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<span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Harvesting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heating value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heating_value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Heating value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heating_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kiln_(oven)_dried_firewood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiln_(oven)_dried_firewood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kiln (oven) dried firewood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiln_(oven)_dried_firewood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Traditional English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Metric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_to_health_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_to_health_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Damage to health and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_to_health_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Firewood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="حطب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حطب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenya" title="Lenya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lenya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takopite" title="Takopite – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Takopite" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepe%27a" title="Jepe'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jepe'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Дровы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дровы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Дровы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дровы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoizscheidl" title="Hoizscheidl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hoizscheidl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenya" title="Llenya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llenya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83" title="Вутă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вутă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palivov%C3%A9_d%C5%99%C3%ADv%C3%AD" title="Palivové dříví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palivové dříví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_t%C3%A2n" title="Coed tân – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coed tân" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6nde" title="Brænde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brænde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="حطب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حطب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennholz" title="Brennholz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brennholz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCttepuit" title="Küttepuit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küttepuit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Καυσόξυλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καυσόξυλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B1a" title="Leña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brulligno" title="Brulligno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brulligno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="هیزم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیزم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_feu" title="Bois de feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bois de feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B1a" title="Leña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%9E%91" title="장작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogrjevno_drvo" title="Ogrjevno drvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ogrjevno drvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osisi_nk%E1%BB%A5" title="Osisi nkụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osisi nkụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_bakar" title="Kayu bakar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kayu bakar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legna_da_ardere" title="Legna da ardere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legna da ardere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="עצי הסקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצי הסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86" title="ಸೌದೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌದೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuni" title="Kuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malka" title="Malka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Malka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkos" title="Malkos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malkos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%B3ni" title="Lokóni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lokóni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1zifa" title="Tűzifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűzifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വിറക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിറക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_api" title="Kayu api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kayu api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ထင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukakau" title="Bukakau – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bukakau" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhout" title="Brandhout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandhout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="दाउरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दाउरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%AA" title="薪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="薪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Дечиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дечиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved" title="Ved – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ved" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wood used for fires</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Witchcraft, see <a href="/wiki/Firewood_(album)" title="Firewood (album)">Firewood (album)</a>. For the military operation, see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Firewood" title="Operation Firewood">Operation Firewood</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fuel wood" redirects here. For wood as a fuel in general, see <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood fuel</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brennreisig.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Brennreisig.JPG/220px-Brennreisig.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Brennreisig.JPG/330px-Brennreisig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Brennreisig.JPG/440px-Brennreisig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Stack of firewood next to a building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg/220px-%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg/330px-%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg/440px-%C5%A0palek_na_%C5%A1t%C3%ADp%C3%A1n%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Stack of split firewood and a splitting maul, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Firewood</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Wooden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden">wooden</a> material that is gathered and used for <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>. Generally, firewood is not heavily processed, and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood fuel</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">pellets</a>. Firewood can be seasoned and heat treated (dry) or unseasoned (fresh/wet). It is generally classified as either <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/220px--Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="Bucking,_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_Kõrvemaa,_Estonia_(October_2022).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bucking,_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa,_Estonia_(October_2022).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Bucking%2C_splitting_and_stacking_logs_for_firewood_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Bucking, splitting and stacking logs for firewood in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (October 2022)</figcaption></figure> <p>Firewood is a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resource</a>. However, demand for this fuel can outpace its ability to regenerate on a local or regional level. Good <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> practices and improvements in devices that use firewood can improve local wood supplies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a> from fire created by burning wood causes respiratory and other diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, transporting firewood long distances can potentially spread plant pests/diseases and invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood,_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg/170px-A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg/255px-A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg/340px-A_Woman_of_%C5%8Chara_Carrying_Firewood%2C_Nagasawa_Rosetsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><i>A Woman of Ōhara Carrying Firewood</i> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F%E5%A5%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:大原女">ja:大原女</a>, the peddler lady of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>), Japanese painting by <a href="/wiki/Nagasawa_Rosetsu" title="Nagasawa Rosetsu">Nagasawa Rosetsu</a> (1754–1799).</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of human history, firewood was the main fuel, until the use of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> spread during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, access to firewood was a valued resource, with <a href="/wiki/Estovers" title="Estovers">wood botes</a> or the right to gather firewood, being a significant aspect of many medieval leases.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 19th century America, <a href="/wiki/Thoreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoreau">Thoreau</a> considered that it was “remarkable what a value is still put upon wood even in this age and this country...the prince and the peasant, the scholar and the savage, equally require still a few sticks from the forest to warm them and cook their food”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvesting or collecting firewood varies by the region and culture. Some places have specific areas for firewood collection. Other places may integrate the collection of firewood in the cycle of preparing a plot of land to grow food as part of a field rotation process. Collection can be a group, or an individual activity. The tools and methods for harvesting firewood are diverse. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firewood collector in Mozambique"><img alt="Firewood collector in Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg/360px-Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg/540px-Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg/720px-Mozambique_-_firewood_collector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firewood collector in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firewood transportation from farm to home in Maroua, Cameroon"><img alt="Firewood transportation from farm to home in Maroua, Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg/358px-Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg/537px-Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg/715px-Paysans_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9lo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firewood transportation from farm to home in <a href="/wiki/Maroua,_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroua, Cameroon">Maroua, Cameroon</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some firewood is harvested in "<a href="/wiki/Woodlot" title="Woodlot">woodlots</a>" managed for that purpose,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in heavily wooded areas it is more often harvested as a byproduct of natural <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>. Deadfall that has not started to rot is preferred, since it is already partly <a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasoning (wood)">seasoned</a>. Standing dead timber is considered better still, for it has less humid organic material on the trunk, allowing tools to stay sharper longer, as well as being both seasoned and less rotten. Harvesting this form of timber reduces the speed and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Bushfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfire">bushfires</a>, but it also reduces habitat for snag-nesting animals such as owls, bats, and some rodents. </p><p>Harvesting timber for firewood is normally carried out by hand with <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">chainsaws</a>. Thus, longer pieces, requiring less manual labour, and less chainsaw fuel – are less expensive and only limited by the size of the firebox. In most of the United States, the standard measure of firewood is a <a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit_of_volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (unit of volume)">cord</a> or 128 cubic feet (3.6 m<sup>3</sup>), however, firewood can also be sold by weight. The <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heating value</a> can affect the price. Prices also vary considerably with the distance from wood lots, and quality of the wood. </p><p>Buying and burning firewood that was cut only a short distance from its final destination prevents the accidental spread of invasive tree-killing insects and diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fuel_wood_utilization_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria">Firewood/fuelwood in Nigeria</a> is used for various purposes due to its availability and affordability. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some common uses of fuel wood in Nigeria: </p> <ol><li><b>Cooking:</b> Fuel wood serves as a primary source of energy for cooking in many households and commercial outlets across Nigeria. It is used in traditional stoves or open fires to prepare meals and heat food. Many living below one dollar per day use firewood for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Heating:</b> In colder regions or during colder seasons, fuel wood is used for heating purposes. It provides warmth in homes and can be used in fireplaces or traditional heating devices.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Small-scale industries and Artisanal activities:</b> Fuel wood is often utilized by small-scale industries for various production processes. Examples include baking and food processing, pottery making, brick-making, and blacksmithing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, fuel wood is used for artisanal activities such as carving, woodworking, and crafting traditional items.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Charcoal production:</b> Fuel wood is also a key raw material for charcoal production. Charcoal, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">carbonization</a> of wood, is used for cooking, heating, and industrial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cultural and religious practices:</b> Fuel wood plays a role in cultural and religious practices in Nigeria. It is used for traditional ceremonies, rituals, and religious ceremonies involving fire. Students also use it to do bonfire, night parties and so on. The traditionalists that do masquerade at night uses fire wood to warm themselves and roast meats like goat or chicken for enjoyment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparing">Preparing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most parts of the world, firewood is only prepared for transport at the time it is harvested. Then it is moved closer to the place where it will be used as fuel and prepared (split, seasoned, etc...) there. The process of making <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> from firewood can take place at the place the firewood is harvested. </p><p>Most firewood also requires splitting, which also allows for faster seasoning by exposing more surface area. Today, most splitting is done with a hydraulic splitting machine, but it can also be split with a <a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">splitting maul</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">wedge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sledge_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sledge hammer">sledge hammer</a>. Some steel wedges have an angled blade so the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> increases with depth. More unusual, and dangerous, is a tapered screw-style design, that augers into the wood, splitting it, and can be powered by either a <a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">power take-off</a> drive, a dedicated internal combustion engine, or a rugged electric pipe-threading machine, which is safer than the other power sources because the power can be shut off more easily if necessary. Another method is to use a kinetic log splitter, which uses a rack and pinion system powered by a small motor and a large flywheel used for energy storage. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scure_nel_tronco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian-style splitting axe"><img alt="Italian-style splitting axe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scure_nel_tronco.jpg/240px-Scure_nel_tronco.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scure_nel_tronco.jpg/360px-Scure_nel_tronco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scure_nel_tronco.jpg/480px-Scure_nel_tronco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian-style splitting axe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydraulic wood splitting machine"><img alt="Hydraulic wood splitting machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg/180px-Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg/270px-Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg/360px-Automatic_axe_dsc00844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hydraulic wood splitting machine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 513.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 511.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedge-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steel wedge for splitting firewood"><img alt="Steel wedge for splitting firewood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/767px-Wedge-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="512" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/1150px-Wedge-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/1533px-Wedge-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steel wedge for splitting firewood</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storing">Storing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Firewood" title="Talk:Firewood">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many ways to store firewood. These range from simple piles to free-standing <a href="/wiki/Stack_(unit)" title="Stack (unit)">stacks</a>, to specialized structures. Usually the goal of storing wood is to keep water away from it and to continue the drying process. </p><p><b>Stacks:</b> The simplest stack is where logs are placed next to and on top of each other, forming a line the width of the logs. The height of the stack can vary, generally depending upon how the ends are constructed. Without constructing ends, the length of the log and length of the pile help determine the height of a free-standing stack. </p><p>There is debate about whether wood will dry more quickly when covered. There is a trade-off between the surface of the wood getting wet vs. allowing as much wind and sun as possible to access the stack. A cover can be almost any material that sheds water – a large piece of plywood, sheet metal, terracotta tiles, or an oiled canvas cloth, even cheap plastic sheeting may also be used. Wood will not dry when <i>completely</i> enclosed. Ideally pallets or scrap wood should be used to raise the wood from the ground, reducing rot and increasing air flow. </p><p>There are many ways to create the ends of a stack. In some areas, a crib end is created by alternating pairs of logs to help stabilize the end. A stake or pole placed in the ground is another way to end the pile. A series of stacked logs at the end, each with a cord tied to it and the free end of the cord wrapped to log in the middle of the pile, is another way. </p><p><b>Under a roof:</b> Under a roof, there are no concerns about the wood being subjected to rain, snow or run-off, but ventilation needs to be provided if the wood is stored green so that moisture released from the wood does not recondense inside. The methods for stacking depend on the structure and layout desired. Whether split, or in 'rounds' (flush-cut and unsplit segments of logs), the wood should be stacked lengthwise, which is the most stable and practical method. Again though, if the wood needs further seasoning there should be adequate air flow through the stack. </p><p>Storing outdoors: Firewood should be stacked with the bark facing upwards. This allows the water to drain off, and standing frost, ice, or snow to be kept from the wood. Storing wood near a dwelling increases the likelihood that insects such as termites can become established indoors. </p><p>Storing firewood indoors for any extended period of time is not recommended, for it increases the risk of introducing insects such as termites into the home. </p><p>Round stacks can be made many ways. Some are piles of wood with a stacked circular wall around them. Others like the American Holz Hausen are more complicated. A Holz hausen, or "wood house", is a circular method of stacking wood; proponents say it speeds up drying on a relatively small footprint. A traditional holz hausen has a 10-foot diameter, stands 10 feet high, and holds about 6 cords of wood. The walls are made of pieces arranged radially, and tilted slightly inward for stability. The inside pieces are stacked on end to form a chimney for air flow. The top pieces are tilted slightly outward to shed rain and are placed bark side up.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firewood stacks at Pühtitsa Convent in Estonia are about 6 meters (20') high."><img alt="Firewood stacks at Pühtitsa Convent in Estonia are about 6 meters (20') high." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg/320px-Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg/480px-Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg/640px-Puuriidad_Kurem%C3%A4e_kloostris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firewood stacks at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BChtitsa_Convent" title="Pühtitsa Convent">Pühtitsa Convent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> are about 6 meters (20') high.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacked with crib end, in eastern France, covered by terracotta tiles."><img alt="Stacked with crib end, in eastern France, covered by terracotta tiles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg/320px-FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg/480px-FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/FirewoodFrancheComte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stacked with crib end, in eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, covered by terracotta tiles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stackingwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacking firewood in a shed"><img alt="Stacking firewood in a shed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stackingwood.jpg/157px-Stackingwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stackingwood.jpg/236px-Stackingwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stackingwood.jpg/315px-Stackingwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stacking firewood in a shed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heating_value">Heating value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heating value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire,_Fireplace,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Firewood in <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg/220px-Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg/330px-Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg/440px-Hiillos_Aitokiuas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Birch <a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">embers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> stove</figcaption></figure> <p>The moisture content of firewood determines how it burns and how much heat is released. Unseasoned (green) wood moisture content varies by the species; green wood may weigh 70 to 100 percent more than seasoned wood due to water content. Typically, seasoned (dry) wood has 20% or less moisture content. Use of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">lower heating value</a> is advised as a reasonable standard way of reporting this data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The energy content of a measure of wood depends on the tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it can range from 15.5 to 32 million British thermal units per cord (4.5 to 9.3 GJ/m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher the moisture content, the more energy that must be used to evaporate (boil) the water in the wood before it will burn. Dry wood delivers more energy for heating than green wood of the same species. </p><p>The Sustainable Energy Development Office (SEDO), part of the Government of Western Australia states that the energy content of wood is 4.5 kWh/kg or 16.2 gigajoules/tonne (GJ/t).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some examples of energy content of several species of wood: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Wood Species </th> <th>Heating value (million <a href="/wiki/BTU" class="mw-redirect" title="BTU">BTU</a> per <a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">cord</a>) </th> <th>Heating value (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">GJ</a> per <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m<sup>3</sup></a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamarack" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarack">Tamarack</a> </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> </td> <td>21.3 </td> <td>6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Fir">Red Fir</a> </td> <td>20.6 </td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Fir" class="mw-redirect" title="White Fir">White Fir</a> </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiln_(oven)_dried_firewood"><span id="Kiln_.28oven.29_dried_firewood"></span>Kiln (oven) dried firewood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kiln (oven) dried firewood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></div> <p>To reduce the drying time to a number of days from the normal one to three years, an external heating source such as a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a> or oven can be used. The process of kiln or oven drying firewood was invented by Anthony Cutara, for which a successful US patent was filed in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 the US Department of Agriculture replicated the method and published a detailed procedure for the production of kiln dried firewood, citing the higher heat output and increased <a href="/wiki/Combustion_efficiency" title="Combustion efficiency">combustion efficiency</a> as a key benefit of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buying_fuelwood.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buying_fuelwood.jpeg/220px-Buying_fuelwood.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buying_fuelwood.jpeg/330px-Buying_fuelwood.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Buying_fuelwood.jpeg/440px-Buying_fuelwood.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Firewood on its way to market in Mali.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Selling_fuelwood.jpeg/220px-Selling_fuelwood.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Selling_fuelwood.jpeg/330px-Selling_fuelwood.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Selling_fuelwood.jpeg/440px-Selling_fuelwood.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Firewood for sale at a local market in Mali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Usually firewood is sold by volume. While a specific volume term may be used, there can be a wide variation in what this means and what the measure can produce as a fuel. A measure of green unseasoned wood with 65% moisture contains less usable energy than when it has been dried to 20%. Regardless of the term, firewood measurement is best thought of as an estimate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_English">Traditional English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Traditional English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early modern England measured firewood in terms of <a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">billets</a> and bavins. A billet,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like a bavin, was a piece of kindling wood.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th C standardised a billet as three foot four inches in length, and ten inches around (for open fires); and a bavin as three foot long and two feet round (a chunkier log, often used for ovens).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric">Metric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, firewood is usually sold by the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Stère">stère</a>, equivalent to a volume of 1 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic meter</a> (0.276 <a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">cord</a>). The most common firewood piece length are 33 cm (13 in) and 50 cm (20 in). Wood can also be sold by the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> or by the <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_2">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States and Canada, firewood is usually sold by the full cord, face cord or bag. A <a href="/wiki/Cord_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (volume)">cord</a> which is made from 4-foot (1.22 m) logs will not be a cord when it has been cut into 1 foot logs and then split so each piece will fit through a 3-inch (7.6 cm) circle. </p> <ul><li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">full cord</a></b> or <b>bush cord</b> has a volume of 128 cubic feet (3.6 m<sup>3</sup>), including wood, bark, and air space in a neatly stacked pile.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual wood volume of a cord may be in the range of 80 to 100 cubic feet (2.3 to 2.8 m<sup>3</sup>) as stacked wood takes up more space than a piece of solid wood. The most common firewood piece length is 16 inches (41 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-woodheat_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodheat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The volume of a <b><a href="/wiki/Face_cord" title="Face cord">face cord</a></b> or a <b>rick</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depends on the length of the logs that are stacked in a 4 by 8 ft (1.22 by 2.44 m) pile. When 16 in (41 cm) logs are used, the volume is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">42<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> cubic feet (1.21 m<sup>3</sup>) which is one third of a full or bush cord stack of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-woodheat_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodheat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damage_to_health_and_environment">Damage to health and environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Damage to health and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burning firewood causes respiratory and other illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with clearance for agriculture collecting firewood is a cause of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> in 1814 complained to her sister that “My Mother’s Wood is brought in-but by some mistake, no Bavins. She must therefore buy some”. (Contemporary charges were between 6 and 15 shillings per hundred bavins).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Norway, the non-fiction book <i>Hel Ved</i> (In English: <i>Solid Wood: All About Chopping, Drying and Stacking Wood – and the Soul of Wood-Burning</i>) by Lars Mytting became a bestseller in 2011–2012, selling 150,000 copies. A version of the book has also been published in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, selling 50,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 2013, the Norwegian state broadcast <a href="/wiki/NRK2" title="NRK2">NRK</a> sent a 12-hour live program on the topic of firewood, where a large part of the program consisted of showing firewood burning in a fireplace. More than one million people, 20% of Norway's population, saw part of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordwood_construction" title="Cordwood construction">Cordwood construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estovers" title="Estovers">Estovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_tree" title="Multipurpose tree">Multipurpose tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">Wood ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn254.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiln-Drying+Time+of+Split+Oak+Firewood&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Forest+Products+Laboratory&rft.date=1987-08&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+T.&rft.au=Boone%2C+R.+Sidney&rft.au=Chern%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Mace%2C+Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpl.fs.fed.us%2Fdocumnts%2Ffplrn%2Ffplrn254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirewood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Billet | Definition of Billet by Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com) Definition of Billet]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Bavin | Definition of Bavin at Dictionary.com Definition]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Fortey, <i>The Wood for the Trees </i>(2016) p. 154 and p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm03963.html">"Buying Firewood? Don't Get Burned!"</a>. Measurement Canada. Retrieved 2013-08-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodheat-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodheat_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodheat_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodheat.org/cord-wood.html">"What is a Cord? And How to Avoid Paying Too Much for One"</a>. Woodheat.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodsmanreport.com/rick-of-firewood/">"Rick Of Firewood [Definition, Value, Weight, Tips For Buying]"</a>. <i>WoodsMan Report</i>. 2019-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WoodsMan+Report&rft.atitle=Rick+Of+Firewood+%5BDefinition%2C+Value%2C+Weight%2C+Tips+For+Buying%5D&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodsmanreport.com%2Frick-of-firewood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirewood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakeheHassan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bakehe, Novice Patrick; Hassan, Roukiya (2023-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00913-2">"The Effects of Access to Clean Fuels and Technologies for Cooking on Deforestation in Developing Countries"</a>. <i>Journal of the Knowledge Economy</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">2561–</span>2577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13132-022-00913-2">10.1007/s13132-022-00913-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-7873">1868-7873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Access+to+Clean+Fuels+and+Technologies+for+Cooking+on+Deforestation+in+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2561-%3C%2Fspan%3E2577&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-022-00913-2&rft.issn=1868-7873&rft.aulast=Bakehe&rft.aufirst=Novice+Patrick&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Roukiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-022-00913-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirewood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Le Faye ed., <i>Jane Austen’s Letters</i> (OUP 1995) p. 264 and p. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/Norsk-ved-TV-vekker-oppsikt-i-USA-7127150.html">Norsk ved-TV vekker oppsikt i USA</a> Aftenposten, February 20, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Lyall: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/20/world/europe/in-norway-tv-program-on-firewood-elicits-passions.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, February 19, 2013</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firewood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelighting#Friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">Friction fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_ignition_energy" title="Minimum ignition energy">Minimum ignition energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smouldering" title="Smouldering">Smouldering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">Burning glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Spark_Lighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Spark Lighter">Solar Spark Lighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill_(tool)" title="Fire drill (tool)">Fire drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_drill" title="Hand drill">Hand drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_drill" title="Pump drill">Pump drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_striker" title="Fire striker">Fire striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocerium" title="Ferrocerium">Ferrocerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">Match</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_match" title="Black match">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_match" title="Electric match">Electric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckmuck" title="Chuckmuck">Chuckmuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_stick" title="Feather stick">Feather stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pan" title="Fire pan">Fire pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">Fire pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ring">Fire ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">Matchbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbox" title="Matchbox">Matchbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_(fireworks)" title="Punk (fireworks)">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinderbox" title="Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firem%27n_Chit" title="Firem'n Chit">Firem'n Chit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">Survival skills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35808#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008182-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fuelwood"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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