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In addition to observing male and female capuchin monkeys using stones to pound open nuts on stone “anvils,”" /> <title>(PDF) Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools | Elisabetta Visalberghi - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/17517554/Wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_use_anvils_and_stone_pounding_tools" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733106863000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733106863000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"We conducted an exploratory investigation in an area where nut-cracking by wild capuchin monkeys is common knowledge among local residents. In addition to observing male and female capuchin monkeys using stones to pound open nuts on stone “anvils,” we surveyed the surrounding area and found physical evidence that monkeys cracked nuts on rock outcrops, boulders, and logs (collectively termed anvils). Anvils, which were identified by numerous shallow depressions on the upper surface, the presence of palm shells and debris, and the presence of loose stones of an appropriate size to pound nuts, were present even on the tops of mesas. The stones used to crack nuts can weigh \u0026amp;gt;1 kg, and are remarkably heavy for monkeys that weigh \u0026amp;lt;4 kg. The abundance of shell remains and depressions in the anvil surface at numerous anvil sites indicate that nut-cracking activity is common and long-enduring. Many of the stones found on anvils (presumably used to pound nuts) are river pebbles that are not present in the local area we surveyed (except on or near the anvils); therefore, we surmise that they were transported to the anvil sites. Ecologically and behaviorally, nut-cracking by capuchins appears to have strong parallels to nut-cracking by wild chimpanzees. The presence of abundant anvil sites, limited alternative food resources, abundance of palms, and the habit of the palms in this region to produce fruit at ground level all likely contribute to the monkeys\u0026amp;#39; routine exploitation of palm nuts via cracking them with stones. This discovery provides a new reference point for discussions regarding the evolution of tool use and material culture in primates. Routine tool use to exploit keystone food resources is not restricted to living great apes and ancestral hominids. Am. J. Primatol. 64:359–366, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Elisabetta Visalberghi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2014-06-19","dateModified":"2015-12-17","datePublished":"2004-01-01","headline":"Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"American Journal of Primatology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/7403218/Wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_use_anvils_and_stone_pounding_tools","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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In addition to observing male and female capuchin monkeys using stones to pound open nuts on stone “anvils,” we surveyed the surrounding area and found physical evidence that monkeys cracked nuts on rock outcrops, boulders, and logs (collectively termed anvils). Anvils, which were identified by numerous shallow depressions on the upper surface, the presence of palm shells and debris, and the presence of loose stones of an appropriate size to pound nuts, were present even on the tops of mesas. The stones used to crack nuts can weigh \u003e1 kg, and are remarkably heavy for monkeys that weigh \u003c4 kg. The abundance of shell remains and depressions in the anvil surface at numerous anvil sites indicate that nut-cracking activity is common and long-enduring. Many of the stones found on anvils (presumably used to pound nuts) are river pebbles that are not present in the local area we surveyed (except on or near the anvils); therefore, we surmise that they were transported to the anvil sites. Ecologically and behaviorally, nut-cracking by capuchins appears to have strong parallels to nut-cracking by wild chimpanzees. The presence of abundant anvil sites, limited alternative food resources, abundance of palms, and the habit of the palms in this region to produce fruit at ground level all likely contribute to the monkeys' routine exploitation of palm nuts via cracking them with stones. This discovery provides a new reference point for discussions regarding the evolution of tool use and material culture in primates. Routine tool use to exploit keystone food resources is not restricted to living great apes and ancestral hominids. Am. J. Primatol. 64:359–366, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","publication_date":"2004,,","publication_name":"American Journal of Primatology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [13108137]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":48500113,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48500113/mini_magick20190203-20667-r48l48.png?1549224810" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13108137" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisabettaVisalberghi"><img alt="Profile image of Elisabetta Visalberghi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Elisabetta Visalberghi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004, American Journal of Primatology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 7403218; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=7403218"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">We conducted an exploratory investigation in an area where nut-cracking by wild capuchin monkeys is common knowledge among local residents. In addition to observing male and female capuchin monkeys using stones to pound open nuts on stone “anvils,” we surveyed the surrounding area and found physical evidence that monkeys cracked nuts on rock outcrops, boulders, and logs (collectively termed anvils). Anvils, which were identified by numerous shallow depressions on the upper surface, the presence of palm shells and debris, and the presence of loose stones of an appropriate size to pound nuts, were present even on the tops of mesas. The stones used to crack nuts can weigh >1 kg, and are remarkably heavy for monkeys that weigh <4 kg. The abundance of shell remains and depressions in the anvil surface at numerous anvil sites indicate that nut-cracking activity is common and long-enduring. Many of the stones found on anvils (presumably used to pound nuts) are river pebbles that are not present in the local area we surveyed (except on or near the anvils); therefore, we surmise that they were transported to the anvil sites. Ecologically and behaviorally, nut-cracking by capuchins appears to have strong parallels to nut-cracking by wild chimpanzees. The presence of abundant anvil sites, limited alternative food resources, abundance of palms, and the habit of the palms in this region to produce fruit at ground level all likely contribute to the monkeys' routine exploitation of palm nuts via cracking them with stones. This discovery provides a new reference point for discussions regarding the evolution of tool use and material culture in primates. Routine tool use to exploit keystone food resources is not restricted to living great apes and ancestral hominids. Am. J. Primatol. 64:359–366, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":48500113,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/7403218/Wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_use_anvils_and_stone_pounding_tools"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":48500113,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/7403218/Wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_use_anvils_and_stone_pounding_tools"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="48500113" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/7403218/Wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_use_anvils_and_stone_pounding_tools" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="5134798" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134798/Distribution_of_potential_suitable_hammers_and_transport_of_hammer_tools_and_nuts_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys">Distribution of potential suitable hammers and transport of hammer tools and nuts by wild capuchin monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6918802" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/Patr%C3%ADciaIzar">Patrícia Izar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Primates, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Selection and transport of objects to use as tools at a distant site are considered to reflect planning. Ancestral humans transported tools and tool-making materials as well as food items. Wild chimpanzees also transport selected hammer tools and nuts to anvil sites. To date, we had no other examples of selection and transport of stone tools among wild nonhuman primates. Wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus) in Boa Vista (Piauí, Brazil) routinely crack open palm nuts and other physically well-protected foods on level surfaces (anvils) using stones (hammers) as percussive tools. Here we present indirect evidence, obtained by a transect census, that stones suitable for use as hammers are rare (study 1) and behavioral evidence of hammer transport by twelve capuchins (study 2). To crack palm nuts, adults transported heavier and harder stones than to crack other less resistant food items. These findings show that wild capuchin monkeys selectively transport stones of appropriate size and hardness to use as hammers, thus exhibiting, like chimpanzees and humans, planning in tool-use activities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Distribution of potential suitable hammers and transport of hammer tools and nuts by wild capuchin monkeys","attachmentId":49436204,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5134798/Distribution_of_potential_suitable_hammers_and_transport_of_hammer_tools_and_nuts_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134798/Distribution_of_potential_suitable_hammers_and_transport_of_hammer_tools_and_nuts_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="34089921" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34089921/Digging_up_food_excavation_stone_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys">Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16118508" href="https://eva-mpg.academia.edu/TiagoFal%C3%B3tico">Tiago Falótico</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Capuchin monkeys at Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP) usually forage on the ground for roots and fossorial arthropods, digging primarily with their hands but also using stone tools to loosen the soil and aid the digging process. Here we describe the stone tools used for digging by two groups of capuchins on SCNP. Both groups used tools while digging three main food resources: Thiloa glaucocarpa tubers, Ocotea sp roots, and trapdoor spiders. One explanation for the occurrence of tool use in primates is the " necessity hypothesis " , which states that the main function of tool use is to obtain fallback food. We tested for this, but only found a positive correlation between plant food availability and the frequency of stone tools' use. Thus, our data do not support the fallback food hypothesis for the use of tools to access burrowed resources. Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp and Cebus spp) use extractive foraging techniques – sometimes tool-aided-to obtain hard-to-acquire food, like larvae from tree branches/bark or encased seeds 1–5 ; some Sapajus populations use probe tools to expel small prey, dip for honey and fish termites 6–8. Another hard to obtain, concealed, food sometimes consumed by primates are plants' Underground Storage Organs (USOs), usually rich in carbohydrates. Fallback food is constantly proposed as an important selective force that could determine primate anatomy, influence grouping and ranging behavior, and trigger adaptation processes in primate evolution 9, 10. The use of USOs as fallback food (a less preferred resource used during food shortage) is a selective force in some models on primate and human evolution 9, 11 , which state humans would have used this kind of resource during the shortage of food in dry seasons. Fallback food classification has been proposed depending on the preferred food quality and the fallback food available 9. The term " staple fallback foods " can be used to describe resources that are used as the only food in periods of low availability of preferred food. On the other hand, " filler fallback foods " can be defined as resources that do not encompass the entire diet at the low food period 12. Usually low quality food (leaves, bark) requires more processing and anatomical adaptations, and high quality food (eg fruits and seeds) depend more on the behavioral adaptations for foraging the food 13. Until recently, it was thought chimpanzees could be a good model for the use of USOs as fallback food by primates , because they dig for the USOs of some plants, in some cases using tools 14–16. This practice was interpreted as a fallback food strategy 11. More detailed studies showed that it was not the case, since chimpanzees use this resource more frequently during the food-rich wet season 14 , thus not supporting the fallback strategy. Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp and Cebus spp) are New World primates that have a large area of occurrence in Central and South America, inhabiting diverse environments, from rainforests to dry-bush forest, and semi-arid areas 17. In tropical forests, they do not usually forage for roots or USOs 18, 19 , but there are reports of crop raid on cassava tubers in groups of Sapajus nigritus 20. More terrestrial populations, like S. libidinosus living in savannah environments such as Caatinga, may forage frequently on roots and USOs 7, 21, 22. The S. libidinosus population of Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP) has the largest known tool kit for wild capuchin monkeys, including stone tools for foraging 1, 7, 21, 23 , threat 24 and sexual displays 25 ; and sticks as probing tools 6, 7, 26. Moreover, capuchin monkeys at SCNP usually forage on the ground for various roots and fossorial arthropods, digging mainly with their hands but also using stone tools to loosen the soil and aid the digging process 7. One of the explanations for the innovation and maintenance of tool use is the " necessity hypothesis " , that states tool use is maintained by the need to access fallback food during times of preferred food scarcity, like dry seasons 27, 28. Koops et al. 27 tested the " necessity hypothesis " for tool-assisted insectivory in chimpanzees, but found that although the termites and ants caught with tools were present during times of scarcity, they were not used as fallback food, and nuts cracked with stone tools were not available during food shortage periods.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys","attachmentId":54022720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34089921/Digging_up_food_excavation_stone_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34089921/Digging_up_food_excavation_stone_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="116831123" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116831123/Hammer_stones_to_open_maca%C3%BAba_nuts_and_unintentionally_flake_production_in_wild_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_Sapajus_libidinosus_at_Ubajara_National_Park_Brazil_An_archeological_approach">Hammer-stones to open macaúba nuts and unintentionally flake production in wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Ubajara National Park (Brazil): An archeological approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9188769" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/cristinalemorini">cristina lemorini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">So far, hammer-stones used by capuchins have only been described in detail, with archeological approaches, in the long-term study site of Serra da Capivara, where capuchins use lithic tools to crack open low-resistance food items, dig the soil to access embedded resources, or pound on conglomerate cliffs to pulverize them (stone-onstone). Our work provides the first technological and techno-morpho-functional, use-wear and residue analysis of a sample of lithic materials collected at six nut-cracking sites used by bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) living in the Ubajara National Park (Cear´a, Brazil), a population not habituated to the presence of researchers at the time. Shell remains at the sites were dominated by macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) nuts. Technological and techno-morpho-functional analysis identified six lithic hammer-stones, four tool fragments and fifteen flakes on the bases of their morphology, their technological traits (flakes), their potential percussion marks of use observed at the naked eye, and their potential function. Use-wear and residue (e.g., starch grains) analyses unambiguously linking lithic tools to the processing of food items have been found on two hammerstones, one hammer-stone fragment, two flakes and two micro-flakes. Our study adds one more geographical site where an archeological approach has been taken to describe tools used by capuchins. We report that cracking of hard-shelled nuts by wild robust capuchins may unintentionally produce flakes like those produced by stoneon- stone behavior observed in the same species, by long-tailed macaques cracking Elaeis guineensis nuts, by western chimpanzees cracking Panda oleosa nuts and by Pliocene/Pleistocene hominins. The detailed analysis of lithic tools used by capuchin monkeys to process hard-shelled nuts, therefore, represents a significant improvement towards the construction of a representative reference collection of tools for this important model taxon for stone tool use in non-human primates.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hammer-stones to open macaúba nuts and unintentionally flake production in wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Ubajara National Park (Brazil): An archeological approach","attachmentId":112852362,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116831123/Hammer_stones_to_open_maca%C3%BAba_nuts_and_unintentionally_flake_production_in_wild_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_Sapajus_libidinosus_at_Ubajara_National_Park_Brazil_An_archeological_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116831123/Hammer_stones_to_open_maca%C3%BAba_nuts_and_unintentionally_flake_production_in_wild_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_Sapajus_libidinosus_at_Ubajara_National_Park_Brazil_An_archeological_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5134783" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134783/Characteristics_of_hammer_stones_and_anvils_used_by_wild_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_to_crack_open_palm_nuts">Characteristics of hammer stones and anvils used by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) to crack open palm nuts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6918802" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/Patr%C3%ADciaIzar">Patrícia Izar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Characteristics of hammer stones and anvils used by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) to crack open palm 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js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/979053/Spontaneous_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_in_the_Cerrado">Spontaneous tool use by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177234" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/AnandDacier">Anand Dacier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Folia Primatol, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spontaneous tool use by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado","attachmentId":51142587,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/979053/Spontaneous_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_in_the_Cerrado","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/979053/Spontaneous_tool_use_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_in_the_Cerrado"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1943736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1943736/The_conditions_for_tool_use_in_primates_implications_for_the_evolution_of_material_culture">The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2519712" href="https://gvsu.academia.edu/RobertDeaner">Robert Deaner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Human …, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture","attachmentId":28029605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1943736/The_conditions_for_tool_use_in_primates_implications_for_the_evolution_of_material_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1943736/The_conditions_for_tool_use_in_primates_implications_for_the_evolution_of_material_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="3742007" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3742007/Use_of_stone_hammer_tools_and_anvils_by_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_over_time_and_space_construction_of_an_archeological_record_of_tool_use">Use of stone hammer tools and anvils by bearded capuchin monkeys over time and space: construction of an archeological record of tool use</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="434684" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/MichaelHaslam">Michael Haslam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Use of stone hammer tools and anvils by bearded capuchin monkeys over time and space: construction of an archeological record of tool use","attachmentId":31417067,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3742007/Use_of_stone_hammer_tools_and_anvils_by_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_over_time_and_space_construction_of_an_archeological_record_of_tool_use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3742007/Use_of_stone_hammer_tools_and_anvils_by_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_over_time_and_space_construction_of_an_archeological_record_of_tool_use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3668468" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3668468/First_Record_of_Tool_Use_by_Wild_Populations_of_the_Yellow_Breasted_Capuchin_Monkey_Cebus_xanthosternos_and_New_Records_for_the_Bearded_Capuchin_Cebus_libidinosus_">First Record of Tool Use by Wild Populations of the Yellow-Breasted Capuchin Monkey ( Cebus xanthosternos ) and New Records for the Bearded Capuchin ( Cebus libidinosus )</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4463490" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CassianoGatto">Cassiano Gatto</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"First Record of Tool Use by Wild Populations of the Yellow-Breasted Capuchin Monkey ( Cebus xanthosternos ) and New Records for the Bearded Capuchin ( Cebus libidinosus )","attachmentId":31359177,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3668468/First_Record_of_Tool_Use_by_Wild_Populations_of_the_Yellow_Breasted_Capuchin_Monkey_Cebus_xanthosternos_and_New_Records_for_the_Bearded_Capuchin_Cebus_libidinosus_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3668468/First_Record_of_Tool_Use_by_Wild_Populations_of_the_Yellow_Breasted_Capuchin_Monkey_Cebus_xanthosternos_and_New_Records_for_the_Bearded_Capuchin_Cebus_libidinosus_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="5134797" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134797/Selection_of_Effective_Stone_Tools_by_Wild_Bearded_Capuchin_Monkeys">Selection of Effective Stone Tools by Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6918802" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/Patr%C3%ADciaIzar">Patrícia Izar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Biology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Selection of Effective Stone Tools by Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys","attachmentId":32337669,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5134797/Selection_of_Effective_Stone_Tools_by_Wild_Bearded_Capuchin_Monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134797/Selection_of_Effective_Stone_Tools_by_Wild_Bearded_Capuchin_Monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="23823335" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23823335/The_manifold_use_of_pounding_stone_tools_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_of_Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park_Brazil">The manifold use of pounding stone tools by wild capuchin monkeys of Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16118508" href="https://eva-mpg.academia.edu/TiagoFal%C3%B3tico">Tiago Falótico</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The use of pounding stone tools (PSTs) is a customary behaviour in several wild populations of capuchin monkeys; most of these monkeys use PSTs primarily to open hard palm nuts. Here, we describe the use of PSTs in two not previously studied groups of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP), northeastern Brazil, and compare them to other groups and populations. Capuchins from SCNP are one of the only known population that habitually use PSTs for several purposes other than nut processing, including cracking seeds and fruits, breaking and/or enlarging holes in tree trunks or rocks, and pulverizing pebbles. Moreover, they use PSTs sequentially with probe stick tools to access hidden prey. The average size of PSTs was larger than the average locally available stones, suggesting active choice. The two groups exhibited more diversity in the use of PSTs than any other known population to date.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The manifold use of pounding stone tools by wild capuchin monkeys of Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil","attachmentId":44205925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23823335/The_manifold_use_of_pounding_stone_tools_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_of_Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park_Brazil","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23823335/The_manifold_use_of_pounding_stone_tools_by_wild_capuchin_monkeys_of_Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park_Brazil"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48500113,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48500113,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48500113" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="110124876" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110124876/Stone_tools_differences_across_three_capuchin_monkey_populations_food_s_physical_properties_ecology_and_culture">Stone tools differences across three capuchin monkey populations: food’s physical properties, ecology, and culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16118508" href="https://eva-mpg.academia.edu/TiagoFal%C3%B3tico">Tiago Falótico</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific Reports, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stone tools differences across three capuchin monkey populations: food’s physical properties, ecology, and culture","attachmentId":108039866,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110124876/Stone_tools_differences_across_three_capuchin_monkey_populations_food_s_physical_properties_ecology_and_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110124876/Stone_tools_differences_across_three_capuchin_monkey_populations_food_s_physical_properties_ecology_and_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="5134790" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5134790/Stone_tool_use_by_adult_wild_bearded_capuchin_monkeys_Cebus_libidinosus_Frequency_efficiency_and_tool_selectivity">Stone tool use by adult wild bearded capuchin monkeys ( Cebus libidinosus). 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