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">characteristics secondary to the reproductive system</a>, as with <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> in mammals. </p><p>In humans, the word <i>female</i> can also be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> in the social sense of <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palazzani_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palazzani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriam1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_faemnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Beowulf_-_faemnan.jpg/220px-Beowulf_-_faemnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Beowulf_-_faemnan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="82" /></a><figcaption>"<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">fæmnan</i></span>", an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word for 'female'</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>female</i> comes from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">femella</i></span>, the diminutive form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">femina</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a>", by way of the Old French <i>femelle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not etymologically related to the word <i><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a></i>, but in the late 14th century the English spelling was altered to parallel that of <i>male</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used as both noun and adjective since the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, from its first appearance in the 1300s, <i>female</i> exclusively referred to humans and always indicated that the speaker spoke of a woman or a girl.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later, the meaning was expanded to include non-human female organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several centuries, using the word <i>female</i> as a noun was considered more respectful than calling her a <i>woman</i> or a <i>lady</i> and was preferred for that reason;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, by 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the linguistic fashion had changed, and <i>female</i> was often considered disparaging, usually on the grounds that it grouped humans with other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the noun <i>female</i> is primarily used to describe non-human animals, to refer to biologically female humans in an impersonal technical context (e.g., "Females were more likely than males to develop an autoimmune disease"), or to impartially include a range of people without reference to age (e.g., <i>girls</i>) or social status (e.g., <i>lady</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adjective, <i>female</i> is still used in some contexts, particularly when the sex of the person is relevant, such as <a href="/wiki/Female_athlete" class="mw-redirect" title="Female athlete"><i>female athletes</i></a> or to distinguish a <i><a href="/wiki/Male_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Male nurse">male nurse</a></i> from a female one.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biological sex is <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and gender distinction">conceptually distinct</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are often used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-udry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haig_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haig-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjective <i>female</i> can describe a person's sex or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word can also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">shape of connectors and fasteners</a>, such as screws, electrical pins, and technical equipment. Under this convention, sockets and receptacles are called <i>female,</i> and the corresponding plugs <i>male</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_characteristics">Defining characteristics</h2></div> <p>Females produce <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a>, the larger gametes in a <a href="/wiki/Heterogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogamous">heterogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproduction_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduction system">reproduction system</a>, while the smaller and usually <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a> gametes, the <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, are produced by males.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, a female cannot <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a> without access to the gametes of a male, and vice versa, but in some species females can reproduce by themselves <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a>, for example via <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patterns of sexual reproduction include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamous</a> species with two or more <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating types</a> with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamous</a> species with <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> of male and female types,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">Oogamous</a> species, which include humans, in which the female gamete is much larger than the male and has no ability to <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">move</a>. Oogamy is a form of <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-201922_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-201922-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by <a href="/wiki/Chytrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytrid">chytrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mould">water moulds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">land plants</a>, among others. In land plants, <i>female</i> and <i>male</i> designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> that give rise to male and <a href="/wiki/Female_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Female plant">female plants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Females_across_species">Females across species</h2></div> <p>Species that are divided into females and males are classified as <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a> in animals, as <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Dioicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioicous">dioicous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cryptogam" title="Cryptogam">cryptogams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShawGoffinet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShawGoffinet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> </p><p>In some species, female and hermaphrodite individuals may coexist, a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_system" title="Sexual system">sexual system</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy" title="Gynodioecy">gynodioecy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few species, female individuals coexist with males and <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>; this sexual system is called <a href="/wiki/Trioecy" title="Trioecy">trioecy</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Thor_manningi" title="Thor manningi">Thor manningi</a></i> (a species of shrimp), females coexist with males and <a href="/wiki/Protandrous_hermaphrodite" class="mw-redirect" title="Protandrous hermaphrodite">protandrous hermaphrodites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammalian_female">Mammalian female</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/250px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/330px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/500px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of an adult female human, with an adult <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> for comparison. (Both models have partially shaved body hair to show anatomy, i.e., clean-shaven pubic regions.)</figcaption></figure> <p>A distinguishing characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <i>Mammalia</i> is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>. Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">produce milk</a>. Mammary glands are <a href="/wiki/Breast#Other_suggested_functions" title="Breast">obvious</a> in <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, because the female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are normally redundant in males of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mammalian females have two copies of the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a>, while males have only one X and one smaller <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>; some mammals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a>, have different combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the female's X chromosomes is <a href="/wiki/X-inactivation" title="X-inactivation">randomly inactivated</a> in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> and carries a Z and a W chromosome while the male carries two Z chromosomes. In mammals, females can have <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_X" title="Trisomy X">XXX</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hake-2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hake-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammalian females <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">bear live young</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> females, which lay eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-mammalian species, such as <a href="/wiki/Guppy" title="Guppy">guppies</a>, have analogous reproductive structures; and some other non-mammals, such as some <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, also bear live young.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following experiments by French endocrinologist Alfred Jost in the 1940s, it is widely believed that the female is the default sex in mammalian sexual determination. However, this idea was called into question by a 2017 study.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_Hopkins_Medicine_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Hopkins_Medicine-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_determination">Sex determination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a></div> <p>The sex of a particular organism may be determined by genetic or environmental factors, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_determination">Genetic determination</h3></div> <p>The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a> where females have XX (as opposed to XY in males) sex <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to have other <a href="/wiki/Karyotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Karyotypes">karyotypes</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW sex-determination system</a>, where females have ZW (as opposed to ZZ in males) sex chromosomes, is found in birds, reptiles and some insects and other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_determination">Environmental determination</h3></div> <p>The young of some species develop into one sex or the other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. the sex of crocodilians is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the <a href="/wiki/Goby" title="Goby">goby</a>) can transform, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a brief shortage of males).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, sex is determined by infection with <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Wolbachia" title="Wolbachia">Wolbachia</a></i>. The bacterium can only be transmitted via infected ova, and the presence of the obligate endoparasite may be required for female sexual viability.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex#Evolution_of_sex" title="Sex">Sex § Evolution of sex</a></div><p>The question of how females evolved is mainly a question of why males evolved. The first organisms reproduced asexually, usually via <a href="/wiki/Binary_fission" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary fission">binary fission</a>, wherein a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> splits itself in half. From a strict numbers perspective, a species that is half males/half females can produce half the offspring an asexual population can, because only the females are having offspring. Being male can also carry significant costs, such as in flashy sexual displays in animals (such as big antlers or colorful feathers), or needing to produce an outsized amount of pollen as a plant in order to get a chance to fertilize a female. Yet despite the costs of being male, there must be some advantage to the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Togashi-2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togashi-2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advantages are explained by the <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">evolution of anisogamy</a>, which led to the evolution of male and female function.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-20142_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-20142-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the evolution of anisogamy, <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating types</a> in a species were <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamous</a>: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawada_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawada-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216">: 216 </span></sup> In anisogamy, the mating cells are called gametes. The female gamete is larger than the male gamete, and usually immotile.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-20192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-20192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species.<sup id="cite_ref-Togashi-2011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togashi-2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example female <a href="/wiki/Volvocales" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvocales">Volvocales</a> (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawada_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawada-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222">: 222 </span></sup> Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when females evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-PB-2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a> (genitalia, in animals) have an extreme range of variation among species and even within species. The evolution of female genitalia remains poorly understood compared to male genitalia, reflecting a now-outdated belief that female genitalia are less varied than male genitalia, and thus less useful to study. The difficulty of reaching female genitalia has also complicated their study. New 3D technology has made female genital study simpler. Genitalia evolve very quickly. There are three main hypotheses as to what impacts female genital evolution: lock-and-key (genitals must fit together), <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_female_choice" title="Cryptic female choice">cryptic female choice</a> (females affect whether males can fertilize them), and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">sexual conflict</a> (a sort of sexual arms race). There is also a hypothesis that female genital evolution is the result of <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a>, i.e. unrelated genes that are affected by environmental conditions like low food also affect genitals. This hypothesis is unlikely to apply to a significant number of species, but <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> in general has some role in female genital evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gender_symbol" title="Gender symbol">Gender symbol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus symbol">Venus symbol</a></div> <p>The symbol ♀ (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: U+2640 <a href="/wiki/Alt_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt codes">Alt codes</a>: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath, is commonly used to represent females. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a> once speculated that the symbol was associated with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (goddess)">Venus, goddess of beauty</a>, because it resembles a bronze mirror with a handle,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but modern scholars consider that fanciful, and the most established view is that the female and male symbols derive from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of the planets Thouros (Mars) and Phosphoros (Venus).<sup id="cite_ref-Stearn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/female" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/female">female</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Females" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Females">Females</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">Femininity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stearn1961-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearn1961_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStearn1961" class="citation journal cs1">Stearn, William T. (17 August 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ5eFU5aRecC&pg=PA412">"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>11</b> (248): <span class="nowrap">412–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59030638">59030638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=248&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=1961-08-17&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59030638&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJ5eFU5aRecC%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrzimek2003" class="citation book cs1">Grzimek, Bernhard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GZvtQEACAAJ"><i>Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Gale. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5362-0"><bdi>978-0-7876-5362-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510013251/https://books.google.com/books?id=8GZvtQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-09</span></span>. <q>During sexual reproduction, each parent animal must form specialized cells known as gametes...In virtually all animals that reproduce sexually, the gametes occur in two morphologically distinct forms corresponding to male and female. These distinctions in form and structure are related to the specific functions of each gamete. The differences become apparent during the latter stages of spermatogenesis (for male gametes) and oogenesis (for female gametes)....After oogenetic meiosis, the morphological transformation of the female gamete generally includes development of a large oocyte that does not move around....The ambiguous term "egg" is often applied to oocytes and other fertilizable stages of female gametes....Spermatogenesis and oogenesis most often occur in different individual animals known as males and females respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5362-0&rft.aulast=Grzimek&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GZvtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinHine2015" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Elizabeth; Hine, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMf9CAAAQBAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Biology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871437-8"><bdi>978-0-19-871437-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114185312/https://books.google.com/books?id=gMf9CAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-12</span></span>. <q>Female 1. Denoting the gamete (sex cell) that, during sexual reproduction, fuses with a male gamete in the process of fertilization. Female gametes are generally larger than the male gametes and are usually immotile (see Oosphere; Ovum). 2. (Denoting) an individual organism whose reproductive organs produce only female gametes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Biology&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871437-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Hine%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMf9CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuscoMinelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=the+biology+of+reproduction+define+sex"><i>The Biology of Reproduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49985-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510013213/https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=the+biology+of+reproduction+define+sex#v=snippet&q=the%20biology%20of%20reproduction%20define%20sex&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Reproduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49985-9&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Minelli%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKGsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bbiology%2Bof%2Breproduction%2Bdefine%2Bsex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palazzani-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palazzani_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalazzaniBailesFella2012" class="citation book cs1">Palazzani, Laura; Bailes, Victoria; Fella, Marina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bbP6D7U2UC&pg=PA5"><i>Gender in Philosophy and Law</i></a>. SpringerBriefs in law. Dordrecht : Springer. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400749917" title="Special:BookSources/9789400749917"><bdi>9789400749917</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'gender' means human gender, male/female gender</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+in+Philosophy+and+Law&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+law&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Dordrecht+%3A+Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400749917&rft.aulast=Palazzani&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Bailes%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Fella%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8bbP6D7U2UC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span> (eBook)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merriam1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/female">"Definition of FEMALE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307162530/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/female">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+FEMALE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffemale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowlerButterfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Henry W.; Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). "female". <i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=female&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayers-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayers_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald M. Ayers, <i>English Words from Latin and Greek Elements</i>, second edition (1986, University of Arizona Press), p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/lady-woman-female-usage">"Using 'Lady,' 'Woman,' and 'Female' to Modify Nouns"</a>. <i>Merriam–Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804103718/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/lady-woman-female-usage">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam%E2%80%93Webster&rft.atitle=Using+%27Lady%2C%27+%27Woman%2C%27+and+%27Female%27+to+Modify+Nouns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fwords-at-play%2Flady-woman-female-usage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton-Small2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Newton-Small, Jay (2016-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4300170/female-word/">"Why We Need to Reclaim the Word 'Female'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-10</span></span>. <q>Katherine Martin, head of U.S. dictionaries at Oxford University Press...cites the OED's original entry for female in 1895, in which the editors described its usage as "now commonly avoided by good writers, exc. with contemptuous implication."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Why+We+Need+to+Reclaim+the+Word+%27Female%27&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Newton-Small&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4300170%2Ffemale-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Kara (5 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jezebel.com/the-problem-with-calling-women-females-1683808274">"The Problem With Calling Women 'Females'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507031927/https://www.jezebel.com/the-problem-with-calling-women-females-1683808274">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jezebel&rft.atitle=The+Problem+With+Calling+Women+%27Females%27&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jezebel.com%2Fthe-problem-with-calling-women-females-1683808274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowlerButterfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H. W.; Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). "female, feminine". <i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i> (Fourth ed.). Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>. <q>One talks of <i>female athletes, characters</i> (in fiction and so forth), <i>friends, officers, patients, roles, students, workers, and of the female body, sexuality</i>, etc....Some people object to the use of <i>female</i> as an adjective, as in <i>female police officer, female senator</i>, etc. Their objections are based either on the negative connotations of <i>female</i> as a noun, or on the argument that mentioning the sex of the office holder is automatically sexist, unless the sex of the person denoted is relevant in the context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=female%2C+feminine&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111125721/http://www.who.int/genomics/gender/en/">"Gender and Genetics"</a>. <i>WHO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/genomics/gender/en/">the original</a> on November 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Genetics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgenomics%2Fgender%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender">"Sex & Gender"</a>. <i>Office of Research on Women's Health</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723154514/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Research+on+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Sex+%26+Gender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forwh.od.nih.gov%2Fsex-gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udry-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-udry_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUdry1994" class="citation journal cs1">Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf">"The Nature of Gender"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Demography</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">561–</span>573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061790">10.2307/2061790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2061790">2061790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7890091">7890091</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20161211012757/https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Gender&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E573&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7890091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2061790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2061790&rft.aulast=Udry&rft.aufirst=J.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fcourses%2F2006fall%2Fecon%2F586%2F001%2FReadings%2FUdry_Nature_Gender.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haig-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haig_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaig2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Haig_(biologist)" title="David Haig (biologist)">Haig, David</a> (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525090802/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/Publications_files/04InexorableRise.pdf">"The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.359.9143">10.1.1.359.9143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AASEB.0000014323.56281.0d">10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15146141">15146141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7005542">7005542</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/04inexorablerise.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+Inexorable+Rise+of+Gender+and+the+Decline+of+Sex%3A+Social+Change+in+Academic+Titles%2C+1945%E2%80%932001&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.359.9143%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7005542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15146141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AASEB.0000014323.56281.0d&rft.aulast=Haig&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeb.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fhaig%2Fpublications_files%2F04inexorablerise.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Richard Johnson, <i>How to Build Electronic Equipment</i> (1962), p. 167: "To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Ferncase, <i>Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts</i> (2013), p. 96: "female[:] Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Sadava, H. Craig Heller, William K. Purves, <i>Life: The Science of Biology</i> (2008), p. 899</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Engelmann, G. A. Kerkut, <i>The Physiology of Insect Reproduction</i> (2015), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-201922-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar-201922_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarMeenaSwapnil2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.). <i>Anisogamy</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>. Cham: Springer International. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anisogamy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Meena%2C+M&rft.au=Swapnil%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, David B. (2009). <i>Living at Micro Scale</i>, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03116-6">978-0-674-03116-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuscoMinelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=gonochorism+biology+of+reproduction"><i>The Biology of Reproduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49985-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510013302/https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=gonochorism+biology+of+reproduction#v=snippet&q=gonochorism%20biology%20of%20reproduction&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Reproduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49985-9&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Minelli%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKGsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgonochorism%2Bbiology%2Bof%2Breproduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShawGoffinet-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShawGoffinet_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuck_WR_&_Goffinet_B2000" class="citation book cs1">Buck WR & Goffinet B (August 2000). "Morphology and classification of mosses". 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(July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077654">"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (7): e1001899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001899">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077654">4077654</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24983465">24983465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Sex+determination%3A+why+so+many+ways+of+doing+it%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1001899&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4077654%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24983465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001899&rft.aulast=Bachtrog&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mank%2C+JE&rft.au=Peichel%2C+CL&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+M&rft.au=Otto%2C+SP&rft.au=Ashman%2C+TL&rft.au=Hahn%2C+MW&rft.au=Kitano%2C+J&rft.au=Mayrose%2C+I&rft.au=Ming%2C+R&rft.au=Perrin%2C+N&rft.au=Ross%2C+L&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+N&rft.au=Vamosi%2C+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4077654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuscoMinelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=trioecy&pg=PA133"><i>The Biology of Reproduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49985-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510013252/https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=trioecy&pg=PA133#v=snippet&q=trioecy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50082-1"><bdi>978-1-139-50082-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510013300/https://books.google.com/books?id=5eOvRTIuLXMC&dq=Title%3A+The+Evolution+of+Anisogamy+%3A+A+Fundamental+Phenomenon+Underlying+Sexual+Selection&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q=Title%3A%20The%20Evolution%20of%20Anisogamy%20%3A%20A%20Fundamental%20Phenomenon%20Underlying%20Sexual%20Selection&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-54589-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-431-54589-7"><bdi>978-4-431-54589-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404062136/https://books.google.com/books?id=Adm6BQAAQBAJ&q=isogamy+mating+types#v=snippet&q=isogamy%20mating%20types&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Reproduction+in+Animals+and+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-4-431-54589-7&rft.aulast=Sawada&rft.aufirst=Hitoshi&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Naokazu&rft.au=Iwano%2C+Megumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdm6BQAAQBAJ%26q%3Disogamy%2Bmating%2Btypes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-20192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar-20192_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarMeenaSwapnil2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.). <i>Anisogamy</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>. Cham: Springer International. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anisogamy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Meena%2C+M&rft.au=Swapnil%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB-2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PB-2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_(journal)" title="Paleobiology (journal)">Paleobiology</a></i>. <b>26</b> (3): 386. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Pbio...26..386B">2000Pbio...26..386B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36648568">36648568</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160801/http://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1666%2F0094-8373(2000)026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Bangiomorpha+pubescens+n.+gen.%2C+n.+sp.%3A+implications+for+the+evolution+of+sex%2C+multicellularity%2C+and+the+Mesoproterozoic%2FNeoproterozoic+radiation+of+eukaryotes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36648568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Pbio...26..386B&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmr.crossref.org%2FiPage%3Fdoi%3D10.1666%252F0094-8373%25282000%2529026%253C0386%253ABPNGNS%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSloanSimmons2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sloan, Nadia S.; Simmons, Leigh W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.13503">"The evolution of female genitalia"</a>. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>32</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">882–</span>899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.13503">10.1111/jeb.13503</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-9101">1420-9101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31267594">31267594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+female+genitalia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E882-%3C%2Fspan%3E899&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1420-9101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31267594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeb.13503&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Nadia+S.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Leigh+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjeb.13503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Robert B. (2016), "Now and Future Tales", <i>White Coat Tales</i>, Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">293–</span>310, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-29055-3_12">10.1007/978-3-319-29055-3_12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29053-9"><bdi>978-3-319-29053-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Now+and+Future+Tales&rft.btitle=White+Coat+Tales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-29055-3_12&rft.isbn=978-3-319-29053-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearn-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearn_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStearn1962" class="citation journal cs1">Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734">10.2307/1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734">1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87030547">87030547</a>. <q>The origin of these symbols has long been of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of Scaliger that <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">♂</span> represents the shield and spear of Mars and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">♀</span> Venus's looking glass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1962-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87030547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217734&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFemale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G D Schott, <i>Sex, drugs, and rock and roll: Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree</i>, <i>BMJ</i> 2005;331:1509-1510 (24 December), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7531.1509">10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological<br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">Temperature-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">Sex chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">Testis-determining factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphroditism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">parasexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual<br />reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Sex organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Fungal reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in animals">Sexual reproduction in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile%E2%80%93vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile–vaginal intercourse">Penile–vaginal intercourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">Lordosis behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sex" title="Category:Sex">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_and_sexual_identities174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template talk:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_and_sexual_identities174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> identities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender<br />identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Genders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a><br />and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual<br />orientation<br />identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Discrimination against transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare and the LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Mental health of LGBTQ people">Mental health of LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Right to personal identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Transgender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a 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