CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>World Bank - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"51dac56d-3e2e-4cbd-b91e-5cf8ec1d0c0a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"World_Bank","wgTitle":"World Bank","wgCurRevisionId":1258810735,"wgRevisionId":1258810735,"wgArticleId":45358446,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2021","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with excerpts","Commons category link from Wikidata","World Bank","World Bank Group", "1944 in economic history","Carbon finance","International economic organizations","Multilateral development banks","Organizations based in Washington, D.C.","Organizations established in 1944","Pennsylvania Avenue","Supranational banks","United Nations Development Group"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"World_Bank","wgRelevantArticleId":45358446,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"The_World_Bank","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/World_Bank","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7164","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/1200px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="971"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/800px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="648"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/640px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="World Bank - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-World_Bank rootpage-World_Bank skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+Bank" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+Bank" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+Bank" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+Bank" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidents_and_boards_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidents_and_boards_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vice presidents and boards of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidents_and_boards_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_economists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_economists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Chief economists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_economists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians_who_were_World_Bank_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians_who_were_World_Bank_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Politicians who were World Bank employees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians_who_were_World_Bank_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Members </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Members subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voting_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Voting power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_20_largest_countries_by_voting_power_in_each_World_Bank_institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_20_largest_countries_by_voting_power_in_each_World_Bank_institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_20_largest_countries_by_voting_power_in_each_World_Bank_institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Bank_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Bank_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 World Bank Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Bank_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_social_safeguards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_social_safeguards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environmental and social safeguards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_social_safeguards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loans_for_environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loans_for_environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Loans for environmental protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loans_for_environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_reduction_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_reduction_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Poverty reduction strategies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_reduction_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_inequalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_inequalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Reducing inequalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_inequalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 United Nations Department of Global Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_data_and_open_knowledge_repository" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_data_and_open_knowledge_repository"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Open data and open knowledge repository </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_data_and_open_knowledge_repository-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Health_Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Health_Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 International Health Partnership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Health_Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Response to climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grants_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grants_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grants table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grants_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticisms and controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms and controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_adjustment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_adjustment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Structural adjustment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairness_of_assistance_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairness_of_assistance_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Fairness of assistance conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairness_of_assistance_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sovereign immunity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cronyism_and_Elite_Capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronyism_and_Elite_Capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cronyism and Elite Capture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronyism_and_Elite_Capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_specific_loans_and_programs_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_specific_loans_and_programs_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Criticism of specific loans and programs in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_specific_loans_and_programs_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">World Bank</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" > 133 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wêreldbank" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltbank" title="Weltbank – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weltbank" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="የአለም ባንክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአለም ባንክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="البنك الدولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البنك الدولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Banco Mundial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="বিশ্ব বেংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্ব বেংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancu_Mundial" title="Bancu Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bancu Mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_Bank%C4%B1" title="Dünya Bankı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dünya Bankı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="دونیا بانکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونیا بانکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Wariso" title="Dunia Wariso – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dunia Wariso" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="বিশ্ব ব্যাংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্ব ব্যাংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_G%C3%AEn-h%C3%A2ng" title="Sè-kài Gîn-hâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-kài Gîn-hâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Бөтә донъя банкы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөтә донъя банкы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Сусветны банк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветны банк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Сусьветны банк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьветны банк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong_Pankinaban" title="Bangkong Pankinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bangkong Pankinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Световна банка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Световна банка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_banka" title="Svjetska banka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetska banka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank-bed" title="Bank-bed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bank-bed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_Mundial" title="Banc Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_banka" title="Světová banka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světová banka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_y_Byd" title="Banc y Byd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Banc y Byd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensbanken" title="Verdensbanken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Verdensbanken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="لبنك الدولي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبنك الدولي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltbank" title="Weltbank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltbank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmapank" title="Maailmapank – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailmapank" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monda_Banko" title="Monda Banko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monda Banko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munduko_Bankua" title="Munduko Bankua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Munduko Bankua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بانک جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World Bank Group" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_mondiale" title="Banque mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wr%C3%A2ldbank" title="Wrâldbank – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wrâldbank" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancje_Mondi%C3%A2l" title="Bancje Mondiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bancje Mondiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Banc_Domhanda" title="An Banc Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Banc Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banco Mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengi_ya_Th%C4%A9" title="Bengi ya Thĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bengi ya Thĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95" title="વિશ્વ બેંક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિશ્વ બેંક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Ngi%C3%B9n-h%C3%B2ng_Si%CC%8Dp-th%C3%B2n" title="Sṳ-kie Ngiùn-hòng Si̍p-thòn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ-kie Ngiùn-hòng Si̍p-thòn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="세계은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin_Duniya" title="Bankin Duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bankin Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Համաշխարհային բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="विश्व बैंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्व बैंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_banka" title="Svjetska banka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetska banka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondala_Banko" title="Mondala Banko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mondala Banko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="World Bank" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_ti_Lubong" title="Banko ti Lubong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Banko ti Lubong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank Dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0abankinn" title="Alþjóðabankinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðabankinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Mondiale" title="Banca Mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banca Mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="הבנק העולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבנק העולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Donya" title="Bank Donya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bank Donya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿಶ್ವ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Дуния банк – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Дуния банк" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მსოფლიო ბანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსოფლიო ბანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Дүниежүзілік банк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дүниежүзілік банк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benki_ya_Dunia" title="Benki ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Benki ya Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Бүткүл дүйнөлүк банк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бүткүл дүйнөлүк банк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentaria_mundana" title="Argentaria mundana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Argentaria mundana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaules_Banka" title="Pasaules Banka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasaules Banka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltbank" title="Weltbank – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weltbank" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulio_Bankas" title="Pasaulio Bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulio Bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werreldbank" title="Werreldbank – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Werreldbank" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gbank" title="Világbank – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világbank" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Светска банка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светска банка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banky_Maneran-Tany" title="Banky Maneran-Tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Banky Maneran-Tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ലോക ബാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോക ബാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95" title="जागतिक बँक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिक बँक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="مجموعة البنك الدولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجموعة البنك الدولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bank Dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Дэлхийн Банк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн Банк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%98%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာ့ဘဏ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ့ဘဏ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldbank" title="Wereldbank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldbank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="विश्व बैङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्व बैङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA" title="वर्ल्ड बैंक ग्रुप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वर्ल्ड बैंक ग्रुप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="世界銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Дерригдуьненан банк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дерригдуьненан банк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltbeenk" title="Weltbeenk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weltbeenk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensbanken" title="Verdensbanken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdensbanken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdsbanken" title="Verdsbanken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdsbanken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Mondiala" title="Banca Mondiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Banca Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahon_banki" title="Jahon banki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jahon banki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਬੈਂਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਬੈਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9" title="عالمی بنک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی بنک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_Mundial" title="Banko Mundial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Banko Mundial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="نړیوال بانک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړیوال بانک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80" title="ធនាគារពិភពលោក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ធនាគារពិភពលោក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Mondial" title="Banca Mondial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Banca Mondial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltbank" title="Weltbank – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weltbank" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_%C5%9Awiatowy" title="Bank Światowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank Światowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_bank%C4%B1" title="Dünya bankı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dünya bankı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Mondial%C4%83" title="Banca Mondială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Banca Mondială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Qullqiwasi" title="Pacha Qullqiwasi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha Qullqiwasi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Світова банка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Світова банка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Всемирный банк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирный банк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аан дойду Баана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду Баана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Banka Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Banka Botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ලෝක බැංකුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝක බැංකුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World Bank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA" title="ورلڊ بينڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ورلڊ بينڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libhange_Lemhlaba" title="Libhange Lemhlaba – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libhange Lemhlaba" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetov%C3%A1_banka" title="Svetová banka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svetová banka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetovna_banka" title="Svetovna banka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetovna banka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بانکی جیھانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانکی جیھانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Светска банка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светска банка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_banka" title="Svjetska banka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svjetska banka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="World Bank" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmanpankki" title="Maailmanpankki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmanpankki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldsbanken" title="Världsbanken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världsbanken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong_Pandaigdig" title="Bangkong Pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangkong Pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="உலக வங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலக வங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6tend%C3%B6nya_bank%C4%B1" title="Bötendönya bankı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bötendönya bankı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%BE%E1%82%83%E1%82%89" title="ယေးငိုၼ်းလုမ်ႈၾႃႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ယေးငိုၼ်းလုမ်ႈၾႃႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ప్రపంచ బ్యాంకు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రపంచ బ్యాంకు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="ธนาคารโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธนาคารโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бонки ҷаҳонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бонки ҷаҳонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_Bankas%C4%B1" title="Dünya Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Світовий банк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світовий банк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9" title="عالمی بنک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی بنک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="دۇنيا بانكىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۇنيا بانكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%27man_bank" title="Mail'man bank – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mail'man bank" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Ngân hàng Thế giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng Thế giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangko_Pankalibutan" title="Bangko Pankalibutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bangko Pankalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="世界银行 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界银行" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="וועלט באנק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועלט באנק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="世界銀行 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世界銀行" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svieta_Banks" title="Svieta Banks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Svieta Banks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="世界银行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界银行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Dunia" title="Bank Dunia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bank Dunia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynjo_bank" title="Dynjo bank – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dynjo bank" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7164#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:World_Bank" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/World_Bank" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/World_Bank" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&oldid=1258810735" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=World_Bank&id=1258810735&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorld_Bank">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorld_Bank">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=World_Bank&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Bank" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/World_Bank" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7164" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Bank&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International financial institution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The World Bank</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Bank_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_World_Bank_logo.svg/250px-The_World_Bank_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_World_Bank_logo.svg/375px-The_World_Bank_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_World_Bank_logo.svg/500px-The_World_Bank_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="63" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/250px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/375px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/500px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="2091" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The World Bank building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data note">July 7, 1944 (80 years ago) (1944-07-07)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="International financial institution">International financial institution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">1818 <a href="/wiki/H_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="H Street (Washington, D.C.)">H Street</a>, NW <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">189 countries (IBRD)<a href="#cite_note-Member_Countries-2">[2]</a> 174 countries (IDA)<a href="#cite_note-Member_Countries-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Axel_van_Trotsenburg" title="Axel van Trotsenburg">Axel van Trotsenburg</a> (Managing Director)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Anshula_Kant" title="Anshula Kant">Anshula Kant</a> (Managing Director and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Financial_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Financial Officer">CFO</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indermit_Gill" title="Indermit Gill">Indermit Gill</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Chief_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Chief Economist">Chief Economist</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">12,300 (in 2020)<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/">worldbank.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The World Bank is an <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="International financial institution">international financial institution</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> to the governments of <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">low-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">middle-income countries</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The World Bank is the collective name for the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD) and <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>. It was established along with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a>. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In its early years, it primarily focused on rebuilding Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> Over time, it focused on providing loans to developing world countries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> In the 1970s, the World Bank re-conceptualized its mission of facilitating development as being oriented around <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by environmental and social safeguards. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit">[update]</a>, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The World Bank hosts an <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Repository" title="Open Knowledge Repository">Open Knowledge Repository</a> for its publications. In 2020, the World Bank’s total commitments amounted to USD 77.1 billion, it had 12,300 full-time staff, and it operated in 145 countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> World Bank projects cover a range of areas from building schools to fighting disease, <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">providing water</a> and electricity, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, and as such, they are linked to most of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The current president (starting in 2023) is <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a> who is known to support <a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">climate action</a>, unlike his predecessor <a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michelle-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/220px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/330px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/440px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, the "founding fathers" of both the World Bank and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)<a href="#cite_note-Bretton_Woods_Founding_Fathers_2004-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> The World Bank was created at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg/220px-The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg/330px-The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg/440px-The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The Gold Room at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington_Hotel" title="Mount Washington Hotel">Mount Washington Hotel</a> where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established</figcaption></figure> Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman_2005-13">[13]</a>: 52–54  The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries that could not obtain loans commercially.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> The bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> In its early years, the bank made a slow start for two reasons: it was underfunded, and there were leadership struggles between the US executive director and the president of the organization. When the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European allies. Until 1968, its loans were <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmark (finance)">earmarked</a> for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans the World Bank made were relatively small. Its staff was aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a> ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman_2005-13">[13]</a>: 56–60  The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France in 1947. The bank's president at the time, <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John McCloy</a>, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of France">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>—the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">tripartite</a>. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.<a href="#cite_note-Bird_1992-15">[15]</a> From 1974 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>. The size and number of loans to borrowers greatly increased, as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Historical_Chronology_1970-1979-16">[16]</a> These changes can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman_2005-13">[13]</a>: 60–63  McNamara implored bank treasurer <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rotberg" title="Eugene Rotberg">Eugene Rotberg</a> to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank.<a href="#cite_note-Rotberg_1994-17">[17]</a> One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of <a href="/wiki/Debt_of_developing_countries" title="Debt of developing countries">debt of developing countries</a>. From 1976 to 1980, developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley_et_al._1995-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toussaint_1999-19">[19]</a> The World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established in 1980, to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Admin_Tribunal_2012-20">[20]</a> McNamara was succeeded by U.S. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s nominee, <a href="/wiki/Alden_W._Clausen" title="Alden W. Clausen">Alden W. Clausen</a>, in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, <a href="/wiki/Hollis_B._Chenery" title="Hollis B. Chenery">Hollis B. Chenery</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Anne_Krueger" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Krueger">Anne Krueger</a> was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing developing countries' governments as "<a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> states". During the 1980s, the bank emphasized lending to service debt of developing countries, and <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Cornia_et_al._1987-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> The president of the bank is the president of the entire <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>. The president is responsible for chairing meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the bank. Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the <a href="/wiki/2012_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election" title="2012 World Bank Group presidential election">president of the World Bank</a> has been selected from candidates nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank. This is significant because the World Bank tends to lend more readily to countries that are friendly with the United States, not because of direct U.S. influence but because of the employees of the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 2012, for the first time, two non-US citizens were nominated. The nominee is subject to confirmation by the board of executive directors to serve a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.<a href="#cite_note-Hurlburt_2012-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Leadership_2012-26">[26]</a> On 23 March 2012, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced that the United States would nominate <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a> as the next president of the bank.<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_2012-27">[27]</a> Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 and reelected to a second five-year term in 2017. He announced that he would resign effective 1 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He was replaced on an interim basis by now-former World Bank CEO <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a> on 9 April 2019. David Malpass faced criticism in 2023 as he had "sparked outcry by appearing to question the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">role of humans in climate change</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Michelle-9">[9]</a> In 2023, a new president was appointed: <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a>. His term began on 2 June 2023. He was supported by the American president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> partly because he supports <a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">climate action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michelle-9">[9]</a> He is also expected to help low-income countries deal with debts. He is the first Indian American to lead the bank.<a href="#cite_note-Michelle-9">[9]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presidents of the World Bank </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Previous work </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> </td> <td>1946–1946 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Newspaper publisher and <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a> </td> <td>1947–1949 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Lawyer and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Assistant Secretary of War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_R._Black,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene R. Black, Sr.">Eugene R. Black, Sr.</a> </td> <td>1949–1963 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Bank executive with <a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Bank</a> and executive director with the World Bank </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_David_Woods" title="George David Woods">George Woods</a> </td> <td>1963–1968 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Bank executive with <a href="/wiki/First_Boston" title="First Boston">First Boston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> </td> <td>1968–1981 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>President of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> under presidents <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alden_W._Clausen" title="Alden W. Clausen">Alden W. Clausen</a> </td> <td>1981–1986 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Lawyer, bank executive with <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">Barber Conable</a> </td> <td>1986–1991 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>New York State Senator and US Congressman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thompson_Preston" title="Lewis Thompson Preston">Lewis T. Preston</a> </td> <td>1991–1995 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Bank executive with <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">James Wolfensohn</a> </td> <td>1995–2005 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office. Corporate lawyer and banker </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> </td> <td>2005–2007 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Indonesia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Indonesia">US Ambassador to Indonesia</a>, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, a prominent architect of <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> </td> <td>2007–2012 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">US Trade Representative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a> </td> <td>2012–2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, naturalized American citizen<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> (acting) </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>Former <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Budget_and_Administration" title="European Commissioner for Budget and Administration">European Commissioner for the Budget and Human Resources</a> and 2010's "European of the Year" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a> </td> <td>2019–2023 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_International_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs">Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a> </td> <td>2023–present </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Former head of <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a><a href="#cite_note-Michelle-9">[9]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidents_and_boards_of_directors">Vice presidents and boards of directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vice presidents and boards of directors">edit</a>]</div> The vice presidents of the bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two executive vice presidents, three senior vice presidents, and 24 vice presidents.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Senior_Management_2012-31">[31]</a> The boards of directors consist of the World Bank Group president and 25 executive directors. The president is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except to break a tie. The executive directors as individuals cannot exercise any power or commit or represent the bank unless the boards specifically authorized them to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of executive directors increased by one, to 25.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Boards_of_Directors_2012-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_economists">Chief economists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief economists">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Chief_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Chief Economist">World Bank Chief Economist</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>World Bank chief economists<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Nationality </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hollis_B._Chenery" title="Hollis B. Chenery">Hollis B. Chenery</a> </td> <td>1972–1982 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne Osborn Krueger</a> </td> <td>1982–1986 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a> </td> <td>1988–1990 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> </td> <td>1991–1993 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Michael Bruno</a> </td> <td>1993–1996 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> </td> <td>1997–2000 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stern,_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford" title="Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford">Nicholas Stern</a> </td> <td>2000–2003 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bourguignon" title="François Bourguignon">François Bourguignon</a> </td> <td>2003–2007 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Yifu_Lin" title="Justin Yifu Lin">Justin Yifu Lin</a> </td> <td>2008–2012 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Kaushik Basu</a> </td> <td>2012–2016 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a> </td> <td>2016–2018 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Devarajan" title="Shanta Devarajan">Shanta Devarajan</a> (Acting) </td> <td>2018–2018 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinelopi_Koujianou_Goldberg" title="Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg">Penny Goldberg</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>2018–2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aart Kraay (Acting)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>2020–2020 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Reinhart" title="Carmen Reinhart">Carmen Reinhart</a> </td> <td>2020–2022 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indermit_Gill" title="Indermit Gill">Indermit Gill</a> </td> <td>2022–present </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff">Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Staff">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the World Bank had 12,300 full-time staff, and it operated in 145 countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians_who_were_World_Bank_employees">Politicians who were World Bank employees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politicians who were World Bank employees">edit</a>]</div> Some notable <a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">politicians</a> who worked for the World Bank include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a>, former Afghanistan president.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ahmed</a> was the chief adviser of the interim <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis">political crisis of 2006–2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a>, former World Bank Managing Director who held several posts in the government of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, including Minister of Finance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mulyani_Indrawati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Mulyani Indrawati">Sri Mulyani Indrawati</a>, former World Bank Managing Director and current Minister of Finance of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Bank_members" title="List of World Bank members">List of World Bank members</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg/220px-World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg/330px-World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg/440px-World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> headquarters building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA) has 174. Each member state of IBRD should also be a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the bank (such as IDA).<a href="#cite_note-Member_Countries-2">[2]</a> The five United Nations member states that are not members of the World Bank are Andorra, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and North Korea. Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the IMF and the World Bank Group, including the IBRD and IDA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_power">Voting power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voting power">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), France (3.75%), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (2.91%),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Russia (2.77%), Saudi Arabia (2.77%) and Italy (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Brazil, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and Spain. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The voting powers of the United States, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> were unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-IBRD_Voting_Power_Realignment_2010-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veloo_2010-43">[43]</a> The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based objective indicators, and transparency among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to the International Development Association contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Stumm_2011-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_20_largest_countries_by_voting_power_in_each_World_Bank_institution">List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution">edit</a>]</div> The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD), the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC), the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA), and the <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a> (MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>The 20 Largest Countries by Voting Power (Number of Votes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></th> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></th> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></th> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">MIGA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">World</td> <td>2,201,754</td> <td align="left">World</td> <td>2,653,476</td> <td align="left">World</td> <td>24,682,951</td> <td align="left">World</td> <td>218,237 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>358,498</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>570,179</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>2,546,503</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>32,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>166,094</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>163,334</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>2,112,243</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>9,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>107,244</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>129,708</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1,510,934</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>9,162 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>97,224</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>121,815</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>1,368,001</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>8,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>87,241</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>121,815</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>908,843</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>8,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>87,241</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>103,747</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>810,293</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>5,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>67,690</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>103,653</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>661,909</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>5,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>67,155</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>82,142</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>629,658</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>5,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>59,004</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>82,142</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>573,858</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>5,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>54,877</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>62,392</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>521,830</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>5,451 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>54,651</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>56,931</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>498,102</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>5,196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>42,948</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>51,410</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>494,360</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>4,048 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>42,613</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>48,129</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>488,209</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>3,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>42,348</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>44,863</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>412,322</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>3,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>36,591</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>40,279</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>312,566</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>2,869 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>36,463</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>38,929</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>275,755</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2,832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>34,718</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>37,826</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>275,474</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>2,491 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>33,296</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>32,402</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>258,209</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>2,436 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>30,910</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>30,862</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>231,685</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>2,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>26,293</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>28,895</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>218,506</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>2,075 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> The World Bank plays a significant role in global economic governance due to its broad mandate, its vast resource base, its frequent and regular interactions with governments as clients, and its myriad publications and databases.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> In 2020, the World Bank’s total commitments amounted to USD 77.1 billion and it operated in 145 countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> World Bank projects cover a range of areas from building schools to fighting disease, <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">providing water</a> and electricity, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, and as such, they are linked to most of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the bank or other parties. The World Bank's <a href="/wiki/Negative_pledge" title="Negative pledge">negative pledge</a> clause prohibits its debtor countries from using public assets to repay other creditors before they repay the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-:Chen-49">[49]</a>: 134  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Bank_Group">World Bank Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World Bank Group">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Bank_Group&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Bank_Group_(53844804648).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg/220px-The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg/330px-The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg/440px-The_World_Bank_Group_%2853844804648%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>The World Bank Group building (Washington, DC)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> (WBG) is a family of five <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> that make <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveraged loan">leveraged loans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. It is the largest and best-known <a href="/wiki/Development_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Development bank">development bank</a> in the world and an observer at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Group">United Nations Development Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The bank is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It provided around $98.83 billion in loans and assistance to "developing" and transition countries in the 2021 fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Group_bicusa1-52">[52]</a> Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $117 billion.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Its five organizations are: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a> (MIGA) and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a> (ICSID).</li></ul> The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as the World Bank. The activities of the World Bank (the IBRD and IDA) focus on <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural development</a> (e.g. irrigation and rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, and electricity), large industrial construction projects, and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the country's economy as a whole. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to the development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Furthermore, the World Bank Group is recognized as a leading funder of climate investments in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_social_safeguards">Environmental and social safeguards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental and social safeguards">edit</a>]</div> To ensure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, the following environmental, social, and legal safeguards were defined: Environmental Assessment, Indigenous Peoples, Involuntary Resettlement, Physical Cultural Resources, Forests, Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Safety of Dams, Projects in Disputed Areas, Projects on International Waterways, and Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the World Bank's 2012 annual meeting in Tokyo, a review of these safeguards was initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> As a result, the World Bank developed a new Environmental and Social Framework, which has been in implementation since 1 October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The World Bank or the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> is also a sitting observer in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">United Nations Sustainable Development Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Development_Group_2012-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loans_for_environmental_protection">Loans for environmental protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Loans for environmental protection">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman_2005-13">[13]</a>: 93–97  It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone-depletion</a> damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991, the bank announced that to protect against <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">in the Amazon</a>, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_reduction_strategies">Poverty reduction strategies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poverty reduction strategies">edit</a>]</div> For the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">poorest developing countries</a> in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_Strategy_Paper" title="Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper">poverty reduction strategies</a>; by combining an analysis of local groups with an analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a plan pertaining to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank instigates its aid efforts correspondingly. Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. Wealthier <a href="/wiki/Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations">nations</a> sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases. Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".<a href="#cite_note-Landler_2007-60">[60]</a> World Bank organizes the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Development_Marketplace_Award" title="World Bank Development Marketplace Award">Development Marketplace Awards</a>, a grant program that surfaces and funds development projects with potential for development impact that are scalable and/or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver social and public services to groups with the lowest incomes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_inequalities">Reducing inequalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reducing inequalities">edit</a>]</div> In 2013 the bank adopted the concept of Shared Prosperity as one of the World Bank’s “Twin Goals” for that year, with the other one focusing on poverty reduction, aiming to reduce the share of people in extreme poverty to 3 percent of the global population by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The bank defined Shared Prosperity as increasing the income of the bottom 40 percent of the population in each country. As a result, reducing inequality, in this definition, had become an integral part of the World Bank’s objectives and effectively “broadened its mandate”. The World Bank has been criticized for not embracing the reduction of inequality (be it <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> within a country, or <a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">international inequality</a> between countries) as a goal. Instead, the bank has taken an instrumental approach to the issue, in which inequality policies were seen as useful as long as they contributed to reducing (extreme) poverty or promoting average economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/2030_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Agenda">2030 Agenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goal 10</a> aims at reducing inequalities within countries and among countries. World Bank officials participated in the negotiations for SDG 10 in the years prior to 2015. They advocated for the adoption of the bank's own preferred benchmarks. This ensured that other organizations would evaluate their success based on the bank’s own definition of inequality. Some have argued that the World Bank reduced the transformative potential of SDG 10 during the agenda-setting stage.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> The bank has stated its ambition to help catalyze the SDGs through “thought leadership, global convening, and country-level uptake”. In general, the World Bank strategically uses the power of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs) in its favor to reinforce its own policies or interests while minimizing the chance of being itself reshaped or transformed by these goals. Scholars found that the World Bank used the growing momentum of the (SDGs) to further its strategic objectives without being influenced by the SDGs in turn.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> Also, the bank engaged with the SDGs selectively; efforts to integrate the goals into organizational practices remained limited; and their inclusion in country-level processes is primarily voluntary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications">United Nations Department of Global Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Nations Department of Global Communications">edit</a>]</div> Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Development_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Business">Development Business</a> became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.<a href="#cite_note-Development_Business_2012-62">[62]</a> In 1998, the agreement was renegotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an online version of the publication. Today, Development Business is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, U.N. agencies, and several national governments, many of which have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in Development Business a mandatory requirement.<a href="#cite_note-Development_Business_2012-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_data_and_open_knowledge_repository">Open data and open knowledge repository</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Open data and open knowledge repository">edit</a>]</div> The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse,<a href="#cite_note-Strom_2011-63">[63]</a> whereas the recent publications describing them are available as <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Licenses">Creative Commons Attribution License</a>, for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award.<a href="#cite_note-SPARC_2012-64">[64]</a> The World Bank hosts the <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Repository" title="Open Knowledge Repository">Open Knowledge Repository</a> as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The World Bank's repository is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Research_Data_Repositories" title="Registry of Research Data Repositories">Registry of Research Data Repositories</a> re3data.org.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The World Bank also endorses the <a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Digital_Development" title="Principles for Digital Development">Principles for Digital Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Health_Partnership">International Health Partnership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International Health Partnership">edit</a>]</div> Together with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the World Bank administers the <a href="/wiki/International_Health_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="International Health Partnership">International Health Partnership</a> (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for <a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">aid effectiveness</a> and development cooperation into practice in the <a href="/wiki/Health_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sector">health sector</a>. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society, and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the World Bank announced a $12 billion plan to supply "low and middle income countries" with a vaccine once it was approved.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In June 2022, the bank reported that $10.1 billion had been allocated to supply 78 countries with the vaccine<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The US Treasury has committed $667 million for the World Bank's global Pandemic Fund, a third of the $2 billion the fund hopes to raise.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Pandemic Fund, established in September 2022, is a collaborative initiative among countries, implementing partners, philanthropies, and civil society organizations. It aims to fund investments that address critical gaps in pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response capacities at national, regional, and global levels, with a particular focus on <a href="/wiki/Low-_and_middle-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low- and middle-income countries">low- and middle-income countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The World Bank has been criticized for the slow response of its <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_Emergency_Financing_Facility" title="Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility">Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility</a> (PEF), a fund that was created to provide money to help manage pandemic outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The terms of the PEF, which is financed by bonds sold to private investors, prevent any money from being released from the fund until 12 weeks after the outbreak was initially detected (23 March). The COVID-19 pandemic met all other requirements for the funding to be released in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_to_climate_change">Response to climate change</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Response to climate change">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></div> World Bank President <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a> said in 2012: <blockquote>A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> A World Bank report into <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in 2012 noted that (p. xiii) "even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100." This is despite the fact that the "global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2 °C to prevent 'dangerous' climate change". Furthermore, "a series of recent extreme events worldwide highlight the vulnerability of all countries ... No nation will be immune to the impacts of climate change."<a href="#cite_note-Turn_down_the_heat-75">[75]</a> The World Bank doubled its aid for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> from $2.3bn (£1.47bn) in 2011 to $4.6bn in 2012. The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Technology_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Technology Fund">Clean Technology Fund</a> (CTF), focused on making <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> cost-competitive with coal-fired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, because of the bank's continued investment in <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_2008-78">[78]</a> In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> development,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> but a 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> article found that the bank continues "to finance oil and gas exploration, pipelines and refineries," that "these fossil fuel investments make up a greater share of the bank's current energy lending portfolio than renewable projects," and that the bank "has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil fuels."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> EU finance ministers joined civil sector groups, including <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a>, in November 2019 in calling for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2021, the World Bank offered support to Kazakhstan to help the country in its mission for <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">decarbonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2023 a new president was appointed: <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a>. He was supported by the American president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> partly because he supports <a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">climate action</a>. The former president <a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a> faced criticism as he challenged the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In May 2024, the board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage held its first historic meeting abroad in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>. This important UN Climate Change initiative was operationalized during the COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in December 2023. During the three-day meeting, the board elected Jean-Christophe Donnellier of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Richard Sherman of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> as co-chairs. Furthermore, initiating a process to select an executive director, the board started working on access modalities, financial instruments, facilities, arrangements, and ensuring observer participation in the board meetings and related proceedings. An essential part of the meeting was the discussion between the board and the World Bank on establishing the fund as a World Bank-hosted financial intermediary fund (FIF), specifically focusing on ensuring that the most vulnerable frontline communities can access the fund's resources directly.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grants_table">Grants table</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Grants table">edit</a>]</div> The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded in its <a href="/wiki/International_Aid_Transparency_Initiative" title="International Aid Transparency Initiative">International Aid Transparency Initiative</a> (IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a> development flows" but will not cover other development flows.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="12">Committed funding (US$ millions) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sector</th> <th>Before 2007</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>Sum </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,654.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,993.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,501.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,550.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,032.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,603.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,852.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,883.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,081.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,922.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">723.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,799.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social/ welfare services </td> <td style="text-align:right;">613.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">208.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">185.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,878.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,477.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,493.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,498.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,592.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,745.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,537.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,303.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electrical transmission/ distribution </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,292.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">862.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,740.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,435.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,465.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">907.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,614.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">395.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,457.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,632.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">374.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,177.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public finance management </td> <td style="text-align:right;">334.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">223.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">499.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">129.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">455.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">346.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,156.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,724.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,160.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,438.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">690.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,158.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">279.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">284.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,289.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">912.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">892.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,487.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">841.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">740.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,964.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,172.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,862.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Rural development</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">335.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">237.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">382.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">616.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,317.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">972.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">944.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">177.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,090.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−2.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,452.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urban development and management </td> <td style="text-align:right;">261.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">375.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">733.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">739.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">542.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,308.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">914.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">258.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">747.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,122.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">212.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,214.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business support services and institutions </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">721.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">181.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">363.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">514.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">310.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">760.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,281.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,996.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">491.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,753.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy policy</a> and administrative management </td> <td style="text-align:right;">102.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">243.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">324.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">234.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">762.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">654.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">902.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">480.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,594.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,001.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">347.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,648.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agricultural <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">733.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">749.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">251.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">780.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">819.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">618.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,040.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,214.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">824.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−105.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,011.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Decentralisation and support to subnational government </td> <td style="text-align:right;">904.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">176.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">206.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">331.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">852.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">880.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">466.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,417.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">432.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">821.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,597.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster prevention and preparedness</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">417.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">609.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">852.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">373.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,267.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,759.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">114.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,733.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> - large systems </td> <td style="text-align:right;">441.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">679.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">521.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">422.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">613.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,209.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">268.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">890.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,096.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a> - large systems </td> <td style="text-align:right;">646.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">438.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">298.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">486.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">845.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">640.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">469.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,332.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">609.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">224.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,241.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> and administrative management </td> <td style="text-align:right;">661.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">285.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">673.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,581.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">799.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">251.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">426.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">154.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">368.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">496.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,753.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <th style="text-align:right;">13,162.7 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">6,588.3 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">8,707.1 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">11,425.7 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">17,099.5 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">11,096.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">16,873.4 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">13,967.1 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">20,057.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">21,096.5 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">3,070.3 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">140,074.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th style="text-align:right;">24,602.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">13,069.4 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">17,712.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">27,152.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">33,975.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">26,314.8 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">34,248.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">27,593.9 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">43,748.8 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">41,905.2 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">7,624.5 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">297,948.5 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_controversy">Criticisms and controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criticisms and controversy">edit</a>]</div> The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group <a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a>, and academics, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Mises" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Von Mises">Ludwig Von Mises</a>, and its former Chief Economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz_2003a-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz_2003b-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz_2007-92">[92]</a> Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated.<a href="#cite_note-Hazlitt_1984-93">[93]</a> Stiglitz argued that the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> reform policies that the bank advocates are often harmful to <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> if implemented badly, too quickly ("<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies.<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz_2003b-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2002-94">[94]</a> One of the most common criticisms of the World Bank has been the way it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the bank's leadership and senior management, and their interests dominate.<a href="#cite_note-Woods_2007-95">[95]</a>: 190  Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of <a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">global apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_1996-96">[96]</a>: 133–141  In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>, policies that included <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and liberalization of markets, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries" title="Civil service reform in developing countries">downscaling of government</a>. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment, and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on GDP growth and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards.<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz_2007-92">[92]</a>: 17  The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".<a href="#cite_note-Committee_on_Foreign_Relations_2010-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Ferguson_(anthropologist)" title="James Ferguson (anthropologist)">James Ferguson</a> has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead, the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. His case studies of development projects in <a href="/wiki/Thaba-Tseka_District" title="Thaba-Tseka District">Thaba-Tseka</a> show that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> was flawed, and the bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting its projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Protesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesting">protesting</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Oslo_2002_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests">World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs_2002-99">[99]</a> the 2007 <a href="/wiki/October_Rebellion" title="October Rebellion">October Rebellion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Ruane_2007-100">[100]</a> and the 1999 <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">Battle of Seattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1999-101">[101]</a> Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Kayapo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayapo people">Kayapo people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clendenning_2008-102">[102]</a> Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice," observed <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2012-103">[103]</a> In 2021, an independent inquiry of the World Bank's Doing Business reports by the law firm <a href="/wiki/Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr" title="Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr">WilmerHale</a> found that World Bank leaders, including then-Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> and then-President <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> pressured staff members of the bank to alter data to inflate the rankings for <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In September 2023, it was revealed that the World Bank had poured billions of dollars into fossil fuel projects in 2022. Campaigners estimated that about $3.7bn in trade finance was supplied to oil and gas projects despite the World Bank's green pledges. <a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_adjustment">Structural adjustment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Structural adjustment">edit</a>]</div> The effect of <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a> plunged many countries into economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-deVries_1996-109">[109]</a>: 68  The World Bank responded with <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural adjustment loan">structural adjustment loans</a>, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>, investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange rates">exchange rates</a>, and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, economic growth regressed and inflation worsened. By the late 1980s, some international organizations began to believe that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted. It also have been criticized for being <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap diplomacy</a>. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises.<a href="#cite_note-deVries_1996-109">[109]</a>: 70  In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_Strategy_Paper" title="Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper">Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper</a> approach to replace structural adjustment loans.<a href="#cite_note-Tan_2007-110">[110]</a>: 147  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairness_of_assistance_conditions">Fairness of assistance conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fairness of assistance conditions">edit</a>]</div> Some critics,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> most prominently the author <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>) of the bank and the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a>; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Asian tsunami</a>; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A study of the period 1970–2004 found that a less-developed country would on average receive more World Bank projects during any period when it occupied one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_immunity">Sovereign immunity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sovereign immunity">edit</a>]</div> The World Bank requires <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> from countries it deals with.<a href="#cite_note-IFI_Watch_2004-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Sovereign_Immunity_2007-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasson_2002-116">[116]</a> Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people".<a href="#cite_note-IFI_Watch_2004-114">[114]</a> As the United States has veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.<a href="#cite_note-IFI_Watch_2004-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cronyism_and_Elite_Capture">Cronyism and Elite Capture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cronyism and Elite Capture">edit</a>]</div> Criticism was also leveled under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a>, particularly regarding financial management and staff morale. Reports of a controversial $94,000 bonus awarded to the Bank's CFO, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badr%C3%A9" title="Bertrand Badré">Bertrand Badré</a> (2013-2016), at his request on top of a tax-free salary of $379,000, while significant staff cuts and austerity measures were being implemented, drew criticism from within and outside the organization. This bonus, revealed by Senior Country Officer <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Houdart" title="Fabrice Houdart">Fabrice Houdart</a> amidst a broader effort by Kim to implement cost-cutting reforms, sparked debates over transparency, ethics, and the organization's commitment to its own principles, further exacerbating concerns about trust and leadership within the World Bank. Badré renounced the bonus and left the Bank shortly after. <a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The World Bank was the subject of a scandal with its then-president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> and his aide, <a href="/wiki/Shaha_Riza" title="Shaha Riza">Shaha Riza</a>, in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to reports citing a recording of a 2018 staff meeting shared by a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>, World Bank staff were informed Robert Malpass, a recent economics graduate of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and the son of <a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a>, then US <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_International_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs">Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs</a> and later <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">President of the World Bank Group</a>, would be hired as an analyst in July of that year. On the recording, staff were reportedly told Robert Malpass was a "prince" and an "important little fellow" who could go "running to daddy." Bank officials also believed David Malpass was more influential than then-<a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Secretary">US Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a>, who they said "has little or no clue on things."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In April 2018, the US Treasury had changed its position to back a $13 billion capital infusion for the bank.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Malpass served as undersecretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">US Treasury</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> before being appointed by Trump in February 2019 to be World Bank's president. Before Malpass became president, his son Robert had joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC), a branch of the World Bank Group that lends money to private sector businesses and whose <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> 5.5 billion funding from a USD 13 billion World Bank capital increase was secured by the US Treasury at the time that David Malpass was the Treasury's undersecretary.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_specific_loans_and_programs_in_Africa">Criticism of specific loans and programs in Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism of specific loans and programs in Africa">edit</a>]</div> On 9 August 2023, the World Bank announced it was suspending new loans to Uganda because it claims that a new <a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2023" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023">anti-homosexuality act</a>, enacted in May 2023, contradicts its core values on human rights. The World Bank joined the United States in imposing sanctions against Uganda over the anti-homosexuality law. Uganda dismissed the move by the World Bank as unjust and hypocritical.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The World Bank funded a program in Tanzania supposed to help nature conservation. The program was criticized because it led to severe violation of human rights toward the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_for_Development_Investment_Framework" title="Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework">Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Sector_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Energy Sector Management Assistance Program">Energy Sector Management Assistance Program</a> (ESMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swiss_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swiss constituency">The Swiss constituency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/about">"About the World Bank"</a>. worldbank.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&rft.atitle=About+the+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Member_Countries-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Member_Countries_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Member_Countries_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Member_Countries_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members">https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members</a> "Member Countries". Retrieved on 2 January 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.scroll.in/latest/919116/david-malpass-a-us-treasury-official-and-donald-trumps-pick-appointed-world-bank-president">"David Malpass, a US Treasury official and Donald Trump's pick, appointed World Bank president"</a>. scroll.in. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=scroll.in&rft.atitle=David+Malpass%2C+a+US+Treasury+official+and+Donald+Trump%27s+pick%2C+appointed+World+Bank+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.scroll.in%2Flatest%2F919116%2Fdavid-malpass-a-us-treasury-official-and-donald-trumps-pick-appointed-world-bank-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/managers">"World Bank Group Leadership"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Group+Leadership&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fleadership%2Fmanagers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DrielBiermannVijgeKim2023" class="citation journal cs1">van Driel, Melanie; Biermann, Frank; Vijge, Marjanneke J; Kim, Rakhyun E (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksad035/7223538">"How the World Bank Engages with the Sustainable Development Goal on Reducing Inequalities: A Case of Organizational Jiu-Jitsu"</a>. Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad035">10.1093/isagsq/ksad035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2634-3797">2634-3797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+the+World+Bank+Engages+with+the+Sustainable+Development+Goal+on+Reducing+Inequalities%3A+A+Case+of+Organizational+Jiu-Jitsu&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad035&rft.issn=2634-3797&rft.aulast=van+Driel&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Biermann%2C+Frank&rft.au=Vijge%2C+Marjanneke+J&rft.au=Kim%2C+Rakhyun+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisagsq%2Farticle%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad035%2F7223538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/about">"About Us"</a>. World Bank. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVreeland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vreeland, James Raymond (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071031">"Corrupting International Organizations"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 205–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-071031">10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Corrupting+International+Organizations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-222&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-071031&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Vreeland&rft.aufirst=James+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-071031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemore1996" class="citation book cs1">Finnemore, Martha (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh">National Interests in International Society</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801483233" title="Special:BookSources/9780801483233"><bdi>9780801483233</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh">10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Interests+in+International+Society&rft.pages=89-97&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61rh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780801483233&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61rh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelle-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michelle_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelle_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelle_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelle_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelle_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleury2023" class="citation news cs1">Fleury, Michelle (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65474459">"Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biden+pick+Ajay+Banga+gets+top+World+Bank+job&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Fleury&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-65474459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2023" class="citation web cs1">Lo, oe (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatechangenews.com/2023/02/23/us-backs-ajay-banga-to-lead-world-bank-in-climate-fight/">"US backs Ajay Banga to lead World Bank in climate fight"</a>. Climate Home news. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Home+news&rft.atitle=US+backs+Ajay+Banga+to+lead+World+Bank+in+climate+fight&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=oe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatechangenews.com%2F2023%2F02%2F23%2Fus-backs-ajay-banga-to-lead-world-bank-in-climate-fight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bretton_Woods_Founding_Fathers_2004-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Bretton_Woods_Founding_Fathers_2004_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023626/http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm">"The Founding Fathers"</a>. International Monetary Fund. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm">the original</a> on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjolis.worldbankimflib.org%2FBwf%2F60panel3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 17 March 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/business/france-germany-and-italy-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank.html">"France, Germany and Italy Say They'll Join China-Led Bank"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman_2005-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_2005_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_2005_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_2005_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_2005_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialnaturewo0000gold">Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization</a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11974-9"><bdi>978-0-300-11974-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Nature%3A+The+World+Bank+and+Struggles+for+Social+Justice+in+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11974-9&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialnaturewo0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemensKremer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Clemens, Michael A.; Kremer, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.30.1.53">"The New Role for the World Bank"</a>. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 (1): 53–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.30.1.53">10.1257/jep.30.1.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+New+Role+for+the+World+Bank&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-76&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.30.1.53&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.30.1.53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird_1992-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_1992_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird,_Kai1992" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Kai (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chairmanjohnjmc00bird">The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45415-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45415-9"><bdi>978-0-671-45415-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chairman%3A+John+J.+McCloy%2C+the+Making+of+the+American+Establishment&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-45415-9&rft.au=Bird%2C+Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchairmanjohnjmc00bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988">: 288, 290–291  </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Historical_Chronology_1970-1979-16"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Historical_Chronology_1970-1979_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111113144021/http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80">"World Bank Historical Chronology: 1970–1979"</a>. World Bank Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80">the original</a> on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Historical+Chronology%3A+1970%E2%80%931979&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2F847R4CBE80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotberg_1994-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Rotberg_1994_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg,_Eugene1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rotberg, Eugene (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705163027/http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_">"Financial Operations of the World Bank"</a>. Bretton Woods: looking to the future: commission report, staff review, background papers. Washington, D.C.: Bretton Woods Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_">the original</a> on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Financial+Operations+of+the+World+Bank&rft.btitle=Bretton+Woods%3A+looking+to+the+future%3A+commission+report%2C+staff+review%2C+background+papers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Bretton+Woods+Commission&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Rotberg%2C+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexternal.worldbankimflib.org%2Fuhtbin%2Fcgisirsi%2Fx%2F0%2F0%2F5%2F%3Fsearchdata1%3D219610%257Bckey%257D%23_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosley_et_al._1995-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosley_et_al._1995_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley,_PaulHarrigan,_JaneToye,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Paul; Harrigan, Jane; Toye, John (1995). Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13209-1"><bdi>978-0-415-13209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aid+and+Power%3A+The+World+Bank+and+Policy-Based+Lending%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13209-1&rft.au=Mosley%2C+Paul&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+Jane&rft.au=Toye%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toussaint_1999-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Toussaint_1999_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToussaint,_Eric1999" class="citation book cs1">Toussaint, Eric (1999). Your Money or Your Life!: The Tyranny of Global Finance. London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1412-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1412-9"><bdi>978-0-7453-1412-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Money+or+Your+Life%21%3A+The+Tyranny+of+Global+Finance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1412-9&rft.au=Toussaint%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Admin_Tribunal_2012-20"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Admin_Tribunal_2012_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229110521/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument">"World Bank Administrative Tribunal"</a>. World Bank Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument">the original</a> on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Administrative+Tribunal&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnweb90.worldbank.org%2Fcrn%2Fwbt%2Fwbtwebsite.nsf%2F%2528resultsweb%2529%2Fabout%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNELSON_D._SCHWARTZ2013" class="citation news cs1">NELSON D. SCHWARTZ (25 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/business/aw-clausen-former-bank-of-america-chief-dies-at-89.html">"A.W. Clausen, Former Bank of America Chief, Dies at 89"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2016. <q>Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980, but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen's nomination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A.W.+Clausen%2C+Former+Bank+of+America+Chief%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.au=NELSON+D.+SCHWARTZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Faw-clausen-former-bank-of-america-chief-dies-at-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tom-Clausen-BofA-World-Bank-head-dies-4218430.php">"Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies"</a>. SFGate. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2016. <q>That focus paid dividends when President Jimmy Carter nominated him in 1980 to succeed Robert McNamara as president of the World Bank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tom+Clausen%2C+BofA%2C+World+Bank+head%2C+dies&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FTom-Clausen-BofA-World-Bank-head-dies-4218430.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornia_et_al._1987-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornia_et_al._1987_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornia,_Giovanni_AndreaJolly,_RichardStewart,_Frances1987" class="citation book cs1">Cornia, Giovanni Andrea; Jolly, Richard; Stewart, Frances, eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adjustmentwithhu0001unse">Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828609-7"><bdi>978-0-19-828609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adjustment+with+a+Human+Face%3A+Protecting+the+Vulnerable+and+Promoting+Growth&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828609-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadjustmentwithhu0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDolan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Richard; Dolan, Lindsay (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12531">"Pleasing the Principal: US Influence in World Bank Policymaking"</a>. American Journal of Political Science. 65: 36–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12531">10.1111/ajps.12531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219757123">219757123</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Pleasing+the+Principal%3A+US+Influence+in+World+Bank+Policymaking&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=36-51&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219757123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurlburt_2012-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurlburt_2012_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlburt,_Heather2012" class="citation news cs1">Hurlburt, Heather (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/23/jim-yong-kim-world-bank-president">"Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Jim+Yong+Kim+would+make+a+great+World+Bank+president&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.au=Hurlburt%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fcifamerica%2F2012%2Fmar%2F23%2Fjim-yong-kim-world-bank-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Leadership_2012-26"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Leadership_2012_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/HWEWI4KIO0">"Leadership"</a>. World Bank Group. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leadership&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2FHWEWI4KIO0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_2012-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Press_Secretary_2012_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2012" class="citation news cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/23/president-obama-announces-us-nomination-dr-jim-yong-kim-lead-world-bank">"President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President+Obama+Announces+U.S.+Nomination+of+Dr.+Jim+Yong+Kim+to+Lead+World+Bank&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2012%2F03%2F23%2Fpresident-obama-announces-us-nomination-dr-jim-yong-kim-lead-world-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46787840">"Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank"</a>. BBC News. 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jim+Yong+Kim+steps+down+as+President+of+World+Bank&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-46787840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/42f29804-e8ae-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621.html">"Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner's Pay Package"</a>, The Financial Times, 12 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Hurlburt2012" class="citation news cs1">Heather Hurlburt (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/23/jim-yong-kim-world-bank-president">"Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 March 2016. <q>Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Jim+Yong+Kim+would+make+a+great+World+Bank+president&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.au=Heather+Hurlburt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fcifamerica%2F2012%2Fmar%2F23%2Fjim-yong-kim-world-bank-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Senior_Management_2012-31"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Senior_Management_2012_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416051123/http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0">"Senior Management"</a>. World Bank Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0">the original</a> on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senior+Management&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2FDHWEE5LGQ0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Boards_of_Directors_2012-32"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Boards_of_Directors_2012_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416051730/http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0">"Boards of Directors"</a>. World Bank Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0">the original</a> on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boards+of+Directors&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2FLHHOT1LSW0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayeda2018" class="citation news cs1">Mayeda, Andrew (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-24/romer-steps-down-as-world-bank-chief-economist-after-rocky-stint">"Paul Romer Steps Down as World Bank Chief Economist After Rocky Stint"</a>. Bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Paul+Romer+Steps+Down+as+World+Bank+Chief+Economist+After+Rocky+Stint&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Mayeda&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-01-24%2Fromer-steps-down-as-world-bank-chief-economist-after-rocky-stint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2018/04/26/yales-penny-goldberg-appointed-chief-economist-world-bank">"Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank"</a>. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale%27s+Penny+Goldberg+appointed+chief+economist+at+the+World+Bank&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fyales-penny-goldberg-appointed-chief-economist-world-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/26/world-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist">"World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist"</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Group+President+Appoints+Pinelopi+Koujianou+Goldberg+as+Chief+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fworld-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawder2020" class="citation news cs1">Lawder, David (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/world-bank-lose-second-chief-172500978.html">"World Bank Loses Chief Economist in under 15 months"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Loses+Chief+Economist+in+under+15+months&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.aulast=Lawder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-bank-lose-second-chief-172500978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206014827/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274">"World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_News_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel News Asia">Channel News Asia</a>. 6 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274">the original</a> on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Chief+Economist+announces+resignation&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fworld-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/a/aart-kraay">"Aart Kraay"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aart+Kraay&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fa%2Faart-kraay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashraf-Ghani">"Ashraf Ghani | president of Afghanistan"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ashraf+Ghani+%7C+president+of+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAshraf-Ghani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/01/13/d7011301011.htm">"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 933"</a>. The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Star+Web+Edition+Vol.+5+Num+933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2007%2F01%2F13%2Fd7011301011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Developing-nations-get-more-say-in-World-Bank-affairs/articleshow/5858176.cms">"Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs"</a>. The Times of India. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Developing+nations+get+more+say+in+World+Bank+affairs&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FDeveloping-nations-get-more-say-in-World-Bank-affairs%2Farticleshow%2F5858176.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBRD_Voting_Power_Realignment_2010-42"><a href="#cite_ref-IBRD_Voting_Power_Realignment_2010_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development2010" class="citation report cs1">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf">IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment</a> (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201102/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=IBRD+2010+Voting+Power+Realignment&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.au=International+Bank+for+Reconstruction+and+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FNEWS%2FResources%2FIBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veloo_2010-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Veloo_2010_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeloo,_Betsy_May2010" class="citation news cs1">Veloo, Betsy May (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605192408/http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699">"China given more influence in World Bank"</a>. RTHK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+given+more+influence+in+World+Bank&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.au=Veloo%2C+Betsy+May&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rthk.org.hk%2Frthk%2Fnews%2Fenglishnews%2Fnews.htm%3Fmain%2620100426%2656%26663699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stumm_2011-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Stumm_2011_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumm,_Mario2011" class="citation news cs1">Stumm, Mario (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/articles/193054/index.en.shtml">"World Bank: More responsibility for developing countries"</a>. D+C. Retrieved 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Bank%3A+More+responsibility+for+developing+countries&rft.date=2011-03&rft.au=Stumm%2C+Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Farticles%2F193054%2Findex.en.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093100/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf">"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development"</a> (PDF). March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Bank+for+Reconstruction+and+Development&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FBODINT%2FResources%2F278027-1215524804501%2FIBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906192909/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf">"International Finance Corporation"</a> (PDF). March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Finance+Corporation&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FBODINT%2FResources%2F278027-1215524804501%2FIFCCountryVotingTable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164130/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf">"International Development Association"</a> (PDF). December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Development+Association&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FBODINT%2FResources%2F278027-1215524804501%2FIDACountryVotingTable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191601/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf">"Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency"</a> (PDF). December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilateral+Investment+Guarantee+Agency&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FBODINT%2FResources%2F278027-1215524804501%2FMIGACountryVotingTable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Chen-49"><a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501775857" title="Special:BookSources/9781501775857"><bdi>9781501775857</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/jj.6230186">10.7591/jj.6230186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latecomer%27s+Rise%3A+Policy+Banks+and+the+Globalization+of+China%27s+Development+Finance&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fjj.6230186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781501775857&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Muyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antopedia.org/index.cfm?P=13">"RDSI Sign Gold"</a>. United Nations Development Group. Retrieved 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDSI+Sign+Gold&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antopedia.org%2Findex.cfm%3FP%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/annual-report/fiscal-year-data">"Fiscal year data"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiscal+year+data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fannual-report%2Ffiscal-year-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Group_bicusa1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Group_bicusa1_52-0">^</a> The World Bank, Press release: "World Bank Group Commitments Rise Sharply in FY14 Amid Organizational Change", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/07/01/world-bank-group-commitments-rise-sharply-in-fy14-amid-organizational-change">July 1 2014, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/07/01/world-bank-group-commitments-rise-sharply-in-fy14-amid-organizational-change</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/publication/dpfretrospective2015">"2015 Development Policy Financing Retrospective – Results and Sustainability"</a>. worldbank.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&rft.atitle=2015+Development+Policy+Financing+Retrospective+%E2%80%93+Results+and+Sustainability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fprojects-operations%2Fproducts-and-services%2Fpublication%2Fdpfretrospective2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/ppp.worldbank.org/files/documents/PPPCCSA_WBGGuarantees_Final%20_%20English%20_Printed%20Oct%202016.pdf">World bank – structured financial products</a> (PDF). Washington: World bank. 5 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/ppp.worldbank.org/files/documents/PPPCCSA_WBGGuarantees_Final%20_%20English%20_Printed%20Oct%202016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+bank+%E2%80%93+structured+financial+products&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=World+bank&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppp.worldbank.org%2Fpublic-private-partnership%2Fsites%2Fppp.worldbank.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FPPPCCSA_WBGGuarantees_Final%2520_%2520English%2520_Printed%2520Oct%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2023/12/01/climate-solutions-that-work">"Climate Solutions that Work"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Climate+Solutions+that+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fimmersive-story%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2Fclimate-solutions-that-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Bank" class="citation web cs1">The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-policies#safeguards">"Environmental and Social Policies"</a>. World Bank Group. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+and+Social+Policies&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.au=The+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fprojects-operations%2Fenvironmental-and-social-policies%23safeguards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorinna_Horta2013" class="citation web cs1">Korinna Horta (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/world-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations">"Most relevant review"</a>. dandc.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+relevant+review&rft.pub=dandc.eu&rft.date=2013-02&rft.au=Korinna+Horta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fworld-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Bank2018" class="citation web cs1">The World Bank (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-framework">"Environmental and Social Framework"</a>. World Bank Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+and+Social+Framework&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2018-10&rft.au=The+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fprojects-operations%2Fenvironmental-and-social-framework&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Development_Group_2012-59"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_Development_Group_2012_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Development_Group" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Development Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13">"UNDG Members"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNDG+Members&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undg.org%2Findex.cfm%3FP%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landler_2007-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Landler_2007_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandler,_Mark2007" class="citation news cs1">Landler, Mark (15 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/world/15worldbank.html">"Britain Overtakes U.S. as Top World Bank Donor"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britain+Overtakes+U.S.+as+Top+World+Bank+Donor&rft.date=2007-12-15&rft.au=Landler%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F15%2Fworld%2F15worldbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraayChenJolliffeVakis2015" class="citation book cs1">Kraay, Aart; Chen, Shaohua; Jolliffe, Dean; Vakis, Renos; Prydz, Espen Beer; Weltbank, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5_HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity: concepts, data, and the twin goals</a>. The World Bank Policy Research Report. Washington/D.C: World Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0361-1"><bdi>978-1-4648-0361-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+measured+approach+to+ending+poverty+and+boosting+shared+prosperity%3A+concepts%2C+data%2C+and+the+twin+goals&rft.place=Washington%2FD.C&rft.series=The+World+Bank+Policy+Research+Report&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-0361-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5_HBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Development_Business_2012-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Development_Business_2012_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Development_Business_2012_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813071156/http://www.devbusiness.com/DevBusinessViewer.aspx?Content=AboutUNDBPage">"About Us"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devbusiness.com/DevBusinessViewer.aspx?Content=AboutUNDBPage">the original</a> on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devbusiness.com%2FDevBusinessViewer.aspx%3FContent%3DAboutUNDBPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strom_2011-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Strom_2011_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrom,_Stephanie2011" class="citation news cs1">Strom, Stephanie (2 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/global/03world.html">"World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Is+Opening+Its+Treasure+Chest+of+Data&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft.au=Strom%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F03world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPARC_2012-64"><a href="#cite_ref-SPARC_2012_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPARC" class="citation web cs1">SPARC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708233824/http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/World_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml">"SPARC Innovator: The World Bank"</a>. Association of Research Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/World_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml">the original</a> on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPARC+Innovator%3A+The+World+Bank&rft.pub=Association+of+Research+Libraries&rft.au=SPARC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arl.org%2Fsparc%2Fmedia%2FWorld_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org">"Open Knowledge Repository (OKR)"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Knowledge+Repository+%28OKR%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://service.re3data.org/repository/r3d100000042">"World Bank Entry in re3data.org"</a>. www.re3data.org. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.re3data.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Entry+in+re3data.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservice.re3data.org%2Frepository%2Fr3d100000042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasdev2016" class="citation web cs1">Vasdev, Samhir (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/why-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development">"Why the World Bank endorses the Principles for Digital Development"</a>. Information and Communications for Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+and+Communications+for+Development&rft.atitle=Why+the+World+Bank+endorses+the+Principles+for+Digital+Development&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Vasdev&rft.aufirst=Samhir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fic4d%2Fwhy-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot2020" class="citation news cs1">Elliot, Larry (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/sep/29/world-bank-announces-plan-poor-countries-buy-covid-vaccines">"World Bank announces $12bn plan for poor countries to buy Covid vaccines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank+announces+%2412bn+plan+for+poor+countries+to+buy+Covid+vaccines&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Fsep%2F29%2Fworld-bank-announces-plan-poor-countries-buy-covid-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines">"World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Support+for+Country+Access+to+COVID-19+Vaccines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fwho-we-are%2Fnews%2Fcoronavirus-covid19%2Fworld-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2481">"United States Announces Up to $667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response"</a>. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+States+Announces+Up+to+%24667+Million+Planned+Contribution+to+the+Pandemic+Fund+to+Support+Pandemic+Prevention%2C+Preparedness%2C+and+Response&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fjy2481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fiftrustee.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/dfi/fiftrustee/fund-detail/pppr">"The Pandemic Fund"</a>. The World Bank. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+Pandemic+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiftrustee.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Funit%2Fdfi%2Ffiftrustee%2Ffund-detail%2Fpppr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeibt2020" class="citation news cs1">Seibt S (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200226-coronavirus-pandemic-bonds">"'Useless' pandemic bonds offer little hope for dealing with coronavirus"</a>. France 24. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Useless%27+pandemic+bonds+offer+little+hope+for+dealing+with+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Seibt&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200226-coronavirus-pandemic-bonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2020" class="citation news cs1">Gross A (25 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/70dd05ac-54d8-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1">"World Bank's pandemic bonds sink as coronavirus spreads"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=World+Bank%27s+pandemic+bonds+sink+as+coronavirus+spreads&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F70dd05ac-54d8-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/11/18/new-report-examines-risks-of-degree-hotter-world-by-end-of-century">"New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century"</a> (Press release). World Bank. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Report+Examines+Risks+of+4+Degree+Hotter+World+by+End+of+Century&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2012%2F11%2F18%2Fnew-report-examines-risks-of-degree-hotter-world-by-end-of-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turn_down_the_heat-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Turn_down_the_heat_75-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11860">Why a 4 degree centrigrade warmer world must be avoided</a> November 2012 World Bank </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/what-climate-change-means-africa-asia-coastal-poor">What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the Coastal Poor</a> World Bank 19 June 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/19/climate-change-developing-countries-world-bank">World's poorest will feel brunt of climate change, warns World Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> 19 June 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler_2008-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_2008_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Wheeler, David (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2008/05/climate-change-in-nashville-a.php">"Climate Change in Nashville: A Gathering Storm for the World Bank?"</a>. Center for Global Development. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+in+Nashville%3A+A+Gathering+Storm+for+the+World+Bank%3F&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cgdev.org%2Fglobaldevelopment%2F2008%2F05%2Fclimate-change-in-nashville-a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism", Brown Alumni Monthly, March/April 2018, p.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/world-bank-to-quit-upstream-oil-and-gas-projects-after-2019-91736">"World Bank to quit upstream oil and gas projects after 2019"</a>. Devex. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devex&rft.atitle=World+Bank+to+quit+upstream+oil+and+gas+projects+after+2019&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.devex.com%2Fnews%2Fsponsored%2Fworld-bank-to-quit-upstream-oil-and-gas-projects-after-2019-91736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/world-bank/the-world-bank-is-still-hooked-on-fossil-fuels-despite-climate-pledge/">"The World Bank is Still Hooked on Fossil Fuels Despite Climate Pledge"</a>. ICIJ. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICIJ&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+is+Still+Hooked+on+Fossil+Fuels+Despite+Climate+Pledge&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icij.org%2Finvestigations%2Fworld-bank%2Fthe-world-bank-is-still-hooked-on-fossil-fuels-despite-climate-pledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamino_Gonzalez2019" class="citation news cs1">Camino Gonzalez, Jenipher (8 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/eu-finance-ministers-call-for-end-to-fossil-fuel-funding/a-51173077">"EU finance ministers call for end to fossil fuel funding"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=EU+finance+ministers+call+for+end+to+fossil+fuel+funding&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Camino+Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Jenipher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feu-finance-ministers-call-for-end-to-fossil-fuel-funding%2Fa-51173077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2019/10/18/no-more-excuses-world-bank-must-halt-all-funding-fossil-fuels">"No More Excuses: The World Bank Must Halt All Funding for Fossil Fuels"</a>. Common Dreams. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Dreams&rft.atitle=No+More+Excuses%3A+The+World+Bank+Must+Halt+All+Funding+for+Fossil+Fuels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnewswire%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fno-more-excuses-world-bank-must-halt-all-funding-fossil-fuels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2019" class="citation news cs1">Lang, Marissa J. (6 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/climate-change-protesters-plan-to-block-downtown-dc-streets-friday-morning/2019/12/05/1d4c1a04-17a7-11ea-9110-3b34ce1d92b1_story.html">"Climate change protesters block downtown D.C. streets in hours-long protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Climate+change+protesters+block+downtown+D.C.+streets+in+hours-long+protest&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Marissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fclimate-change-protesters-plan-to-block-downtown-dc-streets-friday-morning%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2F1d4c1a04-17a7-11ea-9110-3b34ce1d92b1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/world-bank-to-support-kazakhstan-on-its-path-to-decarbonization-and-carbon-neutrality-says-world-bank-vp-for-europe-and-central-asia/">"World Bank to Support Kazakhstan on its Path to Decarbonization and Carbon Neutrality, Says World Bank VP for Europe and Central Asia"</a>. The Astana Times. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=World+Bank+to+Support+Kazakhstan+on+its+Path+to+Decarbonization+and+Carbon+Neutrality%2C+Says+World+Bank+VP+for+Europe+and+Central+Asia&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2Fworld-bank-to-support-kazakhstan-on-its-path-to-decarbonization-and-carbon-neutrality-says-world-bank-vp-for-europe-and-central-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleury2023" class="citation news cs1">Fleury, Michelle (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65474459">"Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biden+pick+Ajay+Banga+gets+top+World+Bank+job&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Fleury&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-65474459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unfccc.int/news/the-board-of-the-fund-for-responding-to-loss-and-damage-holds-its-historic-first-meeting">"The Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Holds its Historic First Meeting"</a>. UN Climate Change. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=The+Board+of+the+Fund+for+Responding+to+Loss+and+Damage+Holds+its+Historic+First+Meeting&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2Fnews%2Fthe-board-of-the-fund-for-responding-to-loss-and-damage-holds-its-historic-first-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iatistandard.org/202/codelists/Sector/">"DAC 5 Digit Sector"</a>. The IATI Standard. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAC+5+Digit+Sector&rft.pub=The+IATI+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiatistandard.org%2F202%2Fcodelists%2FSector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iatiregistry.org/publisher/about/worldbank">"About - The World Bank - IATI Registry"</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+-+The+World+Bank+-+IATI+Registry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiatiregistry.org%2Fpublisher%2Fabout%2Fworldbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiglitz_2003a-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Stiglitz_2003a_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz,_Joseph_E.2003" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaringninetiesn00stig">The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade</a>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05852-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05852-9"><bdi>978-0-393-05852-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roaring+Nineties%3A+A+New+History+of+the+World%27s+Most+Prosperous+Decade&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05852-9&rft.au=Stiglitz%2C+Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froaringninetiesn00stig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiglitz_2003b-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stiglitz_2003b_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stiglitz_2003b_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz,_Joseph_E.2003" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationits00stig_0">Globalization and Its Discontents</a>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32439-6"><bdi>978-0-393-32439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Its+Discontents&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32439-6&rft.au=Stiglitz%2C+Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationits00stig_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiglitz_2007-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stiglitz_2007_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stiglitz_2007_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz,_Joseph_E.2007" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingglobalizat00stig">Making Globalization Work</a>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33028-1"><bdi>978-0-393-33028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Globalization+Work&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33028-1&rft.au=Stiglitz%2C+Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingglobalizat00stig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazlitt_1984-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazlitt_1984_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlitt,_Henry1984" class="citation book cs1">Hazlitt, Henry (1984). From Bretton Woods to World Inflation: A Study of the Causes and Consequences. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-617-0"><bdi>978-0-89526-617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bretton+Woods+to+World+Inflation%3A+A+Study+of+the+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-617-0&rft.au=Hazlitt%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider_2002-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2002_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider,_Jane2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schneider, Jane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exoticnomoreanth00macc">"World Markets: Anthropological Perspectives"</a>. In MacClancy, Jeremy (ed.). Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50013-3"><bdi>978-0-226-50013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Markets%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Exotic+No+More%3A+Anthropology+on+the+Front+Lines&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50013-3&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexoticnomoreanth00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_2007-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_2007_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods,_Ngaire2007" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Ngaire (2007). The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7420-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-7420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalizers%3A+The+IMF%2C+the+World+Bank%2C+and+Their+Borrowers&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7420-0&rft.au=Woods%2C+Ngaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_1996-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_1996_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_Titus1996" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Titus (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unravellinggloba0000alex">Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics</a>. Cambridge, UK: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1352-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-1352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+Global+Apartheid%3A+An+Overview+of+World+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1352-9&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funravellinggloba0000alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Committee_on_Foreign_Relations_2010-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Committee_on_Foreign_Relations_2010_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Foreign_Relations,_United_States_Senate,_111th_Congress2010" class="citation report cs1">Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 111th Congress (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/55285.pdf">The International Financial Institutions: A Call For Change</a> (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+International+Financial+Institutions%3A+A+Call+For+Change&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Committee+on+Foreign+Relations%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+111th+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreign.senate.gov%2Fimo%2Fmedia%2Fdoc%2F55285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonLohmann1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, James; Lohmann, Larry (September–October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516125652/http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf">"The Anti-Politics Machine"</a> (PDF). The Ecologist. 24 (5): 176–181. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecologist&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Politics+Machine&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=176-181&rft.date=1994-09%2F1994-10&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstuz-muk.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2FFerguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs_2002-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_2002_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs,_Walter2002" class="citation news cs1">Gibbs, Walter (25 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/25/world/world-briefing-europe-norway-protests-as-world-bank-meets.html">"Europe: Norway: Protests As World Bank Meets"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+Norway%3A+Protests+As+World+Bank+Meets&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fworld-briefing-europe-norway-protests-as-world-bank-meets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Ruane_2007-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Ruane_2007_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_ClarenceRuane,_Michael_E.2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Clarence; Ruane, Michael E. (20 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901728.html">"Violence Erupts at Protest in Georgetown"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Violence+Erupts+at+Protest+in+Georgetown&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft.au=Williams%2C+Clarence&rft.au=Ruane%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2FAR2007101901728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_1999-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_1999_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Kimberly_A.C.1999" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Kimberly A.C. (7 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iatp.org/news/embattled-police-chief-resigns">"Embattled police chief resigns"</a>. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 19 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Embattled+police+chief+resigns&rft.date=1999-12-07&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Kimberly+A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iatp.org%2Fnews%2Fembattled-police-chief-resigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clendenning_2008-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Clendenning_2008_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendenning,_Alan2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Clendenning, Alan (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528063255/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-AP-indians-dam.html">"Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project"</a>. National Geographic. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-AP-indians-dam.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Amazon+Indians+Attack+Official+Over+Dam+Project&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.au=Clendenning%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F05%2F080521-AP-indians-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist_2012-103"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_2012_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21551490">"Hats off to Ngozi"</a>. The Economist. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Hats+off+to+Ngozi&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21551490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/business-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018">"Inquiry puts ex-World Bank officials under scrutiny on China"</a>. AP News. 17 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925011937/https://apnews.com/article/business-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Inquiry+puts+ex-World+Bank+officials+under+scrutiny+on+China&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/17/probe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking">"Probe finds World Bank changed data to boost China ranking"</a>. Al-Jazeera. 17 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906080026/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/17/probe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Probe+finds+World+Bank+changed+data+to+boost+China+ranking&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2021%2F9%2F17%2Fprobe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2021" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Philip (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/business/world-bank-investigation/index.html">"Investigation finds World Bank leaders pushed staffers to boost rankings for China and Saudi Arabia in high-profile reports"</a>. CNN Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906124411/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/business/world-bank-investigation/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Business&rft.atitle=Investigation+finds+World+Bank+leaders+pushed+staffers+to+boost+rankings+for+China+and+Saudi+Arabia+in+high-profile+reports&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F09%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fworld-bank-investigation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/12/world-bank-spent-billions-of-dollars-backing-fossil-fuels-in-2022-study-finds">"World Bank spent billions of dollars backing fossil fuels in 2022, study finds"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank+spent+billions+of+dollars+backing+fossil+fuels+in+2022%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fsep%2F12%2Fworld-bank-spent-billions-of-dollars-backing-fossil-fuels-in-2022-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber, David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnTDEQkCoc4C&pg=PA443">Direct Action: An Ethnography</a>. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. pp. 442–443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-79-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-79-6"><bdi>978-1-904859-79-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Direct+Action%3A+An+Ethnography&rft.pages=442-443&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-79-6&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnTDEQkCoc4C%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deVries_1996-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deVries_1996_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deVries_1996_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeVries,_Barend_A.1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">deVries, Barend A. (1996). "The World Bank's Focus on Poverty". In Griesgraber, Jo Marie; Gunter, Bernhard G. (eds.). The World Bank: Lending on a Global Scale. London, UK: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1049-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-1049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank%27s+Focus+on+Poverty&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank%3A+Lending+on+a+Global+Scale&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1049-7&rft.au=deVries%2C+Barend+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan_2007-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Tan_2007_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan,_Celine2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tan, Celine (2007). "The poverty of amnesia: PRSPs in the legacy of structural adjustment". In Stone, Diane; Wright, Christopher (eds.). The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41282-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41282-7"><bdi>978-0-415-41282-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+poverty+of+amnesia%3A+PRSPs+in+the+legacy+of+structural+adjustment&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank+and+Governance%3A+A+Decade+of+Reform+and+Reaction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41282-7&rft.au=Tan%2C+Celine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardstaff,_Peter2003" class="citation web cs1">Hardstaff, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329034727/http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf">"Treacherous conditions: How IMF and World Bank policies tied to debt relief are undermining development"</a> (PDF). World Development Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treacherous+conditions%3A+How+IMF+and+World+Bank+policies+tied+to+debt+relief+are+undermining+development&rft.pub=World+Development+Movement&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Hardstaff%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdm.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftreacherousconditions07052003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Naomi2007" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Naomi (27 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/27/comment.business">"The World Bank has the perfect standard bearer"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+has+the+perfect+standard+bearer&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.au=Klein%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2007%2Fapr%2F27%2Fcomment.business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreherSturmVreeland2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dreher, Axel; Sturm, Jan-Egbert; Vreeland, James Raymond (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387808000187">"Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?"</a>. Journal of Development Economics. 88 (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jdeveco.2008.02.003">10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F50418">10419/50418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3878">0304-3878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Economics&rft.atitle=Development+aid+and+international+politics%3A+Does+membership+on+the+UN+Security+Council+influence+World+Bank+decisions%3F&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F50418&rft.issn=0304-3878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jdeveco.2008.02.003&rft.aulast=Dreher&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Sturm%2C+Jan-Egbert&rft.au=Vreeland%2C+James+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0304387808000187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFI_Watch_2004-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IFI_Watch_2004_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFI_Watch_2004_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFI_Watch_2004_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIFI_Watch2004" class="citation journal cs1">IFI Watch (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041108100213/http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf">"The World Bank and the Question of Immunity"</a> (PDF). IFI Watch – Bangladesh. 1 (1): 1–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 November 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IFI+Watch+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+and+the+Question+of+Immunity&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2004&rft.au=IFI+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unnayan.org%2FOther%2FIFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%2520No_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Sovereign_Immunity_2007-115"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Sovereign_Immunity_2007_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2007" class="citation report cs1">World Bank (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFANDLAW/Resources/sovereignimmunity.pdf">Sovereign Immunity</a> (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Immunity&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTINFANDLAW%2FResources%2Fsovereignimmunity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasson_2002-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasson_2002_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson,_Adam_Isaac2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hasson, Adam Isaac (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol25/iss1/6/">"Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial: Noriega, Pinochet, and Milosevic – Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law"</a>. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 25 (1): 125–158. Retrieved 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+College+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Extraterritorial+Jurisdiction+and+Sovereign+Immunity+on+Trial%3A+Noriega%2C+Pinochet%2C+and+Milosevic+%E2%80%93+Trends+in+Political+Accountability+and+Transnational+Criminal+Law&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-158&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Hasson%2C+Adam+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawdigitalcommons.bc.edu%2Ficlr%2Fvol25%2Fiss1%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-much-money-is-the-world-bank-spending-to-intimidate-staff_b_5a4e4a2ae4b0d86c803c77af">"How Much Money Is the World Bank Spending to Intimidate Staff?"</a>. HuffPost. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=How+Much+Money+Is+the+World+Bank+Spending+to+Intimidate+Staff%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhow-much-money-is-the-world-bank-spending-to-intimidate-staff_b_5a4e4a2ae4b0d86c803c77af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2014/11/08/opprobrium-from-the-atrium">"Opprobrium from the atrium"</a>. The Economist. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Opprobrium+from+the+atrium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2014%2F11%2F08%2Fopprobrium-from-the-atrium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2015" class="citation news cs1">Feder, J. Lester (9 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/lgbt-employee-leader-under-investigation-at-world-bank">"LGBT Employee Leader Under Investigation At World Bank"</a>. BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LGBT+Employee+Leader+Under+Investigation+At+World+Bank&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=J.+Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Flesterfeder%2Flgbt-employee-leader-under-investigation-at-world-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoloneyBowmanWest2018" class="citation journal cs1">Moloney, Kim; Bowman, James S.; West, Jonathan P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18767247">"Challenges Confronting Whistleblowing and the International Civil Servant"</a>. Public Personnel Management. 39 (4): 611–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734371X18767247">10.1177/0734371X18767247</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Personnel+Management&rft.atitle=Challenges+Confronting+Whistleblowing+and+the+International+Civil+Servant&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-634&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734371X18767247&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Bowman%2C+James+S.&rft.au=West%2C+Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0734371X18767247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/27/is-jim-yong-kim-destroying-the-world-bank-development-finance/">"Is Jim Yong Kim Destroying the World Bank?"</a>. Foreign Policy. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Jim+Yong+Kim+Destroying+the+World+Bank%3F&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F04%2F27%2Fis-jim-yong-kim-destroying-the-world-bank-development-finance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6550995.stm">"Pressure grows on World Bank boss"</a>. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pressure+grows+on+World+Bank+boss&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6550995.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakortoff2023" class="citation news cs1">Makortoff, Kalyeena (12 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/world-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass">"World Bank staff were told to give special treatment to son of Trump official"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank+staff+were+told+to+give+special+treatment+to+son+of+Trump+official&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft.aulast=Makortoff&rft.aufirst=Kalyeena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2Fapr%2F12%2Fworld-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawder2018" class="citation news cs1">Lawder, David (21 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-g20-wbank-idUSKBN1HS0QS">"World Bank shareholders back $13 billion capital increase"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=World+Bank+shareholders+back+%2413+billion+capital+increase&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft.aulast=Lawder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-imf-g20-wbank-idUSKBN1HS0QS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakortoff2023" class="citation news cs1">Makortoff, Kalyeena (12 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/world-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass">"World Bank staff were told to give special treatment to son of Trump official"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank+staff+were+told+to+give+special+treatment+to+son+of+Trump+official&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Makortoff&rft.aufirst=Kalyeena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2Fapr%2F12%2Fworld-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintoshJuma2023" class="citation news cs1">Mackintosh, Mackintosh; Juma, Mercy (9 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-66453098">"World Bank halts new Uganda loans over anti-LGBTQ+ law - BBC News"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Bank+halts+new+Uganda+loans+over+anti-LGBTQ%2B+law+-+BBC+News&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Mackintosh&rft.au=Juma%2C+Mercy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-66453098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/urgent-alert-tanzanian-government-rampage-against-indigenous-people">"URGENT ALERT: Tanzanian Government on a Rampage Against Indigenous People"</a>. Oakland Institute. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Institute&rft.atitle=URGENT+ALERT%3A+Tanzanian+Government+on+a+Rampage+Against+Indigenous+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaklandinstitute.org%2Furgent-alert-tanzanian-government-rampage-against-indigenous-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Bank" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about World Bank <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=World+Bank">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=World+Bank&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Bank" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:World Bank">World Bank</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_Bank" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/World Bank">World Bank</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Bank" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Bank" title="Template:World Bank"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Bank" title="Template talk:World Bank"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Bank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Bank"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Bank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Bank</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_R._Black,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene R. Black, Sr.">Eugene R. Black, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Woods" title="George David Woods">George David Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alden_W._Clausen" title="Alden W. Clausen">Alden W. Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">Barber Conable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thompson_Preston" title="Lewis Thompson Preston">Lewis Thompson Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">James Wolfensohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malpass" title="David Malpass">David Malpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_World_Bank_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 World Bank presidential election (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election" title="2012 World Bank Group presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_World_Bank_Group_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 World Bank Group presidential election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Afghanistan and the World Bank">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_and_the_World_Bank" title="Argentina and the World Bank">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Australia and the World Bank">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_and_the_World_Bank" title="Belarus and the World Bank">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_and_the_World_Bank" title="Botswana and the World Bank">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_World_Bank" title="Brazil and the World Bank">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cambodia and the World Bank">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_and_the_World_Bank" title="Cape Verde and the World Bank">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chile_and_the_World_Bank" title="Chile and the World Bank">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Colombia and the World Bank">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Costa Rica and the World Bank">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Croatia and the World Bank">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the World Bank">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Djibouti and the World Bank">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ethiopia and the World Bank">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_World_Bank" title="France and the World Bank">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_and_the_World_Bank" title="Guatemala and the World Bank">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haiti_and_the_World_Bank" title="Haiti and the World Bank">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honduras_and_the_World_Bank" title="Honduras and the World Bank">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_World_Bank" title="India and the World Bank">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Indonesia and the World Bank">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Republic of Ireland and the World Bank">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_and_the_World_Bank" title="Jamaica and the World Bank">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Japan and the World Bank">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kazakhstan and the World Bank">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_and_the_World_Bank" title="Kenya and the World Bank">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laos_and_the_World_Bank" title="Laos and the World Bank">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_and_the_World_Bank" title="Lebanon and the World Bank">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_and_the_World_Bank" title="Maldives and the World Bank">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mali and the World Bank">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mexico and the World Bank">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Mongolia and the World Bank">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_and_the_World_Bank" title="Morocco and the World Bank">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_and_the_World_Bank" title="Myanmar and the World Bank">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nicaragua and the World Bank">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_and_the_World_Bank" title="Nigeria and the World Bank">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_and_the_World_Bank" title="Panama and the World Bank">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Paraguay and the World Bank">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peru_and_the_World_Bank" title="Peru and the World Bank">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippines_and_the_World_Bank" title="The Philippines and the World Bank">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_World_Bank" title="Poland and the World Bank">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Russia and the World Bank">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senegal_and_the_World_Bank" title="Senegal and the World Bank">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Serbia and the World Bank">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_and_the_World_Bank" title="Singapore and the World Bank">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Africa and the World Bank">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_the_World_Bank" title="South Korea and the World Bank">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_World_Bank" title="Sri Lanka and the World Bank">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tajikistan and the World Bank">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_World_Bank" title="Tanzania and the World Bank">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_World_Bank" title="Turkey and the World Bank">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uganda and the World Bank">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ukraine and the World Bank">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uruguay and the World Bank">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_and_the_World_Bank" title="Uzbekistan and the World Bank">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_and_the_World_Bank" title="Vietnam and the World Bank">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_World_Bank" title="Zimbabwe and the World Bank">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank" title="Category:World Bank">Category World Bank</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group" title="Category:World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />  <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group_relations" title="Category:World Bank Group relations">Country Relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanitarian_partners_of_the_European_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanitarian_partners_of_the_European_Commission" title="Template:Humanitarian partners of the European Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanitarian_partners_of_the_European_Commission" title="Template talk:Humanitarian partners of the European Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanitarian_partners_of_the_European_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanitarian partners of the European Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanitarian_partners_of_the_European_Commission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian</a> partners of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/echo/partnerships/humanitarian-partners_en">Humanitarian partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">DG ECHO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NGOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger" title="Action Against Hunger">Action Against Hunger</a> (France, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Development_and_Relief_Agency" title="Adventist Development and Relief Agency">ADRA</a> (Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE International</a> (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Europa" title="Caritas Europa">Caritas Europa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caritas_Austria" title="Caritas Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caritas_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caritas Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Czech_Republic" title="Caritas Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Denmark" title="Caritas Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secours_catholique" title="Secours catholique">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Germany" title="Caritas Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3caire" title="Trócaire">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Luxembourg" title="Caritas Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordaid" title="Cordaid">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Red_Cross" title="Austrian Red Cross">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Red_Cross" title="Belgian Red Cross">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Red_Cross" title="Danish Red Cross">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Red_Cross" title="Finnish Red Cross">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Red_Cross" title="French Red Cross">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Red_Cross" title="Luxembourg Red Cross">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Red_Cross" title="Italian Red Cross">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Red_Cross" title="Netherlands Red Cross">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross" title="Norwegian Red Cross">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Red_Cross" title="Spanish Red Cross">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Red_Cross" title="Swedish Red Cross">Sweden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a> (Germany, Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> (Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_International" title="Plan International">Plan International</a> (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9s_international" title="Solidarités international">Solidarités international</a> (France, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a> (Austria, Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_des_hommes" title="Terre des hommes">Terre des hommes</a> (Italy, Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="World Vision">World Vision</a> (Austria, Finland, Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">MDM</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarians_Without_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veterinarians Without Borders (page does not exist)">VSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_in_Need" title="People in Need">PIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Committee_for_Aid_to_Afghan_Refugees" title="Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees">DACAAR</a> · <a href="/wiki/DanChurchAid" title="DanChurchAid">DanChurchAid</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansk_Folkehj%C3%A6lp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dansk Folkehjælp (page does not exist)">DPA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Danish_Refugee_Council" title="Danish Refugee Council">DRC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_Refugee_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian Refugee Council (page does not exist)">Estonian Refugee Council</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=MT%C3%9C_Mondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTÜ Mondo (page does not exist)">MTÜ Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_International" title="Fida International">Fida International</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkon_ulkomaanapu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkon ulkomaanapu (page does not exist)">FinnChurchAid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Refugee_Council" title="Finnish Refugee Council">FRC</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare" title="Mannerheim League for Child Welfare">Mannerheim League for Child Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Technical_Cooperation_and_Development" title="Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development">ACTED</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_alliance_for_international_medical_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The alliance for international medical action (page does not exist)">ALIMA</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agronomes_et_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaires_sans_fronti%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agronomes et vétérinaires sans frontières (page does not exist)">AVSF</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Bioforce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Bioforce (page does not exist)">Institut Bioforce</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Cha%C3%AEne_de_l%27espoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Chaîne de l'espoir (page does not exist)">CDE</a> · <a href="/wiki/Humanity_%26_Inclusion" title="Humanity & Inclusion">Federation Handicap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_et_d%27Echanges_Technologiques" title="Groupe de Recherches et d'Echanges Technologiques">GRET</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=IMMAP_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMMAP France (page does not exist)">iMMAP</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">MDM</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%92uvre_d%27Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Œuvre d'Orient (page does not exist)">Œuvre d'Orient</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premi%C3%A8re_Urgence_Internationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Première Urgence Internationale (page does not exist)">PUI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Relief_International" title="Relief International">Relief International</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secours_islamique_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secours islamique France (page does not exist)">Secours Islamique</a> · <a href="/wiki/Secours_populaire_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Secours populaire français">SPF</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangle_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_humanitaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangle Génération humanitaire (page does not exist)">Triangle</a> · <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9coms_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Télécoms Sans Frontières">TSF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arche_noVa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arche noVa (page does not exist)">arche noVa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund_Deutschland" title="Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland">ASB</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diakonie_Deutschland" title="Diakonie Deutschland">Diakonie Deutschland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe" title="Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe">Die Johanniter</a> · <a href="/wiki/Welthungerhilfe" title="Welthungerhilfe">GAC</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Help_%E2%80%93_Hilfe_zur_Selbsthilfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help – Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe (page does not exist)">HELP</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malteser_Hilfsdienst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malteser Hilfsdienst (page does not exist)">Malteser Hilfsdienst</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medair" title="Medair">Medair</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medico_International" title="Medico International">MI</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sign of Hope (page does not exist)">Sign of Hope</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarians_Without_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veterinarians Without Borders (page does not exist)">VSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concern_Worldwide" title="Concern Worldwide">Concern Worldwide</a> · <a href="/wiki/GOAL_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="GOAL (organization)">GOAL</a> · <a href="/wiki/Self_Help_Africa" title="Self Help Africa">SHA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3caire" title="Trócaire">Trócaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActionAid" title="ActionAid">ActionAid</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associazione_Italiana_per_la_Solidariet%C3%A0_tra_i_Popoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associazione Italiana per la Solidarietà tra i Popoli (page does not exist)">AISPO</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=AVSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AVSI (page does not exist)">AVSI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cesvi" title="Cesvi">Cesvi</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitato_Internazionale_per_lo_Sviluppo_dei_Popoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli (page does not exist)">CISP</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperazione_Internazionale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperazione Internazionale (page does not exist)">COOPI</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondazione_Opera_San_Francesco_Saverio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondazione Opera San Francesco Saverio (page does not exist)">CUAMM</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emergency_(organization)" title="Emergency (organization)">Emergency</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondazione_L%27Albero_della_Vita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondazione L'Albero della Vita (page does not exist)">FADV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersos" title="Intersos">INTERSOS</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servizio_Dei_Gesuiti_per_l_Rifugiati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servizio Dei Gesuiti per l Rifugiati (page does not exist)">JRS</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=LVIA-Associazione_Internazionale_Volontari_Laici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LVIA-Associazione Internazionale Volontari Laici (page does not exist)">LVIA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Un_Ponte_Per" title="Un Ponte Per">Un Ponte Per</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volontariato_Internazionale_per_lo_Sviluppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volontariato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo (page does not exist)">VIS</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=WeWorld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WeWorld (page does not exist)">WeWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordaid" title="Cordaid">Cordaid</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorcas_Aid_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorcas Aid International (page does not exist)">DAI</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthNet_TPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthNet TPO (page does not exist)">HNTPO</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_NGO_Safety_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International NGO Safety Organisation (page does not exist)">INSO</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_een_Kind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red een Kind (page does not exist)">REK</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stichting_Vluchteling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stichting Vluchteling (page does not exist)">Stichting Vluchteling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tearfund" title="Tearfund">Tearfund Netherlands</a> · <a href="/wiki/War_Child_(charity)" title="War Child (charity)">War Child Netherlands</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZOA_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZOA (organization) (page does not exist)">ZOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Church_Aid" title="Norwegian Church Aid">NCA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_People%27s_Aid" title="Norwegian People's Aid">NPA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">NRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Humanitarian_Action" title="Polish Humanitarian Action">PAH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aga_Khan_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundação Aga Khan Portugal (page does not exist)">AKF PRT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asamblea_de_Cooperaci%C3%B3n_por_la_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asamblea de Cooperación por la Paz (page does not exist)">ACPP</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayuda_en_Acci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayuda en Acción (page does not exist)">Ayuda en Acción</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundaci%C3%B3n_Educaci%C3%B3n_y_Cooperaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundación Educación y Cooperación (page does not exist)">EDUCO</a> · <a href="/wiki/Entreculturas" title="Entreculturas">Entreculturas</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmac%C3%A9uticos_Mundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farmacéuticos Mundi (page does not exist)">Farmacéuticos Mundi</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">MDM</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Movimiento_Por_La_Paz,_el_Desarme_y_la_Libertad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Movimiento Por La Paz, el Desarme y la Libertad (page does not exist)">MPDL</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundaci%C3%B3n_Mundubat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundación Mundubat (page does not exist)">Mundubat</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidaridad_Internacional_Andalucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidaridad Internacional Andalucia (page does not exist)">SIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">COS</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diakonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diakonia">Diakonia</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4karmissionen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Läkarmissionen (page does not exist)">Läkarmissionen</a> · <a href="/wiki/PMU_Interlife" class="mw-redirect" title="PMU Interlife">PMU Interlife</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=SWEDO_-_The_Swedish_Development_Aid_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWEDO - The Swedish Development Aid Organization (page does not exist)">SWEDO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">IFRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">OCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">PAHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNDP_Multi_Partner_Trust_Fund_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNDP Multi Partner Trust Fund Office (page does not exist)">UNDP MPTFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">UNDRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">UNESCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mine_Action_Service" title="United Nations Mine Action Service">UNMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Coordinator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the United Nations Security Coordinator (page does not exist)">UNSECOORD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_International_Development_Cooperation" title="Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation">AECID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Civil_Protection_and_Emergencies" title="Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies">DGPCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Danish Emergency Management Agency">DEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_civile_et_de_la_gestion_de_crise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction générale de la sécurité civile et de la gestion de crise (page does not exist)">DGSCGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Protezione Civile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enabel_-_Belgian_development_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enabel - Belgian development agency (page does not exist)">Enabel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27expertise_Technique_international&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence Française d'expertise Technique international (page does not exist)">Expertise France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit">GIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Secretariat_for_Civil_Protection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Secretariat for Civil Protection (page does not exist)">GSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungary_Helps_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungary Helps Agency (page does not exist)">Hungary Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Enhancing_Human_Security" title="ITF Enhancing Human Security">ITF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Civil_Contingencies_Agency" title="Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency">MSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technisches_Hilfswerk" title="Technisches Hilfswerk">THW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404829086">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128990950">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121364-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043403">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01192439">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/362043">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079831">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055429&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571248205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/17480">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269953005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518863106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00129652?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027605000">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&oldid=1258810735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&oldid=1258810735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank" title="Category:World Bank">World Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Bank_Group" title="Category:World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_in_economic_history" title="Category:1944 in economic history">1944 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carbon_finance" title="Category:Carbon finance">Carbon finance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_economic_organizations" title="Category:International economic organizations">International economic organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multilateral_development_banks" title="Category:Multilateral development banks">Multilateral development banks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.">Organizations based in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1944" title="Category:Organizations established in 1944">Organizations established in 1944</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Category:Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supranational_banks" title="Category:Supranational banks">Supranational banks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Development_Group" title="Category:United Nations Development Group">United Nations Development Group</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2021">Articles with dead external links from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2024">Use dmy dates from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:19 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7gxbk","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.824","walltime":"2.266","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23832,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":436395,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23328,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":213,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":482332,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1873.964 1 -total"," 37.87% 709.702 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.80% 352.312 6 Template:Navbox"," 13.01% 243.715 44 Template:Cite_web"," 12.82% 240.245 1 Template:World_Bank"," 9.40% 176.243 3 Template:Excerpt"," 9.20% 172.312 41 Template:Cite_news"," 8.31% 155.768 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.87% 147.477 1 Template:World_topic"," 5.37% 100.663 1 Template:Infobox_organization"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.027","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8924415,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","12.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","100","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","6.0"],["tostring","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","40","4.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","20","2.0"],["[others]","220","22.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9vzgv","timestamp":"20241123113424","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"World Bank","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Bank","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7164","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7164","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-27T11:21:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T19:19:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg","headline":"international financial institution"}</script> </body> </html>