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id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise:_1521–1594" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise:_1521–1594"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rise: 1521–1594</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise:_1521–1594-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_and_interactions_with_the_Dutch:_1594–1739" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_and_interactions_with_the_Dutch:_1594–1739"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Consolidation and interactions with the Dutch: 1594–1739</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_and_interactions_with_the_Dutch:_1594–1739-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nayakkars_and_the_coming_of_the_British:_1739–1803" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nayakkars_and_the_coming_of_the_British:_1739–1803"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Nayakkars and the coming of the British: 1739–1803</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nayakkars_and_the_coming_of_the_British:_1739–1803-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_and_rebellion:_1803–1817" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_and_rebellion:_1803–1817"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Annexation and rebellion: 1803–1817</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_and_rebellion:_1803–1817-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Offices of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Law and criminal justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Royal Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rata_Wasama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rata_Wasama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rata Wasama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rata_Wasama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewellery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewellery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Jewellery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewellery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Kandy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مملكة كاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة كاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Kandy" title="Regne de Kandy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Kandy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Kandy" title="Teyrnas Kandy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Kandy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Kandy" title="Königreich Kandy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Kandy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Kandy" title="Reino de Kandy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Kandy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Kandy" title="Royaume de Kandy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Kandy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%94%EB%94%94_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="캔디 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캔디 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kandy" title="Kerajaan Kandy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Kandy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Kandy" title="Regno di Kandy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Kandy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="კანდის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანდის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Кралство Канди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Канди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാൻഡി രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൻഡി രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Kandy" title="Koninkrijk Kandy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Kandy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="キャンディ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャンディ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_C%C3%A2ndia_(Seri_Lanca)" title="Reino de Cândia (Seri Lanca) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Cândia (Seri Lanca)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Канди (государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канди (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සෙංකඩගල රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙංකඩගල රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandijsko_kraljestvo" title="Kandijsko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kandijsko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கண்டி இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டி இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Канді (королівство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канді (королівство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="مملکت کینڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت کینڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8F%90%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="康提王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康提王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1530762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka from 1469 to 1815</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Candy_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Candy Kingdom (disambiguation)">Candy Kingdom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Kandy</div><div class="ib-country-names">මහනුවර රාජධානිය<br /><small><i>Mahanuwara Rajadhaniya</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1469–1815</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Kandy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/125px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/188px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/250px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standard">Royal Standard</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Kandy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="781" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#62A6E8; color:black;"> </span> Territorial extent of the Kingdom of Kandy (1689–1796)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1D19CE; color:white;"> </span> Dutch-controlled areas</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> (court language 1469–1815 and dynastic language 1469–1739)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (court and dynastic language 1739–1815)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a> (for religious purposes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1469–1511 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senasammata_Vikramabahu" title="Senasammata Vikramabahu">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1798–1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Senkadagalapura</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1469</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1581</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ascension of <a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1592</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2–18 March 1815</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png/20px-Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png/30px-Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png/40px-Flag_of_Sitawaka_Kingdom_%281521_-_1594%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2366" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:History of Sri Lanka">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><small>Historical <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></small></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/225px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/300px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Kingdom of Tambapanni</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">543–437 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">437 BCE–1017 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura from Rohana</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1017–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1055–1232</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Kingdom of Dambadeniya</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1341</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Kingdom of Gampola</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1341–1371</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1371–1597</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1620</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1521–1594</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Kandy</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1469–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1597–1658</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1658–1796</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1815–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka since 1948</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1948–1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Republic of Sri Lanka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1972–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_former_states" title="Template:Sri Lankan former states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_former_states" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan former states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_former_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan former states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Kandy</b> was a monarchy on the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">island of Sri Lanka</a>, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially a client kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a>, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayak dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch colonizers</a> to ensure its survival.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 16th century, numerous battles were fought with the Portuguese and later the Dutch, and from the 1590s, Kandy became the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka and through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay in the central highlands, before finally falling under <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British colonial rule</a> in 1818. </p><p>The kingdom was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a> of 1817. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, the Kingdom of Kandy has been known by many names.<sup id="cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edupub.gov.lk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pieris1950_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieris1950-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pieris1945_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieris1945-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengal1803_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengal1803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li>Kanda Uda Pasrata</li> <li>The Senkadagala Kingdom</li> <li>The Kanda Udarata</li> <li>The Mahanuwara Kingdom</li> <li>Sri Wardhanapura</li> <li>Sinhalé</li> <li>Thun Sinhalaya or Tri Sinhala</li> <li>Kande Nuwara</li> <li>The Kingdom of Kandy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography of Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast,_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/220px-The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/330px-The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/440px-The_Ella_Gap_view_towards_the_South_Coast%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>The Ella Gap – typical of the mountainous and densely forested terrain of the Kingdom of Kandy</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the Kandy Kingdom's territory was in Sri Lanka's mountainous and thickly forested interior, with mountain passes to the capital providing plenty of opportunities for defenders to stage ambushes. Routes to the city were kept secret, and spreading information concerning them could often result in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka">death</a>. Many routes into the hill country became impassable during the annual monsoon, and malaria was rife. Throughout its existence Kandyan forces used the land to their advantage, engaging in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against invading forces,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evacuating major urban centres when enemy forces drew near – a tactic used with particular effect during the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a>. Though the kingdom had intermittent access to the port of <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> it had no <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a> forces and could not prevent the Portuguese and Dutch from maintaining a strong presence in lowland areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon,_Dona_Catharina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg/220px-AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg/330px-AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg/440px-AMH-6978-KB_The_Portuguese_Pedro_Lopez_welcomes_the_Empress_of_Ceylon%2C_Dona_Catharina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese governor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lopes_de_Sousa" title="Pedro Lopes de Sousa">Pedro Lopes de Sousa</a> welcomes <a href="/wiki/Kusumasana_Devi" title="Kusumasana Devi">Kusumasana Devi</a> a.k.a. Dona Catharina during the campaign of Danture, 1594</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kandy" title="Category:History of Kandy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kandy">History of <span class="fn org label">Kandy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of the Tooth, Kandy"><img alt="Temple of the Tooth, Kandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg/150px-Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg/225px-Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg/300px-Sri_Lanka_-_029_-_Kandy_Temple_of_the_Tooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Kandy</a> (1469–1815)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Founding_and_Location">Founding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese War">Sinhalese–Portuguese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Treaty_of_1638" title="Kandyan Treaty of 1638">Kandyan Treaty of 1638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batticaloa" title="Treaty of Batticaloa">Treaty of Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Colonial Kandy (1815–1948)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a> (1948–present)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy#Modern_Kandy" title="Kandy">Modern Kandy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">List of Kandyan monarchs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kandy" title="Template:History of Kandy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kandy" title="Template talk:History of Kandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kandy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Senkadagalapura</a> may have been founded as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vikramabahu_III_of_Gampola" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramabahu III of Gampola">Vikramabahu III of Gampola</a> (1357–1374). Central Sri Lanka was ruled by the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a> from the early 15th to late 16th centuries; with Kotte's weakening in the face of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> influence the area developed into an autonomous domain with Senkadagalapura at its capital. Following the <a href="/wiki/Wijayaba_Kollaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijayaba Kollaya">Spoiling of Vijayabahu</a> in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise:_1521–1594"><span id="Rise:_1521.E2.80.931594"></span>Rise: 1521–1594</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise: 1521–1594"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese period in Ceylon">Portuguese period in Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayadunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayadunne">Mayadunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_I_of_Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha I of Sitawaka">Rajasinha I of Sitawaka</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png/200px-Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png/300px-Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png/400px-Sri_Lanka_geopolitics_-_after_%22Spoiling_of_Vijayabahu%22.png 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="3257" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Kandy at its greatest territorial extent, 1520s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png/200px-Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png/300px-Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png/400px-Growth_of_sitawaka_final.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>The growth and impact of the kingdom of Sitawaka, 1521–1594</figcaption></figure><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Wijayaba_Kollaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijayaba Kollaya">Spoiling of Vijayabahu</a> in 1521, the kingdom of Kotte split into three competing states – <a href="/wiki/Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitawaka">Sithawaka</a>, Raigama, and Bhuvanekabahu VII's kingdom of Kotte. Of these Sithawaka, under the dynamic leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mayadunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayadunne">Mayadunne</a>, posed the greatest threat to the autonomy of the other states. In 1522, the Kandyans secured Portuguese protection against Sithawaka, but any potential for alliance ended in 1546 when Portuguese and Kotte forces invaded the kingdom. Kandy subsequently lent aid to the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> against the Portuguese in 1560. </p><p>Kandy territory was invaded twice in the 1570s and 1580s, first in 1574, and then in 1581 by the newly crowned king of Sithawaka <a href="/wiki/Rajasimha_I_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasimha I of Sri Lanka">Rajasinghe I</a>. Rajasinghe – who had already scored a significant victory over the Portuguese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mulleriyawa" title="Battle of Mulleriyawa">Battle of Mulleriyawa</a> – succeeded in annexing the kingdom outright; the Kandyan king Karalliyadde Kumara Bandara (also known as Jayavira III) fled north to the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> with his daughter, Kusumasana Devi (also known as <a href="/wiki/Dona_Catherina_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dona Catherina of Kandy">Dona Catherina of Kandy</a>) and her husband Yamasinghe Bandara. Both eventually adopted Portuguese worship, converted to Christianity and adopted the names Dona Catherina and Don Philipe respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meanwhile the Portuguese also laid claim to the Kandyan realm, citing <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese period in Ceylon">donation</a> of 1580 as a precedent<sup id="cite_ref-Pat37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pat37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sithawakan rule over Kandy proved difficult to enforce. Wirasundara Mudiyanse, Rajasinghe's viceroy in the area, rebelled soon after the initial conquest; though his uprising was crushed another occurred in 1588. Resistance eventually coalesced around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinghe. Between 1591 and 1594, he returned to the area, seized the Kandyan throne under the name <a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Wimaladharmasuriya I</a> and married Dona Catherina. Victories over the Sithawakans and the Portuguese (who occupied Kandy briefly in 1592) secured his position. </p><p>The strategic situation in Sri Lanka changed dramatically during Wimaladharmasurya's rise to power. To the north, the Portuguese deposed the king <a href="/wiki/Puviraja_Pandaram" title="Puviraja Pandaram">Puviraja Pandaram</a> of the Jaffna Kingdom in 1591 and installed his son <a href="/wiki/Ethirimana_Cinkam" title="Ethirimana Cinkam">Ethirimana Cinkam</a> as client king. In 1594, Rajasinghe I died and the kingdom of Sithawaka disintegrated. Kandy remained the sole native polity outside of European dominance. In 1595, Wimaladharmasuriya brought the sacred <a href="/wiki/Tooth_Relic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth Relic">Tooth Relic</a> – the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> – to Kandy,<sup id="cite_ref-Pat37_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pat37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kandy entered a long period of attritionary warfare with the Portuguese, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Danture" title="Campaign of Danture">Campaign of Danture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_and_interactions_with_the_Dutch:_1594–1739"><span id="Consolidation_and_interactions_with_the_Dutch:_1594.E2.80.931739"></span>Consolidation and interactions with the Dutch: 1594–1739</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consolidation and interactions with the Dutch: 1594–1739"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The King's device of the Red Lion on a gold ground, representing Rajasinghe II (1635–1687)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png/220px-The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png/330px-The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png/440px-The_regal_emblem_of_Rajasinghe_II.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed emblem(device) of Rajasinghe II featuring a Red Lion on a gold ground.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hostilities between the Portuguese and the Kandyans continued throughout the rest of Wimaladharmasuriya's reign. The Kandyans lent aid to a rebellion led by Domingos Corrêa and later Simão Corrêa, Sinhalese subjects of Dharmapala, between 1594 and 1596. A Portuguese incursion in 1604 saw them capture Balane, but dissent amongst their <a href="/wiki/Lascarins" title="Lascarins">Lascarin</a> troops forced a withdrawal back to the coast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpilbergenVimala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/220px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/330px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/440px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>King Vimaladharmasurya I receiving Joris van Spilbergen, 1603</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between the Dutch Republic and the Kandyans were initiated on 2 June 1602 when Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergen" title="Joris van Spilbergen">Joris van Spilbergen</a> arrived at Santhamuruthu on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> despatched <a href="/wiki/Sebald_de_Weert" title="Sebald de Weert">Sebald de Weert</a> to Kandy in an attempt to negotiate a treaty. The visit ended in disaster when the visitors offended their Kandyan hosts with their behaviour and in the ensuing fracas, de Weert and several of his entourage were killed. </p><p>Wimaladharmasuriya died in 1604. The throne passed to his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Senarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarat">Senarat</a>, who at the time of the king's death was an ordained priest, but left the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a> and married Dona Catherina. <i><a href="/wiki/Kuruvita_Rala" title="Kuruvita Rala">Kuruvita Rala</a></i>, the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karava</a> lineage, raided the Kandy Kingdom and drove Senerat out of his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1611 Portuguese forces captured Kandy in the name of the pretender Mayadunne of <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva</a> and torched the city yet again.<sup id="cite_ref-Codrington_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1619, <a href="/wiki/Cankili_II" title="Cankili II">Cankili II</a> was deposed and the Jaffna Kingdom absorbed into the Portuguese Empire. Despite these setbacks, Senarat survived as the king and in 1612 had even concluded a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>. When help came it was in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a> fleet which arrived in 1620, but failed to secure Trincomalee and was expelled by the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Codrington_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese strengthened their position throughout the 1620s, building forts at <a href="/wiki/Kalutara" title="Kalutara">Kalutara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaragamuwa">Sabaragamuwa</a>, and upgrading fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>, and Manikkadawara. A disastrous defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Randeniwela" title="Battle of Randeniwela">Battle of Randeniwela</a> on 2 August 1630 in which Portuguese captain-general Constantino de Sá de Noronha was killed resulted in large parts of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese period in Ceylon">Portuguese Ceilao</a> being overrun by the Kandyans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal instability yet again prevented the Kandyans from securing their acquisitions, and by the time of Senarat's death in 1635 lowland Sri Lanka was once again under Portuguese control. </p><p>The throne now passed to Senarat's son <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_II_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha II of Kandy">Rajasinha II</a>, who led the Kandyans to a major victory over the Portuguese at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gannoruwa" title="Battle of Gannoruwa">Gannoruwa</a> on 28 March 1638. The battle was to be the last major military victory for the kingdom of Kandy and succeeded in severely weakening the Portuguese presence in Sri Lanka. In May of that year he concluded a wide-ranging alliance with the Dutch, who were by now in control of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>. Batticaloa and Trincomalee fell in 1639, Galle in 1640, and Kandyan forces seized Portuguese territories further inland. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombo,_after_Kip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg/275px-Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg/413px-Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg/550px-Colombo%2C_after_Kip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Colombo, based on an engraving of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1690</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg/275px-Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg/413px-Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg/550px-Ontvangst_van_de_gezanten_van_de_koning_van_Kandy_door_gouverneur_Imam_Falck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5222" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>Reception of the envoys of the King of Kandy by the Dutch Governor Iman Falck, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1772</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans had been difficult from the onset and the alliance fell apart in the 1640s. The two sides joined forces again in the 1650s to expel the Portuguese, but a final break occurred in 1656 in the aftermath of the fall of Colombo after a six-month siege and the final expulsion of the Portuguese from Sri Lanka. Rajasinha demanded that the fort be handed over to the Kandyans for demolition; in November, the Dutch refused and drove the king and his army from the vicinity. Rajasinha's hold over his own population was tenuous, and rebellions against him in 1664 and 1671 gave the Dutch the opportunity to seize large parts of Sabaragamuwa in 1665, as well as Kalpitiya, Kottiyar, Batticaloa and Trincomalee. The seizure of the ports was a serious blow to the Kandyan kingdom – not only were Dutch holdings now more or less coterminous with the territory the Portuguese had held, but all Kandyan trade was now in Dutch hands. Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, who seized Trincomalee but were expelled by the Dutch in 1672. Kandyan campaigns in 1675 and 1684 recaptured some territory, but by the time of Rajasinha's death in 1687 neither city had returned to Kandyan control.<sup id="cite_ref-H._W._Codrington,_p._9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._W._Codrington,_p._9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rajasinha's son ascended to the throne as <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sri Lanka">Vimaladharmasuriya II</a>, and his twenty-year reign (1687–1707) proved relatively peaceable. A trade war broke out in 1701 when the Kandyans closed their borders with Dutch territories in order to stimulate trade through the ports of <a href="/wiki/Puttalam" title="Puttalam">Puttalam</a> and Kottiyar. As a result, the Dutch lost control of the <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> trade and retaliated; by 1707 Kandyan borders had reopened and both ports were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-H._W._Codrington,_p._9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._W._Codrington,_p._9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death Vimaladharmasurya was succeeded by his son, who ruled as <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sri Lanka">Vira Narendra Sinha</a>. Several anti-Dutch uprisings occurred in the lowlands during the course of the 1720s and 1730s; the Kandyans in turn declared war on the Dutch in 1736 and seized some territory. Hostilities subsided with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Gustaaf_Willem_van_Imhoff" title="Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff">Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff</a> as Governor, and by 1737 the Dutch and Kandyans were once again at peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nayakkars_and_the_coming_of_the_British:_1739–1803"><span id="The_Nayakkars_and_the_coming_of_the_British:_1739.E2.80.931803"></span>The Nayakkars and the coming of the British: 1739–1803</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Nayakkars and the coming of the British: 1739–1803"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a></div> <p>A succession crisis emerged upon <a href="/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Narendra Sinha of Sri Lanka">Narendrasinha</a>'s death in 1739. The king had one son – Unambuve Bandara – by a Sinhalese consort. However, succession to the Kandyan throne was reserved exclusively for those of <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> ancestry on both their mother and father's side, and Unambuve's mother had been of a lower <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Bhikku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikku">bhikku</a> Weliwita Sarankara, the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's senior wives, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-speaking and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Madurai">Nayak</a> house from southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was crowned <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vijaya Rajasinha">Sri Vijaya Rajasinha</a> later that year. The <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayak</a> Kings were of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> origin who practiced <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and were patrons of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nayak rulers played a huge role in reviving Buddhism in the island.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, which was also used as the court language in Kandy alongside Sinhala.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> populace, including the Kandyan aristocracy, and the Nayakkars remained fraught throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. As early as Narendrasinha's reign, attempts at appointing Nayakkars to prominent positions in court had caused rebellion, including one in 1732 that the king had only been able to crush with Dutch assistance. The Nayakkar nobility – which tended to be exclusivist and monopolise access to the king – was seen as forming an elite group privileged above the native aristocracy, the powerful adigars. Though Sri Vijaya Rajasinha's reign (1739–1747) proved relatively peaceful, his successor <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha" title="Kirti Sri Rajasinha">Kirti Sri Rajasinha</a> had to deal with two major rebellions. The first, in 1749, was directed at his father Narenappa; the second, in 1760, was a far more dangerous insurrection which attempted to replace him with a <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siamese</a> prince.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these tensions, however, the Nayakkar dynasty endured, establishing support by their patronage of Buddhism and Kandyan culture. </p><p>Throughout the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vijaya Rajasinha">Sri Vijaya Rajasinha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha" title="Kirti Sri Rajasinha">Kirti Sri Rajasinha</a> the Kandyans launched numerous raids and incursions into Dutch territory, including the annexation of villages in 1741, 1743, and 1745. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Zeylan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Zeylan">Dutch governors</a>, subservient to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, were under strict orders to avoid conflict with the kingdom, without ceding any of their privileges, including the monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> trade. In 1761, however, Kirti Sri Rajasinha launched a major invasion of the low country, annexing <a href="/wiki/Matara,_Sri_Lanka" title="Matara, Sri Lanka">Matara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanwella" title="Hanwella">Hanwella</a> as well as numerous frontier districts. It was to prove to be a disaster; the Dutch re-captured Matara and Hanwella in 1762, seized <a href="/wiki/Puttalam" title="Puttalam">Puttalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilaw" title="Chilaw">Chilaw</a> in 1763, and then drove inland in a two-pronged invasion. The Kandyans evacuated <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Senkadagala</a>, which the Dutch torched; outlying agricultural lands were also ravaged, leaving the kingdom on the brink of starvation by 1764. Kirti Sri Rajasinha requested assistance from the British in 1762 but failed to secure an alliance. By 1765 the Dutch were in a position to force a treaty upon the Kandyans returning not only the border districts but all of Kandy's coastal provinces to the Dutch; henceforth, the kingdom would be effectively cut off from the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans remained peaceable after this until the final expulsion of the former from the island in 1796. </p><p>Though several British sailors and priests had landed in Sri Lanka as early as the 1590s,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> who published <i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a></i> based on his experiences during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rajasinghe_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinghe II">Rajasinghe II</a> in 1681. One hundred years later, British involvement in Sri Lankan affairs commenced in earnest with the seizure of Trincomalee by <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Edward_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Edward Hughes">Admiral Edward Hughes</a> as part of general British-Dutch hostilities during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. </p><p>The tumult of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> had spread to the Netherlands by 1795, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch period in Ceylon">Dutch Zeylan</a> sided with the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> during the ensuing conflict. The British rapidly annexed Dutch possessions in Sri Lanka, taking <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> (which had been returned to the Dutch in 1794) between 28 and 31 August, <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> on 18 September, and the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> on 28 September. Migastenne Disawa, the Kandyan ambassador, negotiated a treaty in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> securing the return of much of the eastern coast to the Kandyans in February 1796; by the 15 of that month, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> had fallen and Dutch rule on the island had come to an end. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg/200px-5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg/300px-5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/5thEarlOfGuilford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Frederick North, first British <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ceylon" title="Governor of Ceylon">Governor of Ceylon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha" title="Kirti Sri Rajasinha">Kirti Sri Rajasinha</a> died in the midst of these events in January 1796, and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajadhi_Rajasinha" title="Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha">Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha</a>. The new king rejected the terms of Migastenne's treaty, depriving the kingdom of the opportunity to regain the lands it had lost a generation earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proved to be a fateful decision; the British immediately set about organising their new acquisitions, establishing systems of government, education, and justice. With the appointment of Frederick North (1798–1805) as the first <a href="/wiki/British_governors_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="British governors of Ceylon">British governor of Ceylon</a>, any hope of the Kandyans regaining their eastern territories essentially disappeared. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajadhi_Rajasinha" title="Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha">Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha</a> died of illness on 26 July 1798 with no heir. The <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> and the Crown both had control over the island from 1798 until it became the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British crown colony of Ceylon</a> in 1802. Much of the king's reign had been dominated by the powerful First Minister, Pilima Talawe, who now moved to enthroned a young relative of the king, 18-year-old Konnasami as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a>. Muttusami, brother-in-law of Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha also claimed the throne of Kandy, but Pilima Talauve arrested him and his sisters. The First Minister, was close to the British however could not control Sri Vickrama Rajasinha, he coveted the throne for himself, and at meetings with the British at <a href="/wiki/Avissawella" title="Avissawella">Avissawella</a> between 1799 and 1801 requested British assistance in deposing Sri Vickrama Rajasinha. Complex negotiations ensued, with various ideas – including the king being moved to British lands with Pilima Talawe acting as his viceroy in Kandy – were discussed and rejected by both sides. </p><p>The territories still possessed by the Dutch on the island were formally ceded to the British in the 1802 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">treaty of Amiens</a>, but the English Company still retained a monopoly on the colony's trade. Agents of the British were put in charge of lucrative pearl fisheries, cotton plantations, salt, and tobacco monopolies. In the first three years, the government received £396,000 from pearl fisheries. This compensated for the lower price of cinnamon because of Dutch stocks in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. </p><p>Amidst rising tension, matters came to a head when a group of Moorish British subjects were detained and beaten by agents of Pilima Talawe's. British demands for reparations were ignored by the Kandyans and so North ordered a British force to invade Kandyan lands starting the First Kandyan War. On 31 January 1803, a British force led by General Hay Macdowall marched to Kandy and found it evacuated. The British force installed Muttusami, but he was not respected by the Kandyans. The British were surrounded by hostile people, lacked food, and suffered disease. Macdowall became ill and put Major Davie in charge. The British abandoned Kandy with the sick left behind were put to death. Kandyan forces defeated the retreating British at the Mahavali River, executing Muttusami and all the British prisoners except Davie and three others. This Kandyan war lasted for two years, becoming the longest and most intensive period of the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a>, because Governor North continued to send forces to the frontiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_and_rebellion:_1803–1817"><span id="Annexation_and_rebellion:_1803.E2.80.931817"></span>Annexation and rebellion: 1803–1817</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Annexation and rebellion: 1803–1817"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehelepola,_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg/220px-Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg/330px-Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg/440px-Ehelepola%2C_Molligoda_and_Kapuvatta_with_D%27Oyly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Kandyan chiefs Ehelepola, Molligoda and Kapuvatta with the British agent John D'Oyly.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British fought their way to Kandy, encountering Kandyan resistance led in part by a <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay</a> commander known as Sangunglo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon their arrival they found the city deserted. Rather than torching it, they installed a puppet king, Muttusami, and left a small garrison in the town before withdrawing. The Kandyans recaptured the city, leaving only one survivor, and harried British forces down to the Mahaveli river, but were routed at Hanwella. The following year another British incursion resulted in a stalemate, and an uneasy truce was in place by 1805. </p><p>In the following decade, Sri Wickrama Rajasinha's increasingly erratic and capricious rule led to serious unrest amongst the population. A major rebellion in the Seven Korales nearly dethroned him in 1808. The powerful Pilima Talawe rebelled in 1810, was captured, and executed. In 1814, the king ordered <a href="/wiki/Ehelepola_Nilame" title="Ehelepola Nilame">Ehelepola Adigar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissava" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissava">Dissava</a> of Sabaragamuwa, to Kandy. Ehelepola, suspecting a trap, refused; in revenge, the king had his wife and three children executed. Such was the cruelty of the execution that the Kandyan populace, not unused to sights of public execution, now turned en masse against the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington,_p._11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king was also hugely unpopular amongst the clergy for his sudden and brutal seizures of temple lands. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg/300px-The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg/450px-The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg/600px-The_Kandyan_Convention_of_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> document.</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1814, ten British subjects were captured and mutilated in Kandyan territory. Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brownrigg" title="Robert Brownrigg">Robert Brownrigg</a> ordered several British forces moved inland from their coastal strongholds in January 1815, accompanied by native forces under Ehelepola. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molligoda_Nilame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molligoda Nilame (page does not exist)">Molligoda</a>, Ehelepola's successor in Sabaragamuwa and Dissava of the Four Korales, defected to the British in February; Kandy was seized on 14 February, and Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe himself captured on 18 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington,_p._11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king was subsequently exiled to India, where he died in 1832. His son died childless in 1843, bringing the Nayakkar line to an end. </p><p>On 2 March 1815, British agents – including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brownrigg" title="Robert Brownrigg">Robert Brownrigg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_D%27Oyly,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kandy" title="Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy">John D'Oyly</a> – met with the nobility of the kingdom and concluded in a conference known as the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a>. The resulting agreement allowed for the protection of Buddhism and the preservation of local systems of government under the authority of the British Governor in Colombo and supervised by British agents in Sabaragamuwa, the Three Korales, and Uva. In practice, however, local chiefs such as Ehelepola and Molligoda were acutely aware that they were ultimately answerable to the British, and were in practice junior to British colonial officials who now had free access to their domains. </p><p>Rebellion broke out in 1817 in the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Wellassa region</a>, spreading rapidly to Uva and Walapane. Keppitipola, Dissave of Uva, was sent to quash the uprising, but defected and joined the rebels instead. By July, every major Kandyan chief except Molligoda had joined the rebellion; several, including Ehelepola, had already been captured. Brownrigg responded to the rebellion by ordering that all males between 15 and 60 years of age in Uva Province to be driven out, exiled or killed. In addition, the irrigation systems in Uva and Wellassa were destroyed, "one hundred thousand" paddy fields in Wellassa were burnt, all property was appropriated, and cattle and other animals were slaughtered en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-ht_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trbn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trbn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uva_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownrigg also issued a Sri Lanka Gazette Notification that condemned anyone who participated in the Great Uprising with property confiscation, extradition to Mauritius, and even execution. (This Gazette Notification labelling the rebels as "traitors" was only revoked two centuries later, in 2017, with 81 leaders of the freedom struggle being formally declared as National Heroes.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molligoda, however, ensured the road to Kandy remained open and on 30 October Keppetipola was captured. His associate Madugalle Adikaram was captured on 1 November, and thereafter the rebellion collapsed. Both leaders were beheaded on 26 November 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington,_p._11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewing the convention as null and void, the British set about breaking the power of the nobility. Though smaller uprisings occurred in 1820, 1823, and 1824, none of them seriously threatened the British government of the highlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The area of the central highlands in which the Kandyan kingdom was situated had the natural protection of rivers, waterways, hills and rocky mountainous terrain. The prominent location of the Kandyan kingdom with its cool climate had greatly contributed to protecting the independence of the nation for nearly three centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rajasingha_II_(1608-1687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg/160px-King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg/240px-King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg/320px-King_Rajasingha_II_%281608-1687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="5478" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_II_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha II of Kandy">Rajasinha II of Kandy</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Maha_Adigar" title="Maha Adigar">Adigar</a> at his feet.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King">King</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">List of Kandyan monarchs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#CCF; text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs">Sinhalese Monarchs</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">House of Siri Sanga Bo</a><br />House of Dinajara<br /><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sena_Sammatha_Wickramabahu_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu of Kandy">Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu</a> (1473–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaweera_Astana_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayaweera Astana of Kandy">Jayaweera Astana</a> (1511–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaliyadde_Bandara_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaliyadde Bandara of Kandy">Karaliyadde Bandara</a> (1551–1581)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dona_Catherina_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dona Catherina of Kandy">Dona Catherina</a> (1581–1581)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_I_of_Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinha I of Sitawaka">Rajasinha I</a> (1581–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a> (1590–1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarat_of_Kandy" title="Senarat of Kandy">Senarat</a> (1604–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasinghe_II_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinghe II of Kandy">Rajasinghe II</a> (1635–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasurya_II_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimaladharmasurya II of Kandy">Vimaladharmasurya II</a> (1687–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Narendra Sinha of Kandy">Vira Narendra Sinha</a> (1707–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vijaya Rajasinha of Kandy">Sri Vijaya Rajasinha</a> (1739–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy">Kirti Sri Rajasinha</a> (1747–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajadhi_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha of Kandy">Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha</a> (1782–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> (1798–1815)</li></ol></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the Kandyan administrative system, the king was head of all spheres. He was also known as "Lankeshwara Thrisinhaladheeshwara". It was accepted that the king owned all lands and therefore was known as "Bhupathi". Even though the king was called "Adeeshwara", it was customary to consult the principal chiefs and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist priest">Buddhist priests</a>. The king had to follow the customs and traditions which were in popular practice at that time, otherwise, the people would rebel against him if he did not. Not obeying these would be detrimental to the power of the king, an example being <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Rajasinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrama Rajasinha">Vikrama Rajasinha</a>, who had to surrender to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, merely because he ignored the advice of the Buddhist priests and chieftains and did not follow the age old traditions. The King would have judicial authority in civil and criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edupub.gov.lk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of Kandy became the rulers of the whole island with <a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices_of_state">Offices of state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Offices of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The King would appoint persons deemed trustworthy and capable to high offices of state. </p> <dl><dt>Adikar</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maha_Adigar" title="Maha Adigar">Maha Adigar</a></div> <p>The highest offices of state were that of the two Adikars (known as <i>Adikarams</i>) called <i>Pallegampahe</i> and <i>Udagampahe</i>, holding equal powers and privileges within their jurisdiction. The Pallegampahe Adikar held precedence over the Udagampahe Adikar. The Adikars are distinguished from the other chiefs with the honour of the title of <i>Maha Nilame</i> (Great Officer). There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. The police and the jails were under their control. Adikars were consulted on the appointment of all other chiefs, the chief priest as well as for grants of lands, or rewards for services.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Disawe</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissava" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissava">Dissava</a></div> <p>Dissava were provincial governors. The Kandyan kingdom consisted of twenty-one provinces of which twelve principles are called <i>Desavonies</i> with each placed under a chief called a <i>Dissava</i> who served as its governor. </p><p>These are: </p> <ul><li>Hathara Koralaya (The Four Korales)</li> <li>Hath Koralaya (The Seven Korales)</li> <li>Uva</li> <li>Matale</li> <li>Sabaragamuwa</li> <li>Thun Koralaya (The Three Korales)</li> <li>Walapane</li> <li>Udapalala</li> <li>Nuwarakalawiya</li> <li>Wellassa</li> <li>Bintenne</li> <li>Tamankaduwa</li></ul> <p>Appointed by the King, a Dissava had administrative and judicial authority both civil and criminal over the Desavonies as king's personal representative. They had jurisdiction over all persons and lands within their province, except for those attached to the King's court or household.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>MahaLekam</dt></dl> <p>(Chief Secretary in Sinhala) was the chief of departments of the Kandyan kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>Rate Mahatmaya</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rate_Mahatmaya" title="Rate Mahatmaya">Rate Mahatmaya</a></div> <p>Rate Mahaththayas were governors of smaller districts namely Udanuwere, Hewahete, Yatinuwere, Kotmale, Tunpanahe, Dumbara.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Diyawadana Nilame</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diyawadana_Nilame" title="Diyawadana Nilame">Diyawadana Nilame</a></div> <p>Diyawadana Nilame was an officer of the Royal household, charged with safeguarding and carrying out ancient rituals for the <a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Sacred Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a>. The Diyawadana Nilame has the responsibility of overseeing all aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Dalada_Maligawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Dalada Maligawa">Sri Dalada Maligawa</a>. One of his principal duty of organizing the annual pageant, the Kandy <a href="/wiki/Esala_Perahera" class="mw-redirect" title="Esala Perahera">Esala Perahera</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_criminal_justice">Law and criminal justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Law and criminal justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Kandy was governed by customs and traditions that have descended over the centuries which forms the basis of both the civil and criminal legal system that existed in the kingdom. Parts of this traditional law have been codified into the current legal framework of Sri Lanka as the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_law" title="Kandyan law">Kandyan law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King had ultimate judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in both original and appellate cases. Principle chiefs exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction over persons within their jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Maha Naduwe</dt></dl> <p>The <i>Maha Naduwe</i> (the Great Court) consists of the King, Adikars, Disawes, MahaLekam, and the Mohandirams forms the highest court of the land held in different times and locations hearing both civil and criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court language of Kandy was under the <a href="/wiki/Kandy_Nayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandy Nayak">Nayaks</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg/220px-Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg/330px-Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg/440px-Flintlock_Gun_MET_DP205762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3881" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>17th–18th Century flintlock Sinhalese Long Gun also known as a "Bondikula". The lock is situated to the left side and the bifurcated butt is a characteristic unique to Sinhalese guns. The gun has been extensively ornamented with silver and ivory panels carved with floral patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon,_NG-NM-1015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg/300px-Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg/450px-Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg/600px-Kanon_Singalees_kanon_of_Lewuke%27s_kanon%2C_NG-NM-1015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8176" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption>Exquisite Sinhalese bronze cannon with intricate silver and gold inlay, gifted to King Vijaya Rajasingha in 1745 by Lewuke, the Disawa or Lord of the four Korles district.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Kandy did not maintain a large standing army. The King maintained a full-time <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Guard">Royal Guard</a> at the Palace. In the provinces, local garrisons were maintained to guard <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">strategic mountain passes</a> or to suppress rebellions. During times of war or military campaign, these would be supplemented with local <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>. </p><p>Kandyan forces, throughout their history, relied heavily on the mountainous terrain of the kingdom and primarily engaged in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a>-style hit-and-run attacks, <a href="/wiki/Ambushes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambushes">ambushes</a>, and quick raids. One of the hallmarks of the clashes between the kingdom and its European foes was the inability of either side to take and hold land or to permanently cut off supply routes, with the exception being the Dutch, who managed to do so for an extended period of time in 1762. </p><p>In the 16th and 17th century, the Kandyan Kings relied on mercenaries, often <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> military adventurers. With the arrival of the Nayakkars, large numbers of South Indian Tamil soldiers made up the king's personal guard. In addition to this, various Europeans were in the King's service during this period (including a master gunner), and large contingents of Malays, who were very highly regarded as fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the armies, each of the local chieftains could call upon a militia that often accompanied them on their journeys around the kingdom. The bulk of the Kandyan army consisted of local peasant conscripts – irregulars pressed into service in times of war – who tended to bring with them around twenty days' worth of supplies and functioned in discrete units often out of contact with each other. One of the reasons for the Kandyan's inability to hold the land they captured was poor logistical support, as many soldiers had to return to base to replenish their supplies once they ran out.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1760s bows and arrows had been phased out in favour of firearms. Kandyan gunsmiths specialised in manufacturing light flintlocks known as Bondikula with smaller bores than European guns, with their barrels extended for accuracy. Larger bondikula guns known as Maha thuwakku were used as <a href="/wiki/Wall_gun" title="Wall gun">wall guns</a>, they weighed around 28 kg and were mounted on a tripod where the gunner would rest the butt stock from the chest to the shoulder before firing. In addition to field artillery similar to that of Europeans Kandyans also developed a unique form of light cannon better suited for mountain warfare called the <i>kodithuwakkuwa</i> which consisted of a gun barrel placed on a wooden stock supported by a wooden block or iron forelegs.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Palace">Royal Palace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Royal Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_Complex_of_Kandy" title="Royal Palace Complex of Kandy">Royal Palace Complex of Kandy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg/220px-AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg/330px-AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg/440px-AMH-6597-NA_Map_of_the_royal_palaceat_Candia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Royal Palace Of Kandy 1765 A.D. drawn by the Dutch</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Royal Palace of Kandy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">කන්ද උඩරට මාලිගාව</span>) is a historical palace complex located in the city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, and was the official residence of the kings of the Kingdom of Kandy before the British colonization in 1815. The palace complex is a remarkable example of traditional Kandyan architecture, adorned with intricate wood and stone carvings, and murals on the walls. It comprises several buildings, including the Audience Hall, the Queen's Palace, the King's Palace, and the famous Temple of the Tooth Relic. The Temple of the Tooth, one of the most revered Buddhist temples in the world, is also located within the palace complex. The palace complex and the Temple of the Tooth are both designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. </p><p>The city of Kandy was built in a stunning pattern of twelve cycles by the kings of Kandy, showcasing their grandeur and architectural prowess. However, after the fall of the kingdom to British invaders, the once glorious landscape was altered beyond recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a> many steps were taken to develop and improve the economy of the Kingdom of Kandy. He took steps to improve the <a href="/wiki/Iron_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron industry">iron industry</a> the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a> and agriculture in places such as Kothmale, Walapane, Harispaththuwa, <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewaheta" title="Hewaheta">Hewaheta</a>, Udunuwara, Yatinuwara and Ududumbara.<sup id="cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edupub.gov.lk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imports of the Kandyan Kingdom included <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> while exports included <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>. </p><p>The Kingdom of Kandy used multiple currencies some of which originated from its predecessor the Kingdom of Kotte. The Silver coins 'Ridi (Massa)' and 'Panama' were introduced by the end of the 16th century while the gold coins ‘Ran Panam’ and ‘Ran massa’ had been introduced earlier. Later the 'Thangam Massa', 'Podi (small) Thangama', 'Ridiya' were introduced. By the 18th century the ‘Waragama’ originating from India and the copper coin ‘Salli’ became widespread with an exchange rate of one 'Ridiya' for sixty-four 'Salli' coins. The influence of the Dutch resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Stuiver" title="Stuiver">Stuiver</a> entering circulation gaining the name 'Thuttu' among Sinhalese. Hook-shaped coins the <a href="/wiki/Larin_(currency)" title="Larin (currency)">Larin</a> were already in use during the Kingdom of Kotte and is believed to have been introduced by Persian traders. These were locally replicated as Angutu Massa with a silver finish.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years of the kingdom, it consisted of areas or divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edupub.gov.lk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th width="150px">Name</th> <th width="200px">Present Name</th> <th width="150px">Present District</th></tr> <tr> <td>Mahanuwara</td> <td>Uda Nuwara and Uda Palatha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandy_District" title="Kandy District">Kandy District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matale" title="Matale">Matale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matale" title="Matale">Matale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matale_District" title="Matale District">Matale District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Walapane</td> <td>Walapane and <a href="/wiki/Hewaheta" title="Hewaheta">Hewaheta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya_District" title="Nuwara Eliya District">Nuwaraeliya District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sath korale </td> <td>Kurunegala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala_District" title="Kurunegala District">Kurunegala</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala_District" title="Kurunegala District">District</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sathra korale </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kegalle_District" title="Kegalle District">Kegalle District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thun korale </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sabaragamuva </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura_District" title="Ratnapura District">Rathnapura District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uva </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monaragala_District" title="Monaragala District">Monaragala District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wellassa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bintenna </td> <td> </td> <td>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Ampara_District" title="Ampara District">Ampara District</a> and <p><a href="/wiki/Badulla_District" title="Badulla District">Badulla District</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thamankaduwa </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_District" title="Polonnaruwa District">Polonnaruwa district</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuwara kalaviya </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_District" title="Anuradhapura District">Anuradhapura District</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rata_Wasama">Rata Wasama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rata Wasama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rata Wasama was the provincial administration of the subdivisions of the Mahanuwara area in kingdom of kandy. There were nine Rata wasamas. </p><p>Uda Nuwara </p><p>Yatinuwara </p><p>Thumpane </p><p>Harispattuva </p><p>Dumbara </p><p>Heva heta </p><p>Kothmale </p><p>Uda Bulathgama </p><p>Patha Bulathgama </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics of Sri Lanka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka">Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/250px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/375px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/500px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img33_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7228" data-file-height="3614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a> is the focal point of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism in Sri Lanka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The state religion was Buddhism. Due to the activities of the Portuguese, ordained Buddhist monks were absent by the Dutch era. After the arrival of the Nayak dynasty, Buddhism was again firmly established in the island. The dynasty of Vimaladharmasurya I largely tolerated the presence of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> fleeing Portuguese land following their occupation by the Dutch. On occasion, the Kandyan kings even protected Catholic agents, most famously Vimaladharmasurya II's protection of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vaz" title="Joseph Vaz">Joseph Vaz</a>. The religious environment, however, changed dramatically with the arrival of the Nayak dynasty. In 1743 Sri Vijaya Rajasinha ordered churches burned and commenced a general repression of the faith, which continued until Kirti Sri Rajasinha commanded its cessation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period_frescoes" title="Kandyan period frescoes">Kandyan period frescoes</a></div> <p>During the reign of the Kandyan kingdom in Sri Lanka, traditional artistic conventions were followed by generations of skilled artists. Kandyan paintings of this period showcased traditional motifs and subjects and had a two-dimensional style with a strong emphasis on line and color. Vibrant and pure colors were used despite the limited palette, which resulted in striking visual impact. The frescoes at Degaldoruva and the Ridi Vihare in Kurunegala were the notable examples of traditional Kandyan art, created by the talented monk, Devaragampola Silvaththana between 1771 and 1776. The Dambulla rock temple was also redecorated in the eighteenth century in a similar artistic style. Other paintings at Kaballalena temple in the Kurunegala district, shrines at Mulkirigala in the Hambantota district, the Totagamuva Rajamahévihara in Telvatta, and the Sailabimbaramaya in Dodanduwa were attributed to artists influenced by Devaragampola Silvaththana's school. These paintings exhibited variations in style, indicating the potential involvement of multiple artists. Although the Kandyan paintings of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg/76px-Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg/113px-Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg/151px-Ancient_Wall_Painting_on_Pattini_Devalaya_Kandy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg/90px-Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg/135px-Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg/180px-Paintings_at_Temple_of_the_Sacred_Tooth_Relic_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Tooth,_Kandy_0517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg/120px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg/180px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg/240px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Tooth,_Kandy_0515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg/120px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg/180px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg/240px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Tooth,_Kandy_0518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg/90px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg/135px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg/180px-Temple_of_the_Tooth%2C_Kandy_0518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kandyan art is also known for being very detailed and beautiful. One example is <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dancing</a>, which is known for its flowing movements and bright costumes. People often perform Kandyan dancing at special events and it's an important part of Sri Lankan culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewellery">Jewellery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jewellery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important art form is <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_jewellery" title="Kandyan jewellery">Kandyan jewelry-making.</a> The jewelers make very detailed designs with precious stones and metals. People in the Kandyan royal court used to wear this jewelry to show their wealth and status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kandyan architecture was the style of architecture used in the Kandyan kingdom. This style was heavily influenced by the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a> in South India, due to the close connection between the two regions during that time. Unlike stone, wood was the main building material used in Kandyan architecture, which was a reflection of the architectural practices of Malabar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/250px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/375px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg/500px-SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img35_Sacred_Tooth_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7720" data-file-height="5147" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a>, Kandy. Successive kings expanded and improved the temple throughout the Kandyan kingdom's existence.</figcaption></figure><p> The audience hall is a great example of how Kandyan architecture adapted to its environment. The structure was supported by intricately carved wooden pillars that were later replicated in stone at the Dalada Maligava. Additionally, Kandyan architecture featured long verandahs supported by pillars made of various materials, including wood, stone, or masonry. These structures had peaked roofs and overhanging eaves to protect the walls from the elements. The Lankatilaka vihara is a prime example of this style.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lankathilaka Viharaya"><img alt="Lankathilaka Viharaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG/120px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG/180px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG/240px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_59.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lankathilaka Viharaya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lankathilaka Viharaya Entrance"><img alt="Lankathilaka Viharaya Entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG/90px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG/135px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG/180px-Lankathilaka_Viharaya_90.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lankathilaka Viharaya Entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The audience hall of Kandyan Royal Palace"><img alt="The audience hall of Kandyan Royal Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/120px-Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/180px-Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/240px-Sri_Dalada_Maligawa-20-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The audience hall of Kandyan Royal Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gadaladeniya Viharaya Dagaba"><img alt="Gadaladeniya Viharaya Dagaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG/120px-Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG/180px-Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG/240px-Gadaladeniya_Viharaya_61.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gadaladeniya Viharaya Dagaba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old photo of King's Quarters in Kandyan Royal palace"><img alt="Old photo of King's Quarters in Kandyan Royal palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg/120px-Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg/180px-Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg/240px-Old_photo_of_the_maha_wasala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old photo of King's Quarters in Kandyan Royal palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Octagonal Pavilion in Kandyan Royal palace"><img alt="The Octagonal Pavilion in Kandyan Royal palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg/120px-Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg/180px-Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg/240px-Kandy_Sri_Lanka_Temple_of_the_tooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Octagonal Pavilion in Kandyan Royal palace</div> </li> </ul> <p>Kandyan architects played a vital role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a> by introducing Tampita viharages. These image-houses were constructed on raised platforms and became a prominent aspect of Kandyan Buddhist temples. Typically, these temples featured a <a href="/wiki/Pansala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pansala">pansala</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhus">bhikkhus</a> to reside, a <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a> for the image-house, and a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dagoba_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagoba (temple)">dagoba</a>. However, some temples did not have a dagoba. Furthermore, nearly every temple had a <a href="/wiki/Devale" class="mw-disambig" title="Devale">devale</a>, which was a shrine dedicated to a Hindu deity. The statue of the Hindu god was usually housed under the same roof as the Buddha's statue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg/375px-Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Atrium_in_Maduwanwela_Walawwa_-_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_2012_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>A central courtyard in Maduwanwela Walawwa</figcaption></figure> <p>The residences of the common people were modest, consisting of one-story buildings, and the most basic ones having only a solitary room. These abodes consisted of mud walls built around a wooden frame, thatched roofs, and polished floors made by blending mud and cow-dung. The upper class lived in more refined structures called Walawwas, which often had unpolished windows on the interior walls. The rooms in Walawwas were usually organized around a central courtyard known as "hataras midula," which remained uncovered to the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Kandyan kingdom, the sculpture art was considered less impressive than the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa</a> periods. This is especially evident in the <a href="/wiki/Sandakada_pahana" title="Sandakada pahana">Moonstones</a> that were created during that time. The Moonstones lost their symbolic significance and were reduced to mere decorations featuring various shapes and designs. The moonstones found at Dalada Maligava are a prime example of this as they have elongated ends and are highly conventionalized. It is worth noting that there is no direct artistic connection between the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Sigiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigiri">Sigiri</a>, Polonnaruva, and the Kandyan kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th-century Kandy period sculpture at Mahavihara Bingiriya, crafted from stucco and adorned with paint"><img alt="16th-century Kandy period sculpture at Mahavihara Bingiriya, crafted from stucco and adorned with paint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg/66px-Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg/99px-Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg/133px-Head_of_a_Bodhisattva_LACMA_M.78.30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th-century Kandy period sculpture at Mahavihara Bingiriya, crafted from stucco and adorned with paint</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moonstones"><img alt="Moonstones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/120px-Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/180px-Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg/240px-Sri_Dalada_maligawa-2-kandy-Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moonstones</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_era_frescoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan era frescoes">Kandyan era frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastane" title="Kastane">Kastane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger_King" title="Stranger King">Stranger King</a></li> <li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></small></b></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ&q=kingdom+of+kandy&pg=PT765"><i>Encyclopedia of Monasticism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136787164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136787164"><bdi>978-1136787164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136787164&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiepJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkingdom%2Bof%2Bkandy%26pg%3DPT765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5A8FQzSAlnwC&pg=PA40"><i>Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa</i></a>, p. 40, Margaret Trawick, University of California Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24516-7">978-0-520-24516-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edupub.gov.lk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edupub.gov.lk_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416225656/http://www.edupub.gov.lk/History%20Gr%208(E)/chapter%20%2001.pdf">Chapter 1</a>, Kandyan Kingdom</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLastName1994" class="citation book cs1">LastName, FirstName (1994). <i>Pivot politics : changing cultural identities in early state formation processes</i>. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5589-007-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-5589-007-3"><bdi>90-5589-007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivot+politics+%3A+changing+cultural+identities+in+early+state+formation+processes&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-5589-007-3&rft.aulast=LastName&rft.aufirst=FirstName&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span> p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieris1950-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pieris1950_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulus_Edward_Pieris1950" class="citation book cs1">Paulus Edward Pieris (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9gxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Sinhalē and the patriots, 1815–1818</i></a>. Colombo Apothecaries' Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinhal%C4%93+and+the+patriots%2C+1815%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Colombo+Apothecaries%27+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Paulus+Edward+Pieris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9gxAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieris1945-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pieris1945_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulus_Edward_Pieris1945" class="citation book cs1">Paulus Edward Pieris (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUVJAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tri Siṃhala, the last phase, 1796–1815</i></a>. Colombo Apothecaries' Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tri+Si%E1%B9%83hala%2C+the+last+phase%2C+1796%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Colombo+Apothecaries%27+Co.&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Paulus+Edward+Pieris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUVJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengal1803-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bengal1803_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bengal1803" class="citation book cs1">Asiatic Society of Bengal (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUtFAAAAcAAJ"><i>Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia. On Singhala or Ceylon and the doctrine of Bhooddha; by Captain Mahony</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asiatic+researches+or+transactions+of+the+Society+instituted+in+Bengal%2C+for+inquiring+into+the+history+and+antiquities%2C+the+arts%2C+sciences%2C+and+literature%2C+of+Asia.+On+Singhala+or+Ceylon+and+the+doctrine+of+Bhooddha%3B+by+Captain+Mahony&rft.date=1803&rft.au=Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUtFAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span> Full view book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Peebles, <i>The History of Sri Lanka</i>, 2006, p 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A True and Exact Description of the great island of Ceylon</i>, Phillipus Baldaeus, 1672, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pat37-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pat37_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pat37_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Peebles, <i>The History of Sri Lanka</i>, 2006, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieris, P. E. (Paul Edward) (1999). <i>Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658–1796</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dutch/wimala.htm">Vimala Dharma Suriya I of Kandy</a>, Lanka Library, retrieved 22 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSilva1972" class="citation book cs1">DeSilva, Chandra Richard (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638</i></a>. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 83–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+Ceylon%2C+1617%E2%80%931638&rft.place=University+of+London&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=DeSilva&rft.aufirst=Chandra+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUEKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codrington-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Codrington_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codrington_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington" class="citation cs2">Codrington, H.W, "7", <i>A Short History of Sri Lanka</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=H.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=2001">The Battle of Randeniwela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232812/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=2001">Archived</a> 24 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lanka Library Forum, retrieved 22 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._W._Codrington,_p._9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._W._Codrington,_p._9_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._W._Codrington,_p._9_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Codrington, <i>A Short History of Sri Lanka</i>, chap. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. N. O. Dharmadasa, <i>Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka</i>, 1993, pp 8–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorians1994" class="citation book cs1">Historians, Society of Architectural (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JVAAAAMAAJ&q=kandy+nayak+hindu+buddhist"><i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i></a>. The Society. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Historians&rft.aufirst=Society+of+Architectural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0JVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkandy%2Bnayak%2Bhindu%2Bbuddhist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooneratne,_Brendon1999" class="citation book cs1">Gooneratne, Brendon (1999). <i>This inscrutable Englishman: Sir John D'Oyly, Baronet, 1774–1824</i>. Cassell. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304700940" title="Special:BookSources/0304700940"><bdi>0304700940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+inscrutable+Englishman%3A+Sir+John+D%27Oyly%2C+Baronet%2C+1774%E2%80%931824&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0304700940&rft.au=Gooneratne%2C+Brendon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/2008/06/04/midweek1.html">"The Island-Midweek Review"</a>. <i>www.island.lk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.island.lk&rft.atitle=The+Island-Midweek+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.lk%2F2008%2F06%2F04%2Fmidweek1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Sri_Lanka.html">"Sri Lanka: Legal Research and Legal System – GlobaLex"</a>. <i>www.nyulawglobal.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nyulawglobal.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Legal+Research+and+Legal+System+%E2%80%93+GlobaLex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FSri_Lanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Liz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXJ6Mb0qYQEC&q=nayak+kandy+court+language&pg=PA117"><i>The Living and the Dead: Social Dimensions of Death in South Asian Religions</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791456781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791456781"><bdi>978-0791456781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+and+the+Dead%3A+Social+Dimensions+of+Death+in+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0791456781&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXJ6Mb0qYQEC%26q%3Dnayak%2Bkandy%2Bcourt%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoeur,_Noonan2004" class="citation book cs1">Francoeur, Noonan, Robert T. Raymond J. Noonan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dciuj1-F3fYC&pg=PA973"><i>The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826414885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826414885"><bdi>978-0826414885</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>In Fact, the last Sri Lankan king ruled from highland city of Kandy and was of Tamil descent</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+complete+international+encyclopedia+of+sexuality&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0826414885&rft.aulast=Francoeur%2C+Noonan&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.+Raymond+J.+Noonan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddciuj1-F3fYC%26pg%3DPA973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2002" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, Joop T. V. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9H34C6YVd9wC&pg=PA211"><i>Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306467097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306467097"><bdi>978-0306467097</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Later in 1815. British captured the central hill country, which was ruled by the Tamil Nayakar, King Rajasingan".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trauma%2C+war%2C+and+violence%3A+public+mental+health+in+socio-cultural+context&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0306467097&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Joop+T.+V.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9H34C6YVd9wC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.N.O.Dharmadasa, <i>Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka</i>, 1993, pp. 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codrington, chap. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpamedia.com/research/fitch_chiang_mai_1">Ralph Fitch: An Elizabethan Merchant in 16th Century Chiang Mai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716022626/http://www.cpamedia.com/research/fitch_chiang_mai_1/">Archived</a> 16 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CPA Media, <i>retrieved</i> 24 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codrington, <i>A Short History</i>, chap. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codrington,_p._11-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codrington,_p._11_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Codrington, <i>A Short History</i>, chap. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ht-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ht_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/piers-brendon/moral-audit-british-empire">"A Moral Audit of the British Empire"</a>. <i>Brendon, Piers</i>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brendon%2C+Piers&rft.atitle=A+Moral+Audit+of+the+British+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fpiers-brendon%2Fmoral-audit-british-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trbn-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trbn_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification">Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor's infamous Gazette Notification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102192549/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification">Archived</a> 2016-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uva-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uva_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/local/sumanawathie-s-success-brings-lustre-back-uva-wellassa">Sumanawathie's success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa</a>, Ceylon Daily News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/-leaders-in-freedom-struggle-declared-as-national-heroes/108-136503">"81 leaders in 1818 freedom struggle declared as national heroes – Daily Mirror"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=81+leaders+in+1818+freedom+struggle+declared+as+national+heroes+%E2%80%93+Daily+Mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Fbreaking_news%2F-leaders-in-freedom-struggle-declared-as-national-heroes%2F108-136503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Oyly-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Oyly_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D'Oyly1833" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_D%27Oyly,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kandy" title="Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy">John D'Oyly</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25581749.pdf">"A Sketch of the Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 191–252. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581749">25581749</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+Sketch+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Kandyan+Kingdom&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-252&rft.date=1833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25581749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=John+D%27Oyly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F25581749.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmits2002" class="citation book cs1">Smits, J. M. 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Oxford: Intersentia nv. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9050951913" title="Special:BookSources/978-9050951913"><bdi>978-9050951913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+European+Private+Law%3A+Toward+a+Ius+Commune+Europaeum+as+a+Mixed+Legal+System&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Intersentia+nv&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9050951913&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mayHSGq1rUC%26q%3Dkandy%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Institute1985" class="citation book cs1">The Institute, Great Britain (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnIbAQAAIAAJ&q=court+language"><i>The Incorporated Linguist</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kanon%2C+anoniem%2C+voor+1745&rft.pub=rijksmuseum.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fnl%2Fcollectie%2FNG-NM-1015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Wickremesinghe, <i>Military organisation in pre-modern Sri Lanka: the army of the Kandyan Kings</i> in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, August 2004, p. 1309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickramasinghe, <i>Military Organisation</i>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickremesinghe, <i>Military Organisation</i>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeraniyagala1942" class="citation journal cs1">Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45385041">"Sinhala Weapons and Armor"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i>. <b>35</b> (95): 97–142. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-2235">0304-2235</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45385041">45385041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Ceylon+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=Sinhala+Weapons+and+Armor&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=97-142&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45385041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0304-2235&rft.aulast=Deraniyagala&rft.aufirst=P.+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45385041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.lk/front-page/Solving-the-mystery-of-Kandyan-artefacts/44-733199">"Solving the mystery of Kandyan artefacts | Daily FT"</a>. <i>www.ft.lk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.ft.lk&rft.atitle=Solving+the+mystery+of+Kandyan+artefacts+%7C+Daily+FT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.lk%2Ffront-page%2FSolving-the-mystery-of-Kandyan-artefacts%2F44-733199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/notes-coins/notes-and-coins/history-of-currency-in-sri-lanka">"History of Currency in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>www.cbsl.gov.lk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank of Sri Lanka</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsl.gov.lk&rft.atitle=History+of+Currency+in+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsl.gov.lk%2Fen%2Fnotes-coins%2Fnotes-and-coins%2Fhistory-of-currency-in-sri-lanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Codrington, <i>A Short History of Ceylon</i>, chap. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Silva, K. M., & de Silva, Kingsley Muthumuni. (1981). <i>A History of Sri Lanka</i>. Page(s) 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDougall, R. D. (1971). <i>Domestic Architecture among the Kandyan Sinhalese</i> (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kandy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~233057~5509638:Map-of-The-Island-of-Ceylon?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:Ceylon;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=2&trs=301#">British Ceylon and Kingdom of Kandy 1805 (map)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416225656/http://www.edupub.gov.lk/History%20Gr%208(E)/chapter%20%2001.pdf">Kandyan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Anuradhapura period">Pre Anuradhapura</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kandy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vijayabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vijayabahu (page does not exist)">Vijayabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Kalinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Kalinga (page does not exist)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">Siri Sanga Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">Vimaladharmasuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs_by_length_of_reign" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs by length of reign">By reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese monarchs family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Interregnums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Interregnums (page does not exist)">Interregnums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_(regent)" title="Upatissa (regent)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tissa" title="Prince Tissa">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_female_monarchs" title="List of Sinhalese female monarchs">Sinhalese female monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sri_Lanka_royal_consorts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sri Lanka royal consorts (page does not exist)">Sinhalese Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurpers_of_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usurpers of the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_regnal_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese regnal names (page does not exist)">Regnal name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal court (page does not exist)">Royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amātya Mandalaya (page does not exist)">Amātya Mandalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya" title="Rājākariya">Rājākariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Royal Residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambapa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Tambapaṇṇī">Tambapaṇṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissag%C4%81ma" title="Upatissagāma">Upatissagāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijithapura" title="Vijithapura">Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Rohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya" title="Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedigama" title="Dedigama">Dedigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayigama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayigama (page does not exist)">Rayigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhapura" title="Sinhapura">Sinhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhabahu" title="Sinhabahu">Sinhabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_titles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal titles (page does not exist)">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Crown_Jewels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Crown Jewels (page does not exist)">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Standards_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Standards of the Sinhala Kingdom (page does not exist)">Royal Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretenders_to_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretenders to the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Pretenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_Kandyan_period_topics_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kandyan_period_topics" title="Template:Kandyan period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kandyan_period_topics" title="Template talk:Kandyan period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kandyan_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kandyan period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Kandyan_period_topics_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Transitional_period_topics" title="Template:Transitional period topics">←</a> <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Template:British Ceylon period topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1592 – 1815</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kotte_period_(1469–1592)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kotte_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotte period">Kotte period</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1469–1592)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foundation">Founding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Wars of Kotte Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitawaka_occupation_of_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitawaka occupation of Kandy (page does not exist)">Sitawaka occupation of Kandy (1582–1592)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kandyan period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1592–1739)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_the_Sitawaka_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissolution of the Sitawaka Kingdom (page does not exist)">Dissolution of the Sitawaka Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Malvana" title="Convention of Malvana">Convention of Malvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar_martyrs" title="Mannar martyrs">Mannar martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1615_Colombo_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1615 Colombo earthquake (page does not exist)">1615 Colombo earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies" title="Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies">Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple" title="Conquest of Koneswaram Temple">Conquest of Koneswaram Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Treaty_of_1638" title="Kandyan Treaty of 1638">Kandyan Treaty of 1638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Siege of Galle (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1670%E2%80%931675)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)">Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nayakkar period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1739–1815)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1760_Kandyan_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1760 Kandyan coup attempt (page does not exist)">1760 Kandyan coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batticaloa" title="Treaty of Batticaloa">Treaty of Batticaloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_August_1782" title="Action of 12 August 1782">Action of 12 August 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee" title="Battle of Trincomalee">Battle of Trincomalee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Invasion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Kingdom_of_Kandy_(1469–1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Kandy</a> <small>(1469–1815)</small></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">House of Senasammata Vikramabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">House of Siri Sanga Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">House of Vimaladharmasuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Royal_Consorts" title="Kandyan Royal Consorts">Consorts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Randoli">Randoli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rididoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rididoli (page does not exist)">Rididoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakadadoli" title="Yakadadoli">Yakadadoli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amātya Mandalaya (page does not exist)">Amātya Mandalaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Adigar" title="Maha Adigar">Maha Adigar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Mohottala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Mohottala (page does not exist)">Maha Mohottala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Dissava" title="Maha Dissava">Maha Dissava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugganna_Nilame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugganna Nilame (page does not exist)">Dugganna Nilame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band%C4%81ra" title="Bandāra">Bandāra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disavany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disavany (page does not exist)">Disavany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Dissava" title="Maha Dissava">Dissava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rata_(administrative_division)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rata (administrative division) (page does not exist)">Rata</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratarala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratarala (page does not exist)">Ratarala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korala_(office)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korala (office) (page does not exist)">Korala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pattu_(administrative_division)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pattu (administrative division) (page does not exist)">Pattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_Complex_of_Kandy" title="Royal Palace Complex of Kandy">Royal Palace</a> and & court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate_Mahatmaya" title="Rate Mahatmaya">Rate Mahatmaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badde_Lekams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badde Lekams (page does not exist)">Badde Lekams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyawadana_Nilame" title="Diyawadana Nilame">Diyawadana Nilame</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basnayaka_Nilame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basnayaka Nilame (page does not exist)">Basnayaka Nilame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandyan_court_politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandyan court politics (page does not exist)">Kandyan court politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radala" title="Radala">Radala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Naduwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Naduwa (page does not exist)">Maha Naduwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodia–Sri Lanka relations (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Denmark–Sri Lanka relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=France%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France–Sri Lanka relations (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Indonesia–Sri Lanka relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Myanmar–Sri Lanka relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netherlands–Sri Lanka relations (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Portugal–Sri Lanka relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thailand–Sri Lanka relations (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kandyan_missions_abraod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Kandyan missions abraod (page does not exist)">Missions abraod</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1693_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Arakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1693 Kandyan Embassy to Arakan (page does not exist)">1693 Arakan (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1696_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Arakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1696 Kandyan Embassy to Arakan (page does not exist)">1696 Arakan (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1706_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Madura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1706 Kandyan Embassy to Madura (page does not exist)">1706 Madura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1739_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Madura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1739 Kandyan Embassy to Madura (page does not exist)">1739 Madura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1741_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Siam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1741 Kandyan Embassy to Siam (page does not exist)">1741 Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1745%E2%80%937_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Siam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1745–7 Kandyan Embassy to Siam (page does not exist)">1745–7 Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1750%E2%80%933_Kandyan_Embassy_to_Siam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1750–3 Kandyan Embassy to Siam (page does not exist)">1750–3 Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1799%E2%80%931800_Sinhalese_Embassy_to_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1799–1800 Sinhalese Embassy to Burma (page does not exist)">1799–1800 Burma</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_missions_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of missions to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Missions to Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1697_Burmese_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1697 Burmese Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1697 Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1710_J._W._Hiltebrand_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1710 J. W. Hiltebrand Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1710 Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1731%E2%80%9332_Dutch_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1731–32 Dutch Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1731–32 Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1736_Daniel_Agreen_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1736 Daniel Agreen Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1736 Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1745%E2%80%9346_Jacobus_Heeser_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1745–46 Jacobus Heeser Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1745–46 Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1756_Siamese_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1756 Siamese Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1756 Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1762_Pybus_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1762 Pybus Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1762 British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1782_Boyd_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1782 Boyd Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1782 British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1795%E2%80%9396_Andrew_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1795–96 Andrew Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1795–96 British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1800_MacDowall_Embassy_to_Kandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1800 MacDowall Embassy to Kandy (page does not exist)">1800 British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larin_(currency)" title="Larin (currency)">Larin (Koku ridi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanam_(Sinhala_Silver_Panama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanam (Sinhala Silver Panama) (page does not exist)">Fanam (Sinhala Silver Panama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya" title="Rājākariya">Rājākariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maral_(tax)" title="Maral (tax)">Maral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elephant_trade_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elephant trade in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Salt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Kandyan_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of the Kandyan period (page does not exist)">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof#Kandyan_roof_of_Sri_Lanka" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Kandyan roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madol_Kurupawa" title="Madol Kurupawa">Madol Kurupawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakada_pahana" title="Sandakada pahana">Sandakada pahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walauwa" title="Walauwa">Walauwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_law" title="Kandyan law">Kandyan law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka#Kandyan_Castes" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Esala Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esala_Mangallaya" title="Esala Mangallaya">Esala Mangallaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Dance</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">in Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">in Sinhalese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period_frescoes" title="Kandyan period frescoes">Frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_ivories" title="Sri Lankan ivories">Ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_jewellery" title="Kandyan jewellery">Jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehelepola_Nilame" title="Ehelepola Nilame">Ehelepola Nilame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajaman_Nona" title="Gajaman Nona">Gajaman Nona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongalegoda_Banda" title="Gongalegoda Banda">Gongalegoda Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vaz" title="Joseph Vaz">Joseph Vaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keppetipola_Disawe" title="Keppetipola Disawe">Keppetipola Disawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromma_Muen_Thepphiphit" title="Kromma Muen Thepphiphit">Kromma Muen Thepphiphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvita_Rala" title="Kuruvita Rala">Kuruvita Rala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Gascogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Gascogne (page does not exist)">Pedro de Gascogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puran_Appu" title="Puran Appu">Puran Appu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sieur_de_La_N%C3%A9rolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sieur de La Nérolle (page does not exist)">Sieur de La Nérolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_D%27Oyly,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kandy" title="Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy">Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wariyapola_Sri_Sumangala" title="Wariyapola Sri Sumangala">Wariyapola Sri Sumangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weliwita_Sri_Saranankara_Thero" title="Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero">Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgiri_Maha_Viharaya" title="Asgiri Maha Viharaya">Asgiri Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwathu_Maha_Viharaya" title="Malwathu Maha Viharaya">Malwathu Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharaja" title="Sangharaja">Sangharaja</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natha_Devale,_Kandy" title="Natha Devale, Kandy">Natha Devale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kandy_House" title="The Kandy House">The Kandy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udawattakele_Forest_Reserve" title="Udawattakele Forest Reserve">Udawattakele Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Park" title="Wales Park">Wales Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Peradeniya" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya">Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Lake" title="Kandy Lake">Kandy Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoda_Wooden_Bridge" title="Bogoda Wooden Bridge">Bogoda Wooden Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="The_Portuguese_in_Sri_Lanka_(1597–1658)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">The Portuguese in Sri Lanka</a> <small>(1597–1658)</small></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_captains_of_Portuguese_Ceylon" title="List of captains of Portuguese Ceylon">Captains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_captain-majors_of_Portuguese_Ceylon" title="List of captain-majors of Portuguese Ceylon">Captain-majors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_captain-generals_of_Portuguese_Ceylon" title="List of captain-generals of Portuguese Ceylon">Captain-generals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maral_(tax)" title="Maral (tax)">Maral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thombo" title="Thombo">Thombo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_architecture_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial architecture of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Portuguese_colonial_buildings_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Portuguese colonial buildings in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Portuguese buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_music_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western music in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baila_music" title="Baila music">Baila music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascarins" title="Lascarins">Lascarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7os_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Mestiços (Sri Lanka)">Mestiços</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese people in Sri Lanka">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_creole" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Portuguese origin">Sinhala words of Portuguese origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="The_Dutch_in_Sri_Lanka_(1658–_1796)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">The Dutch in Sri Lanka</a> <small>(1658– 1796)</small></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Dutch_Ceylon" title="List of governors of Dutch Ceylon">Dutch governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuiver" title="Stuiver">Stuiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_rixdollar" title="Ceylonese rixdollar">Ceylonese rixdollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_architecture_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial architecture of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_colonial_buildings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of Dutch colonial buildings in Sri Lanka">Dutch buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_place_name_etymology" title="Sri Lankan place name etymology">Place names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_place_names_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch place names in Sri Lanka">Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_music_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western music in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokis" title="Kokis">Kokis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprais" title="Lamprais">Lamprais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Sri Lanka">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Dutch origin">Sinhala words of Dutch origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Protestantism in Sri Lanka">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka">Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Reformed_Church" title="Lanka Reformed Church">Lanka Reformed Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kandyan_period" title="Category:Kandyan period">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sri_Lanka" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sri Lanka">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kandy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kandy" title="Template:Kandy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kandy" title="Template talk:Kandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kandy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kandy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Kandy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">List of Kandyan monarchs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gannoruwa" title="Battle of Gannoruwa">Battle of Gannoruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Treaty_of_1638" title="Kandyan Treaty of 1638">Kandyan Treaty of 1638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keppetipola_Disawe" title="Keppetipola Disawe">Keppetipola Disawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matale Rebellion">Matale Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radala" title="Radala">Radala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Municipal_Council" title="Kandy Municipal Council">Kandy Municipal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Town_Hall" title="Kandy Town Hall">Kandy Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kandy">Mayor of Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Lake" title="Kandy Lake">Kandy Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandy_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandy Plateau (page does not exist)">Kandy Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_District" title="Kandy District">Kandy District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and<br />landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Palace of Kandy">Royal Palace of Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Pavilion" title="President's Pavilion">President's Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Places of<br />Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgiri_Maha_Viharaya" title="Asgiri Maha Viharaya">Asgiri Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwathu_Maha_Viharaya" title="Malwathu Maha Viharaya">Malwathu Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natha_Devale,_Kandy" title="Natha Devale, Kandy">Natha Devale, Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Kandy" title="St. Paul's Church, Kandy">St. Paul's Church, Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Museums and<br />Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Kandy" title="National Museum of Kandy">National Museum of Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth_Museum" title="Temple of the Tooth Museum">Temple of the Tooth Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Buddhist_Museum" title="International Buddhist Museum">International Buddhist Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Tea_Museum" title="Ceylon Tea Museum">Ceylon Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.S._Senanayake_Memorial_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="D.S. Senanayake Memorial Public Library">D.S. Senanayake Memorial Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Parks and<br />Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Peradeniya" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya">Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wace_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Wace Park">Wace Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udawattakele_Forest_Reserve" title="Udawattakele Forest Reserve">Udawattakele Forest Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hotel,_Kandy" title="Queen's Hotel, Kandy">Queen's Hotel, Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisse_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Suisse Hotel">Suisse Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga%27s_Folly" title="Helga's Folly">Helga's Folly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_City_Centre" title="Kandy City Centre">Kandy City Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Sri Lanka">List of schools in Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Hospital,_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching Hospital, Kandy">Teaching Hospital, Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Hospital,_Peradeniya" title="Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya">Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Kandy Esala Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esala_Mangallaya" title="Esala Mangallaya">Esala Mangallaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Falcons" title="Kandy Falcons">Kandy Falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium" title="Pallekele International Cricket Stadium">Pallekele International Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgiriya_Stadium" title="Asgiriya Stadium">Asgiriya Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogambara_Stadium" title="Bogambara Stadium">Bogambara Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer_Sri_Lankan_Airlines_Rugby_7%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7's">Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Sports_Club_(rugby)" title="Kandy Sports Club (rugby)">Kandy Sports Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lanka_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lanka_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2024 in Sri Lanka">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragalaya">Aragalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chronicles_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chronicles of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Sri Lanka">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Heads of state of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_speaker_and_chairman_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy speaker and chairman of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy speaker and chairman of committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairman of Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">15th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intelligence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolution_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolution in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Devolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeshiya_Sabha" title="Pradeshiya Sabha">Pradeshiya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wards_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wards of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> 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