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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel" title="Operación Emmanuel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Emmanuel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5492107#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Colombian_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Colombian conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Colombian_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Colombian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Colombian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Colombian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict"><span class="wrap">Colombian conflict</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 1960s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Soberan%C3%ADa_(1964)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Soberanía (1964) (page does not exist)">Soberanía</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 1970s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Anor%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Anorí (page does not exist)">Anorí</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 1980s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican embassy siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yamurales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Yamurales (page does not exist)">Yamurales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Flight_203" title="Avianca Flight 203">Avianca Flight 203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Trujillo" title="Massacre of Trujillo">Massacre of Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 1990s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Traira" title="Operation Traira"><i>Traira</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villatina_massacre" title="Villatina massacre">Villatina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_January_30,_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on January 30, 1993 (page does not exist)">Bogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Gabarra_massacre" title="La Gabarra massacre">La Gabarra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Las_Delicias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Las Delicias (page does not exist)">Siege of Las Delicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapirip%C3%A1n_massacre" title="Mapiripán massacre">Mapiripán massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Aro_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="El Aro massacre">El Aro massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machuca_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Machuca massacre">Machuca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mit%C3%BA" title="Siege of Mitú">Siege of Mitú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanueva_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanueva massacre">Villanueva massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nudo_de_Paramillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nudo de Paramillo (page does not exist)">Nudo de Paramillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guti%C3%A9rrez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gutiérrez (page does not exist)">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dabeiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dabeiba (page does not exist)">Dabeiba</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2000s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal" title=""False positives" scandal">"False positives" scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macayepo_massacre" title="Macayepo massacre">Macayepo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojay%C3%A1_massacre" title="Bojayá massacre">Bojayá massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Deputies_hostage_crisis" title="Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis">Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">El Nogal bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Neiva_bombing" title="2003 Neiva bombing">Neiva bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_14_juillet" title="Opération 14 juillet"><i>14 July</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Zona_Rosa_attacks" title="2003 Zona Rosa attacks">Zona Rosa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Portete_massacre" title="Bahía Portete massacre">Bahía Portete massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_JM" title="Operation JM"><i>JM</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Apartad%C3%B3_massacre" title="San José de Apartadó massacre">San José de Apartadó massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Macarena_ambush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Macarena ambush (page does not exist)">Sierra Macarena ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamund%C3%AD_massacre" title="Jamundí massacre">Jamundí massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Emmanuel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque"><i>Jaque</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operacion_Fenix" title="Operacion Fenix"><i>Fenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_massacres" title="Nariño massacres">Nariño massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Strategic_Leap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Strategic Leap (page does not exist)"><i>Strategic Leap</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Corinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Corinto (page does not exist)">Corinto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2010s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arauca_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arauca attacks (page does not exist)">Arauca attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Colombian_clashes" title="2013 Colombian clashes">July clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_Meta_raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 Meta raid (page does not exist)">Meta raid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cauca_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cauca attacks (page does not exist)">Cauca attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Andino_bombing" title="Centro Andino bombing">Centro Andino bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Colombia_police_stations_attacks" title="2018 Colombia police stations attacks">Police station attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bogot%C3%A1_car_bombing" title="2019 Bogotá car bombing">Bogotá car bombing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2020s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">Apure clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">Arauca clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Huila_attack" title="2022 Huila attack">Huila attack</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Colombian armed conflict">Timeline</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Operation Emmanuel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Operación Emmanuel</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">humanitarian operation</a> that rescued politician <a href="/wiki/Clara_Rojas" title="Clara Rojas">Clara Rojas</a>, her son Emmanuel (born in captivity), and former senator Consuelo González from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC) in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The operation was proposed and set up by <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, with the permission of the Colombian government of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a>. Chávez's plan was supported by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, which also participated in the operation. Venezuelan aircraft were flown to an airport in the Colombian town of <a href="/wiki/Villavicencio,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Villavicencio, Colombia">Villavicencio</a>, were resupplied, and from there flew to the secret rescue point set up by the FARC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caracol_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caracol-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 26, 2007, through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Colombian government approved the mission, only requesting that the aircraft used for the operations were labelled with <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> insignias.<sup id="cite_ref-caracol_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caracol-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colombian politician and then-senator Consuelo González was kidnapped by the FARC on September 10, 2001. Her captors held her to pressure a possible "<a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_exchange" title="Humanitarian exchange">humanitarian exchange</a>" between government-held guerrilla prisoners for FARC-held hostages. In 2002, former vice presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Clara_Rojas" title="Clara Rojas">Clara Rojas</a> was kidnapped along with presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Betancourt">Ingrid Betancourt</a>, and were also held by the FARC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg/220px-Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg/330px-Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg/440px-Operaci%C3%B3n_Emmanuel_Garantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Hugo Chavez</a> with international guarantors of Operation Emmanuel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> said the plan consisted of three phases. The first phase comprised sending two <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a> helicopters to Colombia carrying five International Red Cross Committee delegates. Both helicopters were to be equipped with medical aid appropriate for the humanitarian mission and in accordance with International Red Cross standards. Chávez personally inspected the two helicopters in Santo Domingo before departing along with former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">president of Argentina</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a>, who was also invited to supervise the operations. Besides the two Mi-17 helicopters, two <a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">Bell 412</a> helicopters and three French-made executive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falcon_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falcon 200 (page does not exist)">Falcon 200</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_200" class="extiw" title="fr:Dassault Falcon 200">fr</a>]</span> jets were used for support tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the ICRC delegates were representatives from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, France, and Switzerland. Hollywood director <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> was contacted by Chávez to film a documentary about the ordeal. </p><p>Family members of the three hostages travelled from Colombia to <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> to wait for the end of the operation, set to conclude in Caracas with President Chávez receiving the hostages, as previously petitioned by the FARC as a condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_I">Phase I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phase I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png/220px-Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png/330px-Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png/440px-Operacion_Emmanuel_fase_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Phase I</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first phase, two Russian-made <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">MI-17</a> helicopters from the Venezuelan Military Search and Rescue Team flew into Colombia on December 27, 2007 at 1530 hours, with the permission of the President of Colombia and with the International Red Cross (IRC) insignia for a humanitarian mission. The helicopters flew more than two hours from the Venezuelan town of Santo Domingo in the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Táchira (state)">State of Táchira</a> to the Colombian city of <a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Department of Meta</a>, arriving at approximately 1730 hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Colombia's <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Peace_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Peace (Colombia)">High Commissioner for Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Restrepo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Luis Carlos Restrepo Ramírez">Luis Carlos Restrepo Ramírez</a>, was scheduled to receive the IRC delegates and the Vice Chancellor for Latin America and the Caribbean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Sanz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodolfo Sanz (page does not exist)">Rodolfo Sanz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Sanz" class="extiw" title="es:Rodolfo Sanz">es</a>]</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a> to coordinate the rescue operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of the first phase Colombian President Alvaro Uribe said: “[I'm] thinking about the freedom of Emmanuel, the child who was conceived by a kidnapped mother, who has been raised kidnapped, a condition worse than the conditions seen in enslaved societies […]”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_II">Phase II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phase II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 31, Hugo Chávez read a letter from FARC wherein the group claimed that the hostage release had been delayed because of Colombian military operations. However, Colombian President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> indicated that FARC had not freed the three hostages because Emmanuel appeared not be in their hands any longer.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_DNA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_DNA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colombian authorities added that a boy matching Emmanuel's description had been taken to a hospital in <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Guaviare" title="San José del Guaviare">San José del Guaviare</a> in June 2005. The child was in poor condition: one of his arms was injured, he had severe malnutrition, and he had diseases that are commonly suffered in the jungle. Having been evidently mistreated, the boy was later sent to a foster home in Bogotá, and DNA tests were conducted to confirm his identity.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_DNA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_DNA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 4, the results of a <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> test, comparing the child's DNA with that of his potential grandmother Clara de Rojas, were revealed by the Colombian government. It was reported that there was a very high probability that the boy was indeed a Rojas family member.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_ColBoy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further analysis was carried out in a <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> institute in order to verify the results.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_ColBoy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuelan Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> questioned the results, stating that Colombia did not allow Venezuelan specialists to conduct their own tests and had created a "cloak of doubt".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_ColBoy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 4, the FARC released a communique in which they admitted that Emmanuel had been taken to Bogotá and "left in the care of honest persons" for safety reasons, until a humanitarian exchange could take place. The group accused President Uribe of "kidnapping" the child in order to sabotage his liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further medical tests revealed beyond any doubt the child's identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The suspended Operation Emmanuel resumed and, on January 10, 2008, a humanitarian commission, headed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>, flew in two Venezuelan helicopters to a location in Colombia that FARC had designated the previous day. Rojas and Gonzalez were then released to the care of the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release received ample coverage by Venezuelan government media, which was allowed to take camera men in the helicopters in what was to become a carefully crafted media showcase. </p><p>On January 13, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Rojas" title="Clara Rojas">Rojas</a> was reunited with Emmanuel. It was the first time she had seen her son in over two years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia-Venezuela_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia-Venezuela relations">Colombia-Venezuela relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_14_juillet" title="Opération 14 juillet">Opération 14 juillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Emmanuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Emmanuel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/V/VENEZUELA_COLOMBIA_HOSTAGES?SITE=WIFON&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">AP: Chavez: Colombia Hostages May Be Freed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109072809/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/V/VENEZUELA_COLOMBIA_HOSTAGES?SITE=WIFON&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">Archived</a> 2008-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caracol-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caracol_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caracol_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013051521/http://www.caracol.com.co/noticias/525061.asp">"Caracol Radio: Colombia authorizes humanitarian mission for the release of the hostages without conditions"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caracol.com.co/noticias/525061.asp">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracol+Radio%3A+Colombia+authorizes+humanitarian+mission+for+the+release+of+the+hostages+without+conditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaracol.com.co%2Fnoticias%2F525061.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/12/29/internacional/1198893362.html">"El Mundo: Larga jornada de espera en Colombia para el inicio de la misión de rescate"</a> (in Spanish). Elmundo.es. 2007-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Mundo%3A+Larga+jornada+de+espera+en+Colombia+para+el+inicio+de+la+misi%C3%B3n+de+rescate&rft.pub=Elmundo.es&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2007%2F12%2F29%2Finternacional%2F1198893362.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEL_UNIVERSO" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">EL UNIVERSO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201235654/http://www.eluniverso.com/2007/12/29/0001/14/858C7432D1B943B4B9EB3B0402F9299D.aspx">"El Universo: Se inició primera fase de rescate de rehenes"</a>. <i>El Universo</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniverso.com/2007/12/29/0001/14/858C7432D1B943B4B9EB3B0402F9299D.aspx">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universo&rft.atitle=El+Universo%3A+Se+inici%C3%B3+primera+fase+de+rescate+de+rehenes&rft.au=EL+UNIVERSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniverso.com%2F2007%2F12%2F29%2F0001%2F14%2F858C7432D1B943B4B9EB3B0402F9299D.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_DNA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_DNA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_DNA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7167517.stm">"Colombia tests 'hostage' boy DNA"</a>. BBC News. 2008-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colombia+tests+%27hostage%27+boy+DNA&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7167517.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_ColBoy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_ColBoy_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7172217.stm">"Colombia boy may be hostage's son"</a>. BBC News. 2008-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colombia+boy+may+be+hostage%27s+son&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7172217.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/2008-01-04/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3882852.html"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> El Tiempo: Niño en poder de Gobierno sí es el hijo de Clara Rojas; así se confirma tesis de Uribe de por qué las Farc no liberaron rehenes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706210942/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/2008-01-04/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3882852.html">Archived</a> July 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7172217.stm">"Farc admit 'hostage boy' not held"</a>. BBC News. 2008-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Farc+admit+%27hostage+boy%27+not+held&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7172217.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking_news/story/373967.html">www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking_news/story/373967.html</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Orr_and_agencies2008" class="citation news cs1">James Orr and agencies (2008-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/colombia/story/0,,2240530,00.html">"Freed Colombian hostage reunited with son"</a>. London: Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freed+Colombian+hostage+reunited+with+son&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.au=James+Orr+and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcolombia%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2240530%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Emmanuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_conflict" title="Template talk:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> (1964–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:110%;text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Participants </p> </th> <th colspan="1" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Colombian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Colombian conflict">Timeline</a> </p> </th> <th style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Key aspects </p> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.25em 0;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i> </i></div> </td> <td width="30%" rowspan="3" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia (1948–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetalia_Republic" title="Marquetalia Republic">Marquetalia Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">The National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Colombia)#Decline_and_Extermination" title="Patriotic Union (Colombia)">Patriotic Union Party extermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_exchange" title="Humanitarian exchange">Humanitarian exchange</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapirip%C3%A1n_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapiripán Massacre">Mapiripán Massacre (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cagu%C3%A1n_DMZ" title="El Caguán DMZ">El Caguán DMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_FARC%E2%80%93Government_peace_process" title="1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process">Failed peace process (1999–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojay%C3%A1_massacre" title="Bojayá massacre">Bojayá massacre (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Deputies_hostage_crisis" title="Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis">Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">El Nogal Club bombing (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Neiva_bombing" title="2003 Neiva bombing">Neiva bombing (2003)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal" title=""False positives" scandal">"False positives" scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operacion_Fenix" title="Operacion Fenix">Operation Fenix (2008)</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_massacres" title="Nariño massacres">Nariño massacres (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Colombian_clashes" title="2013 Colombian clashes">2013 Colombian clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Renewed peace process (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Colombian_peace_agreement_referendum" title="2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum">Peace agreement referendum (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Huila_attack" title="2022 Huila attack">2022 Huila attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Peace" title="Total Peace">Total Peace concept</a></li></ul> <div> </div> </td> <td width="20%" rowspan="7" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Government aspects</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_security" title="Democratic security">Democratic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Patriota" title="Plan Patriota">Plan Patriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics of Colombia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Illegal drug trade</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snowcap" title="Operation Snowcap">Operation Snowcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Kidnappings</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnappings_in_Colombia" title="Kidnappings in Colombia">Kidnappings in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_hostages_held_by_FARC" title="List of political hostages held by FARC">FARC political hostages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Lawsuits</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaltrainal_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.">Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Rodriquez_v._Drummond_Co." title="Estate of Rodriquez v. Drummond Co.">Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Doe v. Chiquita Brands International">Doe v. Chiquita (2007)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th colspan="1" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrillas</a><br /> </th> <th style="background:mistyrose; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Paramilitaries</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ELN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/22px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/33px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/44px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">ELN</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EPL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army" title="Popular Liberation Army">EPL</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacific" title="Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific">FARIP</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former guerrillas</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_FARC" title="List of attacks attributed to FARC">List of FARC attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_M-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/22px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/33px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/44px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">M19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/20px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/40px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Student_Workers_Movement" title="Peasant Student Workers Movement">MOEC</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">CGSB</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_ERP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Colombia)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Colombia)">ERP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Armado_Quintin_Lame" title="Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame">MAQL</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Clandestine Colombian Communist Party">PCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro de São Paulo">Foro de São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANNCOL" title="ANNCOL">ANNCOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters%2BLovers" title="Fighters+Lovers">Fighters+Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia#Farcpolitics_Scandal" title="Corruption in Colombia">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td width="15%" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force" title="Colombian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Naval_Infantry" title="Colombian Naval Infantry">Colombian Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Migration" title="Colombia Migration">Migración Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Attorney General of Colombia">Attorney General units</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former government program</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DynCorp" title="DynCorp">DynCorp International</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Colombia" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia">Mission in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">Águilas Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo" title="Clan del Golfo">Clan Úsuga</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former paramilitaries</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Americana_Anticomunista" title="Alianza Americana Anticomunista">AAA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yair_Klein" title="Yair Klein">Spearhead Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel"> Mexican drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Some Colombian<br /> military personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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