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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunter_client" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunter_client"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hunter client</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunter_client-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smithing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smithing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Smithing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smithing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Names of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Traditional knowledge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_knowledge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional knowledge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamuratanet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamuratanet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><span><i>Kamuratanet</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamuratanet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chepkerichot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chepkerichot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span><span><i>Chepkerichot</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chepkerichot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons_(oltosiek)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Seasons (<span><i>oltosiek</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons_(oltosiek)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months_(arawek)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months_(arawek)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Months (<span><i>arawek</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months_(arawek)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<p><b>Traditional Kalenjin society</b> is the way of life that existed among the <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a>-speaking people prior to the advent of the colonial period in Kenya and after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Chemwal_people" title="Chemwal people">Chemwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbwa_people" title="Lumbwa people">Lumbwa</a> and other Kalenjin communities in the late 1700s and early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kalenjin semi-nomadic pastoralist tradition centered on the raising of cattle, sheep and goats and cultivating sorghum and pearl millet is of long standing. It has been dated back as far as the last millennium BC when Kalenjin-speaking communities first arrived in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhret1998178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhret1998178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_extent_and_divisions">Geographic extent and divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic extent and divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_settlement_in_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic settlement in East Africa">Nilotic settlement in East Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeBaringo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LakeBaringo.jpg/220px-LakeBaringo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LakeBaringo.jpg/330px-LakeBaringo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LakeBaringo.jpg/440px-LakeBaringo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The areas around Lake Baringo are home to a number of Kalenjin sections</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a> traditionally occupied, and still form the ethnic majority in, parts of geographical Western Kenya and the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province" title="Rift Valley Province">Rift Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_people" title="Kipsigis people">Kipsigis</a> live in areas centered around <a href="/wiki/Bomet" title="Bomet">Bomet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kericho" title="Kericho">Kericho</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kapsabet" title="Kapsabet">Kapsabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Keiyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiyo people">Keiyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marakwet_people" title="Marakwet people">Markweta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerio_Valley" title="Kerio Valley">Kerio Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherangany_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherangany Hills">Cherangany Hills</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tugen_people" title="Tugen people">Tugen</a> inhabit North and South <a href="/wiki/Baringo_County" title="Baringo County">Baringo</a>, the Sabaot and <a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sebeei</a> areas around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pokot_people" title="Pokot people">Pokot</a> the northern side of Mount Elgon and areas north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baringo" title="Lake Baringo">Lake Baringo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalenjin territory as a whole was not recognised as a geographic locality; however, the various Kalenjin sub-tribes had a similar set of classifications of geographic localities within their respective tribal lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Em/emet"><span id="Em.2Femet"></span><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Em/emet</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Em/emet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emet_(geographic_region)" title="Emet (geographic region)">Emet (geographic region)</a></div> <p><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Em</i></span> or <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">emet</i></span>, equivalent to county, was the highest recognised geographic division among the Kalenjin sections. This unit was identifiable as a political institution but the main work of civil control and administration was done by the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwotinwek</i></span> (plural of <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell19549–10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell19549–10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic evidence indicates that this form of societal organisation dates back to their Southern Nilotic heritage. It is believed that the Southern Nilotes of two thousand years ago cooperated in loose supra-clan groupings, called <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">e:m</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhret1998179_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhret1998179-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bororiet"><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Bororiet</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bororiet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bororiet" title="Bororiet">Bororiet</a></div> <p>This level of governance was unique to the Nandi section of the Kalenjin. The civil council of the <a href="/wiki/Bororiet" title="Bororiet">bororiet</a> consisted of elders from the senior-age grades of its constituent <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwotinwek</i></span></i>. It functioned only to settle problems of common concern to the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwotinwek</i></span>, such as inter-<i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> disputes and matters which a <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> had failed to settle satisfactorily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell195411_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell195411-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kok/kokwet"><span id="Kok.2Fkokwet"></span><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kok/kokwet</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kok/kokwet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> was the most significant political and judicial unit among the Kalenjin. The governing body of each <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span> was its <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> council; the word <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> was in fact variously used to mean the whole neighbourhood, its council and the place where the council met. </p><p>The <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kokwet</i></span></i> elders were the local authority for allocating land for cultivation; they were the body to whom the ordinary member of the tribe would look for a decision in a dispute or problem which defied solution by direct agreement between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell195410_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell195410-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_divisions">Genealogical divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genealogical divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a> society was divided into <a href="/wiki/Oreet" title="Oreet"><i>oret</i></a> (clans). Some of the more widespread <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ortinuek</i></span> include Toyoi, Tungo, <a href="/wiki/Oretab_Talai" title="Oretab Talai">Talai</a> and Kapchepkendi. The members of the clans did not necessarily have a blood tie in common since immigrants into Kalenjin lands would often be accepted into an existing clan. The most notable example of this is the acceptance of members of the Segelai Maasai into the Talai clan among the Nandi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190949_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190949-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_divisions">Social divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Kalenjin social system, the male sex is divided into boys, warriors and elders. The female sex is divided into girls and married women. The first stage began at birth and continued till <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">initiation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_set_(ipinda)"><span id="Age_set_.28ipinda.29"></span>Age set (<i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ipinda</i></span></i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age set (ipinda)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibinda_(age_set)" title="Ibinda (age set)">Ibinda (age set)</a></div> <p>All boys who were circumcised together are said to belong to the same <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ipinda</i></span>. These age sets played a significant role in traditional Kalenjin society since they were used to record time. Once the young men of a particular <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ipinda</i></span></i> came of age, they were tasked with protecting the tribal lands and the society, the period when they were in charge of protection of the society was known as the age of that <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ipinda</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were eight ages in general though this varied between sections as an age-set would temporarily be dropped from use if a disastrous occurrence occurred during the age of the <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ipinda</i></span></i>. </p><p>As late as the early 1900s, the central Kalenjin groups initiated the same age-set concurrently while the outlying groups were one or at most two steps out of phase. It has been suggested that such synchronization suggests that most or all Kalenjin groups constituted not merely an ethno-linguistic category but a single information-sharing system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary times, the age-set system has become a central focus of various academic studies that try to correlate the method with the Western system of time-reckoning in order to better place historical narratives in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_set_names">Age set names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age set names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sebei </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chumo </td> <td>Sowe </td> <td>Koronkoro </td> <td>Kwoimet </td> <td>Kaplelaich </td> <td>Nyikeao </td> <td>Nyonki </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sabaot (Kony) </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chumo </td> <td>Sawe </td> <td>Korongoro </td> <td>Kipkoimet </td> <td>Kaplelach </td> <td>Kimnyikeu </td> <td>Nyongi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sabaot (Pok) </th> <td>Sowo </td> <td>Maina </td> <td>Gabaiyak </td> <td>Korongoro </td> <td>?* </td> <td>Gamnenac </td> <td>Gamnyikewa </td> <td>Nyongiik </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nandi </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chuma </td> <td>Sawe </td> <td>- </td> <td>Kipkoiimet </td> <td>Kaplelach </td> <td>Kimnyigei </td> <td>Nyongi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kipsigis </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chuma </td> <td>Sawe </td> <td>Korongoro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaplelach </td> <td>Kipnyigei </td> <td>Nyongi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Keiyo </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chuma </td> <td>Sowe </td> <td>Korongoro </td> <td>Kipkoimet </td> <td>Kablelach </td> <td>Kimnyegeu </td> <td>Nyongi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Marakwet </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chumo </td> <td>Sowe </td> <td>Korongoro/ Kipkoimet </td> <td>Kaberur </td> <td>Kaplelach </td> <td>Kimnyigeu </td> <td>Nyongi<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tugen </th> <td>- </td> <td>Chumo </td> <td>Sowe </td> <td>Korongoro </td> <td>Kipkoimet </td> <td>Kablelech </td> <td>Kimnikeu </td> <td>Nyonki </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pokot </th> <td>Maina </td> <td>Chumwo </td> <td>Sowe </td> <td>Korongoro </td> <td>Kipkoimet </td> <td>Kaplelach </td> <td>Murkutwo </td> <td>Nyongi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>- *<i>La Fontaine states there are eight "age classes" but lists seven names, the order of which is questionable.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_military">Governance and military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governance and military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the Kalenjin, there were no chiefs of any form. Each village or <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kok</i></span>, usually had a headman, celebrated for his wisdom or his wealth or both. He was henceforth distinguished by the name <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Ki-ruwok-in</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeech19116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeech19116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nandi adopted the <a href="/wiki/Sengwer_people" title="Sengwer people">Sengwer</a> system of governance in the early 19th century, selecting an <a href="/wiki/Orkoiyot" title="Orkoiyot">Orkoiyot</a> who held precisely the same position as the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> <a href="/wiki/Laibon" class="mw-redirect" title="Laibon">Laibon</a>; that is to say, he was the supreme chief of the entire Nandi section. The Kipsigis would adopt this system of governance from the Nandi in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190940_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190940-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weapons">Weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arms of the fighting men usually consisted of a spear, shield, sword and club. By the late 19th century, up to four kinds of spears, representing various eras and areas were in use. In Nandi, the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">eren-gatiat</i></span> of the Sirkwa era was still in use, though only by old men. It had a short and small leaf-shaped blade with a long socketed shank and a long butt. Two types of the Maasai-era spear, known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ngotit</i></span>, were also in use. Those of the eastern, northern and southern counties had long narrow blades with long iron butt, short socket and short shaft. Those of the central county (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">emgwen</i></span>) had short broad blades with short iron butts. In the western counties, a spear that had a particularly small head, a long shaft and no butt was in use, known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ndirit</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190931_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190931-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pastoral Pokot carried two Maasai-era spears, known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ngotwa</i></span>, while the agricultural sections armed themselves with a sword, known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">chok</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeech19111_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeech19111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalenjin society was to a large extent self-sufficient in its needs and a significant amount of intra-tribal trade catered for basic wants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunter_client">Hunter client</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hunter client"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinct pattern of trade in traditional Kalenjin economy was the hunter client relationship that was adopted during the Sirikwa era. Within this arrangement, the Okiek would provide produce of the forest that would be exchanged with the Kalenjin for produce of the land. Notable products in this exchange were honey, elephant ivory and rhino ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMhando200824_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMhando200824-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smithing">Smithing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Smithing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 20th century, there were a number of smiths (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kitongik</i></span>) in Nandi who spoke both <a href="/wiki/Nandi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi languages">Nandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a>. The smiths gave the following account of their arrival: "After they had lost all their cattle from various causes, the <a href="/wiki/Oropom_people" title="Oropom people">Uasin Gishu Maasai</a> quitted their homes and split up in different directions. Some of those who wandered into Nandi were hospitably received by Arap Sutek who was the only smith in Nandi at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190936_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190936-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money">Money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalenjin did not mint their own currency; however, by the late 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Sirikwa_people#Money" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirikwa people">possibly earlier</a>, the rupee (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">rupiet</i></span>), pice (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">pesaiyat</i></span>) and cent (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">olkisoiyet</i></span>) were in use among the Kalenjin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis1909276_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1909276-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Intra-Kalenjin trade</th> <th>Imports</th> <th>Exports </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_people" title="Kipsigis people">Kipsigis</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a></td> <td>tobacco pipes, iron wire, iron chain, brass wire, white beads and white cloth</td> <td>livestock, ivory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobley190239_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobley190239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tugen_people" title="Tugen people">Tugen</a></td> <td>cattle, <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a> and pottery<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>grain and honey<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keiyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiyo people">Keiyo</a></td> <td>grain and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>cattle, goats and pottery<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pokot_people" title="Pokot people">Pokot</a></td> <td>grain and honey<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>cattle, goats and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_people" title="Sabaot people">Sabaot</a> (Kony, Pok, Somek, Sabiny)</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terik_people" title="Terik people">Terik</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>medical services (major operations)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemsted19239_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemsted19239-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Trade with neighboring tribes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a></td> <td>swords, spears and magical services<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandagor199320-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>livestock </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Game meat">game meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkey</a> skins, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ivory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMhando200824_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMhando200824-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Grains">grains</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>livestock<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></td> <td>grains<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">tobacco pipes</a><sup>1</sup></td> <td>livestock<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Trade with Eastern Kenya markets </th></tr> <tr> <td>Swahili</td> <td>iron wire, iron chain, brass wire, white beads & white cloth</td> <td>ivory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobley190239_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobley190239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>1. Primarily with the Nandi, the Kipsigis made a liquid snuff which was kept in a snuff box.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190926_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190926-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_mythology" title="Kalenjin mythology">Kalenjin mythology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_pillars">Religious pillars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious pillars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three major religious pillars (the sun, thunder and lightning, and living spirits) were explained to have a bearing on Kalenjin religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn1973_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn1973-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, additional pillars that include wild game and human specialists were included recently.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> All these pillars are subsumed within Kalenjin fears and psychologies controlled by taboos and superstitions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asis_–_the_Supreme_Being"><span id="Asis_.E2.80.93_the_Supreme_Being"></span>Asis – the Supreme Being</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asis – the Supreme Being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalenjin were <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> worshippers of one Supreme Being—as were many African ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_God">Names of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Names of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main names for the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">Supreme Being</a> in Kalenjin mythology were Asis and Cheptalel though other names were also used. For example, the Sabaot used the name <i>Yeeyiin</i>, the Suk used <i>Iilat</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Marakwet_people" title="Marakwet people">Marakwet</a> used <i>Chebet chebo Chemataw</i> ('daughter of the day'), <i>Cheptalil</i> ('the one who shines') and <i>Chibo Yim</i> ('man of the sky'). Research has found over twelve main names which the <a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_people" title="Kipsigis people">Kipsigis</a> used for the deity of their traditional worship. The various names were used to indicate the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">salanik</i></span>, the attributes of their deity, much like <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953–4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953–4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deities">Deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalenjin natural philosophy describes two principal deities, Asis and Ilat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn19738–9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn19738–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the southern sections of the Kalenjin, however, there are three principal supernatural beings since Ilat's dual nature is identified as two separate deities, Ilet ne-mie and Ilet ne-ya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190940–42_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190940–42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ilat/Ilet is associated with thunder and rain. He is said to inhabit deep pools and waterfalls<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn19738–9_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipkorirWelbourn19738–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the rainbow is his discarded garments. Among the Nandi, Ilet ne-mie and Ilet ne-ya respectively are good and a bad thunder gods. The crashing of thunder near at hand is said to be Ilet ne-ya trying to come to earth to kill people while the distant rumbling of thunder is Ilet ne-mie protecting man by driving away his namesake. Forked lightning is the sword of Ilet ne-ya, while sheet lightning is said to be the sword of Ilet ne-mie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190999_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalenjin traditionally did not build a structure for worship, "as it was felt that this would have reduced His power and would have limited it to a particular building". They did, however, have three main places of traditional worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish19953-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kaapkoros</i></span>, which was a hilltop set aside for worship by the Kalenjin. When the Kalenjin or the various sections would settle at a place, one hilltop would be set aside for worship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the tribe expanded and people moved further away from this point, other hilltops would be set aside as being sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish199524_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish199524-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, the first <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kaapkoros</i></span> took place very soon after the Kalenjin settled in Kenya—or even long before that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish199546_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish199546-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People gathered on average once a year at <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kaapkoros</i></span>, where worship would be led by the priests, known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Tisiik</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish199525–26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish199525–26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Mabwaita</i></span> is a term used by the Kipsigis section for the family altar or prayer tree which was positioned to the east of the house as one exited from the door. The Nandi and Keiyo sections called it <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">korosyoot</i></span>. This was a duplicate of the one at <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kaapkoros</i></span></i> and was the centre for worship and ceremonies connected with the home and family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish199547–48_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish199547–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Sach ooraan</i></span> is a Kalenjin term used for the intersection of two or more paths or roads. <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Sach ang'wan</i></span> is used for the place where four paths or roads branch off. Years ago when a crossroad was being used for a ceremony or practice, it was considered to be a shrine. It was remembered ever afterwards that the spot had been used for the removal of something bad. Children were not allowed to go near a shrine at an intersection. Casting a leaf at <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">sach ooraan</i></span> was a form of prayer to Asis to drive away disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishFish199557_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishFish199557-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_knowledge">Traditional knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditional knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamuratanet"><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kamuratanet</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kamuratanet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln"><a href="/wiki/Kamuratanet" title="Kamuratanet">Kamuratanet</a></i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a> traditional process of teaching its members appropriate <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Skills">skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral standards">moral standards</a>. <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kamuratanet</i></span> provides parameters that are used to determine what is acceptable and normal and what is not acceptable, and therefore abnormal. Though carried out throughout an individual's lifetime, it is formalized during <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">yatitaet</i></span> (circumcision) and subsequent <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">tumdo</i></span> (initiation).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Kalenjin medicine recognized both supernatural and technical skills, with male practitioners more associated with the former and female practitioners with the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a person fell ill, it was attributed to an angry spirit, often of a relation, and a cleansing ceremony was performed following which treatment was carried out. Medicines were made out of bark, roots and leaves of various trees and plants. Surgery was practiced and limbs skillfully set and amputated. <a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a> was frequently made use of and wounds were at times cauterized using a fire-stick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190970_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190970-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chepkerichot"><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Chepkerichot</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chepkerichot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nandi <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">chepkerichot</i></span> corresponds to an ordinary medical practitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Nandi doctors of the 21st century are called <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">chepkerichot</i></span>. Both males and females could attend this role, except in the special class of midwives (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kork'ap sikis</i></span>) which were attended to only by females. Though they charged fees, these were not payable unless or until the patient recovered. The medicinal properties and preparations of plants were a secret handed down from father to son or from mother to daughter. The Nandi <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">chepkerichot</i></span> could perform minor operations including bleeding, cupping and bone-setting but in the case of major operations, a specialist was called in from <a href="/wiki/Terik_people" title="Terik people">Terik</a>. In the early 20th century it was noted that the Terik "specialists perform(ed) operations of some magnitude".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemsted19239_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemsted19239-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pokot knowledge of various heavenly bodies has been captured within <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_mythology" title="Kalenjin mythology">Kalenjin mythology</a>. Among the Nandi, some of these terms are shared. The <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Poit'ap kechei</i></span> (literally 'sea of stars'), the morning star <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Tapoiyot</i></span>, the midnight star <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kokeliet</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt" title="Orion's Belt">Orion's belt</a> <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kakipsomok</i></span>. The Milky Way was traditionally perceived as a great lake in which children are bathing and playing. However, there are indications that there was an awareness of the movement of the stars. For instance, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evening_star" class="extiw" title="wikt:evening star">Evening star</a> is called the Okiek's star – <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipokiot</i></span> – because it was by its appearance, in times past, that the wives of the <a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a> knew that their husbands were shortly to return home. Further, there are indications that this movement of stars was sometimes linked to earthly concerns. Here, it was by the appearance or non-appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> – <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Koremerik</i></span> – that the Nandi knew whether or not to expect a good or a bad harvest. Sometimes superstitions were held regarding certain events. A <a href="/wiki/22%C2%B0_halo" title="22° halo">halo</a> – <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">ormarichet</i></span> – was traditionally said to represent a cattle stockade. At least as of the early 20th century, a <a href="/wiki/Parhelic_circle" title="Parhelic circle">break</a> occurring on the east side was considered to be unlucky while one on the west side was seen to be lucky. A <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> – <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">cheptapisiet</i></span> or <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kipsaruriet</i></span> – was at the same time regarded as the precursor of a great misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis1909100_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1909100-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation">Initiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Initiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Woto" class="mw-redirect" title="Woto">Woto</a></div> <p>The practice of initiation straddled many aspects of traditional Kalenjin society, being a cycle in the traditional calendar (roughly equivalent to a century) and playing a significant role in military tradition during the Maasai era. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a> have a tradition that the first man who practiced <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> in Nandi is said to have been one Kipkenyo who came from a country called Do<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190999_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (other accounts To, indicating the intervocalic Kalenjin *d sound – closest pronunciation <i>Tto</i>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The story goes that Kipkenyo had a number of brothers and sisters who all died when they reached puberty, so Kipkenyo decided when he had a number of children of his own to 'change' them all at this age. He therefore circumcised them, and as none of his children died, the Nandi followed his example, with the result that circumcision became general. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hollis, A. C., <i>The Nandi – Their Language and Folklore</i>, 1909</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This corresponds with linguistic studies which indicate a period of significant cultural transfer between Southern Nilotes and Eastern Cushities prior to Southern Nilotic entry into western Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhret1998162_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhret1998162-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic studies place this point of cultural interaction at a place located near the common border between the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corresponds with the location mentioned in the narrative i.e. Tuluet-ap-Seike (today Mt Sekker).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190999_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A man was usually in his mid-twenties when he married. As males were circumcised only at twelve- to fifteen-year intervals, the youngest age for circumcision of boys was about thirteen years old. Occasionally a boy was married in his teens where his father was wealthy or old and had no other sons who could inherit his property. Similarly, a girl was never married until she had been <a href="/wiki/Female_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Female circumcision">circumcised</a>. Female initiation ceremonies took place every year from about a month after rains (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">iwot kot</i></span>) March until (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kipsunde</i></span>) September<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so that there would be plenty of food for them. A bride would usually be in her mid- or late teens and would have been circumcised within the previous two to three years, having spent the intervening period in strict seclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrangement_of_marriage">Arrangement of marriage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arrangement of marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first marriage of a man and a girl was arranged by their parents or guardians accordingly to the prospective bridegroom; a man with a marriageable daughter was obliged to wait until approached with an offer of marriage. On the other hand, a young man could ask his father to procure a wife for him he could name the particular girl of his choice. Polygamy was practiced by the tribe. </p><p><b>Bride price:</b> The bride's father stated the <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kanyiok</i></span>) which varied slightly in amount from clan to clan but not within a particular clan. It would be in the region of two herd of cattle (one heifer and one ox) and three sheep and or goats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceremony">Ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the wedding was officiated by an elder; the bride and groom would be blessed by four people carrying bouquets of the sinendet (traditionally auspicious plant) who would form a procession and go round the couple four times. Finally the bride and groom would bind a sprig of sekutiet (traditionally auspicious plant) onto each other's wrists. This was followed by feasting and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female-female_marriages">Female-female marriages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Female-female marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female-female marriages within the Nandi culture have been reported,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is unclear if they are still practiced, and only about three percent of Nandi marriages are female-female. Female-female marriages are a socially approved way for a woman to take over the social and economic roles of a husband and father. They were allowed only in cases where a woman either had no children of her own, had daughters only (one of them could be "retained" at home) or her daughter(s) had married off. The system was practiced "to keep the fire"—in other words, to sustain the family lineage, or patriline, and was a way to work around the problem of infertility or a lack of male heirs. A woman who married another woman for this purpose had to undergo an "inversion" ceremony to "change" into a man. This biological woman, now socially male, became a "husband" to a younger female and a "father" to the younger woman's children, and had to provide a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> to her wife's family. She was expected to renounce her female duties (such as housework), and take on the obligations of a husband; additionally, she was allowed the social privileges accorded to men, such as attending the private male circumcision ceremonies. No sexual relations were permitted between the female husband and her new wife (nor between the female husband and her old husband); rather, the female husband chose a male consort for the new wife so she will be able to bear children. The wife's children considered the female husband to be their father, not the biological father, because she (or "he") was the socially designated father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals_and_games">Festivals and games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Festivals and games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As elsewhere in Africa and the rest of the world, the Kalenjin celebrated various festivals and Kalenjin children had toys and played at different games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kipsundet"><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsundet</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kipsundet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsundet</i></span> was a <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> observed during the months of September and October which was during the time of the ripening of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusine" title="Eleusine">eleusine grain</a> (finger millet) and after it had been harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in contemporary times, this period usually marks the start of the harvest of the long rains grain crop in the western Kenyan regions. This is the main harvest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsundet</i></span>, which occurred in September and after which the month was named, each owner of a plantation would go with her daughters into the cornfields and make a bonfire of the branches and leaves of the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">lapotuet</i></span> and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">pêk'ap tarit</i></span> trees. Some eleusine was then plucked and one grain fixed in the necklace whilst another was rubbed on the forehead, throat and breast by each woman and girl. No joy was shown by the womenfolk on this occasion and they sorrowfully cut a basketful of the grain which they took home with them and placed in the loft to dry. A few days later, porridge made from the new grain was served with milk at the evening meal, and all the members of the family would take some of the food and dab it on the walls and roofs of the huts. The head of the household would then hold some eleusine grain in his hand and would offer up a prayer with everybody present repeating the words after him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the month of October, after the gathering of the harvest, the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsunde oeñg</i></span> or <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsude nepalet</i></span> ceremony would be held. This festival was a community-wide celebration that was observed locally, i.e. each <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">bororiet</i></span> would hold its own feast on top of a hill or in a large open plain. The festival featured feasting with a particular feature being a roast that made use of four different types of wood as fuel; a large bonfire would first be made using <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">emdit</i></span> and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">tekat</i></span> wood, on top of which <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kemeliet</i></span> and <i><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">lapotuet</i></span></i> shrubs would be thrown. There was often also dancing of various styles such as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kambakta</i></span>, a warriors' dance, and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">sondoiyo</i></span>, an old people's dance. The musical accompaniments usually included lyres, pipes and the <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">sukutit</i></span> drums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the ceremony, women would go down to the river and pick two stones from the river, one which they would keep in their water jar and one in their granaries until the next <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsundet</i></span> festival. The festival was described as 'obsolescent' in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source is older than 1950 (September 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_games"><span id="Children.27s_games"></span>Children's games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Children's games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small children were fond of building huts in the sand and would collect snails, pebbles and solanum berries to represent cows, sheep and goats. Small boys also played mock war games, arming themselves with wooden spears and shields and clubs made of bulrushes. Small girls made dolls out of the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Sausage_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sausage tree">sausage tree</a> and dressed these up in skins and necklaces and bracelets made of seeds. Other games little children played included <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">mororochet</i></span> (frog) and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kimnis</i></span>, where ten to twenty children would sit in a circle and pass a piece of live charcoal behind them. One child stood outside the circle and tried to guess who had the charcoal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_adult_pastimes">Youth and adult pastimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Youth and adult pastimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Youth and adults also had favorite pastimes. Big boys and girls sometimes had mock circumcision festivals but since children were not allowed to talk of circumcision, they called it branding. Other games included <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">talus</i></span> (shooting the bow, which was said to represent the bleeding of oxen), <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">chemosiraitet</i></span> (high jump) and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kangetet</i></span> (lifting the spear). </p><p><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kechuiek</i></span>, the almost universal game of <a href="/wiki/Bao_(game)" title="Bao (game)">bao</a>, was sometimes played by adults, though they did not make a board containing compartments as do many <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu</a> tribes but rather made holes in the earth in which they circulated seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190982_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190982-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_time">Divisions of time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Divisions of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalenjin year (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kenyit</i></span>) started in February. It had two seasons known as <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">olto</i></span> (pl. <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">oltosiek</i></span>) and was divided into twelve months, <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">arawet</i></span> (pl. <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">arawek</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons_(oltosiek)"><span id="Seasons_.28oltosiek.29"></span>Seasons (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">oltosiek</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Seasons (oltosiek)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first season of the year, <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">olt-ap-iwot</i></span> (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">iwotet</i></span>), was the wet season and ran from March to August. The dry season, <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">olt-ap-keme</i></span> (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kemeut</i></span>), ran from September to February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kipsunde</i></span> and <span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">kipsunde oieng</i></span> harvest ceremonies were held in September and October, respectively, to mark the change in seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months_(arawek)"><span id="Months_.28arawek.29"></span>Months (<span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">arawek</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Months (arawek)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Corresponding month </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kiptamo</i></span> </td> <td>'Hot in the fields' </td> <td>February </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Iwat-kut</i></span> </td> <td>'Rain in showers' </td> <td>March </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Wake</i></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>April<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Ngei</i></span> </td> <td>'Heart pushed on one side by hunger' </td> <td>May </td></tr> <tr> <th>5th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Rob-tui</i></span> </td> <td>'Black rain or black clouds' </td> <td>June </td></tr> <tr> <th>6th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Puret</i></span> </td> <td>'Mist' </td> <td>July </td></tr> <tr> <th>7th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Epeso</i></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>August </td></tr> <tr> <th>8th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsunde</i></span> </td> <td>'Offering to God in the cornfields' </td> <td>September </td></tr> <tr> <th>9th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Kipsunde oieng*</i></span> </td> <td>'Second offering to God' </td> <td>October </td></tr> <tr> <th>10th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Mulkul</i></span> </td> <td>'Strong wind' </td> <td>November </td></tr> <tr> <th>11th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Mulkulik oieng</i></span> </td> <td>'Second strong wind' </td> <td>December </td></tr> <tr> <th>12th month </th> <td><span title="Kalenjin-language text"><i lang="kln">Ngotioto</i></span> </td> <td>'Month of pin-cushion plant' </td> <td>January<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190995_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190995-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKyule1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Kyule, David M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/19567/Kyule_Economy%20and%20subsistence%20of%20Iron%20Age%20Sirikwa%20culture%20at%20hyrax%20hill%2c%20Nakuru%3a%20a%20zooarchaeological%20approach.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y"><i>Economy and subsistence of iron age Sirikwa Culture at Hyrax Hill, Nakuru: a zooarcheaological approach</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Economy+and+subsistence+of+iron+age+Sirikwa+Culture+at+Hyrax+Hill%2C+Nakuru%3A+a+zooarcheaological+approach&rft.inst=University+of+Nairobi&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kyule&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferepository.uonbi.ac.ke%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11295%2F19567%2FKyule_Economy%2520and%2520subsistence%2520of%2520Iron%2520Age%2520Sirikwa%2520culture%2520at%2520hyrax%2520hill%252c%2520Nakuru%253a%2520a%2520zooarchaeological%2520approach.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhret1998178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhret1998178_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhret1998">Ehret 1998</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesaina1991" class="citation book cs1">Chesaina, Ciarunji (1991). <i>Oral literature of the Kalenjin</i>. Nairobi: Heinmann Kenya. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-46-891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-46-891-8"><bdi>978-9966-46-891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+literature+of+the+Kalenjin&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Heinmann+Kenya&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-9966-46-891-8&rft.aulast=Chesaina&rft.aufirst=Ciarunji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell19549–10-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell19549–10_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnell1954">Snell 1954</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhret1998179-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhret1998179_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhret1998">Ehret 1998</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell195411-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell195411_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnell1954">Snell 1954</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell195410-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnell195410_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnell1954">Snell 1954</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190949-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190949_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190911_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1982_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels1982">Daniels 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipchumba2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kipchumba" title="Paul Kipchumba">Kipchumba, Paul</a> (2016). <i>Oral Literature of the Marakwet of Kenya</i>. Nairobi. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781973160069" title="Special:BookSources/9781973160069"><bdi>9781973160069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Literature+of+the+Marakwet+of+Kenya&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781973160069&rft.aulast=Kipchumba&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeech19116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeech19116_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeech1911">Beech 1911</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190940-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190940_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190931-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190931_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeech19111-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeech19111_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeech1911">Beech 1911</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMhando200824-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMhando200824_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMhando200824_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMhando2008">Mhando 2008</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190936-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190936_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1909276-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis1909276_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobley190239-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobley190239_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobley190239_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobley1902">Hobley 1902</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemsted1923">Hemsted 1923</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchieng'Maxon199240_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOchieng'Maxon1992">Ochieng' & Maxon 1992</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190926-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190926_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hivisasa&rft.atitle=Interesting+steps+in+traditional+marriage+ceremony+amongst+the+Kalenjin+community&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft.aulast=Nick&rft.aufirst=Kiprono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhivisasa.com%2Fposts%2Finteresting-steps-in-traditional-marriage-ceremony-amongst-the-kalenjin-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOboler1980" class="citation journal cs1">Oboler, Regine Smith (January 1980). "Is the Female Husband a Man? Woman/Woman Marriage among the Nandi of Kenya". <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 69–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773320">10.2307/3773320</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773320">3773320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Is+the+Female+Husband+a+Man%3F+Woman%2FWoman+Marriage+among+the+Nandi+of+Kenya&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-88&rft.date=1980-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oboler&rft.aufirst=Regine+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946–47_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOboler1985" class="citation book cs1">Oboler, Regina Smith (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miWsAAAAIAAJ"><i>Women, Power, and Economic Change: The Nandi of Kenya</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804712248" title="Special:BookSources/9780804712248"><bdi>9780804712248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Power%2C+and+Economic+Change%3A+The+Nandi+of+Kenya&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780804712248&rft.aulast=Oboler&rft.aufirst=Regina+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiWsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgotho2019" class="citation news cs1">Ngotho, Agatha (25 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-25-heavy-rains-delay-maize-harvest-in-north-rift/">"Heavy rains delay maize harvest in North Rift"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Kenya)" title="The Star (Kenya)">The Star</a></i>. Nairobi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Heavy+rains+delay+maize+harvest+in+North+Rift&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Ngotho&rft.aufirst=Agatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-star.co.ke%2Fnews%2F2019-11-25-heavy-rains-delay-maize-harvest-in-north-rift%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190982-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190982_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190994-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190994_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190946-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190946_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis190995-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollis190995_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollis1909">Hollis 1909</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech1911" class="citation book cs1">Beech, Mervyn Worcester Howard (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029887340"><i>The Suk – Their Language and Folklore</i></a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suk+%E2%80%93+Their+Language+and+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+Worcester+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029887340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1982" class="citation conference cs1">Daniels, Robert E. (7 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danielsanthropology.com/papers/ageset2/KalenjinAgeSetCoordination.html"><i>The Extent of Age-set Coordination Among the Kalenjin</i></a>. 25th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association. Washington, D.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Extent+of+Age-set+Coordination+Among+the+Kalenjin&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1982-11-07&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanielsanthropology.com%2Fpapers%2Fageset2%2FKalenjinAgeSetCoordination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret1998" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (1998). <i>An African Classical Age: Eastern & Southern Africa in World History 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813918143" title="Special:BookSources/9780813918143"><bdi>9780813918143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+Classical+Age%3A+Eastern+%26+Southern+Africa+in+World+History+1000+B.C.+to+A.D.+400&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780813918143&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishFish1995" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Burnette C.; Fish, Gerald W. (1995). <i>The Kalenjin Heritage: Traditional Religious and Social Practices</i>. Kericho, Kenya, Marion, Ind.: Africa Gospel Church. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962040665" title="Special:BookSources/9780962040665"><bdi>9780962040665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalenjin+Heritage%3A+Traditional+Religious+and+Social+Practices&rft.place=Kericho%2C+Kenya%2C+Marion%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Africa+Gospel+Church&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780962040665&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Burnette+C.&rft.au=Fish%2C+Gerald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemsted1923" class="citation journal cs1">Hemsted, Charles (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_101751_thetribalorganisationofthenand1923">"The Tribal Organisation of the Nandi"</a>. <i>Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society</i>. The East Africa Natural History Society – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+East+Africa+and+Uganda+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Tribal+Organisation+of+the+Nandi&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Hemsted&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcbarchive_101751_thetribalorganisationofthenand1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobley1902" class="citation book cs1">Hobley, Charles William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easternugandaan00hoblgoog"><i>Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Uganda%2C+an+Ethnological+Survey&rft.pub=Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Hobley&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasternugandaan00hoblgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis1909" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Alfred Claud (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanditheirlangua00holl/mode/2up"><i>The Nandi – Their Language and Folklore</i></a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nandi+%E2%80%93+Their+Language+and+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Claud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnanditheirlangua00holl%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandagor1993" class="citation thesis cs1">Kandagor, Daniel Rotich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/23958"><i>The economic transformation of the Tugen of Kenya: 1895 - 1963</i></a> (Thesis). University of Nairobi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+economic+transformation+of+the+Tugen+of+Kenya%3A+1895+-+1963&rft.inst=University+of+Nairobi&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kandagor&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Rotich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferepository.uonbi.ac.ke%2Fhandle%2F11295%2F23958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipkorirWelbourn1973" class="citation book cs1">Kipkorir, Benjamin Edgar; Welbourn, Frederick Burkewood (1973). <i>The Marakwet of Kenya: A Preliminary Study</i>. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770181">770181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marakwet+of+Kenya%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=East+African+Literature+Bureau&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770181&rft.aulast=Kipkorir&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Edgar&rft.au=Welbourn%2C+Frederick+Burkewood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMhando2008" class="citation report cs1">Mhando, Jacob (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00374-EN.pdf">Safeguarding Endangered Oral Traditions in East Africa</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). UNESCO Nairobi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Safeguarding+Endangered+Oral+Traditions+in+East+Africa&rft.pub=UNESCO+Nairobi&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Mhando&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fdoc%2Fsrc%2F00374-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchieng'Maxon1992" class="citation book cs1">Ochieng', William Robert; Maxon, Robert M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WAwtUYnNPwC&q=kalenjin&pg=PA41"><i>An Economic History of Kenya</i></a>. Nairobi: East African Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789966469632" title="Special:BookSources/9789966469632"><bdi>9789966469632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Kenya&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=East+African+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789966469632&rft.aulast=Ochieng%27&rft.aufirst=William+Robert&rft.au=Maxon%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WAwtUYnNPwC%26q%3Dkalenjin%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1954" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Geoffrey Stuart (1954). <i>Nandi Customary Law</i>. Kenya Literature Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nandi+Customary+Law&rft.pub=Kenya+Literature+Bureau&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+Kalenjin+society" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&oldid=1243244972">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Kalenjin_society&oldid=1243244972</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kalenjin" title="Category:Kalenjin">Kalenjin</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kalenjin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kalenjin-language text">Articles containing Kalenjin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_uncoded-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing uncoded-language text">Articles containing uncoded-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from September 2023">Articles with self-published sources from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 August 2024, at 10:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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