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href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gasification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gasification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-scale_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Small-scale methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crops_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crops_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Crops used </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crops_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrochar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrochar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hydrochar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrochar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermo-catalytic_depolymerization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermo-catalytic_depolymerization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Thermo-catalytic depolymerization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermo-catalytic_depolymerization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_sink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_sink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Carbon sink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_sink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Soil health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slash-and-char" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slash-and-char"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Slash-and-char </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slash-and-char-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_retention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_retention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Water retention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_retention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_fodder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_fodder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Stock fodder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_fodder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Concrete additive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_slurry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_slurry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Fuel slurry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_slurry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Water treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Biochar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فحم حيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحم حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonet" title="Carbonet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbonet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biouhel" title="Biouhel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biouhel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzenkohle" title="Pflanzenkohle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzenkohle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bios%C3%BCsi" title="Biosüsi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biosüsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biochar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیوچار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیوچار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biochar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4_%EC%88%AF" title="바이오 숯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이오 숯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="जैव चारकोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैव चारकोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioarang" title="Bioarang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bioarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfkol" title="Lífkol – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífkol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biochar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81" title="Бионүүрс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бионүүрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E7%82%AD" title="バイオ炭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイオ炭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokull" title="Biokull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biokull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biow%C4%99giel" title="Biowęgiel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biowęgiel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biochar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biochar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohiili" title="Biohiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biohiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokol" title="Biokol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biokol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரி கார்பன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரி கார்பன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_k%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Biyolojik kömür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik kömür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Біочар (вугілля) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біочар (вугілля)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Than sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Than sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%82%AD" title="生物炭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物炭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q905495#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, after pyrolysis of biomass</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about charcoal which goes into soil. For more general information, see <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for cohesion. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biochar" title="Special:EditPage/Biochar">editing it</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar_pile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large pile of biochar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Biochar_pile.jpg/220px-Biochar_pile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Biochar_pile.jpg/330px-Biochar_pile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Biochar_pile.jpg/440px-Biochar_pile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A pile of biochar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Biochar mixture ready for soil application" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg/220px-Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg/330px-Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg/440px-Biochar_ready_for_application.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Biochar mixture ready for soil application</figcaption></figure> Biochar is charcoal, sometimes modified, that is intended for organic use, as in soil. It is the lightweight black remnants, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (analytical chemistry)">ashes</a>, remaining after the <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, and is a form of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Despite its name, immediately following production biochar is sterile and only gains biological life following assisted or incidental exposure to biota. Biochar is defined by the International Biochar Initiative as the "solid material obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Thermochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermochemical">thermochemical</a> conversion of biomass in an <a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">oxygen-limited</a> environment".<a href="#cite_note-auto2-2">[2]</a> Biochar is mainly used in soils to increase soil aeration, reduce soil emissions of greenhouse gases,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> reduce nutrient leaching and reduce <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil acidity">soil acidity</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> and can increase soil water content in coarse soils.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Biochar application may increase <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> Biochar soil amendments, when applied at excessive rates or with unsuitable soil type and biochar feedstock combinations, also have the potential for negative effects, including harming soil biota, reducing available water content, altering soil pH and increasing salinity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a> Beyond soil application, biochar can be used for slash-and-char farming, for <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_curve" title="Water retention curve">water retention</a> in soil, and as an additive for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">animal fodder</a>. There is an increasing focus on the potential role of biochar application in global climate change mitigation. Due to its <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> stability, biochar can stay in soils or other environments for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-indep1-7">[7]</a> This has given rise to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Biochar_carbon_removal" title="Biochar carbon removal">Biochar Carbon Removal</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> in the form of biochar.<a href="#cite_note-indep1-7">[7]</a> Carbon removal can be achieved when high-quality biochar is applied to soils, or added as a substitute material to construction materials such as concrete and tar. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "biochar" is a late 20th century English <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Language">Greek</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βίος">βίος</a>, bios, "<a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">char</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">carbonization</a> of biomass).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is recognized as charcoal that participates in biological processes found in soil, aquatic habitats and in animal digestive systems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazonians</a> produced biochar by <a href="/wiki/Smolder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smolder">smoldering</a> agricultural waste (i.e., covering burning biomass with soil)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in pits or trenches.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a> It is not known if they intentionally used biochar to enhance soil productivity.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a> European settlers called it <a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">terra preta de Indio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Following observations and experiments, one research team working in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> hypothesized that the Amazonian earthworm <a href="/wiki/Pontoscolex_corethrurus" title="Pontoscolex corethrurus">Pontoscolex corethrurus</a> was the main agent of fine powdering and incorporation of charcoal debris in the mineral soil.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kontiki_kiln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artisanal biochar production in a Kontiki-Kiln" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kontiki_kiln.jpg/220px-Kontiki_kiln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kontiki_kiln.jpg/330px-Kontiki_kiln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kontiki_kiln.jpg/440px-Kontiki_kiln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5833" data-file-height="3889" /></a><figcaption>Artisanal biochar production in a Kontiki-Kiln</figcaption></figure> Biochar is a high-carbon, fine-grained residue that is produced via <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>; it is the direct <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of biomass in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (preventing <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>), which produces a mixture of solids (biochar), liquid (<a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis_oil" title="Pyrolysis oil">bio-oil</a>), and gas (<a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>) products.<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasification">Gasification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gasification">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasifiers</a> produce most of the biochar sold in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The gasification process consists of four main stages: oxidation, drying, <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">reduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Temperature during pyrolysis in gasifiers is 250–550 °C (523–823 K), 600–800 °C (873–1,073 K) in the reduction zone and 800–1,000 °C (1,070–1,270 K) in the combustion zone.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The specific yield from pyrolysis, the step of gasification that produces biochar, is dependent on process conditions such as temperature, heating rate, and <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These parameters can be tuned to produce either more energy or more biochar.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Temperatures of 400–500 °C (673–773 K) produce more <a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">char</a>, whereas temperatures above 700 °C (973 K) favor the yield of liquid and gas fuel components.<a href="#cite_note-Winsley1-19">[19]</a> Pyrolysis occurs more quickly at higher temperatures, typically requiring seconds rather than hours. The increasing heating rate leads to a decrease in biochar yield, while the temperature is in the range of 350–600 °C (623–873 K).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Typical yields are 60% <a href="/wiki/Bio-oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-oil">bio-oil</a>, 20% biochar, and 20% syngas. By comparison, slow pyrolysis can produce substantially more char (≈35%);<a href="#cite_note-Winsley1-19">[19]</a> this contributes to soil fertility. Once initialized, both processes produce net energy. For typical inputs, the energy required to run a "fast" pyrolyzer is approximately 15% of the energy that it outputs.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Pyrolysis plants can use the syngas output and yield 3–9 times the amount of energy required to run.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a> The Amazonian pit/trench method,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a> in contrast, harvests neither bio-oil nor syngas, and releases CO2, <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> (GHGs) (and potentially, <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicants</a>) into the air, though less greenhouse gasses than captured during the growth of the biomass.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Commercial-scale systems process agricultural waste, paper byproducts, and even municipal waste and typically eliminate these side effects by capturing and using the liquid and gas products.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The 2018 winner of the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric water generator">atmospheric water generators</a> harvests potable water from the drying stage of the gasification process.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The production of biochar as an output is not a priority in most cases.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_methods">Small-scale methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Small-scale methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg/220px-Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg/330px-Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg/440px-Smallholder_biochar_production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3355" /></a><figcaption>Smallholder biochar production with fruit-orchard prunings; per the World Bank, "biochar retains between 10 percent and 70 percent (on average about 50 percent) of the carbon present in the original biomass and slows down the rate of carbon decomposition by one or two orders of magnitude, that is, in the scale of centuries or millennia"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Smallholder farmers in developing countries easily produce their own biochar without special equipment. They make piles of crop waste (e.g., maize stalks, rice straw, or wheat straw), light the piles on the top, and quench the embers with dirt or water to make biochar. This method greatly reduces smoke compared to traditional methods of burning crop waste. This method is known as the top-down burn or conservation burn.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Alternatively, more industrial methods can be used on small scales. While in a centralized system, unused biomass is brought to a central plant for processing into biochar,<a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyworld.com-30">[30]</a> it is also possible for each farmer or group of farmers can operate a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In this scenario, a truck equipped with a pyrolyzer can move from place to place to pyrolyze biomass. Vehicle power comes from the <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a> stream, while the biochar remains on the farm. The <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> is sent to a refinery or storage site. Factors that influence the choice of system type include the cost of transportation of the liquid and solid byproducts, the amount of material to be processed, and the ability to supply the power grid.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Various companies in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> also sell biochar or biochar production units. In Sweden, the 'Stockholm Solution' is an urban tree planting system that uses 30% biochar to support urban forest growth.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At the 2009 International Biochar Conference, a mobile pyrolysis unit with a specified intake of 1,000 pounds (450 kg) was introduced for agricultural applications.<a href="#cite_note-biomassmag.com/article_id=3091-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crops_used">Crops used</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crops used">edit</a>]</div> Common crops used for making biochar include various tree species, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crops</a>. Some of these energy crops (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pennisetum_purpureum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum purpureum">Napier grass</a>) can store much more carbon on a shorter timespan than trees do.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> For crops that are not exclusively for biochar production, the <a href="/wiki/Residue-to-Product_Ratio_(RPR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residue-to-Product Ratio (RPR)">Residue-to-Product Ratio (RPR)</a> and the collection factor (CF), the percent of the residue not used for other things, measure the approximate amount of feedstock that can be obtained. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> harvests approximately 460 million tons (MT) of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> annually,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> with an RPR of 0.30, and a CF of 0.70 for the sugarcane tops, which normally are burned in the field.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This translates into approximately 100 MT of residue annually, which could be pyrolyzed to create energy and soil additives. Adding in the <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a> (sugarcane waste) (RPR=0.29 CF=1.0), which is otherwise burned (inefficiently) in boilers, raises the total to 230 MT of pyrolysis feedstock. Some plant residue, however, must remain on the soil to avoid increased costs and emissions from nitrogen fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrochar">Hydrochar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hydrochar">edit</a>]</div> Besides pyrolysis, <a href="/wiki/Torrefaction" title="Torrefaction">torrefaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_carbonization" title="Hydrothermal carbonization">hydrothermal carbonization</a> processes can also thermally decompose biomass to the solid material. However, these products cannot be strictly defined as biochar. The carbon product from the <a href="/wiki/Torrefaction" title="Torrefaction">torrefaction</a> process contains some <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic components</a>, thus its properties are between that of biomass feedstock and biochar.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Furthermore, even the hydrothermal carbonization could produce a carbon-rich solid product, the hydrothermal carbonization is evidently different from the conventional thermal conversion process.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Therefore, the solid product from hydrothermal carbonization is defined as "hydrochar" rather than "biochar".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermo-catalytic_depolymerization">Thermo-catalytic depolymerization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermo-catalytic depolymerization">edit</a>]</div> Thermo-catalytic depolymerization is another method to produce biochar, which utilizes <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_heating" title="Dielectric heating">microwaves</a>. It has been used to efficiently convert organic matter to biochar on an industrial scale, producing ≈50% char.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar_sample_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small pellets of biochar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biochar_sample_size.jpg/220px-Biochar_sample_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biochar_sample_size.jpg/330px-Biochar_sample_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biochar_sample_size.jpg/440px-Biochar_sample_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>Smaller pellets of biochar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hand holding a piece of biochar with a bucket of it in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Biochar.jpg/220px-Biochar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Biochar.jpg/330px-Biochar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Biochar.jpg/440px-Biochar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Biochar produced from residual wood</figcaption></figure> The physical and chemical properties of biochars as determined by feedstocks and technologies are crucial. Characterization data explain their performance in a specific use. For example, guidelines published by the International Biochar Initiative provide standardized evaluation methods.<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> Properties can be categorized in several respects, including the <a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal#Chemical_composition" title="Energy value of coal">proximate</a> and elemental composition, pH value, and porosity. The atomic ratios of biochar, including H/C and O/C, correlate with the properties that are relevant to organic content, such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromaticity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Van_Krevelen_diagram" title="Van Krevelen diagram">van-Krevelen diagram</a> can show the evolution of biochar atomic ratios in the production process.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In the carbonization process, both the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a>/C <a href="/wiki/Atomic_ratio" title="Atomic ratio">atomic ratios</a> decrease due to the release of functional groups that contain hydrogen and oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg/220px-High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg/330px-High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg/440px-High_magnification_view_of_Pine_Biochar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>Scanning electron image of biochar shows detailed morphology</figcaption></figure> Production temperatures influence biochar properties in several ways. The molecular carbon structure of the solid biochar matrix is particularly affected. Initial pyrolysis at 450–550 °C leaves an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">amorphous carbon</a> structure. Temperatures above this range will result in the progressive thermochemical conversion of amorphous carbon into turbostratic <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> sheets. Biochar <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductivity</a> also increases with production temperature.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Important to carbon capture, aromaticity and intrinsic recalcitrance increases with temperature.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_sink">Carbon sink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Carbon sink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biochar_carbon_removal" title="Biochar carbon removal">Biochar carbon removal</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> stability of biochar leads to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Biochar_carbon_removal" title="Biochar carbon removal">Biochar Carbon Removal</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> in the form of biochar.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-indep1-7">[7]</a> It may be a means to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a> due to its potential of sequestering carbon with minimal effort.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyalSociety-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/ncomms1053-51">[51]</a> Biomass burning and natural decomposition releases large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>. The biochar production process also releases CO2 (up to 50% of the biomass); however, the remaining carbon content becomes indefinitely stable.<a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/ncomms1053-51">[51]</a> Biochar carbon remains in the ground for centuries, slowing the growth in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> levels. Simultaneously, its presence in the earth can improve <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, increase <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>, raise <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>, and reduce pressure on <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Biochar can sequester carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years, like <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terra_Preta_de_Indio-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Early works proposing the use of biochar for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> to create a long-term stable <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a> were published in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This technique is advocated by scientists including <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A 2010 report estimated that sustainable use of biochar could reduce the global net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> by up to 1.8 billion tonnes <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">carbon dioxide equivalent</a> (CO 2e) per year (compared to the about 50 billion tonnes emitted in 2021), without endangering <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/ncomms1053-51">[51]</a> However a 2018 study doubted enough biomass would be available to achieve significant carbon sequestration.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> A 2021 review estimated potential CO2 removal from 1.6 to 3.2 billion tonnes per year,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and by 2023 it had become a lucrative business renovated by carbon credits.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As of 2023, the significance of biochar's potential as a carbon sink is widely accepted. Biochar is found to have the technical potential to sequester 7% of carbon dioxide in average of all countries, with twelve nations able to sequester over 20% of their greenhouse gas emissions. Bhutan leads this proportion (68%), followed by India (53%).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2021 the cost of biochar ranged around European carbon prices,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> but was not yet included in the EU or <a href="/wiki/UK_Emissions_Trading_Scheme" title="UK Emissions Trading Scheme">UK Emissions Trading Scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-68">[68]</a> In developing countries, biochar derived from <a href="/wiki/Improved_cookstove" class="mw-redirect" title="Improved cookstove">improved cookstoves</a> for home-use can contribute[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to lower <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> if use of original cookstove is discontinued, while achieving other benefits for sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_health">Soil health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soil health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Biochar in a white tarp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg/220px-Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg/330px-Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg/440px-Biochar_pile_in_tarp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="2822" /></a><figcaption>Biochar in preparation as a soil amendment</figcaption></figure> Biochar offers multiple <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a> benefits in degraded tropical soils but is less beneficial in temperate regions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Its porous nature is effective at retaining both water and water-soluble nutrients. Soil biologist <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Ingham" title="Elaine Ingham">Elaine Ingham</a> highlighted its suitability as a habitat for beneficial soil <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">micro organisms</a>. She pointed out that when pre-charged with these beneficial organisms, biochar promotes good soil and plant health.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Biochar reduces leaching of <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E-coli</a> through sandy soils depending on application rate, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> content, <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">soil texture</a>, and surface properties of the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> For plants that require high <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> and elevated <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> biochar can improve yield.<a href="#cite_note-Tenic,_E._2020-77">[77]</a> Biochar can improve water quality, reduce soil emissions of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a>, reduce <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">nutrient leaching</a>, reduce <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil acidity">soil acidity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> requirements.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Under certain circumstances biochar induces plant systemic responses to <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">foliar</a> fungal diseases and improves plant responses to diseases caused by soilborne pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal,_A.K._2014-82">[82]</a> Biochar's impacts are dependent on its properties<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> as well as the amount applied,<a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal,_A.K._2014-82">[82]</a> although knowledge about the important mechanisms and properties is limited.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Biochar impact may depend on regional conditions including soil type, soil condition (depleted or healthy), temperature, and humidity.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Modest additions of biochar reduce <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N 2O)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> emissions by up to 80% and eliminate <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>, which are both more potent greenhouse gases than CO2.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Studies reported positive effects from biochar on crop production in degraded and nutrient–poor soils.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The application of <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> and biochar under FP7 project FERTIPLUS had positive effects on soil humidity, crop productivity and quality in multiple countries.<a href="#cite_note-socialimpact00544-89">[89]</a> Biochar can be adapted with specific qualities to target distinct soil properties.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In Colombian savanna soil, biochar reduced leaching of critical nutrients, created a higher nutrient uptake, and provided greater nutrient availability.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> At 10% levels biochar reduced contaminant levels in plants by up to 80%, while reducing <a href="/wiki/Chlordane" title="Chlordane">chlordane</a> and <a href="/wiki/DDX_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="DDX (chemistry)">DDX</a> content in the plants by 68 and 79%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar may reduce pesticide efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-Graber,_E.R._2011-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> High-surface-area biochars may be particularly problematic.<a href="#cite_note-Graber,_E.R._2011-93">[93]</a> Biochar may be plowed into soils in crop fields to enhance their fertility and stability and for medium- to long-term carbon sequestration in these soils. It has meant a remarkable improvement in tropical soils showing positive effects in increasing soil fertility and improving disease resistance in West European soils.<a href="#cite_note-socialimpact00544-89">[89]</a> Gardeners taking <a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">individual action on climate change</a> add biochar to soil,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> increasing plant yield and thereby drawing down more carbon.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The use of biochar as a feed additive can be a way to apply biochar to pastures and to reduce methane emissions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Application rates of 2.5–20 tonnes per hectare (1.0–8.1 t/acre) appear required to improve plant yields significantly. Biochar costs in developed countries vary from $300–7000/tonne, which is generally impractical for the farmer/horticulturalist and prohibitive for low-input field crops. In developing countries, constraints on agricultural biochar relate more to biomass availability and production time. A compromise is to use small amounts of biochar in lower-cost biochar-fertilizer complexes.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Biochar soil amendments, when applied at excessive rates or with unsuitable soil type and biochar feedstock combinations, also have the potential for negative effects, including harming soil biota, reducing available water content, altering soil pH and increasing salinity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slash-and-char">edit</a>]</div> Switching from <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a> farming techniques in Brazil can decrease both deforestation of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide emission</a>, as well as increase crop yields. Slash-and-burn leaves only 3% of the carbon from the organic material in the soil.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Slash-and-char can retain up to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Biochar reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizers, thereby reducing cost and emissions from fertilizer production and transport.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Additionally, by improving soil's till-ability, fertility, and productivity, biochar-enhanced soils can indefinitely sustain agricultural production, whereas slash/burn soils quickly become depleted of nutrients, forcing farmers to abandon the fields, producing a continuous slash and burn cycle. Using pyrolysis to produce bio-energy does not require infrastructure changes the way, for example, processing biomass for <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic ethanol</a> does. Additionally, biochar can be applied by the widely used machinery.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_retention">Water retention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Water retention">edit</a>]</div> Biochar is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous structure</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Specific_surface_area" title="Specific surface area">specific surface area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As a result, fertilizer and other nutrients are retained for plants' benefit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock_fodder">Stock fodder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stock fodder">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Domestic chicken feeding on biochar in Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png/220px-Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png/330px-Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png/440px-Chicken_feeding_on_crushed_biochar_in_Namibia.png 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Domestic chicken feeding on biochar in Namibia</figcaption></figure> Biochar has been used in animal feed for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Doug Pow, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australian</a> farmer, explored the use of biochar mixed with <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> as stock <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>. He asserted that in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, biochar can assist digestion and reduce <a href="/wiki/Methane#Ruminants" title="Methane">methane production</a>. He also used <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetles</a> to work the resulting biochar-infused dung into the soil without using machinery. The nitrogen and carbon in the dung were both incorporated into the soil rather than staying on the soil surface, reducing the production of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide#Greenhouse_effect" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#In_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The nitrogen and carbon added to soil fertility. On-farm evidence indicates that the fodder led to improvements of liveweight gain in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Angus" title="Aberdeen Angus">Angus-cross cattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2019-10-18-beetles-charcoal-106">[106]</a> Doug Pow won the Australian Government Innovation in Agriculture Land Management Award at the 2019 Western Australian <a href="/wiki/Landcare_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Landcare in Australia">Landcare</a> Awards for this innovation.<a href="#cite_note-landcareawards2019-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2019-10-18-beetles-charcoal-106">[106]</a> Pow's work led to two further trials on dairy cattle, yielding reduced odour and increased milk production.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_additive">Concrete additive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Concrete additive">edit</a>]</div> Ordinary <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> (OPC), an essential component of concrete mix, is energy- and emissions-intensive to produce; cement production accounts for around 8% of global CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The concrete industry has increasingly shifted to using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), additives that reduce the volume of OPC in a mix while maintaining or improving concrete properties.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Biochar has been shown to be an effective SCM, reducing concrete production emissions while maintaining required strength and ductility properties.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a> Studies have found that a 1-2% weight concentration of biochar is optimal for use in concrete mixes, from both a cost and strength standpoint.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a> A 2 wt.% biochar solution has been shown to increase concrete flexural strength by 15% in a three-point bending test conducted after 7 days, compared to traditional OPC concrete.<a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a> Biochar concrete also shows promise in high-temperature resistance and permeability reduction.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A cradle-to-gate <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a> of biochar concrete showed decreased production emissions with higher concentrations of biochar, which tracks with a reduction in OPC.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Compared to other SCMs from industrial waste streams (such as <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silica_fume" title="Silica fume">silica fume</a>), biochar also showed decreased toxicity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_slurry">Fuel slurry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fuel slurry">edit</a>]</div> Biochar mixed with liquid media such as water or organic liquids (ethanol, etc.) is an emerging fuel type known as biochar-based slurry.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Adapting slow pyrolysis in large biomass fields and installations enables the generation of biochar slurries with unique characteristics. These slurries are becoming promising fuels in countries with regional areas where biomass is abundant, and power supply relies heavily on diesel generators.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This type of fuel resembles a <a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">coal slurry</a>, but with the advantage that it can be derived from biochar from renewable resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_treatment">Water treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water treatment">edit</a>]</div> Biochar, also can have applications in the field of water treatment.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Its porosity and properties can be modified using different methods to increase the efficiency of removal.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Several contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, organic pollutants are reported to be removed by biochar.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochar_Application.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Agricultural worker distributing biochar over a planting plot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Biochar_Application.jpg/220px-Biochar_Application.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Biochar_Application.jpg/330px-Biochar_Application.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Biochar_Application.jpg/440px-Biochar_Application.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> Biochar applied to the soil in research trials in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for technical detail. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biochar" title="Special:EditPage/Biochar">editing it</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Research into aspects involving pyrolysis/biochar is underway around the world, but as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit">[update]</a> was still in its infancy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> From 2005 to 2012, 1,038 articles included the word "biochar" or "bio-char" in the topic indexed in the ISI <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Research is in progress by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Volcani_Institute_of_Agricultural_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research">Volcani Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences">Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Research is also ongoing on the application of biochar to coarse soils in semi-arid and degraded ecosystems. In <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> biochar is under exploration as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> effort, strengthening local communities' drought resilience and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> through the local production and application of biochar from abundant <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">encroacher biomass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Similar solutions for rangeland affected by woody plant encroachment have been explored in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In recent years, biochar has attracted interest as a wastewater filtration medium as well as for its adsorbing capacity for the wastewater pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, <a href="/wiki/Personal_care_products" title="Personal care products">personal care products</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In some areas, <a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">citizen interest and support</a> for biochar motivates government research into the uses of biochar.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Studies">edit</a>]</div> Long-term effects of biochar on <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> sequestration have been examined using soil from arable fields in Belgium with charcoal-enriched black spots dating from before 1870 from charcoal production mound kilns. This study showed that soil treated over a long period with charcoal showed a higher proportion of maize-derived carbon and decreased respiration, attributed to physical protection, C saturation of microbial communities, and, potentially, slightly higher annual primary production. Overall, this study evidences the capacity of biochar to enhance C sequestration through reduced C turnover.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Biochar sequesters carbon (C) in soils because of its prolonged residence time, ranging from years to millennia. In addition, biochar can promote indirect C-sequestration by increasing crop yield while potentially reducing C-mineralization. Laboratory studies have evidenced effects of biochar on C-mineralization using 13 C signatures.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Fluorescence analysis of biochar-amended soil dissolved organic matter revealed that biochar application increased a humic-like fluorescent component, likely associated with biochar-carbon in solution. The combined spectroscopy-microscopy approach revealed the accumulation of aromatic carbon in discrete spots in the solid phase of microaggregates and its co-localization with clay minerals for soil amended with raw residue or biochar. The co-localization of aromatic-C: polysaccharides-C was consistently reduced upon biochar application. These findings suggested that reduced C metabolism is an important mechanism for C stabilization in biochar-amended soils.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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title="Charring">Charring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_ecology" title="Soil ecology">Soil ecology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhedulkarDangThamilselvanDoong2024" class="citation journal cs1">Khedulkar, Akhil Pradiprao; Dang, Van Dien; Thamilselvan, Annadurai; Doong, Ruey-an; Pandit, Bidhan (30 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved 9 August 2021. <q>"Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Molecular+signature+and+sources+of+biochemical+recalcitrance+of+organic+C+in+Amazonian+Dark+Earths&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2285-2298&rft.date=2007-05&rft.issn=0016-7037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gca.2007.02.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeCoA..71.2285S&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Dawit&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Thies%2C+Janice&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Thorsten&rft.au=Liang%2C+Biqing&rft.au=Kinyangi%2C+James&rft.au=Neves%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Petersen%2C+James&rft.au=Luiz%C3%A3o%2C+Flavio&rft.au=Skjemstad%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.gca.2007.02.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2007a">Lehmann 2007a</a>, pp. 381–387 Similar soils are found, more scarcely, elsewhere in the world. To date, scientists have been unable to completely reproduce the beneficial growth properties of terra preta. It is hypothesized that part of the alleged benefits of terra preta require the biochar to be aged so that it increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil, among other possible effects. In fact, there is no evidence natives made biochar for soil treatment, but rather for transportable fuel charcoal; there is little evidence for any hypothesis accounting for the frequency and location of terra preta patches in Amazonia. Abandoned or forgotten charcoal pits left for centuries were eventually reclaimed by the forest. In that time, the initially harsh negative effects of the char (high pH, extreme ash content, salinity) wore off and turned positive as the forest soil ecosystem saturated the charcoals with nutrients. supra note 2 at 386 ("Only aged biochar shows high cation retention, as in Amazonian Dark Earths. At high temperatures (30–70 °C), cation retention occurs within a few months. The production method that would attain high CEC in soil in cold climates is not currently known.") (internal citations omitted). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlaserLehmannZech2002">Glaser, Lehmann & Zech 2002</a>, pp. 219–220 "These so-called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques." 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Retrieved 23 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standardized+production+definition+and+product+testing+guidelines+for+biochar+that+is+used+in+soil&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biochar-international.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2FIBI_Biochar_Standards_V2.1_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmonetteBlanco-CanquiHassebrookLaird2021" class="citation journal cs1">Amonette, James E; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Hassebrook, Chuck; Laird, David A; <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Lal, Rattan</a>; Lehmann, Johannes; Page-Dumroese, Deborah (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2489%2Fjswc.2021.1115A">"Integrated biochar research: A roadmap"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation" title="Journal of Soil and Water Conservation">Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</a>. 76 (1): 24A–29A. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2489%2Fjswc.2021.1115A">10.2489/jswc.2021.1115A</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1783242">1783242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231588371">231588371</a>. <q>Large-scale wood gasifiers used to generate bioenergy, however, are relatively common and currently provide the majority of the biochar sold in the United States. 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Energy Fuels. 32 (7): 7294–7318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.energyfuels.8b01678">10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01678</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:105089787">105089787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Fuels&rft.atitle=A+Combined+Overview+of+Combustion%2C+Pyrolysis%2C+and+Gasification+of+Biomass&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=7294-7318&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.energyfuels.8b01678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A105089787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Krepl%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Ivanova%2C+Tatiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rollinson, Andrew N (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014096">"Gasification reactor engineering approach to understanding the formation of biochar properties"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 472 (2192). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPSA.47250841R">2016RSPSA.47250841R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0841">10.1098/rspa.2015.0841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5014096">5014096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27616911">27616911</a>. <q>Figure 1. Schematic of downdraft gasifier reactor used for char production showing (temperatures) energy transfer mechanisms and thermal stratification. (and) Many authors define highest treatment temperature (HTT) during pyrolysis as an important parameter for char characterization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Gasification+reactor+engineering+approach+to+understanding+the+formation+of+biochar+properties&rft.volume=472&rft.issue=2192&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5014096%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27616911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0841&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSPSA.47250841R&rft.aulast=Rollinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5014096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathiSabuGanesan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tripathi, Manoj; Sabu, J.N.; Ganesan, P. 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This compares to emissions of 600–900 kg CO 2 MWh−1 for fossil-fuel-based technologies.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Winsley1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winsley1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winsley1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinsley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Winsley, Peter (2007). 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Retrieved 15 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biochemistry+%28Internal+Citations+Omitted%29&rft.atitle=Terra+Preta+de+Indio&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.css.cornell.edu%2Ffaculty%2Flehmann%2Fresearch%2Fterra%2520preta%2Fterrapretamain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"> Not only do biochar-enriched soils contain more carbon - 150gC/kg compared to 20-30gC/kg in surrounding soils - but biochar-enriched soils are, on average, more than twice as deep as surrounding soils.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2007b">Lehmann 2007b</a> "this sequestration can be taken a step further by heating the plant biomass without oxygen (a process known as low-temperature pyrolysis)." </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2007a">Lehmann 2007a</a>, pp. 381, 385 "pyrolysis produces 3–9 times more energy than is invested in generating the energy. 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The source of charcoal material strongly influences the direct effects of charcoal amendments on nutrient contents and availability." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Dr. Wardle points out that improved plant growth has been observed in tropical (depleted) soils by referencing Lehmann, but that in the boreal (high native <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">soil organic matter</a> content) forest this experiment was run in, it accelerated the native soil organic matter loss. Wardle, supra note 18. ("Although several studies have recognized the potential of black C for enhancing ecosystem carbon sequestration, our results show that these effects can be partially offset by its capacity to stimulate loss of native soil C, at least for boreal forests.") 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Fuel. 217: 240–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Fuel..217..240W">2018Fuel..217..240W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2017.12.054">10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-2361">0016-2361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fuel&rft.atitle=Properties+of+biochar&rft.volume=217&rft.pages=240-261&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft.issn=0016-2361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2017.12.054&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Fuel..217..240W&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft.au=Quicker%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfAmonetteStreet-PerrottLehmann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Street-Perrott, F. Alayne; Lehmann, Johannes; Joseph, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964457">"Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change"</a>. Nature Communications. 1 (5): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatCo...1...56W">2010NatCo...1...56W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1053">10.1038/ncomms1053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964457">2964457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20975722">20975722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Sustainable+biochar+to+mitigate+global+climate+change&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2964457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20975722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms1053&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatCo...1...56W&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft.au=Amonette%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Street-Perrott%2C+F.+Alayne&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2964457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiochar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Biochar at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biochar" class="extiw" title="wikt:biochar">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biochar" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Biochar">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495" class="extiw" title="d:Q905495">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q905495" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q905495">Biochar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dasnamibia.org/download/brochures/GIZ-NUST-Biochar-Brochure-2020.pdf">Practical Guidelines for Biochar Producers, Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6vj2_BYmtw">Biochar Production in Namibia (Video)</a></li> <li>International Biochar Initiative</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biochar-us.org">Biochar-us.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/ timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template talk:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Deforestation by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">Mountaintop removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar"><img alt="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/140px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/210px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/280px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2166" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_desertification" title="Historic desertification">Historic desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Gobi_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Lebanon" title="Desertification in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Mechanisms" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mechanisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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