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id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Chaldeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Chaldeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient Chaldeans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Chaldeans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient Chaldeans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Chaldeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Chaldean_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Chaldean_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>End of the Chaldean dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Chaldean_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Assyrian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Assyrian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Impact on Assyrian identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Assyrian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaldea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galde%C3%ABrs" title="Galdeërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galdeërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88" title="كلدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܟܠܕܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܠܕܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caldea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaldeyl%C9%99r" title="Xaldeylər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaldeylər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87" title="کلده – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Халдейҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халдейҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Халдзеі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халдзеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Халдейска династия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Халдейска династия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caldea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Халдейсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халдейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaldea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chald%C3%A4er" title="Chaldäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chaldäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldealased" title="Kaldealased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaldealased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Χαλδαίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλδαίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caldea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4aldeoj" title="Ĥaldeoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥaldeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87" title="کلده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chald%C3%A9e" title="Chaldée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaldée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caldea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%95%84" title="칼데아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼데아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քաղդեացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղդեացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeja" title="Kaldeja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaldeja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasdim" title="Kasdim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kasdim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldei" title="Caldei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caldei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כשדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כשדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქალდეელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალდეელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Халдейлер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Халдейлер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chald%C4%97jai" title="Chaldėjai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chaldėjai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ldok" title="Kháldok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kháldok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldee%C3%ABn" title="Chaldeeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chaldeeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A2" title="カルデア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルデア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaldeylar" title="Xaldeylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaldeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کلدانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلدانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldejczycy" title="Chaldejczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chaldejczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldeia" title="Caldeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caldeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldeea" title="Caldeea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caldeea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Халдеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Халдеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeja" title="Kaldeja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaldeja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Халдеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Халдеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeja" title="Kaldeja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaldeja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldeen" title="Kaldeen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaldeen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Caldea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சாலடிய நாகரிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாலடிய நாகரிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แคลเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldea" title="Kaldea – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaldea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Халдеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ancient Chaldeans" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chaldeans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chaldeans (disambiguation)">Chaldeans (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonie_chaldeens.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Babylonie_chaldeens.svg/350px-Babylonie_chaldeens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Babylonie_chaldeens.svg/525px-Babylonie_chaldeens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Babylonie_chaldeens.svg/700px-Babylonie_chaldeens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chaldea</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayce1878372_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayce1878372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992281_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992281-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic</a>-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and briefly came to rule <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> uses the term <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כשדים</span></span> (<i>Kaśdim</i>) and this is translated as <i>Chaldaeans</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Testament">Greek Old Testament</a>, although there is some dispute as to whether <i>Kasdim</i> in fact means <i>Chaldean</i> or refers to the south Mesopotamian <i>Kaldu</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During a period of weakness in the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East Semitic</a>-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a>-speaking migrants<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived in the region from <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a> between the 11th and 9th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of <a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, followed a century or so later by the Kaldu, a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. These migrations did not affect the powerful kingdom and empire of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, which repelled these incursions. </p><p>These nomadic Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Though for a short time the name commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia in Hebraic literature, this was a geographical and historical misnomer as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, extending about 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the course of these rivers and averaging about 160 km (100 mi) in width. <span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> There were several kings of Chaldean origins who ruled Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup> From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling family referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a>, named after their possible Chaldean origin,<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> ruled the kingdom at its height under the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, although the final ruler of this empire, <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a>) was a usurper of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> ancestry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Chaldaea</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khaldaía</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαλδαία</span></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i><span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">māt Kaldu</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Kašdu</i></span></i>, suggesting an underlying /kaɬdu/.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name appears in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kaśdim</i></span></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כשדים</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> as <i><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Kaśdāy</i></span></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כשדי</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 22:22) uses the name <i>Kesed</i> (כשׂד, ancient pronunciation /kaɬd/<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the singular form of <i>Kasdim</i>(כַּשְׂדִּים), meaning Chaldeans. Kesed is identified as son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>'s brother <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a> (and brother of Kemuel the father of Aram), residing in <a href="/wiki/Aram_Naharaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Naharaim">Aram Naharaim</a>. Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (37 – c. 100) also links <a href="/wiki/Arpachshad" title="Arpachshad">Arphaxad</a> and Chaldaea, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>: "Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land">Land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png/220px-Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png/330px-Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png/440px-Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Chaldea and neighboring countries</figcaption></figure><p>In the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, <i>mat Kaldi</i> was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression <i> mat Bit Yâkin</i> is also used, apparently synonymously. <i>Bit Yâkin</i> was the name of the largest and most powerful of the five tribes of the Chaldeans, or equivalently, their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original extension of <i>Bit Yâkin</i> is not known precisely, but it extended from the lower Tigris into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> mentions it as extending as far as <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> or "sea-land" (littoral Eastern Arabia).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Chaldea" or <i>mat Kaldi</i> generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at the time discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea. </p><p>The tribal capital <i>Dur Yâkin</i> was the original seat of <a href="/wiki/Marduk-Baladan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marduk-Baladan">Marduk-Baladan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, the capital city in each case. In the same way, what is now known as the Persian Gulf was sometimes called "the Sea of Bit Yakin", and sometimes "the Sea of the Land of Chaldea". </p><p>"Chaldea" came to be used in a wider sense, of Southern Mesopotamia in general, following the brief ascendancy of the Chaldeans during 608–557 BC. This is especially the case in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, which was substantially composed during this period (roughly corresponding to the period of <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> makes frequent reference to the Chaldeans (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> <i>Chaldees</i> following <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">LXX</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαλδαίοι</span></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> as <i>Kasdîm</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּשְׂדִּים</span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Book of Habakkuk</a> 1:6 calls them "that bitter and hasty nation" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַגֹּוי הַמַּר וְהַנִּמְהָר</span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 23:13 <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">DRB</a> states, “Behold the land of the Chaldeans, there was not such a people, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> founded it: they have led away the strong ones thereof into captivity, they have destroyed the houses thereof, they have brought it to ruin.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Chaldeans">Ancient Chaldeans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Chaldeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, whose ancestors had been established in Mesopotamia since at least the 30th century BC, the Chaldeans were not a native Mesopotamian people, but were late 10th- or early 9th-century BC <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> migrants to the southeastern corner of the region, who had played no part in the previous three millennia of Sumero-Akkadian and Assyro-Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian civilization">Mesopotamian civilization</a> and history.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940 and 860 BC, a century or so after other new <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic arrivals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a>, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BC. According to Ran Zadok, they first appear in <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">written record</a> in cylinder inscriptions of the King of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Aššur-ketta-lēšir II (late 12th-early 11th century BC), which record them reaching Mesopotamia as early as the 11th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZadok2017333_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZadok2017333-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later appear in the annals of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> during the 850s BC. This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of semi-nomadic foreign peoples from invading and settling in the land.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though belonging to the same West Semitic speaking ethnic group and migrating from the same Levantine regions as the earlier arriving Aramaeans, they are to be differentiated; the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, for example, carefully distinguishes them in his inscriptions. </p><p>The Chaldeans were for a time able to keep their identity despite the dominant native Assyro-Babylonian (Sumero-Akkadian-derived) culture although, as was the case for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a> before them, by the time <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Babylon fell</a> in 539 BC, perhaps before, the Chaldeans ceased to exist as a specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ur_Ka%C5%9Bdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur Kaśdim">Ur Kaśdim</a>) is cited as the starting point of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham's</a> journey to <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Chaldeans originally spoke a <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> language similar to <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhooft2017173_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhooft2017173-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the empire under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> in the mid-8th century BC. As a result, in late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> became marginalized, and Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, including among the Chaldeans, and later, also the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a>. One form of this once widespread Aramaic language was used in some books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>). The use of the name "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee) to describe it, first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Stridon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome of Stridon">Jerome of Stridon</a> (d. 420),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became common in early <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_studies" title="Aramaic studies">Aramaic studies</a>, but that <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_language_(misnomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean language (misnomer)">misnomer</a> was later corrected, when modern scholars concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic dialect</a> used in the Hebrew Bible was not closely related to the ancient Chaldean language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Chaldeans believed in "three heavens".<sup id="cite_ref-Gnostic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnostic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_1000bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/East-Hem_1000bc.jpg/260px-East-Hem_1000bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/East-Hem_1000bc.jpg/390px-East-Hem_1000bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/East-Hem_1000bc.jpg/520px-East-Hem_1000bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aramean states</a> and their neighbors</figcaption></figure> <p>The region that the Chaldeans eventually made their homeland was in relatively poor southeastern Mesopotamia, at the head of the Persian Gulf. They appear to have migrated into southern <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> from the Levant at some unknown point between the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> (a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a>) circa 940 BC, and the start of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> in 855 BC, although there is no historical proof of their existence prior to the late 850s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992298_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992298-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For perhaps a century or so after settling in the area, these semi-nomadic migrant Chaldean tribes had no impact on the pages of history, seemingly remaining subjugated by the native <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> speaking kings of Babylon or by perhaps regionally influential Aramean tribes. The main players in southern Mesopotamia during this period were Babylonia and Assyria, together with <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> to the east and the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaeans</a>, who had already settled in the region a century or so prior to the arrival of the Chaldeans. </p><p>The very first written historical attestation of the existence of Chaldeans occurs in 852 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the annals of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>, who mentions invading the southeastern extremes of Babylonia and subjugating one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushallim-Marduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushallim-Marduk (page does not exist)">Mushallim-Marduk</a>, the chief of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amukani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amukani (page does not exist)">Amukani</a> tribe and overall leader of the Kaldu tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with capturing the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baqani (page does not exist)">Baqani</a>, extracting tribute from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adini (page does not exist)">Adini</a>, chief of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bet-Dakkuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bet-Dakkuri (page does not exist)">Bet-Dakkuri</a>, another Chaldean tribe. </p><p>Shalmaneser III had invaded Babylonia at the request of its own king, <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a>, who, being threatened by his own rebellious relations, together with powerful Aramean tribes pleaded with the more powerful Assyrian king for help. The subjugation of the Chaldean tribes by the Assyrian king appears to have been an aside, as they were not at that time a powerful force or a threat to the native Babylonian king. </p><p>Important Kaldu tribes and their regions in southeastern Babylonia were <a href="/wiki/Bit-Y%C3%A2kin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Yâkin">Bit-Yâkin</a> (the original area the Chaldeans settled in on the Persian Gulf), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bet-Dakuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bet-Dakuri (page does not exist)">Bet-Dakuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bet-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet-Adini">Bet-Adini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bit-Amukkani" title="Bit-Amukkani">Bet-Amukkani</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bet-Shilani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bet-Shilani (page does not exist)">Bet-Shilani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaldean leaders had by this time already adopted Assyro-Babylonian names, religion, language, and customs, indicating that they had become Akkadianized to a great degree. </p><p>The Chaldeans remained quietly ruled by the native Babylonians (who were in turn subjugated by their Assyrian relations) for the next seventy-two years, only coming to historical prominence for the first time in Babylonia in 780 BC, when a previously unknown Chaldean named <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> usurped the throne from the native Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> (790–780 BC). The latter was a vassal of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> (783–773 BC), who was otherwise occupied quelling a civil war in Assyria at the time. </p><p>This was to set a precedent for all future Chaldean aspirations on Babylon during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>; always too weak to confront a strong Assyria alone and directly, the Chaldeans awaited periods when Assyrian kings were distracted elsewhere in their vast empire, or engaged in internal conflicts, then, in alliance with other powers stronger than themselves (usually <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>), they made a bid for control over Babylonia. </p><p>Shalmaneser IV attacked and defeated Marduk-apla-user, retaking northern Babylonia and forcing on him a border treaty in Assyria's favour. The Assyrians allowed him to remain on the throne, although subject to Assyria. <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a>, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BC and his son, <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> in 761 BC, with both being dominated by the new Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Dan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> (772–755 BC). Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and continual civil unrest throughout the land. </p><p>The Chaldean rule proved short-lived. A native Babylonian king named <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> (748–734 BC) defeated and overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC, restored indigenous rule, and successfully stabilised Babylonia. The Chaldeans once more faded into obscurity for the next three decades. During this time both the Babylonians and the Chaldean and Aramean migrant groups who had settled in the land once more fell completely under the yoke of the powerful Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (745–727 BC), a ruler who introduced <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the empire. The Assyrian king at first made <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> and his successor native Babylonian kings <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> his subjects, but decided to rule Babylonia directly from 729 BC. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> (727–722 BC), who also ruled Babylon in person. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (722–705 BC) ascended the throne of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BC after the death of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>, he was forced to launch a major campaign in his subject states of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannea">Mannea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iran">Ancient Iran</a> to defend his territories there. He defeated and drove out the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> who had attacked Assyria's Persian and <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a> vassal colonies in the region. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> began encouraging and supporting the rebellion against Assyria in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, forcing the Assyrians to send troops to deal with the Egyptians. </p><p>These events allowed the Chaldeans to once more attempt to assert themselves. While the Assyrian king was otherwise occupied defending his Iranian colonies from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and driving the Egyptians from Canaan, <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> (the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Merodach-Baladan</a>) of Bit-Yâkin, allied himself with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> kingdom and the native Babylonians, briefly seizing control of Babylon between 721 and 710 BC. With the Scythians and Cimmerians vanquished, the Medes and Persians pledging loyalty, and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> defeated and ejected from southern Canaan, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> was free at last to deal with the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Elamites. He attacked and deposed Marduk-apla-adding II in 710 BC, also defeating his Elamite allies in the process. After defeat by the Assyrians, Merodach-Baladan fled to his protectors in Elam </p><p>In 703, Merodach-Baladan very briefly regained the throne from a native Akkadian-Babylonian ruler <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a>, who was a puppet of the new Assyrian king, <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (705–681 BC). He was once more soundly defeated at <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, and once again fled to Elam where he died in exile after one final failed attempt to raise a revolt against Assyria in 700 BC, this time not in Babylon, but in the Chaldean tribal land of Bit-Yâkin. A native Babylonian king named <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> (703–701 BC) was placed on the throne as a puppet of Assyria. </p><p>The next challenge to Assyrian domination came from the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a> in 694 BC, with <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> deposing and murdering <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> (700–694 BC), the Assyrian prince who was king of Babylon and son of Sennacherib. The Chaldeans and Babylonians again allied with their more powerful Elamite neighbors in this endeavour. This prompted the enraged Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> to invade and subjugate Elam and Chaldea and to sack Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Babylon was regarded as a sacred city by all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians, and this act eventually resulted in Sennacherib's being murdered by his own sons while he was praying to the god <a href="/wiki/Nisroch" title="Nisroch">Nisroch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (681–669 BC) succeeded Sennacherib as ruler of the Assyrian Empire. He completely rebuilt Babylon and brought peace to the region. He conquered Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and entrenched his mastery over the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Urartians, Pontic Greeks, Cilicians, Phrygians, Lydians, Manneans and Arabs. For the next 60 or so years, Babylon and Chaldea remained peacefully under direct Assyrian control. The Chaldeans remained subjugated and quiet during this period, and the next major revolt in Babylon against the Assyrian empire was fermented not by a Chaldean, Babylonian or Elamite, but by <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, who was an Assyrian king of Babylon, and elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (668–627 BC), the new ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> (668–648 BC) had become infused with Babylonian nationalism after sixteen years peacefully subject to his brother, and despite being Assyrian himself, declared that the city of Babylon and not <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> should be the seat of the empire. </p><p>In 652 BC, he raised a powerful coalition of peoples resentful of their subjugation to Assyria against his own brother <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>. The alliance included the Babylonians, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a>, Chaldeans, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>, Sultans, Arameans, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, together with some disaffected elements among the Assyrians themselves. After a bitter struggle lasting five years, the Assyrian king triumphed over his rebellious brother in 648 BC, Elam was utterly destroyed, and the Babylonians, Persians, Medes, Chaldeans, Arabs, and others were savagely punished. An Assyrian governor named <a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a> was then placed on the throne of Babylon to rule on behalf of Ashurbanipal. The next 22 years were peaceful, and neither the Babylonians nor Chaldeans posed a threat to the dominance of Ashurbanipal. </p><p>However, after the death of the mighty <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (and Kandalanu) in 627 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> descended into a series of bitter internal dynastic civil wars that were to be the cause of its downfall. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_600bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/East-Hem_600bc.jpg/260px-East-Hem_600bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/East-Hem_600bc.jpg/390px-East-Hem_600bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/East-Hem_600bc.jpg/520px-East-Hem_600bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Eurasia around 600 BC, showing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (Chaldean Empire) and its neighbors</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> (626–623 BC) ascended to the throne of the empire in 626 BC but was immediately engulfed in a torrent of fierce rebellions instigated by rival claimants. He was deposed in 623 BC by an Assyrian general (<i><a href="/wiki/Turtanu" title="Turtanu">turtanu</a></i>) named <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> (623–622 BC), who was also declared king of Babylon. <a href="/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shar-ishkun">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> (622–612 BC), the brother of Ashur-etil-ilani, took back the throne of empire from Sin-shumu-lishir in 622 BC, but was then himself faced with unremitting rebellion against his rule by his own people. Continual conflict among the Assyrians led to a myriad of subject peoples, from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> to Persia and <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caucasus">The Caucasus</a> to Egypt, quietly reasserting their independence and ceasing to pay tribute to Assyria. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>, a previously obscure and unknown Chaldean chieftain, followed the opportunistic tactics laid down by previous Chaldean leaders to take advantage of the chaos and anarchy gripping Assyria and Babylonia and seized the city of Babylon in 620 BC with the help of its native Babylonian inhabitants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shar-ishkun">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> amassed a powerful army and marched into Babylon to regain control of the region. Nabopolassar was saved from likely destruction because yet another massive Assyrian rebellion broke out in Assyria proper, including the capital Nineveh, which forced the Assyrian king to turn back in order to quell the revolt. Nabopolassar took advantage of this situation, seizing the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> in 619 BC, a mainstay of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and thus Babylonia as a whole. </p><p>However, his position was still far from secure, and bitter fighting continued in the Babylonian heartlands from 620 to 615 BC, with Assyrian forces encamped in Babylonia in an attempt to eject Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC, and tried to besiege Assur and <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and chased back into Babylonia after being driven from Idiqlat (modern <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>) at the southernmost end of Assyria. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylonia due to constant rebellions and civil war among his own people. </p><p>Nabopolassar's position, and the fate of the Assyrian empire, was sealed when he entered into an alliance with another of Assyria's former vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, the now dominant people of what was to become Persia. The Median <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> had also recently taken advantage of the anarchy in the Assyrian Empire, while officially still a vassal of Assyria, he took the opportunity to meld the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, into a large and powerful Median-dominated force. The Medes, Persians, Parthians, Chaldeans and Babylonians formed an alliance that also included the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> to the north. </p><p>While Sin-shar-ishkun was fighting both the rebels in Assyria and the Chaldeans and Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> (hitherto a vassal of Assyria), in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians launched a surprise attack on civil-war-beleaguered Assyria in 615 BC, sacking <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> (the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Calah" class="mw-redirect" title="Calah">Calah</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) and taking <a href="/wiki/Arrapkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrapkha">Arrapkha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>). Nabopolassar, still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia, was not involved in this major breakthrough against Assyria. From this point however, the alliance of Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Babylonians, Sagartians, Scythians and Cimmerians fought in unison against Assyria. </p><p>Despite the sorely depleted state of Assyria, bitter fighting ensued. Throughout 614 BC the alliance of powers continued to make inroads into Assyria itself, although in 613 BC the Assyrians somehow rallied to score a number of counterattacking victories over the Medes-Persians, Babylonians-Chaldeans and Scythians-Cimmerians. This led to a coalition of forces ranged against it to unite and launch a massive combined attack in 612 BC, finally besieging and sacking Nineveh in late 612 BC, killing <a href="/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shar-ishkun">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> in the process. </p><p>A new Assyrian king, <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> (612–605 BC), took the crown amidst the house-to-house fighting in Nineveh, and refused a request to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. He managed to fight his way out of Nineveh and reach the northern Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, where he founded a new capital. Assyria resisted for another seven years until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian army and the army of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a> had formed a brief allied coalition with the Assyrians, were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Karchemish" class="mw-redirect" title="Karchemish">Karchemish</a>. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. The Egyptians had belatedly come to the aid of Assyria, which they would have hoped to support as a secure buffer between Egypt and the new powers of Babylon, Medes and Persians, having already been raided by the Scythians. </p><p>The Chaldean king of Babylon now ruled all of southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (Assyria in the north was ruled by the Medes),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the former Assyrian possessions of <a href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iran">Ancient Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. </p><p>Nabopolassar was not able to enjoy his success for long, dying in 604 BC, only one year after the victory at Karchemish. He was succeeded by his son, who took the name <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, after the unrelated 12th century BC native Akkadian-Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a>, indicating the extent to which the migrant Chaldeans had become infused with native Mesopotamian culture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> and his allies may well have been forced to deal with remnants of Assyrian resistance based in and around <a href="/wiki/Dur-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Katlimmu">Dur-Katlimmu</a>, as Assyrian imperial records continue to be dated in this region between 604 and 599 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Egyptians remained in the region an attempt to revive the Asian colonies of the ancient Egyptian Empire. </p><p>Nebuchadnezzar II was to prove himself to be the greatest of the Chaldean rulers, rivaling another non-native ruler, the 18th century BC <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, as the greatest king of Babylon. He was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder, rebuilding all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon, expanding on the earlier major and impressive rebuilding of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, helped to turn it into the immense and beautiful city of legend. Babylon covered more than 8 km<sup>2</sup> (3 sq mi), surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> called <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a>, "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. He is also believed by many historians to have built <a href="/wiki/The_Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hanging Gardens of Babylon">The Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a> (although others believe these gardens were built much earlier by an Assyrian king in Nineveh) for his wife, a <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> princess from the green mountains, so that she would feel at home. </p><p>A capable leader, Nebuchadnezzar II conducted successful military campaigns; cities like <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> were subjugated. He also conducted numerous campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a>. Like their Assyrian relations, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies. </p><p>In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major but inconclusive battle against the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at <a href="/wiki/Qedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qedar">Qedar</a>. In 597 BC, he invaded <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)</a> and deposed its king <a href="/wiki/Jehoiachin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehoiachin">Jehoiachin</a>, carrying the Israelites into <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">captivity in Babylon</a>. Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the Near East throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> of Judah to revolt. After an eighteen-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and Solomon's Temple was razed to the ground. </p><p>Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Psammetichus II">Psammetichus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a> throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis</a> in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself. </p><p>By 572, Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Chaldea, <a href="/wiki/Aramea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramea">Aramea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phonecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonecia">Phonecia</a>, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, northern Arabia, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Nebuchadnezzar died of illness in 562 BC after a one-year co-reign with his son, <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a>, who was deposed in 560 BC after a reign of only two years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Chaldean_dynasty">End of the Chaldean dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of the Chaldean dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar reigned for only four years and was succeeded by the youthful <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> in 556 BC. Again, it is unclear whether he was a Chaldean or a native Babylonian. </p><p>Labashi-Marduk reigned only for a matter of months, being deposed by <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> in late 556 BC. Nabonidus was certainly not a Chaldean, but an Assyrian from <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, the last capital of Assyria, and proved to be the final native Mesopotamian king of Babylon. He and his son, the regent <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a>, were deposed by the Persians under <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in 539 BC. </p><p>When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the name "Chaldean" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia. The original Chaldean tribe had long ago became Akkadianized, adopting Akkadian culture, religion, language and customs, blending into the majority native population, and eventually wholly disappearing as a distinct race of people, as had been the case with other preceding migrant peoples, such as the Amorites, Kassites, Suteans and Arameans of Babylonia. </p><p>The Persians considered this <i>Chaldean societal class</i> to be masters of reading and writing, and especially versed in all forms of <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a>, sorcery, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, and the magical arts. They spoke of astrologists and astronomers as <i>Chaldeans</i>, and it is used with this specific meaning in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> (Dan. i. 4, ii. 2 et seq.) and by classical writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. </p><p>The disappearance of the Chaldeans as an ethnicity and Chaldea as a land is evidenced by the fact that the Persian rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (539–330 BC) did not retain a province called "Chaldea", nor did they refer to "Chaldeans" as a race of people in their written annals. This is in contrast to Assyria, and for a time Babylonia also, where the Persians retained the names Assyria and Babylonia as designations for distinct <a href="/wiki/Geo-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-political">geo-political</a> entities within the Achaemenid Empire. In the case of the Assyrians in particular, Achaemenid records show Assyrians holding important positions within the empire, particularly with regards to military and civil administration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term Chaldean was still in use at the time of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (106–43 BC) long after the Chaldeans had disappeared. In one of his speeches he mentioned "Chaldean <a href="/wiki/Astrologers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologers">astrologers</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he spoke of them more than once in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">De Divinatione</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other classical Latin writers who speak of them as distinguished for their knowledge of astronomy and astrology are <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">Carpe diem</a></i> ode speaks of the "Babylonian calculations" (<i>Babylonii numeri</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscopes</a> of astrologers consulted regarding the future.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, a variant of Aramaic that was used in some books of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was misnamed as <i>Chaldean</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Stridon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome of Stridon">Jerome of Stridon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That inaccurate usage continued down the centuries in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and it was still customary during the nineteenth century, until the misnomer was corrected by scholars. In <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a>, Greek and Hebraic sources, however, the term for the language spoken in Mesopotamia was commonly "Assyrian" and later also "Syriac". <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, in the earliest recorded "Western" mentions of the Christians of what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and nearby countries, "Chaldean" is used with reference to their language. In 1220/1, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a> wrote that "they denied that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology#Mother_of_God" title="Catholic Mariology">Mother of God</a> and claimed that <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> existed in two persons. They consecrated <a href="/wiki/Bread#Leavening" title="Bread">leavened bread</a> and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fifteenth century the term "Chaldeans" was first applied specifically to <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> who entered a union with <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>, and no longer merely with reference to their language but the name of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">a new church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_Assyrian_identity">Impact on Assyrian identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact on Assyrian identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the present, Chaldea has been associated with Assyrian separatism through the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a>, and the belief that their descent is based southern Babylonia. While some religious leaders of the Chaldean church and activists in the West have advocated for a separate identity based on this notion, historians and international organizations generally treat Assyrians and Chaldeans as the same group ethnically, owing to genetic, linguistic, geographic, and modern historical factors. However, across the rest of Mesopotamia (particularly the North) after Chaldea fell, the terms "<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>", and its derivative <i>Syrian</i> remained the common <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> term for the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking inhabitants. These were used by the people themselves and their Persian, Armenian, Arab, Greek, Georgian and Kurdish neighbours both before and after the advent of Christianity in Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a> in these regions is well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayce1878372-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayce1878372_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayce1878">Sayce 1878</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992281-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992281_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1992">Roux 1992</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "West Semitic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaulieu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulieu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulieu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2018" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMhQDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Dynasty+of+E%22"><i>A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75</i></a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405188999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405188999"><bdi>978-1405188999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Babylon%2C+2200+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+75&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1405188999&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMhQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Dynasty%2Bof%2BE%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlaardingerbroek2014" class="citation web cs1">Vlaardingerbroek, H.M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/42132706/hoofdstuk+2.+Assyrians%2C+Babylonians%2C+Chaldeans.pdf">"Mesopotamia in Greek and Biblical Perceptions: Idiosyncrasies and Distortions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia+in+Greek+and+Biblical+Perceptions%3A+Idiosyncrasies+and+Distortions&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vlaardingerbroek&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F42132706%2Fhoofdstuk%2B2.%2BAssyrians%252C%2BBabylonians%252C%2BChaldeans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661–662_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCurdyRogers1902">McCurdy & Rogers 1902</a>, pp. 661–662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Stephen (1994-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7i4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Daniel: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7559-1"><bdi>978-1-4336-7559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+An+Exegetical+and+Theological+Exposition+of+Holy+Scripture&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-7559-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7i4AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2009" class="citation book cs1">Strong, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1NgCRJY8cC&pg=PA1518"><i>Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible</i></a>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 1518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-378-8"><bdi>978-1-59856-378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Exhaustive+Concordance+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=1518&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-378-8&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTs1NgCRJY8cC%26pg%3DPA1518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFREEDMANFreedman2000" class="citation book cs1">FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA230"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=FREEDMAN&rft.aufirst=ed&rft.au=Freedman%2C+David+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGzella" class="citation journal cs1">Gzella, Holger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28343250">"Ancient Hebrew"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew&rft.aulast=Gzella&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28343250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=chaldeans"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>. pp. Book 1, section 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=Book+1%2C+section+143&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D143%26highlight%3Dchaldeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>bit</i> is the "house of" tribal denominator, <i>Yâkin</i> (<i>Ia-kin</i>) is presumably the name of a king of the Arabian Sealand. Sargon mentions <i>Yakini</i> as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Marduk-Baladan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marduk-Baladan">Marduk-Baladan</a>'s father. G. W. Bromiley (ed.), <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA325">p. 325</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Philip Dougherty, <i>The Sealand of Ancient Arabia</i>, Yale University Press, 1932, 66ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFREEDMANFreedman2000" class="citation book cs1">FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA229"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=FREEDMAN&rft.aufirst=ed&rft.au=Freedman%2C+David+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Bryce, <i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire</i> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9GrxiILH8C&pg=PA130">p. 130</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1992">Roux 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZadok2017333-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZadok2017333_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZadok2017">Zadok 2017</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Leo Oppenheim, <i>Ancient Mesopotamia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhooft2017173-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhooft2017173_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhooft2017">Vanderhooft 2017</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher2012">Gallagher 2012</a>, p. 123-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENöldeke1871113-131_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNöldeke1871">Nöldeke 1871</a>, p. 113-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnostic-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnostic_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoresse1986" class="citation book cs1">Doresse, Jean (1986). <i>The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics</i>. New York: MJF Books. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567312270" title="Special:BookSources/9781567312270"><bdi>9781567312270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Books+of+the+Egyptian+Gnostics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781567312270&rft.aulast=Doresse&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2008" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Wade (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccg.org/weblibs/study-papers/b7_1.html">"Mysticism Chapter 1: Spreading the Babylonian Mysteries"</a>. CCG Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mysticism+Chapter+1%3A+Spreading+the+Babylonian+Mysteries&rft.pub=CCG+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccg.org%2Fweblibs%2Fstudy-papers%2Fb7_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidier2009" class="citation web cs1">Didier, John C. (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf">"In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=In+and+Outside+the+Square%3A+The+Sky+and+the+Power+of+Belief+in+Ancient+China+and+the+World%2C+c.+4500+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+200&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Didier&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp192_vol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992298-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1992298_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1992">Roux 1992</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. K. Grayson (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858–745 B.C.) (RIMA 3). Toronto University Press. pp. 31, 26–28. iv 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Door fitting from the <a href="/wiki/Balawat" title="Balawat">Balawat</a> Gates, BM 124660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ran Zadok (1984), Assyrians in Chaldean and Achaemenians Babylonia. Page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Assyrians after Assyria". Nineveh.com. 4 September 1999. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019:text=Mur.:chapter=11&highlight=chaldean">"M. Tullius Cicero, For Lucius Murena, chapter 11"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=M.+Tullius+Cicero%2C+For+Lucius+Murena%2C+chapter+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0019%3Atext%3DMur.%3Achapter%3D11%26highlight%3Dchaldean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Divinatione/1*.html">"LacusCurtius • Cicero — De Divinatione: BookI"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Cicero+%E2%80%94+De+Divinatione%3A+BookI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCicero%2Fde_Divinatione%2F1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?l=Chaldaeos">"Lewis and Short"</a>. <i>alatius.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alatius.com&rft.atitle=Lewis+and+Short&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falatius.com%2Fls%2Findex.php%3Fl%3DChaldaeos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horace, Odes 1.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_AngoldFrances_Margaret_YoungK._Scott_Bowie2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie (17 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%2C+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.au=Michael+Angold&rft.au=Frances+Margaret+Young&rft.au=K.+Scott+Bowie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkman, John A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43074768">"Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C."</a> <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 304–325. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43074768">43074768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Arameans+and+Chaldeans+in+Southern+Babylonia+in+the+Early+Seventh+Century+B.C.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-325&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43074768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brinkman&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43074768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&q=%22respectable+archaeologists%22&pg=PA98"><i>What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel</i></a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2126-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know%2C+and+when+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+Archaeology+Can+Tell+Us+about+the+Reality+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC%26q%3D%2522respectable%2Barchaeologists%2522%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWkyAQAAQBAJ"><i>Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text</i></a>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004228023" title="Special:BookSources/9789004228023"><bdi>9789004228023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Scripture+in+Patristic+Biblical+Theory%3A+Canon%2C+Language%2C+Text&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004228023&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWkyAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurdyRogers1902" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">McCurdy, J. Frederic; Rogers, Robert W. (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jewishencyclopedia03sing#page/661/mode/1up">"Chaldea"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. 3, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 661–662</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldea&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=661-662&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=McCurdy&rft.aufirst=J.+Frederic&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjewishencyclopedia03sing%23page%2F661%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lenorman, Francois (1877), <i>Chaldean Magic: Its Origin and Development</i>, London: Samuel Bagster & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaldean+Magic%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Samuel+Bagster+%26+Sons&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Lenorman&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation cs2">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=Thompson+%22Van+Seters%22&pg=PA19"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past</i></a>, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26q%3DThompson%2B%2522Van%2BSeters%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöldeke1871" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Nöldeke, Theodor</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43366019">"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>25</b> (1–2): 113–131. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43366019">43366019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Die+Namen+der+aram%C3%A4ischen+Nation+und+Sprache&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=113-131&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43366019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6ldeke&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43366019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Dyneley_Prince" title="John Dyneley Prince">Prince, John Dyneley</a> (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chaldaea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chaldaea">"Chaldaea" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 804</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldaea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=804&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=John+Dyneley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1">Roux, Georges (27 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Henry Sayce">Sayce, Archibald Henry</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Babylon—Babylonia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Babylon%E2%80%94Babylonia">"Babylon—Babylonia" </a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 5 (9th ed.), p. 182–194</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylon%E2%80%94Babylonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=182-194&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Sayce&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayce1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Henry Sayce">Sayce, Archibald Henry</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Chaldea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Chaldea">"Chaldea" </a></span>, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 372</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=372&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Sayce&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderhooft2017" class="citation book cs1">Vanderhooft, David S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34378851">"Depictions of כשדים 'Chaldeans' in Judean Prophecy and Historiography"</a>. <i>Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography</i>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Depictions+of+%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%98Chaldeans%E2%80%99+in+Judean+Prophecy+and+Historiography&rft.btitle=Now+It+Happened+in+Those+Days%3A+Studies+in+Biblical%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Other+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Historiography&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pages=171-182&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Vanderhooft&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34378851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadok2017" class="citation book cs1">Zadok, Ran (2017). "A Cylinder Inscription of Aššur-ketta-lēšir II". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). <i>Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography</i>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 309–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575067612"><bdi>978-1575067612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Cylinder+Inscription+of+A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-ketta-l%C4%93%C5%A1ir+II&rft.btitle=Now+It+Happened+in+Those+Days%3A+Studies+in+Biblical%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Other+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Historiography&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pages=309-340&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1575067612&rft.aulast=Zadok&rft.aufirst=Ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagozin1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9na%C3%AFde_Alexe%C3%AFevna_Ragozin" title="Zénaïde Alexeïevna Ragozin">Ragozin, Zénaïde A.</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9H-VpCCd03AC"><i>Chaldea from the earliest times to the rise of Assyria</i></a>. London: Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaldea+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+rise+of+Assyria&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Ragozin&rft.aufirst=Z%C3%A9na%C3%AFde+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9H-VpCCd03AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaggs1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._F._Saggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. F. Saggs">Saggs, Henry W. F.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23864750">"Chaldeans in the Nimrud Letters"</a>. <i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes</i>. <b>86</b>: 379–390. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23864750">23864750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Kunde+des+Morgenlandes&rft.atitle=Chaldeans+in+the+Nimrud+Letters&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=379-390&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23864750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saggs&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23864750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaldea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> 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