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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пётр Мікалаевіч Несцераў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пётр Мікалаевіч Несцераў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Нестеров Пётр Николаевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нестеров Пётр Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Nikolajewitsch_Nesterow" title="Pjotr Nikolajewitsch Nesterow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pjotr Nikolajewitsch Nesterow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_N%C3%A9sterov" title="Piotr Nésterov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piotr Nésterov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Nesterov" title="Pjotr Nesterov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pjotr Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Nesterov" title="Piotr Nesterov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piotr Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="표트르 네스테로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표트르 네스테로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Nesterov" title="Pyotr Nesterov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pyotr Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91" title="פיוטר נסטרוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוטר נסטרוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Nesterov" title="Petrus Nesterov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Nyikolajevics_Nyesztyerov" title="Pjotr Nyikolajevics Nyesztyerov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pjotr Nyikolajevics Nyesztyerov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A4" title="پيوتر نيستيروڤ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پيوتر نيستيروڤ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Nesterov" title="Pjotr Nesterov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pjotr Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95" title="ピョートル・ネステロフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピョートル・ネステロフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Niestierow" title="Piotr Niestierow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Niestierow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Nesterov" title="Pyotr Nesterov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pyotr Nesterov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Нестеров, Пётр Николаевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нестеров, Пётр Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Нестеров Петро Миколайович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нестеров Петро Миколайович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" title="彼得·涅斯捷罗夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·涅斯捷罗夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian aviator (1887–1914)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Nikolayevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Nesterov_(surname)" title="Nesterov (surname)">Nesterov</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg/220px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Nesterov.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Пётр Николаевич Нестеров</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-02-15</span>)</span>February 15, 1887<br /><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 8, 1914<span style="display:none">(1914-09-08)</span> (aged 27)<br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiew" class="mw-redirect" title="Żółkiew">Żółkiew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a><br />(now Zhovkva, Ukraine)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">Imperial Russian Air Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1906—1914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stabskapit%C3%A4n" title="Stabskapitän">Stabskapitän</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Пётр Николаевич Нестеров</span>; 27 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 February] 1887 – 8 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 August] 1914) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> pilot, an aircraft designer and an <a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">aerobatics</a> pioneer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg/220px-Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg/330px-Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg/440px-Pyotr_Nesterov_and_the_Nieuport_IV.G_he_looped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Pyotr Nesterov with the Nieuport IV.G he looped</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov_taran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg/220px-Nesterov_taran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg/330px-Nesterov_taran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">aerial ramming</a> attack performed by Pyotr Nesterov</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov_Albatros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/220px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/330px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/440px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Albatros aircraft brought down by Nesterov</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/220px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/330px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/440px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map of two plane crashes and Nesterov remains</figcaption></figure> <p>Nesterov was born on 15 February 1887 in Nizhny Novgorod, into the family of an army officer, a cadet corps teacher. In August 1904, he left the military school in Nizhny Novgorod and went to Mikhailov artillery academy in St Petersburg.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He became a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> and served in the 9th East Siberian <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. By the laws of that time, an officer who married before the age of 28 had to contribute a so-called ‘reserve’ to the state treasury – a deposit of 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">rubles</a> to provide for his family in the event of his death. The only exception was made for officers who served in the Far East; as Nesterov did not have the money, he took his young wife to the Far East.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1909, Nesterov came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> when he was posted to a balloon observation regiment as an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAS201_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAS201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 he built his first <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">glider</a> and learned to fly it, before entering flight training at the St. Petersburg aviation school at Gatchina in June, graduating 11 October 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAS201_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAS201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short time later he also passed the examination to be a military pilot. In May 1913 he became leader of an aviation detachment in Kiev, completing night flights at that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nesterov believed an aircraft could fly a <a href="/wiki/Aerobatic_maneuver" title="Aerobatic maneuver">loop</a>, a feat not previously performed. Despite the doubts of his peers, Nesterov proved his theory on 9 September 1913 (27 August by the calendar then used in Russia) and became the first pilot to fly a loop.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in a <a href="/wiki/Nieuport_IV" title="Nieuport IV">Nieuport IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a> over Syretzk Aerodrome near <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, in front of numerous watchers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For this he was disciplined with ten days of close arrest, ostensibly "for risking government property". His achievement made him famous overnight and when the feat was officially done by the famous French pilot <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_P%C3%A9goud" title="Adolphe Pégoud">Adolphe Pégoud</a>, the punishment was reversed; he was promoted to staff captain and later awarded a medal. Stressing the value of these exercises for a military pilot, Nesterov improved Russian flight methods through extensive training, both with cross country flights and steep turns, and designed a vee tail for the Nieuport he was flying although its performance proved disappointing.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAS202_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAS202-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Nieuport_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Monument in Nizhny Novgorod of the Nieuport IV.G in which Nesterov performed the first loop.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aircraft were still unarmed at this early stage, and Nesterov became the first pilot to destroy an enemy airplane in flight. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a> on 25 August 1914 (by the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a> calendar still used in Russia), after trying various methods on previous occasions unsuccessfully, he used his <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_Type_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Morane-Saulnier Type G">Morane-Saulnier Type G</a> (s/n 281) to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">ram</a> the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops" title="Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Albatros_B.II" title="Albatros B.II">Albatros B.II</a> reconnaissance aircraft of observer <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> Friedrich von Rosenthal and pilot Franz Malina from FLIK 11.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eager to destroy enemy aircraft, he probably intended to hit it with a glancing blow but damaged his own aircraft as much as the enemy's and both planes crashed. As was common for the time, Nesterov was not strapped in and he fell from his plane, dying of his injuries the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian pilot and observer also died. The town of <a href="/wiki/Zhovkva" title="Zhovkva">Zhovkva</a> (currently in <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), located near the battle, was renamed Nesterov in his honor in 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nesterov was buried in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, Russian Empire. His ramming method was used during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> by a number of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> pilots with success and without loss of life. The technique became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">taran</a></i>. In his honor, the Soviet Union established the <i>Nesterov Cup</i> for the best aerobatics team. The cup was donated to the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a></i> (FAI) in 1962. It is awarded to the Men's World Team Champions of the World Aerobatic Championships.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">outer main-belt</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/3071_Nesterov" class="mw-redirect" title="3071 Nesterov">3071 Nesterov</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Mikhailovna_Smirnova" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova">Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova</a> in 1973, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IRAS201-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRAS201_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAS201_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkota, 1995, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkota, 1995, pp. 201-204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRAS202-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRAS202_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkota, 1995, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Pusher Aces of World War 1<i><span></span></i>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pusher+Aces+of+World+War+1.&rft.pages=9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Nesterov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bonch-Bruyevich_(commander)" title="Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich (commander)">Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail</a>, translated by Vladimir Vezey. <i>From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander</i> (<a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>, 1966), p.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airsports.fai.org/apr2000/apr200001.html">AIR SPORTS INTERNATIONAL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010424031702/http://airsports.fai.org/apr2000/apr200001.html">Archived</a> 2001-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at airsports.fai.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=ru&tbm=bks&q=3067+akhmatova+1982">"3067 akhmatova 1982 - Поиск в Google"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=3067+akhmatova+1982+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%B2+Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Dru%26tbm%3Dbks%26q%3D3067%2Bakhmatova%2B1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Nesterov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=3071+nesterov+1973&hl=ru&tbm=bks">"Search on "3071 nesterov 1973"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Search+on+%223071+nesterov+1973%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D3071%2Bnesterov%2B1973%26hl%3Dru%26tbm%3Dbks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Nesterov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Annette Carson. <i>Flight Fantastic: The Illustrated History of Aerobatics</i>. 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkotaDarceyKulikov1995" class="citation book cs1">Durkota, Alan; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor (1995). <i>The Imperial Russian Air Service — Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I</i>. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. pp. 201–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-963711024" title="Special:BookSources/0-963711024"><bdi>0-963711024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Russian+Air+Service+%26mdash%3B+Famous+Pilots+and+Aircraft+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pages=201-204&rft.pub=Flying+Machines+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-963711024&rft.aulast=Durkota&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Darcey%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Kulikov%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyotr+Nesterov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jon Guttman, <i>et al.</i> <i>Pusher Aces of World War 1</i>. London: Osprey Pub Co, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-417-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-417-5">1-84603-417-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846034176" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846034176">978-1846034176</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Nesterov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyotr_Nesterov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pyotr Nesterov">Pyotr Nesterov</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116123538/http://www.rustrana.ru/article.php?nid=757&sq=19,27,67&crypt=">Biography of Pyotr Nesterov</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="List of aerobatic aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft" title="List of aerobatic aircraft">List of aerobatic aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Competition_aerobatics" title="Competition aerobatics">Competitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Gliding_Championships" title="European Gliding Championships">European Gliding Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAI_European_Aerobatic_Championships" title="FAI European Aerobatic Championships">FAI European Aerobatic Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAI_World_Aerobatic_Championships" title="FAI World Aerobatic Championships">FAI World Aerobatic Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAI_World_Grand_Prix" title="FAI World Grand Prix">FAI World Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gliding_Championships" title="World Gliding Championships">World Gliding Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobatic_maneuver" title="Aerobatic maneuver">Maneuvers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatic_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobatic loop">Loop (inside & outside)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileron_roll" title="Aileron roll">Aileron roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_roll" title="Barrel roll">Barrel roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_eight" title="Cuban eight">Cuban eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_leaf" title="Falling leaf">Falling leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_roll_(aeronautics)#hesitation_roll" title="Slow roll (aeronautics)">Hesitation roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immelmann_turn" title="Immelmann turn">Immelmann turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbit" title="Kulbit">Kulbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomcovak" title="Lomcovak">Lomcovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_maneuver" title="Cobra maneuver">Cobra maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(aerodynamics)" title="Slip (aerodynamics)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(aerodynamics)" title="Spin (aerodynamics)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_S" title="Split S">Split S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_turn" title="Stall turn">Stall turn/hammerhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailslide" title="Tailslide">Tailslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors_(aeronautics)" title="Scissors (aeronautics)">Scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whifferdill_turn" title="Whifferdill turn">Whifferdill turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurabatic_cartwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurabatic cartwheel">Zurabatic cartwheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerobatic_Association" title="British Aerobatic Association">British Aerobatic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Aresti_Catalog" title="Aresti Catalog">Aresti Catalog</a></small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Aerobatic_Club" title="International Aerobatic Club">International Aerobatic Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Miniature_Aerobatic_Club" title="International Miniature Aerobatic Club">International Miniature Aerobatic Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_R._Aragon" title="Cecilia R. Aragon">Cecilia R. Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Arch" title="Hannes Arch">Hannes Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Basmah_Bani_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad">Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_J._Beachey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln J. Beachey">Lincoln J. Beachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Besenyei" title="Péter Besenyei">Péter Besenyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Bez%C3%A1k" title="Ladislav Bezák">Ladislav Bezák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Bohn-Meyer" title="Marta Bohn-Meyer">Marta Bohn-Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristian_Bolton" title="Cristian Bolton">Cristian Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bonhomme" title="Paul Bonhomme">Paul Bonhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pip_Borrman" title="Pip Borrman">Pip Borrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mika%C3%ABl_Brageot" title="Mikaël Brageot">Mikaël Brageot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirby_Chambliss" title="Kirby Chambliss">Kirby Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Clark" title="Julie Clark">Julie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cole" title="Marion Cole">Marion Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Cruse" title="Vicki Cruse">Vicki Cruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_de_Bernardi" title="Mario de Bernardi">Mario de Bernardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_De_Briganti" title="Giovanni De Briganti">Giovanni De Briganti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Dal_Molin" title="Tommaso Dal Molin">Tommaso Dal Molin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Dell" title="Glen Dell">Glen Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Dolderer" title="Matthias Dolderer">Matthias Dolderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_D%C3%BCerkop" title="Wilhelm Düerkop">Wilhelm Düerkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Extra" title="Walter Extra">Walter Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Feyerabend" title="Markus Feyerabend">Markus Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Fieseler" title="Gerhard Fieseler">Gerhard Fieseler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Gabris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozef Gabris">Jozef Gabris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Goulian" title="Michael Goulian">Michael Goulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hall_(pilot)" title="Matt Hall (pilot)">Matt Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Handley" title="Wayne Handley">Wayne Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hanna" title="Ray Hanna">Ray Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hillard" title="Charlie Hillard">Charlie Hillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoover" title="Bob Hoover">Bob Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevo_Howard" title="Bevo Howard">Bevo Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Ivanoff" title="Nicolas Ivanoff">Nicolas Ivanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Jahanbani" title="Nader Jahanbani">Nader Jahanbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Jirmus" title="Petr Jirmus">Petr Jirmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(aviator)" title="Steve Jones (aviator)">Steve Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurgis_Kairys" title="Jurgis Kairys">Jurgis Kairys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Kapanina" title="Svetlana Kapanina">Svetlana Kapanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Katona" title="Sándor Katona">Sándor Katona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Kopfstein" title="Petr Kopfstein">Petr Kopfstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kulp" title="Charlie Kulp">Charlie Kulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kvochur" title="Anatoly Kvochur">Anatoly Kvochur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lamb" title="Nigel Lamb">Nigel Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Lee_(pilot)" title="Amanda Lee (pilot)">Amanda Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_LeRoy" title="Jim LeRoy">Jim LeRoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Vot" title="François Le Vot">François Le Vot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Loudenslager" title="Leo Loudenslager">Leo Loudenslager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lynn" title="Nancy Lynn">Nancy Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Maclean" title="Alejandro Maclean">Alejandro Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McLeod" title="Pete McLeod">Pete McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Makula" title="Jerzy Makula">Jerzy Makula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Makula" title="Stanisław Makula">Stanisław Makula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mamistov" title="Mikhail Mamistov">Mikhail Mamistov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mangold" title="Mike Mangold">Mike Mangold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Manning" title="Scott Manning">Scott Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Maunoury" title="Catherine Maunoury">Catherine Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Muroya" title="Yoshihide Muroya">Yoshihide Muroya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyotr Nesterov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Panfierov" title="Alexandr Panfierov">Alexandr Panfierov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_May_Pearce" title="Ivy May Pearce">Ivy May Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_P%C3%A9goud" title="Adolphe Pégoud">Adolphe Pégoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Pe%C5%99ina" title="František Peřina">František Peřina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Poberezny" title="Tom Poberezny">Tom Poberezny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Podlun%C5%A1ek" title="Peter Podlunšek">Peter Podlunšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Pospieszy%C5%84ski" title="Maciej Pospieszyński">Maciej Pospieszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Rakhmanin" title="Sergey Rakhmanin">Sergey Rakhmanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Reid" title="Amelia Reid">Amelia Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Schmidt" title="Olaf Schmidt">Olaf Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Scholl" title="Art Scholl">Art Scholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schrodt" title="Klaus Schrodt">Klaus Schrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Skelton_Erde" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Skelton Erde">Betty Skelton Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skip_Stewart" title="Skip Stewart">Skip Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0onka" title="Martin Šonka">Martin Šonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Soucy" title="Gene Soucy">Gene Soucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sperou" title="Chris Sperou">Chris Sperou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Tchmal" title="Victor Tchmal">Victor Tchmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Tiling" title="Reinhold Tiling">Reinhold Tiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_T%C3%B3th_(pilot)" title="Ferenc Tóth (pilot)">Ferenc Tóth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Tucker" title="Sean D. Tucker">Sean D. Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Turvey" title="Nick Turvey">Nick Turvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Varga" title="Gabor Varga">Gabor Varga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Velarde_(aviator)" title="Juan Velarde (aviator)">Juan Velarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Versteegh" title="Frank Versteegh">Frank Versteegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Vlasov" title="Pavel Vlasov">Pavel Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Wagstaff" title="Patty Wagstaff">Patty Wagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Weeks" title="Kermit Weeks">Kermit Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Williams_(pilot)" title="Neil Williams (pilot)">Neil Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wolfrum" title="Walter Wolfrum">Walter Wolfrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_%C5%BBurakowski" title="Janusz Żurakowski">Janusz Żurakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Aerobatics" title="3D Aerobatics">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aerobatics" title="Radio-controlled aerobatics">Radio control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966524#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966524#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966524#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054984683">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78903196">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1915704/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdrcPpgbfj8T9Cb6Kjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1223056872">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009013954">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Нестеров, Петр Николаевич, 1887-1914"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000206981&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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