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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-historic_Telugu_(c._600_BCE_–_200_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-historic_Telugu_(c._600_BCE_–_200_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-historic_Telugu_(c._600_BCE_–_200_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Earliest records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Ikshvaku_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Ikshvaku_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Ikshvaku period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Ikshvaku_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vijayanagara Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate,_Qutb_Shahi,_and_Nizam_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Sultanate,_Qutb_Shahi,_and_Nizam_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Delhi Sultanate, Qutb Shahi, and Nizam era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate,_Qutb_Shahi,_and_Nizam_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Post-independence period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigraphical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epigraphical records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographical influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telugu_region_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_region_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Telugu region boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_region_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu_Place_Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_Place_Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Telugu Place Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_Place_Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allophones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Allophones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphosyntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Morphosyntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_classes_(gender)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes_(gender)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Noun classes (gender)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes_(gender)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Case system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prakruti_and_Vikruti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prakruti_and_Vikruti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Prakruti and Vikruti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prakruti_and_Vikruti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Telugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telugu_Guṇintālu_(తెలుగు_గుణింతాలు)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_Guṇintālu_(తెలుగు_గుణింతాలు)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span><span><i>Telugu Guṇintālu</i></span> (<span><span>తెలుగు గుణింతాలు</span></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_Guṇintālu_(తెలుగు_గుణింతాలు)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Number system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Telugu_Writings_Period_(300_BC_–_500_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Telugu_Writings_Period_(300_BC_–_500_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Ancient Telugu Writings Period (300 BC – 500 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Telugu_Writings_Period_(300_BC_–_500_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amaravati_Stupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amaravati_Stupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.1</span> <span>Amaravati Stupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amaravati_Stupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Medieval_Telugu_Writings_Period_(500_–_850_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Medieval_Telugu_Writings_Period_(500_–_850_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Early Medieval Telugu Writings Period (500 – 850 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Medieval_Telugu_Writings_Period_(500_–_850_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kallamalla_Writing_(575_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kallamalla_Writing_(575_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.1</span> <span>Kallamalla Writing (575 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kallamalla_Writing_(575_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indravarma_Sasanam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indravarma_Sasanam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.2</span> <span>Indravarma Sasanam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indravarma_Sasanam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.3</span> <span>Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vipparla_and_Lakshmipuram_Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vipparla_and_Lakshmipuram_Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.4</span> <span>Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vipparla_and_Lakshmipuram_Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addanki_Poem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addanki_Poem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.5</span> <span>Addanki Poem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addanki_Poem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu_Jain_Literature_Period_(850-1020_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_Jain_Literature_Period_(850-1020_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Telugu Jain Literature Period (850-1020 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_Jain_Literature_Period_(850-1020_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malliya_Rechana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malliya_Rechana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>Malliya Rechana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malliya_Rechana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adikavi_Pampa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adikavi_Pampa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.2</span> <span>Adikavi Pampa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adikavi_Pampa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pre-Nannaya_Period_(before_1020_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pre-Nannaya_Period_(before_1020_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>The Pre-Nannaya Period (before 1020 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pre-Nannaya_Period_(before_1020_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_the_Puranas_(1020–1400_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_the_Puranas_(1020–1400_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>The Age of the Puranas (1020–1400 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_the_Puranas_(1020–1400_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telugu_support_on_digital_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_support_on_digital_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Telugu support on digital devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_support_on_digital_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telugu language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%88%89%E1%8C%89%E1%8A%9B" title="ቴሉጉኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴሉጉኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगू भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तेलुगू भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التيلوغوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التيلوغوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তেলেগু ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তেলেগু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_telugu" title="Idioma telugu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma telugu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगू भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तेलुगू भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluqu_dili" title="Teluqu dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teluqu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تلوقو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تلوقو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তেলুগু ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেলুগু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tilugu" title="Basa Tilugu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tilugu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu-g%C3%AD" title="Telugu-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Telugu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Телугу теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Телугу теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Тэлугу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлугу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Тэлугу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлугу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगु भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तेलुगु भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Телугу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телугу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telougoueg" title="Telougoueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Telougoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telug%C5%A1tina" title="Telugština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telugština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telwgw" title="Telwgw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Telwgw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_(sprog)" title="Telugu (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telugu (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugugiella" title="Telugugiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Telugugiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AB" title="ތެލުގޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތެލުގޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगु भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तेलुगु भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_keel" title="Telugu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telugu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τελούγκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τελούγκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_t%C3%A9lugu" title="Idioma télugu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma télugu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugua_lingvo" title="Telugua lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telugua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="زبان تلوگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تلوگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9lougou" title="Télougou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télougou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_telugu" title="Lingua telugu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua telugu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તેલુગુ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તેલુગુ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu-ng%C3%AE" title="Telugu-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Telugu-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A3%A8%EA%B5%AC%EC%96%B4" title="텔루구어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔루구어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgu" title="Talgu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Talgu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Տելուգու (լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տելուգու (լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगू भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेलुगू भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_jezik" title="Telugu jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telugu jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_linguo" title="Telugu linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Telugu linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="তেলুগু ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তেলুগু ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Telugu" title="Bahasa Telugu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Telugu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_telugu" title="Lingua telugu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua telugu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Телугу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Телугу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%BAg%C3%BA" title="Telúgú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Telúgú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_telugu" title="Lingua telugu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua telugu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="טלוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81" title="ತೆಲುಗು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೆಲುಗು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტელუგუ ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელუგუ ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A0%D9%84%D9%90%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%97_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تؠلِگوٗ زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تؠلِگوٗ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitelugu" title="Kitelugu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitelugu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Телугу – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Телугу" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_telug%C3%BB" title="Zimanê telugû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê telugû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Telingana" title="Lingua Telingana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Telingana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_valoda" title="Telugu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telugu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telug%C5%B3_kalba" title="Telugų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Telugų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_(lingua)" title="Telugu (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Telugu (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_nyelv" title="Telugu nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Telugu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगु भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तेलुगु भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_telogo" title="Fiteny telogo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny telogo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തെലുഗു ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെലുഗു ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगू भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तेलुगू भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ტელუგუ (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელუგუ (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="تلوجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تلوجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="تلوگو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تلوگو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Telugu" title="Bahasa Telugu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Telugu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯇꯦꯂꯨꯒꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯦꯂꯨꯒꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Telugu-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Telugu-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%B3%D2%AF_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Телүгү хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Телүгү хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugutlaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Telugutlahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Telugutlahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_(taal)" title="Telugu (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telugu (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_(taol)" title="Telugu (taol) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Telugu (taol)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलगु भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तेलगु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तेलुगु भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तेलुगु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="テルグ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テルグ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telogo" title="Telogo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telogo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Вердыме чотрадам системе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вердыме чотрадам системе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ତେଲୁଗୁ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତେଲୁଗୁ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_tili" title="Telugu tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telugu tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੇਲੁਗੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੇਲੁਗੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیلگو زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیلگو زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تېلوګو ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تېلوګو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telougou" title="Telougou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Telougou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Telugu" title="Lenga Telugu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Telugu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_telugu" title="Język telugu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język telugu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_telugo" title="Língua telugo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua telugo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_telugu" title="Limba telugu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba telugu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilukhu_simi" title="Tilukhu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tilukhu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Телугу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телугу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="तेलुगु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तेलुगु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugisht" title="Telugisht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telugisht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_telugu" title="Lingua telugu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua telugu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94" title="තෙළිගු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෙළිගු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تيلگو ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تيلگو ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telug%C4%8Dina" title="Telugčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telugčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88" title="زمانی تێلووگوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تێلووگوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Телушки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телушки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_jezik" title="Telugu jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Telugu jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu" title="Telugu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Telugu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Telugu (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telugu (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Telugu" title="Wikang Telugu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Telugu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தெலுங்கு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெலுங்கு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Телугу теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Телугу теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="తెలుగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెలుగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาเตลูกู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเตลูกู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Забони телугу – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони телугу" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ತೆಲುಗು ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತೆಲುಗು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluguca" title="Teluguca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teluguca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Телугу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телугу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیلگو زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیلگو زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%84%DB%87%DA%AF%DB%87_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تېلۇگۇ تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تېلۇگۇ تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Telugu" title="Tiếng Telugu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Telugu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telougou_(lingaedje)" title="Telougou (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Telougou (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="泰卢固语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰卢固语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="טעלוגו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלוגו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%9B%A7%E5%9B%BA%E6%96%87" title="泰盧固文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰盧固文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="泰卢固语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰卢固语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Telugu" title="Hata Telugu – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Telugu" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Telugu" title="Bahasa Telugu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Telugu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language native to South India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Telugu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;"><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode"><b>తెలుగు</b></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Telugu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Telugu.svg/200px-Telugu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Telugu.svg/300px-Telugu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Telugu.svg/400px-Telugu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Telugu" in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="te-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">[ˈteluɡu]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanam</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 83 million (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_tel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_tel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2</a>: 13 million (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_tel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_tel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Classification" title="Dravidian languages">Southern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Classification" title="Dravidian languages">Southern II</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199057_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199057-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Telugu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Telugu" title="Old Telugu">Old Telugu</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li>Middle Telugu </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Telugu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu dialects">Telugu dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Signed Telugu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam_district" title="Yanam district">Yanam district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Languages" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (additional)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a> (protected language)<sup id="cite_ref-SA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=te">te</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=439">tel</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tel" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tel">tel</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual code:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wbq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wbq">wbq</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Waddar_language" title="Waddar language">Waddar</a> (Vadari)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/tel">tel</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/telu1262">telu1262</a></code>  Telugu<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldt1249">oldt1249</a></code>  Old Telugu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=49-DBA-aa">49-DBA-aa</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_telugu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Idioma_telugu.png" decoding="async" width="316" height="368" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Dark blue - Telugu is spoken by a majority.<br />Light blue - Telugu is spoken by a significant minority.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Telugu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">తెలుగు</span></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Telugu pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="te-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">[ˈt̪eluɡu]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian language</a> native to the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, where it is also the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. Spoken by about 96 million people (2022),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">scheduled languages of the Republic of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu is one of the languages designated as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">classical language</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-e262_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e262-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Standard Telugu is based on the dialect of erstwhile Krishna, Guntur, East Godavari and West Godavari districts of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telugu is also spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a> and the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. It is also spoken by members of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">Telugu diaspora</a> spread across countries like <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:112_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a protected language in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and is offered as an optional third language in schools in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mikhail S. Andronov, Telugu split from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian language</a> around 1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Telugu words appear in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> inscriptions dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century BCE</span>, found in <a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu" title="Bhattiprolu">Bhattiprolu</a>, Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-protohistory23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protohistory23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu label inscriptions and Prakrit inscriptions containing Telugu words have been dated to the era of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (257 BCE), as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:422_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Feb2022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Feb2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has served as the court language for numerous dynasties in Southern and Eastern India, including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Gangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahis">Qutb Shahis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used as an official language outside its homeland, even by non-Telugu dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Marathas</a> in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telugu has an unbroken, prolific, and diverse <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">literary tradition</a> of over a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pavuluri_Mallana" title="Pavuluri Mallana">Pavuluri Mallana</a>'s <i>Sāra Sangraha Ganitamu</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11th century</span>) is the first scientific <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on mathematics in any Dravidian language.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avadhanam" title="Avadhanam">Avadhānaṃ</a>, a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in-depth knowledge of literature and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (poetry)">prosody</a>, originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1997_2182_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison_1997_2182-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the precolonial era, Telugu became the language of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> as the cultural language of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during roughly the same era.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu also predominates in the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, one of two main subgenres of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, many non-Telugu speakers have praised the natural <a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">musicality</a> of Telugu speech, referring to it as a mellifluous and <a href="/wiki/Phonaesthetics" title="Phonaesthetics">euphonious</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Telugu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Teluguvāru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Telugu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Telugu Nāḍu, India</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:207px"><div style="position:relative;width:205px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Telugu language is located in India"><img alt="Telugu language is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/205px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/308px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/410px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.717%;left:47.073%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bhimeswaram"><img alt="Bhimeswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Bhimeswaram</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.926%;left:37.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Srisailam"><img alt="Srisailam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Srisailam</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.385%;left:40.313%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaleswaram"><img alt="Kaleswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kaleswaram</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations of <a href="/wiki/Trilinga_Kshetras" title="Trilinga Kshetras">Trilinga Kshetras</a></div></div></div> <p>Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply <i>Telugu</i> or <i>Telugoo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Chapter_2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Chapter_2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older forms of the name include <i>Teluṅgu</i> and <i>Tenuṅgu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tenugu</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a> word <i>*ten</i> ("south")<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>-speaking peoples). The name <i>Telugu</i>, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Introduction_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Introduction-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular belief holds that Telugu is derived from Trilinga of <a href="/wiki/Trilinga_Kshetras" title="Trilinga Kshetras">Trilinga Kshetras</a> being the land bounded by the three <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Lingas</a> which is Telugu homeland. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the <i>Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled <i>Atharvana Karikavali.</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Appa-kavi" title="Appa-kavi">Appa Kavi</a> in the 17th century explicitly wrote that <i>Telugu</i> was derived from <i>Trilinga</i>. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Brown" title="Charles Philip Brown">C. P. Brown</a> made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that <i>Telugu</i> was the older term and <i>Trilinga</i> must be the later <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Grierson1967_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson1967-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because <i>Triglyphum</i>, <i>Trilingum</i> and <i>Modogalingam</i> are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "<i>Trilinga</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">Linguistic reconstruction</a> suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a> confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian-II (also called South-Central Dravidian) sub-group, which also includes the non-literary languages like <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengo_language" title="Pengo language">Pengo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a> and Manda.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proto-Telugu is the reconstructed linguistic ancestor of all the dialects and registers of Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, places the split of Telugu at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:72_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pre-historic Telugu (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BCE–200 BCE)</li> <li>Old Telugu (200 BCE–1000 CE)</li> <li>Middle Telugu (1000 CE–1600 CE)</li> <li>Modern Telugu (1600 CE–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-historic_Telugu_(c._600_BCE_–_200_BCE)"><span id="Pre-historic_Telugu_.28c._600_BCE_.E2.80.93_200_BCE.29"></span>Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE)</h3></div> <p>Pre-historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-historic Telugu is considered one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family based on its linguistic features.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Plural Markers: One notable feature is the presence of contrast in plural markers, such as <i>-ḷ</i> and <i>-nkkVḷ</i> (a combination of <i>-nkk</i> and <i>-Vḷ</i>), which was lost in the earliest forms of many other Dravidian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <i>pū-ḷ</i> (flowers), <i>ā-ḷ</i> (cows), distinct from <i>kolan-kuḷ</i> (tanks), and <i>ī-gaḷ</i> (houseflies).</li> <li>Nominative Markers: The nominative markers were <i>-nḏu</i> (masc.sg.p1) and <i>-aṁbu</i> (inanimate.sg), which continued to appear in early inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Personal Pronouns: Reconstructed personal pronouns include <i>ñān</i> (I) with the oblique form <i>ñā</i>, and <i>ñām</i> or <i>ēm</i> (we).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Phonemic Retention: The early language displayed high phonemic retention, with characteristic phonemes like the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">voiced retroflex approximant</a> (<i>ḻ</i> or /ɻ/) and the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">voiced alveolar plosive</a> (<i>ḏ</i> or /d/), which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">alveolar trill</a> (<i>ṟ</i> or /r/) in different positions. Both /d/ and /r/ are evidenced as distinct phonemes in early epigraphic records.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tenses: Tenses were structured as "past vs non-past," and gender was categorized as "masculine vs non-masculine."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Demonstratives: Three demonstratives were in use: <i>ā</i> (distant 'that'), <i>ī</i> (proximate 'this'), and <i>ū</i> (intermediate 'yonder'; in Classical Telugu, <i>ulla</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-Palatalized Initials: Non-palatalized initials are identified in words like <i>kēsiri</i> ("they did"), found in inscriptions up until the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Word Endings: Words typically ended in vowels, though some had consonant endings with <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> like <i>-y</i>, <i>-r</i>, <i>-m</i>, <i>-n</i>, <i>-l</i>, <i>-ḷ</i>, <i>-ḻ</i>, and <i>-w</i>. Classical Telugu developed an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> <i>-u</i> that vowelized the final consonant, a feature that has been partly retained in Modern Telugu.</li> <li>Place Name Suffixes: Archaic place name suffixes include <i>-puḻōl</i>, <i>-ūr</i>, <i>-paḷḷiya</i>, <i>-pāḷiyam</i>, <i>-paṟṟu</i>, <i>-konḏa</i>, <i>-pūṇḍi</i>, <i>-paṭṭaṇa(ṁbu)</i>, <i>pāḻu</i>, <i>paṟiti</i>, and <i>pāka(m)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apical Displacement: Apical displacement was underway for certain words.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conjunctive Marker: The conjunctive marker <i>-um</i> had various structural applications.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_records">Earliest records</h3></div> <p>One of the earliest Telugu words, <i>nágabu</i>, found at the <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a>, is dated to around 200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word was further analyzed by <a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Iravatham Mahadevan</a> in his attempts to decipher the <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Telugu words, primarily personal and place names, were identified at <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Basin">Krishna river basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballari" title="Ballari">Ballari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a> between 200 BCE and 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ghantasala,_Krishna_district" title="Ghantasala, Krishna district">Ghantasala</a> Brahmin inscription<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni at Vijayapuri, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a>, and other locations date to the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:422_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82" class="extiw" title="te:తుమ్మలగూడెం">Tummalagudem</a> inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a> dates to the 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:422_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions are attested from the 2nd century CE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A number of Telugu words were found in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundinas">Vishnukundina dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvakus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:422_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MP_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG/220px-Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG/330px-Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG/440px-Telugu_talli_bomma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Telugu Talli Bomma (statue of Mother Telugu), the personification of Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Ikshvaku_period">Post-Ikshvaku period</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Telugu_epigraphy" title="Early Telugu epigraphy">Early Telugu epigraphy</a></div><p>The period from the 4th century CE to 1022 CE marks the second phase of Telugu history, following the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a> period. The first long inscription entirely in Telugu, dated to 575 CE, is attributed to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renati_Chodas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renati Chodas (page does not exist)">Renati Choda</a> king Dhanunjaya and found in the <a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Feb2022_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Feb2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early Telugu label inscription, "tolacuwānḍru" (తొలచువాండ్రు; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> rock carvers or quarrymen</span>), is found on one of the rock-cut caves around the <a href="/wiki/Keesaragutta_Temple" title="Keesaragutta Temple">Keesaragutta temple</a>, 35 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inscription is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina</a> period of around 400 CE<sup id="cite_ref-auto_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several titles of <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> in Telugu language, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span>, were inscribed on cave-inscriptions in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 6th century onwards, complete Telugu inscriptions began to appear in districts neighbouring Kadapa such as Prakasam and <a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WebpageNotGIF_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebpageNotGIF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Madras Museum plates of Balliya-Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE, are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Telugu was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit, corresponding to the advent of Telugu literature. Initially, Telugu literature appeared in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of rulers, and later in written works, such as <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Mahabharatam" title="Andhra Mahabharatam">Andhra Mahabharatam</a></i> (1022 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-APOnline_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOnline-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <p>The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada alphabet</a> took place.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara_Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APOnline_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOnline-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th-century Venetian explorer <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a>, who visited the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East";<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a saying that has been widely repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2005_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2005-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_Sultanate,_Qutb_Shahi,_and_Nizam_era"><span id="Delhi_Sultanate.2C_Qutb_Shahi.2C_and_Nizam_era"></span>Delhi Sultanate, Qutb Shahi, and Nizam era</h3></div> <p>A distinct dialect developed in present-day <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> region, due to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> influence. This influence began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> rule by the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century. </p><p>In the latter half of the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> by the dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> in 1724. This heralded an era of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaifiyat" title="Kaifiyat">kaifiyats</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-APOnline_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOnline-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> <p>In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, especially in the areas that were part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as <a href="/wiki/Gidugu_Venkata_Ramamoorty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty">Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurajada_Apparao" title="Gurajada Apparao">Gurajada Apparao</a>, Gidugu Sitapati and <a href="/wiki/Panuganti_Lakshminarasimha_Rao" title="Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao">Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APOnline_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOnline-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the princely <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Mahasabha" title="Andhra Mahasabha">Andhra Mahasabha</a> was started in 1921 with the main goal of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research. Key figures in this movement included <a href="/wiki/Madapati_Hanumantha_Rao" title="Madapati Hanumantha Rao">Madapati Hanumantha Rao</a> (founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), <a href="/wiki/Komarraju_Venkata_Lakshmana_Rao" title="Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao">Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao</a> (founder of the Library Movement in Hyderabad State), and <a href="/wiki/Suravaram_Pratapa_Reddy" title="Suravaram Pratapa Reddy">Suravaram Pratapa Reddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1930s, what was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_period">Post-independence period</h3></div> <p>Telugu is one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">languages with official status in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APOnline2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APOnline2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has official language status in the <a href="/wiki/Yanam_district" title="Yanam district">Yanam district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the six <a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">classical languages of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquity_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquity-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classical_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Language_Day" title="Telugu Language Day">Telugu Language Day</a> is celebrated every year on 29 August, the birthday of Telugu poet <a href="/wiki/Gidugu_Venkata_Ramamurthy" title="Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy">Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth <a href="/wiki/World_Telugu_Conference" title="World Telugu Conference">World Telugu Conference</a> was organised in <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> in the last week of December 2012. Issues related to <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_policy" title="Telugu language policy">Telugu language policy</a> were deliberated at length.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US. Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati, as of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Indian subcontinent, a command over the Telugu language, alongside <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Oriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly <a href="/wiki/Indian_Classical_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Classical Dance">Indian Classical Dances</a>) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Telugu_speakers" title="States of India by Telugu speakers">States of India by Telugu speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telugu_speakers_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Telugu_speakers_in_India.png/220px-Telugu_speakers_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Telugu_speakers_in_India.png/330px-Telugu_speakers_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Telugu_speakers_in_India.png/440px-Telugu_speakers_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue; Telugu is native to dark blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Telugu is natively spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanam_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanam (India)">Yanam</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. Telugu speakers are also found in the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, some parts of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kharagpur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharagpur, West Bengal">Kharagpur</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in India. Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken native language in India after <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Censusindia.gov.in_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censusindia.gov.in-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more than 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Telugu is the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">language in the United States</a>, (especially in <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_area" title="Indians in the New York City metropolitan area">New York City</a>), with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the 18th most spoken <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">native language in the United States</a> and the third most spoken South Asian language after <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2021_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2021-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority Telugus are also found in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> <p>Telugu is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India</a>. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. Telugu is a protected language in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a> must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government of South Africa</a> announced that Telugu will be re-included as an official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> on 8 August 2008, Telugu was also given classical language status due to several campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:422_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epigraphical_records">Epigraphical records</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Telugu_epigraphy" title="Early Telugu epigraphy">Early Telugu epigraphy</a></div><p>According to the famous Japanese historian <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Karashima" title="Noboru Karashima">Noboru Karashima</a> who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985, there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1997_2182_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison_1997_2182-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and Telangana.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14,000.<sup id="cite_ref-WebpageNotGIF_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebpageNotGIF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adilabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Anantapur, Chittoor and Srikakulam produced only a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1135 CE and 1324 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_influence">Geographical influence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_region_boundaries">Telugu region boundaries</h3></div> <p>Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh-century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text, was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and to the south by <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Srikalahasteeswara temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Andhra" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra">Andhra</a> extended westwards as far as <a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal district</a>, about halfway across the modern state.<sup id="cite_ref-a_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Lakshmi_Narasimha_temple,_Simhachalam" title="Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam">Simhachalam</a> and the southern limit is <a href="/wiki/Tirumala" title="Tirumala">Tirumala</a> of the Telugu ation.<sup id="cite_ref-b_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_Place_Names">Telugu Place Names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_India" title="Place names in India">Place names in India</a></div> <p>Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are -<i>ooru, -pudi, -padu, -peta, -pattanam, -wada,</i> -<i>gallu, -cherla, -seema, -gudem, -palle, -palem, -konda, -veedu, -valasa, -pakam, -paka, -prolu, -wolu, -waka, -ili, -kunta, -parru, -villi, -gadda, -kallu, -eru, -varam,-puram,-pedu</i> and -<i>palli</i>. Examples that use this nomenclature are <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chintalapudi,_West_Godavari_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chintalapudi, West Godavari district">Chintalapudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yerpedu" title="Yerpedu">Yerpedu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasaraopeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasaraopeta">Narasaraopeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattenapalle" title="Sattenapalle">Sattenapalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakapatnam">Visakapatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananthagiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananthagiri Hills">Ananthagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vuyyuru" title="Vuyyuru">Vuyyuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macherla" title="Macherla">Macherla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poranki" title="Poranki">Poranki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramagundam" title="Ramagundam">Ramagundam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mancherial" title="Mancherial">Mancherial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peddapalli" title="Peddapalli">Peddapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddipet" title="Siddipet">Siddipet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pithapuram" title="Pithapuram">Pithapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banswada" title="Banswada">Banswada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miryalaguda" title="Miryalaguda">Miryalaguda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg/220px-Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg/330px-Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg/440px-Andhra_Pradesh_districts_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption>Andhra Pradesh before <a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh">bifurcation</a> (1956–2014)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telangana_dialect" title="Telangana dialect">Telangana dialect</a></div> <p>There are four regional dialects in Telugu:<sup id="cite_ref-A_Grammar_of_Modern_Telugu_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Grammar_of_Modern_Telugu-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Western : <a href="/wiki/Telangana_dialect" title="Telangana dialect">Telangana</a></li> <li>Southern: <a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li> <li>Central: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li>Northern : <a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li></ul> <p>Colloquially, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a> dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-CaffarelMartin2004_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaffarelMartin2004-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Waddar_language" title="Waddar language">Waddar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manna-Dora_language" title="Manna-Dora language">Manna-Dora</a> are all closely related to Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Srikakula, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalaseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari Bangalore, and Yanadi.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="542" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Naren_speaking_Telugu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A man living in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> speaking Telugu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Manjusha_speaking_Telugu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A woman residing in <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">America</a> speaking Telugu.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a>. </p><p>Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language <i>m, n, y, w</i> may end a word. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well. </p><p>Telugu does not have <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrastive stress">contrastive stress</a>, and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <p>The table below lists the consonant phonemes of Telugu,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here (where different from IPA). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Telugu consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <b>m</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <b>n</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <b>ṇ</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <b>p</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <b>t</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <b>ts</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <b>ṭ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <b>c</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <b>k</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <b>b</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <b>d</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> <b>dz</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <b>ḍ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> <b>j</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <b>g</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a>*</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <b>ph</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <b>th</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <b>ṭh</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> <b>ch</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <b>kh</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voiced</a>*</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> <b>bh</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> <b>dh</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> <b>ḍh</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʒʱ</a></span> <b>jh</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> <b>gh</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>* </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <b>f</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <b>s</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> <b>ṣ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <b>ś</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <b>h</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <b>v</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <b>l</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <b>ḷ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <b>y</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <b>r</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, additionally /tʰ/ is used to substitute /θ/ in English loans, the only aspirate which occurs natively is /dʱ/ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e.g. /pɐddʱenimidi/ "18" likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal */H/<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is also an unaspirated /pɐddenimidi/ version which is used more commonly. All of the fricatives except for native <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> also only occurs in loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Perso-Arabic phonemes like /q, x, ɣ, z/ are substituted with /k, kʰ, ɡ, d͡ʒ/ similar to Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/t͡s, d͡z/ occur only in native words and lack aspirated/breathy forms. Native words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ before non front vowels became /t͡s, d͡z/; this change became phonemised after loaning words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ from other languages. Intervocalically /d͡z/ can become [z] e.g. [rɐːzu, d͡zoːli, ɡudd͡zu].<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/ʋ/ can be rounded to a [β̞ʷ] around rounded vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The common Proto Dravidian approximant */ɻ/ merged with /ɖ/ in Telugu while it was preserved as /ɽ/ in the other Southern II branch languages.<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many of the old /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ merged with /n/ and /l/.<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Telangana dialect might completely merge /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ with /n/ and /l/.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Most consonants contrast in length in word-medial position, meaning that there are long (geminated) and short phonetic renderings of the sounds. A few examples of words that contrast by length of word-medial consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>/ɡɐ<b>d</b>i/ <i>gadi</i> (room) – /ɡɐ<b>dː</b>i/ <i>gaddi</i> (grass)</li> <li>/ɐ<b>ʈ</b>u/ <i>aṭu</i> (that side) – /ɐ<b>ʈː</b>u/ <i>aṭṭu</i> (pancake)</li> <li>/mo<b>ɡ</b>ɐ/ <i>moga</i> (male) – /moɡːɐ/ <i>mogga</i> (bud)</li> <li>/nɐ<b>m</b>ɐkɐmu/ <i>namakamu</i> (a vedic hymn) – /nɐ<b>mː</b>ɐkɐmu/ <i>nammakamu</i> (belief)</li> <li>/kɐ<b>n</b>u/ <i>kanu</i> (to give birth to) – /kɐ<b>nː</b>u/ <i>kannu</i> (eye)</li> <li>/kɐ<b>l</b>ɐ/ <i>kala</i> (dream) – /kɐ<b>lː</b>ɐ/ <i>kalla</i> (falsehood)</li> <li>/mɐɾi/ <i>ma<b>r</b>i</i> (again) – /mɐ<b>ɾː</b>i/ <i>marri</i> (banyan tree)</li></ul> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a> occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant, for instance. /ʋɐː<b>ɳ</b>iː/ <i>vāṇī</i> 'tippet', /kɐ<b>ʈɳ</b>ɐm/ <i>kaṭṇam</i> 'dowry', /pɐ<b>ɳɖ</b>u/ <i>paṇḍu</i> 'fruit'; /kɐ<b>ɭ</b>ɐ/ <i>kaḷa</i> 'art'. With the exception of /ɳ/ and /ɭ/, all occur word-initial in a few words, such as /<b>ʈ</b>ɐkːu/ <i>ṭakku</i> 'pretence', /<b>ʈ<sup>h</sup></b>iːʋi/ <i>ṭhīvi</i> 'grandeur', /<b>ɖ</b>ipːɐ/ <i>ḍippā</i> 'half of a spherical object', and /<b>ʂ</b>oːku/ <i>ṣōku</i> 'fashionable appearance'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approximant /j/ occurs in word-initial position only in borrowed words, such as. /<b>j</b>ɐnɡu/ <i>yangu</i>, from English 'young', /<b>j</b>ɐʃɐsːu/ <i>yaśassu</i> from Sanskrit <i>yaśas</i> /jɐʃɐs/ 'fame'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <p>Vowels in Telugu contrast in length; there are short and long versions of all vowels except for /æ/, which only occurs as long. Long vowels can occur in any position within the word, but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel. Short vowels occur in all positions of a word, with the exception of /o/, which does not occur word-finally.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below, along with the Telugu script and romanisation. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels (అచ్చులు <i>acchulu</i>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> ఇ <b>i</b></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> ఈ <b>ī</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> ఉ <b>u</b></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> ఊ <b>ū</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> ఎ <b>e</b></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> ఏ <b>ē</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> ఒ <b>o</b></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> ఓ <b>ō</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span> అ <b>a</b></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐː</a></span> ఆ <b>ā</b> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allophones">Allophones</h4></div> <p>In most dialects, the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> only occurs in loan words. In the <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a> dialect, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː]</span> is a frequent allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> in certain verbs in the past tense. </p><p>Telugu has two diphthongs: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span> ఐ <i>ai</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span> ఔ <i>au</i>. </p><p>Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">need illustrations</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>), then the first vowel is more open and centralised (e.g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m<b>ɛː</b>ka]</span> 'goat', as opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m<b>eː</b>ku]</span> 'nail').<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonised with the vowels of the preceding syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu grammar</a></div> <p>The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as <i>vyākaraṇam</i> (వ్యాకరణం). The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the <i>Āndhra Śabda Cinṭāmaṇi</i>, was written in Sanskrit by <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a>, considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 12th century CE. This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">Aṣṭādhyāyī</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini"><i>Vālmīkivyākaranam</i></a>, but unlike <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering <i>samjnā</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a></i>, <i>ajanta</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Halanta">halanta</a></i> and <i>kriya</i>. </p><p>In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called <i>Bāla Vyākaraṇam</i>, borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h3></div> <p>Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a>; there are no prefixes or infixes in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are six word classes in Telugu: nominals (proper nouns, pronouns), verbs (actions or events), modifiers (adjectives, quantifiers, numerals), adverbs (modify the way in which actions or events unfold), and clitics. </p><p>Telugu nouns are <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">inflected</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular, plural), <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> (three classes traditionally termed <i>masculine, feminine</i>, and <i>neuter</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Word_order">Word order</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">basic word order</a> in Telugu is subject-object-verb (SOV).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_classes_(gender)"><span id="Noun_classes_.28gender.29"></span>Noun classes (gender)</h4></div> <p>As with other Dravidian languages, gender in Telugu follows a semantic system,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs. There are three noun classes: masculine (human males, <i>he-</i>gender), feminine (human females, <i>she</i>-gender), and neuter (all non-humans, <i>it-gender</i>). The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement/indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">older.brother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">waccā<b>ḍu</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-past-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">anna waccā<b>ḍu</b></p><p style="display: none;">older.brother come-past-<b>MASC</b></p><p style="clear: left;">The older brother came</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wacc-in<b>di</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-past-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">amma wacc-in<b>di</b></p><p style="display: none;">mother come-past-<b>FEM</b></p><p style="clear: left;">Mother came</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In terms of the verbal agreement system, genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Third person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericā-<b>ḍu</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericā-<b>ḍu</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericā-<b>ru</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericā-<b>ru</b></p><p style="clear: left;">They opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericin-<b>di</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericin-<b>di</b></p><p style="clear: left;">She opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericā-<b>ru</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericā-<b>ru</b></p><p style="clear: left;">They opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericin-<b>di</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericin-<b>di</b></p><p style="clear: left;">It opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tel" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tericā-<b>yi</b>/tericina-<b>wi</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tericā-<b>yi</b>/tericina-<b>wi</b></p><p style="clear: left;">They (non-human) opened</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Telugu gender system is different from Dravidian languages like <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> given that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural (<i>-ru</i>) and with the neuter singular (<i>-di</i>). What characterises the three-gender system is then the individual behaviour of the singular-plural <i>pairs</i> of suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <td>Verbal suffixes<br />(singular : plural) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Masculine</i> </th> <td>-ḍu : -ru </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Feminine</i> </th> <td>-di : -ru </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Neuter</i> </th> <td>-di : -yi/-wi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3></div> <p>Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns (the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about); indefinite pronouns; relative pronouns (connecting parts of sentences); and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb's subject). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Telugu pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>I </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">నేను</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">nēnu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">మనం</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">manaṃ</i></span> <p><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">మనము</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">manamu</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we but not you </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">మేము</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">mēmu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you ( singular) </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">నీవు</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">nīvu</i></span> <p><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">నువ్వు</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">nuvvu</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (plural) </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">మీరు</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">mīru</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>she </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఆమె</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">aame</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>he </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">అతను</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">atanu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>they (humans) </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">వాళ్ళు</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">vāḷḷu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>it </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">అది</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">adi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>they (non-humans) </td> <td><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">అవి</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">avi</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In informal Telugu, personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non-masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h4></div> <p>There is a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative pronouns</a> in Telugu, whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality. The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun, that is, the polite forms for <i>this woman</i> or <i>this man</i> and <i>that woman</i> or <i>that man</i> can also simply mean <i>she</i> and <i>he</i> in more formal contexts<i>.</i> </p><p>In the singular, there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females, although the most formal/polite form is the same for both human genders. In both singular and plural, Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker (like in English), basically <i>this and that</i>, and <i>these and those</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="6">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Proximal <p>(<i>close to speaker,</i> "this") </p> </th> <th colspan="3">Distal <p>(<i>far from speaker</i>, "that") </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gender/Formality</b> </td> <td><i><b>Feminine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Masculine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Neuter</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Feminine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Masculine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Neuter</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>very informal</b></i> </td> <td>idi </td> <td>vīḍu </td> <td rowspan="4">idi </td> <td>adi </td> <td>vāḍu </td> <td rowspan="4">adi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>informal</b></i> </td> <td>īme </td> <td>itanu </td> <td>āme </td> <td>atanu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>formal</b></i> </td> <td>īviḍa </td> <td>īyana </td> <td>āviḍa </td> <td>āyana </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>very formal</b></i> </td> <td colspan="2">vīru </td> <td colspan="2">vāru </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the plural, there are no distinctions between formality levels, but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same, while the neuter demonstratives are different. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Proximal <p>(<i>close to speaker, "these"</i>) </p> </th> <th colspan="3">Distal <p>(<i>far from speaker</i>, "those") </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Feminine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Masculine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Neuter</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Feminine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Masculine</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Neuter</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">vīỊỊu/vīru </td> <td>ivi </td> <td colspan="2">vāỊỊu/vāru </td> <td>avi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_system">Case system</h3></div> <p>The nominative case (<i>karta</i>), the object of a verb (<i>karma</i>), and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction. "<i>Vibhakti</i>" (case of a noun) and "<i>pratyāyamulu</i>" (an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections) depict the ancient nature and progression of the language. The "<i>Vibhaktis</i>" of Telugu language " డు [ɖu], ము [mu], వు [vu], లు [lu]", etc., are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2></div> <p>Majority of the lexicon in Telugu is inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian language</a>, a reconstructed hypothetical language of third millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu retained some of the most archaic words, markers and morphemes of the Dravidian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares its cognates with its closest South-Dravidian-II languages like <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwi language">Kuwi</a> and also with other Dravidian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>. </p><p>The lexicon of Classical Telugu works shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit; there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence even before Nannaya.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period 1000–1100 CE, Nannaya's re-writing of the <i>Mahābhārata</i> in Telugu (మహాభారతము) established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literature in <i>acca telugu</i> or <i>jānu telugu (జానుతెలుగు)</i> by poets like <a href="/wiki/Adibhatla_Narayana_Dasu" title="Adibhatla Narayana Dasu">Adibhatla Narayana Dasu</a> and <a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8" class="extiw" title="te:పొన్నెగంటి తెలగన్న">Ponneganti Telaganna</a> emphasised the importance of native lexicon of Dravidian origin, in contrast to the extensive borrowings from Sanskrit and Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken Telugu preserved most of its Dravidian lexicon intact in various colloquial dialects. </p><p>The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in the city of Hyderabad, has borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and directly) languages. These words have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Turkic</a> rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda">Golkonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> (e.g., కబురు, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaburu/</span> for Urdu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xabar/</span>, <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خبر</span> or జవాబు, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒavaːbu/</span> for Urdu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒawɑːb/</span>, <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جواب</span>). </p><p>Many words were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in the modern era and a few from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> during the colonial era. Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> because the formal, standardised version of the language is either <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexically</a> Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions. However, colloquial Telugu is less influenced by Sanskrit and varies depending upon region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prakruti_and_Vikruti">Prakruti and Vikruti</h3></div> <p>Telugu has many <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">Tatsama</a> words. They are called Prakruti, which are equivalent to Sanskrit words. The equivalent colloquial or <a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">Tadbhava</a> words are called Vikruti, which means distorted. However, Prakruti is only used as a medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prakruti </th> <th>Vikruti </th></tr> <tr> <td>అగ్ని Agni (fire) </td> <td>అగ్గి Aggi </td></tr> <tr> <td>భోజనం Bhojanam (food) </td> <td>బోనం Bonam </td></tr> <tr> <td>విద్య Vidya (education) </td> <td>విద్దె Vidhe, విద్దియ Vidhiya </td></tr> <tr> <td>రాక్షసి Raakshasi (evil) </td> <td>రక్కసి Rakkasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>శూన్య Soonya (zero) </td> <td>సున్న Sunna </td></tr> <tr> <td>దృష్టి Drushti (sight) </td> <td>దిష్టి Dishti </td></tr> <tr> <td>కనిష్టం Kanishtam (minimum) </td> <td>కనీసం Kaneesam </td></tr> <tr> <td>అగరవర్తి Agaravarti (incense, agara+varthi, scent wounded) </td> <td>అగరవత్తి Agaravatti </td></tr> <tr> <td>విభూతి Vibhoothi (ash) </td> <td>విభూధి Vibhudhi </td></tr> <tr> <td>చనక Chanaka (chick pea, Chanakya is derived from the same root) </td> <td>శనగ śanaga </td></tr> <tr> <td>కవచ Kavacha (protective shell) </td> <td>గవచ Gavacha, గవ్వ Gavva </td></tr> <tr> <td>భిక్షం Bhiksham (alms) </td> <td>బిచ్చం Bicham </td></tr> <tr> <td>ద్వితీయ Dvitiya (second) </td> <td>విదియ Vidiya </td></tr> <tr> <td>తృతీయ Trutiya (third) </td> <td>తదియ Thadhiya </td></tr> <tr> <td>జాగ్రత Jaagrata (alert) </td> <td>జాగ్రత్త Jaagratta </td></tr> <tr> <td>వామతి Vamati (vomit) </td> <td>వాంతి Vanthi </td></tr> <tr> <td>స్వంత Swantha (own) </td> <td>సొంత Sonta </td></tr> <tr> <td>అటవి Atavi (forest) </td> <td>అడవి Adavi </td></tr> <tr> <td>త్వర Twara (fast) </td> <td>తొరగా Toraga </td></tr> <tr> <td>రక్తము Rakthamu (blood) </td> <td>రగతము Ragathamu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <p>The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu">Telugu</h3></div> <p><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ప్రతిపత్తిస్వత్వముల విషయమున మానవులెల్లరును జన్మతః స్వతంత్రులును సమానులును నగుదురు. వారు వివేచన-అంతఃకరణ సంపన్నులగుటచే పరస్పరము భ్రాతృభావముతో వర్తింపవలయును.</span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"><span id="Romanisation_.28ISO_15919.29"></span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</h3></div> <p>Pratipattisvatvamula viṣayamuna mānavulellarunu janmataḥ svatantrulunu samānulunu naguduru. Vāru vivēcana-antaḥkaraṇa sampannulaguṭacē parasparamu bhrātr̥bhāvamutō vartimpavalayunu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPA">IPA</h3></div> <p>/pɾɐt̪ipɐt̪t̪isʋɐt̪ʋɐmulɐ viʂɐjɐmun̪ɐ maːn̪ɐʋulellaɾun̪u d͡ʒɐn̪mɐt̪ɐhɐ sʋɐt̪ɐn̪t̪ɾulun̪u sɐmaːn̪ulun̪u n̪ɐɡud̪uɾu ǁ ʋaːɾu ʋiʋeːt͡ʃɐn̪ɐ ɐn̪t̪ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐ sɐmpɐn̪n̪ulɐɡuʈɐt͡ʃeː pɐɾɐspɐɾɐmu bʱɾaːt̪ɾubʱaːʋɐmut̪oː ʋɐɾt̪impɐʋɐlɐjun̪u ǁ/ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>Consonants – <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">హల్లులు</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">hallulu</i></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">క</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ka</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఖ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">kha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">గ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ga</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఘ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">gha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఙ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ṅa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">చ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ca</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఛ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">cha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">జ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ja</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఝ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">jha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒʱa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఞ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ña</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ట</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ṭa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఠ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ṭha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">డ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ḍa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఢ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ḍha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ణ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ṇa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">త</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ta</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ta/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">థ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">tha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ద</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">da</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/a</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ధ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">dha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">న</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">na</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/na/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ప</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">pa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ఫ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">pha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">బ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ba</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ba/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">భ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">bha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">మ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ma</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ma/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">య</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ya</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ర</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ra</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ల</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">la</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">వ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">va</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ళ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ḷa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">శ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">sa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ష</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ṣa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">స</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">sa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">హ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">ha</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ha/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu Braille</a></div> <p>The Telugu script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> consisting of 60 symbols — 16 vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds. The script is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> like those of many other Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-bot_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bot-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and complex characters. The script is syllabic in nature—the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels ("<i>acchu</i>" or "<i>swaram</i>") and consonants ("<i>hallu</i>" or "<i>vyanjanam</i>"). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied "a" vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel "<i>mātras</i>". The shapes of vowel "<i>mātras</i>" are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels. </p><p>Historically, a sentence used to end with either a single bar। ("<i>pūrna virāmam</i>") or a double bar॥ ("<i>dīrgha virāmam</i>"); in handwriting, Telugu words were not separated by spaces. However, in modern times, English punctuation (commas, semicolon, etc.) has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-cpbrown_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpbrown-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telugu has full-zero (<i>"<a href="/wiki/Anusv%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusvāra">anusvāra</a>"</i> or <i>"sunna"</i> ) ( ం ), half-zero (<i>"arthanusvāra"</i> or "<i><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">candrabindu</a></i>" or <i>"ara-sunna"</i> ) (ఁ) and <i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></i> ( ః ) to convey various shades of nasal sounds. [la] and [La], [ra] and [Ra] are differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-cpbrown_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpbrown-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telugu has <i>ĉ</i> [t͡s] and <i>ĵ</i> [d͡z], which are not represented in Sanskrit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg/220px-%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg/330px-%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg/440px-%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4147" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>Wall painting at a shop in India. It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014. It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags, banners, caps, badges and other election material.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_Guṇintālu_(తెలుగు_గుణింతాలు)"><span id="Telugu_Gu.E1.B9.87int.C4.81lu_.28.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.86.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.97.E0.B1.81_.E0.B0.97.E0.B1.81.E0.B0.A3.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81.29"></span><span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">Telugu Guṇintālu</i></span> (<span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">తెలుగు గుణింతాలు</span></span>)</h3></div> <p>These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels.<br /><span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">క కా కి కీ కు కూ కృ కౄ కె కే కై కొ కో కౌ క్ కం కః<br /> ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖ్ ఖం ఖః</span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_system">Number system</h3></div> <p>Telugu has ten digits employed with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>. However, in modern usage, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> have replaced them. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Telugu numerals </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">0<br />sunna</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౦</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">1<br />okaṭi</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౧</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">2<br />renḍu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౨</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">3<br />mūḍu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౩</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">4<br />nālugu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౪</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">5<br />aidu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౫</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">6<br />āru</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౬</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">7<br />ēḍu</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౭</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">8<br />enimidi</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౮</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">9<br />tommidi</div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">౯</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Telugu is assigned <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072–3199).<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Telugu_(Unicode_block)" title="Telugu (Unicode block)">Telugu</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0C00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0C00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0C00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0C00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C0x </td> <td title="U+0C00: TELUGU SIGN COMBINING CANDRABINDU ABOVE">ఀ </td> <td title="U+0C01: TELUGU SIGN CANDRABINDU">ఁ </td> <td title="U+0C02: TELUGU SIGN ANUSVARA">ం </td> <td title="U+0C03: TELUGU SIGN VISARGA">ః </td> <td title="U+0C04: TELUGU SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE">ఄ </td> <td title="U+0C05: TELUGU LETTER A">అ </td> <td title="U+0C06: TELUGU LETTER AA">ఆ </td> <td title="U+0C07: TELUGU LETTER I">ఇ </td> <td title="U+0C08: TELUGU LETTER II">ఈ </td> <td title="U+0C09: TELUGU LETTER U">ఉ </td> <td title="U+0C0A: TELUGU LETTER UU">ఊ </td> <td title="U+0C0B: TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC R">ఋ </td> <td title="U+0C0C: TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC L">ఌ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C0E: TELUGU LETTER E">ఎ </td> <td title="U+0C0F: TELUGU LETTER EE">ఏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C1x </td> <td title="U+0C10: TELUGU LETTER AI">ఐ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C12: TELUGU LETTER O">ఒ </td> <td title="U+0C13: TELUGU LETTER OO">ఓ </td> <td title="U+0C14: TELUGU LETTER AU">ఔ </td> <td title="U+0C15: TELUGU LETTER KA">క </td> <td title="U+0C16: TELUGU LETTER KHA">ఖ </td> <td title="U+0C17: TELUGU LETTER GA">గ </td> <td title="U+0C18: TELUGU LETTER GHA">ఘ </td> <td title="U+0C19: TELUGU LETTER NGA">ఙ </td> <td title="U+0C1A: TELUGU LETTER CA">చ </td> <td title="U+0C1B: TELUGU LETTER CHA">ఛ </td> <td title="U+0C1C: TELUGU LETTER JA">జ </td> <td title="U+0C1D: TELUGU LETTER JHA">ఝ </td> <td title="U+0C1E: TELUGU LETTER NYA">ఞ </td> <td title="U+0C1F: TELUGU LETTER TTA">ట </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C2x </td> <td title="U+0C20: TELUGU LETTER TTHA">ఠ </td> <td title="U+0C21: TELUGU LETTER DDA">డ </td> <td title="U+0C22: TELUGU LETTER DDHA">ఢ </td> <td title="U+0C23: TELUGU LETTER NNA">ణ </td> <td title="U+0C24: TELUGU LETTER TA">త </td> <td title="U+0C25: TELUGU LETTER THA">థ </td> <td title="U+0C26: TELUGU LETTER DA">ద </td> <td title="U+0C27: TELUGU LETTER DHA">ధ </td> <td title="U+0C28: TELUGU LETTER NA">న </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C2A: TELUGU LETTER PA">ప </td> <td title="U+0C2B: TELUGU LETTER PHA">ఫ </td> <td title="U+0C2C: TELUGU LETTER BA">బ </td> <td title="U+0C2D: TELUGU LETTER BHA">భ </td> <td title="U+0C2E: TELUGU LETTER MA">మ </td> <td title="U+0C2F: TELUGU LETTER YA">య </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C3x </td> <td title="U+0C30: TELUGU LETTER RA">ర </td> <td title="U+0C31: TELUGU LETTER RRA">ఱ </td> <td title="U+0C32: TELUGU LETTER LA">ల </td> <td title="U+0C33: TELUGU LETTER LLA">ళ </td> <td title="U+0C34: TELUGU LETTER LLLA">ఴ </td> <td title="U+0C35: TELUGU LETTER VA">వ </td> <td title="U+0C36: TELUGU LETTER SHA">శ </td> <td title="U+0C37: TELUGU LETTER SSA">ష </td> <td title="U+0C38: TELUGU LETTER SA">స </td> <td title="U+0C39: TELUGU LETTER HA">హ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C3C: TELUGU SIGN NUKTA">఼ </td> <td title="U+0C3D: TELUGU SIGN AVAGRAHA">ఽ </td> <td title="U+0C3E: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AA">ా </td> <td title="U+0C3F: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN I">ి </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C4x </td> <td title="U+0C40: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN II">ీ </td> <td title="U+0C41: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN U">ు </td> <td title="U+0C42: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN UU">ూ </td> <td title="U+0C43: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">ృ </td> <td title="U+0C44: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">ౄ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C46: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN E">ె </td> <td title="U+0C47: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN EE">ే </td> <td title="U+0C48: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AI">ై </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C4A: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN O">ొ </td> <td title="U+0C4B: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN OO">ో </td> <td title="U+0C4C: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AU">ౌ </td> <td title="U+0C4D: TELUGU SIGN VIRAMA">్ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C5x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C55: TELUGU LENGTH MARK">ౕ </td> <td title="U+0C56: TELUGU AI LENGTH MARK">ౖ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C58: TELUGU LETTER TSA">ౘ </td> <td title="U+0C59: TELUGU LETTER DZA">ౙ </td> <td title="U+0C5A: TELUGU LETTER RRRA">ౚ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C5D: TELUGU LETTER NAKAARA POLLU">ౝ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C6x </td> <td title="U+0C60: TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC RR">ౠ </td> <td title="U+0C61: TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC LL">ౡ </td> <td title="U+0C62: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">ౢ </td> <td title="U+0C63: TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">ౣ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C66: TELUGU DIGIT ZERO">౦ </td> <td title="U+0C67: TELUGU DIGIT ONE">౧ </td> <td title="U+0C68: TELUGU DIGIT TWO">౨ </td> <td title="U+0C69: TELUGU DIGIT THREE">౩ </td> <td title="U+0C6A: TELUGU DIGIT FOUR">౪ </td> <td title="U+0C6B: TELUGU DIGIT FIVE">౫ </td> <td title="U+0C6C: TELUGU DIGIT SIX">౬ </td> <td title="U+0C6D: TELUGU DIGIT SEVEN">౭ </td> <td title="U+0C6E: TELUGU DIGIT EIGHT">౮ </td> <td title="U+0C6F: TELUGU DIGIT NINE">౯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0C7x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0C77: TELUGU SIGN SIDDHAM">౷ </td> <td title="U+0C78: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT ZERO FOR ODD POWERS OF FOUR">౸ </td> <td title="U+0C79: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT ONE FOR ODD POWERS OF FOUR">౹ </td> <td title="U+0C7A: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT TWO FOR ODD POWERS OF FOUR">౺ </td> <td title="U+0C7B: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT THREE FOR ODD POWERS OF FOUR">౻ </td> <td title="U+0C7C: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT ONE FOR EVEN POWERS OF FOUR">౼ </td> <td title="U+0C7D: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT TWO FOR EVEN POWERS OF FOUR">౽ </td> <td title="U+0C7E: TELUGU FRACTION DIGIT THREE FOR EVEN POWERS OF FOUR">౾ </td> <td title="U+0C7F: TELUGU SIGN TUUMU">౿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0C00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0C00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0C00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0C00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Telugu_Writings_Period_(300_BC_–_500_CE)"><span id="Ancient_Telugu_Writings_Period_.28300_BC_.E2.80.93_500_CE.29"></span>Ancient Telugu Writings Period (300 BC – 500 CE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amaravati_Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amarāvati Stupa</a> is a ruined Buddhist stūpa at the village of <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi">Amaravathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu district</a>, Andhra Pradesh, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. The word "nagabu" was one of the first Telugu words that was written on the Amaravati Stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg/220px-Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg/330px-Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg/440px-Ancient_Telugu_Script_displayed_at_Telugu_Museum_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Telugu Writing displayed at Telugu Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Medieval_Telugu_Writings_Period_(500_–_850_CE)"><span id="Early_Medieval_Telugu_Writings_Period_.28500_.E2.80.93_850_CE.29"></span>Early Medieval Telugu Writings Period (500 – 850 CE)</h3></div> <p>These writings were mostly written by the Vishnukudinas, Telugu Chodas, and the Chalukyas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kallamalla_Writing_(575_CE)"><span id="Kallamalla_Writing_.28575_CE.29"></span>Kallamalla Writing (575 CE)</h4></div> <p>This is the first writing entirely written in Telugu. It was written by Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya. in 575 CE. It was found on the premises of Chennakesava-Siddeshwara temple at Kalamalla village in Yerraguntla Mandal of the district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indravarma_Sasanam">Indravarma Sasanam</h4></div> <p>This was a writing written by Indra Varma in the 6th century. Indra Varma was a Vishnukudina king in the 6th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg/220px-1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg/330px-1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg/440px-1_1149A_old_telugu_language-Vishnu_Kundi_indravarma_sasanam_6th_century_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Old Telugu Script – Vishnukundina Indra Varma Sasanam 6th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti">Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti</h4></div> <p>The 6th- or 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti" title="Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti">Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti</a></i> (or <i>Janāśraya-chandas</i>) deals with the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metres</a> used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Sanskrit prosody</a>. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vipparla_and_Lakshmipuram_Writings">Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings</h4></div> <p>Vipparla Inscription of Jayasimha I and the Lakshmipuram inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in the 7th century AD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png/220px-Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png/330px-Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Addanki_848AD_Sasanamu.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addanki_Poem">Addanki Poem</h4></div> <p>Addanki inscription also known as the Pandaranga inscription belongs to 848AD,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excavated near the Thousand Pillar Temple of Addanki. It is testimony to a flourishing Telugu literature much before the available literary texts. Locals believe that this is the first poem ever to be written in Telugu, also called the first Padya Sasanam(Poetic inscription) with (dvipada, with Yati and Prasa; style taruvoja)Staying with the Boya campaign, Pandaranga got victories in all military campaigns of his master Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The inscription spoke about the donation of land by the king to him for his successful military exploits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_Jain_Literature_Period_(850-1020_CE)"><span id="Telugu_Jain_Literature_Period_.28850-1020_CE.29"></span>Telugu Jain Literature Period (850-1020 CE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malliya_Rechana">Malliya Rechana</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malliya_Rechana" title="Malliya Rechana">Malliya Rechana</a> composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book <a href="/wiki/Kavijanasrayam" title="Kavijanasrayam">Kavijanasrayam</a> (pre-Nannayya chandassu). This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of <i>Pre-Nannayya Chandassu</i> in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rechana's work is variously dated from 940 CE to 12th and 13th century. Most scholars date him to post-Nannaya period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adikavi_Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a> had written a Telugu work named Jinendra Puranam, a Jain work written in 941 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pre-Nannaya_Period_(before_1020_CE)"><span id="The_Pre-Nannaya_Period_.28before_1020_CE.29"></span>The Pre-Nannaya Period (before 1020 CE)</h3></div> <p>In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, precisely from 575 CE onward. Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars posit that Telugu literature existed prior to <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannaya</a> (11th century), the first known Telugu poet.<sup id="cite_ref-WebpageNotGIF_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebpageNotGIF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> T. Vijay Kumar notes, "Since no literary texts in Telugu pre-dating 1020 C.E. have so far actually been discovered, the existence of any pre-Nannaya literature remains a matter of speculation and debate."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Age_of_the_Puranas_(1020–1400_CE)"><span id="The_Age_of_the_Puranas_.281020.E2.80.931400_CE.29"></span>The Age of the Puranas (1020–1400 CE)</h3></div> <p>This is the period of Kavitrayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya, <a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a> (or Errana) are known as the Kavitrayam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nannaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannaya">Nannaya</a>'s (Telugu: నన్నయ) <i><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Mahabharatam" title="Andhra Mahabharatam">Andhra Mahabharatam</a></i> written in early 11th century is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition (Aadi Kavyam).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya, he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"). Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms, metres, form of the book, etc. and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war. Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[14] Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic, which is rendered in the Champu style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tikkana_Somayaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkana Somayaji">Tikkana Somayaji</a> (1205–1288 CE): Nannaya's <i>Andhra Mahabharatam</i> was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji (Telugu: తిక్కన సోమయాజి) (1205–1288) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a>: (Telugu: ఎర్రాప్రగడ) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter. He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana. These three writers – Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other such translations like Marana's Markandeya Puranam, <a href="/wiki/Mulaghatika_Ketana" title="Mulaghatika Ketana">Ketana</a>'s <i>Dasakumara Charita</i>, Yerrapragada's Harivamsam followed. Many scientific works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (October 2022)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sumati Satakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Satakams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Satakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> Sumati Satakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (Telugu: బద్దెన భూపాల) (CE 1220–1280). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi, and a pupil of Tikkana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If we assume that the Sumati Satakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Satakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The Sumatee Satakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palkuriki_Somanatha" title="Palkuriki Somanatha">Palkuriki Somanatha</a>: Important among his Telugu language writings are the <a href="/wiki/Basava_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Basava Purana">Basava Purana</a>, Panditaradhya charitra, Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava–in dwipada metre ("couplets"); Anubhavasara, Chennamallu Sisamalu, Vrushadhipa Sataka and Cheturvedasara–in verses; Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the Basavaragada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gona_Budda_Reddy" title="Gona Budda Reddy">Gona Budda Reddy</a>: His <i>Ranganatha Ramayanam</i> was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the <i>Ramayana</i> epic. Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A.D., possibly with help from his family. The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Telugu literature <a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a> was given agraasana (top position) by many famous critics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paravastu_Chinnayya_Soori" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravastu Chinnayya Soori">Paravastu Chinnayya Soori</a> (1807–1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the <i>Bala Vyakaranam</i> in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are <i>Neethichandrika</i>, <i>Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu</i>, <i>Andhra Dhatumoola</i>, and <i>Neeti Sangrahamu</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a> (1848–1919) is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His novel <i>Rajasekhara Charitamu</i> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Wakefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar of Wakefield">Vicar of Wakefield</a>. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are <a href="/wiki/Gurajada_Appa_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurajada Appa Rao">Gurajada Appa Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurram_Jashuva" title="Gurram Jashuva">Gurram Jashuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao" title="Rayaprolu Subba Rao">Rayaprolu Subba Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri" title="Devulapalli Krishnasastri">Devulapalli Krishnasastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srirangam_Srinivasa_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Srirangam Srinivasa Rao">Srirangam Srinivasa Rao</a>, popularly known as <i>Mahakavi</i> Sri Sri. Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu (<i>vaaduka bhasha</i>), as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time. Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a> won India's national literary honour, the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> for his magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._Narayana_Reddy" title="C. Narayana Reddy">C. Narayana Reddy</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> in 1988 for his poetic work, <a href="/wiki/Viswambhara" title="Viswambhara"><i>Viswambara</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ravuri_Bharadhwaja" title="Ravuri Bharadhwaja">Ravuri Bharadhwaja</a> won the third <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> for Telugu literature in 2013 for <i>Paakudu Raallu</i>, a graphic account of life behind the screen in <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Kanyasulkam</a></i>, the first social play in Telugu by <a href="/wiki/Gurajada_Appa_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurajada Appa Rao">Gurajada Appa Rao</a>, was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (<i>Maalapalli</i>), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (<i>Bharatiya Tatva Sastram</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kodavatiganti_Kutumba_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao">Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao</a> and Buchi Babu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Telugu-language_mass_media" title="Category:Telugu-language mass media">Telugu-language mass media</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu_support_on_digital_devices">Telugu support on digital devices</h3></div> <p>Telugu input, display, and support were initially provided on the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> platform. Subsequently, various browsers, computer applications, operating systems, and user interfaces were localised in Telugu language for Windows and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> platforms by vendors and <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> volunteers. Telugu-capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_states" title="Telugu states">Telugu states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_years" title="Telugu years">Telugu years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">List of languages by number of native speakers in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Telugu-language_newspapers" title="List of Telugu-language newspapers">List of Telugu-language newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Telugu-language_television_channels" title="List of Telugu-language television channels">List of Telugu-language television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Telugu_speakers" title="States of India by Telugu speakers">States of India by Telugu speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_policy" title="Telugu language policy">Telugu language policy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_tel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_tel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_tel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel">Telugu language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html">"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716072837/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Statement+1%3A+Abstract+of+speakers%27+strength+of+languages+and+mother+tongues+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage_MTs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199057-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199057_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1990">Zvelebil (1990)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381">"West Bengal shows 'Mamata' to Telugus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a></i>. 24 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223184833/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=West+Bengal+shows+%27Mamata%27+to+Telugus&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Fwest-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"</a>. <i>gov.za</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.za&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+Founding+Provisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-1-founding-provisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). <a href="//www.ethnologue.com/language/tel/" class="extiw" title="ethnologue:tel/">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a>. (26th ed., 2023)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">"Dravidian languages"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dravidian+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDravidian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014">"Making Telugu compulsory: Mother tongues, the last stronghold against Hindi imposition"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513182853/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Again, Telugu is one of the two non-Hindi languages (the other being Bengali) that is the primary state official language of more than one state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Making+Telugu+compulsory%3A+Mother+tongues%2C+the+last+stronghold+against+Hindi+imposition&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fmaking-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e262-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e262_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/">Statistics</a>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2023" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a> (26th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+modern+standard+dialects&pg=PA300"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-0214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+definitive+reference+to+more+than+400+languages&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dHNCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bmodern%2Bstandard%2Bdialects%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2003" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, William (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=standard+telugu+based+on+dialect&pg=RA3-PA220"><i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics%3A+4-Volume+Set&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513977-8&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC%26dq%3Dstandard%2Btelugu%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bdialect%26pg%3DRA3-PA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarryRubino2001" class="citation book cs1">Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl R. Galvez (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGtiAAAAMAAJ&q=standard+telugu+based+on+dialect"><i>Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present</i></a>. H.W. Wilson. p. 728. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0970-4"><bdi>978-0-8242-0970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=728&rft.pub=H.W.+Wilson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0970-4&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Rubino%2C+Carl+R.+Galvez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGtiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstandard%2Btelugu%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bdialect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOonk2007" class="citation book cs1">Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92"><i>Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 92–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-035-8"><bdi>978-90-5356-035-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130853/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Indian+Diasporas%3A+Exploring+Trajectories+of+Migration+and+Theory&rft.pages=92-116&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-035-8&rft.aulast=Oonk&rft.aufirst=Gijsbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkwsMTyShi8C%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bdiaspora%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajanSaxena2019" class="citation book cs1">Rajan, S. Irudaya; Saxena, Prem (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281"><i>India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9224-5"><bdi>978-981-13-9224-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Low-Skilled+Migration+to+the+Middle+East%3A+Policies%2C+Politics+and+Challenges&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=978-981-13-9224-5&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=S.+Irudaya&rft.au=Saxena%2C+Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djm21DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bpeople%2Bgulf%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204">"Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Do+you+speak+Telugu%3F+Welcome+to+America&rft.date=2018-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-45902204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:122_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751">"Telugu to be an official subject in South African schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a></i>. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=Telugu+to+be+an+official+subject+in+South+African+schools&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fposts%2Findex%2FEducation-and-Careers%2F2014-03-21%2FTelugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools%2F89751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndronov2003" class="citation book cs1">Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&q=Telugu"><i>A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. pp. 22, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04455-4"><bdi>978-3-447-04455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pages=22%2C+23&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04455-4&rft.aulast=Andronov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Sergeevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhB60gYvnLgC%26q%3DTelugu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indian Encyclopaedia – Volume 1", p. 2067, by Subodh Kapoor, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protohistory23-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-protohistory23_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawalChakrabarti1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/D._P._Agrawal" title="D. P. Agrawal">Agrawal, D. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dilip_K._Chakrabarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilip K. Chakrabarti">Chakrabarti, Dilip K.</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays in Indian protohistory</i></a>, The Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies/B.R. Pub. Corp., p. 326, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-01866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-01866-2"><bdi>978-0-391-01866-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131442/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Indian+protohistory&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=The+Indian+Society+for+Prehistoric+and+Quaternary+Studies%2FB.R.+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-391-01866-2&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Dilip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece">The Hindu News: Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece">Archived</a> 3 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has joined the Andhra Pradesh Official Languages Commission to say that early forms of the Telugu language and its script indeed existed 2,400 years ago"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:422_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-telugu-won-legal-battle-for-classical-tag/articleshow/62110737.cms">"How Telugu won legal battle for 'classical' tag"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 18 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727190444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-telugu-won-legal-battle-for-classical-tag/articleshow/62110737.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+Telugu+won+legal+battle+for+%27classical%27+tag&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Fhow-telugu-won-legal-battle-for-classical-tag%2Farticleshow%2F62110737.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiśraRaoPande1996" class="citation book cs1">Miśra, Bhāskaranātha; Rao, Manjushri; Pande, Susmita, eds. 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Sharada Publishing House. pp. 70, 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85616-39-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85616-39-1"><bdi>978-81-85616-39-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Cultural+Relations+with+South-east+Asia&rft.pages=70%2C+71&rft.pub=Sharada+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85616-39-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHRuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DVengi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Feb2022-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Feb2022_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Feb2022_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFరెడ్డి2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">రెడ్డి, తులసీ ప్రసాద్ (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482">"కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా?"</a>. <i>BBC News తెలుగు</i> (in Telugu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81&rft.atitle=%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AA+%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2+%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81+%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%3F&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftelugu%2Findia-60467482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Pollock, Sheldon</a> (19 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA385"><i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 378, 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=378%2C+385&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bcourt%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersenboom1987" class="citation book cs1">Kersenboom, Saskia (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFR06tVELyIC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA39"><i>Nityasumangali: Devadasi Tradition in South India</i></a>. 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S.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459498"><i>A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 4 Part 1</i></a>. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+Of+India+Vol.+4+Part+1&rft.pages=263&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.459498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oberlinlibstaff.com/acceleratedmotion/dancehistory/bharatanatyam/section4.php">"The Dance Traditions of Thanjavur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College_Library" title="Oberlin College Library">Oberlin College Libraries</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>As Marathi-speaking people running a kingdom administered in the Telugu language, and ruling over a Tamil-speaking population, the Maratha kings developed a uniquely hybrid and innovative courtly culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oberlin+College+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Dance+Traditions+of+Thanjavur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oberlinlibstaff.com%2Facceleratedmotion%2Fdancehistory%2Fbharatanatyam%2Fsection4.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneCushman2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; Cushman, Stephen (22 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7FCgAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PA541"><i>The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8063-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-8063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Handbook+of+World+Poetries&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8063-8&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdC7FCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTelugu%2Bliterature%2Bthousand%2Byears%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarder2017" class="citation book cs1">Harder, Hans (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NlsvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PT87"><i>Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38435-3"><bdi>978-1-351-38435-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Nationalist+Ideology%3A+Writing+Histories+of+Modern+Indian+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-351-38435-3&rft.aulast=Harder&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlsvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTelugu%2Bliterature%2Bthousand%2Byears%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishna_Murthy1987" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishna Murthy, Kothapalli (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkAuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pavuluri+Mallana"><i>The Economic Conditions of Mediaeval Āndhradēsa: A.D. 1000-A.D. 1500</i></a>. Sri Venkateswara Publications. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Conditions+of+Mediaeval+%C4%80ndhrad%C4%93sa%3A+A.D.+1000-A.D.+1500&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Sri+Venkateswara+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Radhakrishna+Murthy&rft.aufirst=Kothapalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkAuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPavuluri%2BMallana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavMohan2011" class="citation book cs1">Yadav, B. S.; Mohan, Man (20 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwrw0Lv1vXIC&q=mathematician+andhra&pg=PA206"><i>Ancient Indian Leaps into Mathematics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4695-0"><bdi>978-0-8176-4695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Leaps+into+Mathematics&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-4695-0&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnwrw0Lv1vXIC%26q%3Dmathematician%2Bandhra%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amaresh_Datta" title="Amaresh Datta">Datta, Amaresh</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Avadhanam+telugu&pg=PA292"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. pp. 292, 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"><bdi>978-81-260-1803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=292%2C+293&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1803-1&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC%26dq%3DAvadhanam%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Mukherjee" title="Sujit Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Sujit</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=Avadhanam+telugu&pg=PA31"><i>A Dictionary of Indian Literature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Orient Blackswan</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9"><bdi>978-81-250-1453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1453-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCJrUfVtZxoC%26dq%3DAvadhanam%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison_1997_2182-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1997_2182_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1997_2182_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonLycett1997" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Kathleen D.; Lycett, Mark T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219180727/https://instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/account_11160000000081823/attachments/42567515/Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997%255FInscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%2F20170219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170219T040950Z&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326">"Inscriptions as Artifacts: Precolonial South India and the Analysis of Texts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>4</b> (3/4). Springer: 218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02428062">10.1007/BF02428062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143958738">143958738</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/account_11160000000081823/attachments/42567515/Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997%255FInscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%2F20170219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170219T040950Z&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Inscriptions+as+Artifacts%3A+Precolonial+South+India+and+the+Analysis+of+Texts&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=218&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02428062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143958738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+D.&rft.au=Lycett%2C+Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Faccount_11160000000081823%2Fattachments%2F42567515%2FMorrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997_Inscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf%3Fresponse-content-disposition%3Dattachment%253B%2520filename%253D%2522Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997_Inscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in%2520Vijayanagara.pdf%2522%253B%2520filename%252A%253DUTF-8%2527%2527Morrison%252520and%252520Lycett%2525201997%25255FInscriptions%252520as%252520Artifacts%252520in%252520Vijayanagara.pdf%26X-Amz-Algorithm%3DAWS4-HMAC-SHA256%26X-Amz-Credential%3DAKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%252F20170219%252Fus-east-1%252Fs3%252Faws4_request%26X-Amz-Date%3D20170219T040950Z%26X-Amz-Expires%3D86400%26X-Amz-SignedHeaders%3Dhost%26X-Amz-Signature%3D169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom2016" class="citation book cs1">Winterbottom, Anna (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3wYDAAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+high+culture&pg=PA120"><i>Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World</i></a>. Springer. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38020-3"><bdi>978-1-137-38020-3</bdi></a>. <q>Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Knowledge+in+the+Early+East+India+Company+World&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38020-3&rft.aulast=Winterbottom&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3wYDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bhigh%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Miller" title="Barbara Stoler Miller">Miller, Barbara Stoler</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3_WAAAAMAAJ&q=Telugu+language+of+high+culture"><i>The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562842-5"><bdi>978-0-19-562842-5</bdi></a>. <q>In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+Art%3A+Patronage+in+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562842-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Stoler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3_WAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTelugu%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-0686-0</bdi></a>. <q>In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2udRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+carnatic+music&pg=PT1331"><i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41799-1"><bdi>978-0-674-41799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music%3A+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41799-1&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2udRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTelugu%2Bcarnatic%2Bmusic%26pg%3DPT1331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Dean_Shulman" title="David Dean Shulman">Shulman, David</a> (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80gWwO3XJOMC&dq=Telugu+musical+language&pg=PR14"><i>Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. xiii, xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75578-6"><bdi>978-0-226-75578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spring%2C+Heat%2C+Rains%3A+A+South+Indian+Diary&rft.pages=xiii%2C+xiv&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-75578-6&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80gWwO3XJOMC%26dq%3DTelugu%2Bmusical%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Strangways1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._Fox_Strangways" title="A. H. Fox Strangways">Fox-Strangways, Arthur Henry</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWc-HoAXdYkC&dq=musical+language+telugu&pg=PA84"><i>The Music of Hindostan</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Hindostan&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Fox-Strangways&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWc-HoAXdYkC%26dq%3Dmusical%2Blanguage%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&dq=mellifluous+telugu&pg=PA296"><i>The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Britannica Educational Publishing</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-202-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdKcAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmellifluous%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Chapter_2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Chapter_2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoShulman2002">Rao & Shulman 2002</a>, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015), <i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 167, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3"><bdi>978-0-19-022692-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022692-3&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Telugu Basha Charitra</i>. Hyderabad: Osmania University. 1979. pp. 6, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telugu+Basha+Charitra&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pages=6%2C+7&rft.pub=Osmania+University&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Dravidian Languages – Bhadriraju Krishnamurti</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages+%E2%80%93+Bhadriraju+Krishnamurti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Introduction-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman2002Introduction_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoShulman2002">Rao & Shulman 2002</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenchiahRao1988" class="citation book cs1">Chenchiah, P.; Rao, Raja M. Bhujanga (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55"><i>A History of Telugu Literature</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0313-4"><bdi>978-81-206-0313-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Telugu+Literature&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0313-4&rft.aulast=Chenchiah&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Raja+M.+Bhujanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwXx7LB-ai4C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana"><i>Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal</i></a>. Vol. 17. Oriental Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_University" title="Sri Venkateswara University">Sri Venkateswara University</a>. 1974. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Venkateswara+University+Oriental+Journal&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Oriental+Research+Institute%2C+Sri+Venkateswara+University&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBJuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtharvana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurushottam1996" class="citation book cs1">Purushottam, Boddupalli (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar"><i>The Theories of Telugu Grammar</i></a>. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85692-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85692-17-3"><bdi>978-81-85692-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theories+of+Telugu+Grammar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=International+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85692-17-3&rft.aulast=Purushottam&rft.aufirst=Boddupalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lZkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtharvana%2BTelugu%2BGrammar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksharajna1915" class="citation book cs1">Aksharajna (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh43AQAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar"><i>Some Mile-stones in Telugu Literature</i></a>. Read & Company. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Mile-stones+in+Telugu+Literature&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Read+%26+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Aksharajna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh43AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtharvana%2BTelugu%2BGrammar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwani1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haroon_Khan_Sherwani" title="Haroon Khan Sherwani">Sherwani, Haroon Khan</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9T5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar"><i>History of Medieval Deccan, 1295-1724: Mainly cultural aspects</i></a>. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+Deccan%2C+1295-1724%3A+Mainly+cultural+aspects&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sherwani&rft.aufirst=Haroon+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9T5uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtharvana%2BTelugu%2BGrammar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1839" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phillip_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Phillip Brown">Brown, Charles P.</a> (1839), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53">"Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus"</a>, <i>Madras Journal of Literature and Science</i>, vol. X, Vepery mission Press., p. 53, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53">archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essay+on+the+Language+and+Literature+of+Telugus&rft.btitle=Madras+Journal+of+Literature+and+Science&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Vepery+mission+Press.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhkYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grierson1967-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grierson1967_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson, George A.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tel_detail-1">"Telugu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=4&pages=701"><i>Linguistic Survey of India</i></a>. Vol. IV, <i>Mundā and Dravidian languages</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 576<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telugu&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_tel_detail-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekaram1973" class="citation cs2">Sekaram, Kandavalli Balendu (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Andhras through the ages</i></a>, Sri Saraswati Book Depot, p. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>, <q>The easier and more ancient "Telugu" appears to have been converted here into the impressive Sanskrit word Trilinga, and making use of its enormous prestige as the classical language, the theory was put forth that the word Trilinga is the mother and not the child.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Andhras+through+the+ages&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sri+Saraswati+Book+Depot&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sekaram&rft.aufirst=Kandavalli+Balendu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6E5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1856" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caldwell" title="Robert Caldwell">Caldwell, Robert</a> (1856), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf"><i>A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, London: Harrison, p. 64, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Dravidian+or+South-Indian+Family+of+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Harrison&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fgretil_elib%2FCdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolipakamJordanDunnGreenhill2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kolipakam, Vishnupriya; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+encode+0C5A+TELUGU+LETTER+RRRA&rft.pub=unicode.org&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FL2%2FL2012%2F12016-telugu-rrra-proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dravidian-languages/CB6877BB2AFC237DA0B154E62F8DD898&ved=2ahUKEwi57o6r6eSDAxX3cGwGHXNlAJMQFnoECA4QBQ&usg=AOvVaw3nl5sxu0iZyE2nHwS5mszk">"Dravidian Languages, Krishnamurti"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dravidian+Languages%2C+Krishnamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fdravidian-languages%2FCB6877BB2AFC237DA0B154E62F8DD898%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi57o6r6eSDAxX3cGwGHXNlAJMQFnoECA4QBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3nl5sxu0iZyE2nHwS5mszk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4415432/mod_folder/content/0/Cambridge%2520Language%2520Surveys/Krishnamurti%25202003.%2520The%2520Dravidian%2520Languages.pdf?forcedownload=1">"The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurthi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages+by+Bhadriraju+Krishnamurthi&rft.pages=256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4415432%2Fmod_folder%2Fcontent%2F0%2FCambridge%252520Language%252520Surveys%2FKrishnamurti%2525202003.%252520The%252520Dravidian%252520Languages.pdf%3Fforcedownload%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndronov2024" class="citation book cs1">Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (18 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&pg=PA23"><i>Comparitive Grammar of Dravidian Languages, Mikhail Andronov</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04455-4"><bdi>978-3-447-04455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparitive+Grammar+of+Dravidian+Languages%2C+Mikhail+Andronov&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04455-4&rft.aulast=Andronov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Sergeevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhB60gYvnLgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/48110/chapter-abstract/421300203?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Areal and Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change: Evidence from Dravidian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Areal+and+Lexical+Diffusion+of+Sound+Change%3A+Evidence+from+Dravidian&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F48110%2Fchapter-abstract%2F421300203%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.493129/page/n1/mode/1up">"Early Telugu Inscriptions (Up to 1100 AD), Dr. Budaraju Radha Krishna"</a>. 18 January 1971. <q>Pg: ci; "Of these, '-umu' is the earliest form".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Telugu+Inscriptions+%28Up+to+1100+AD%29%2C+Dr.+Budaraju+Radha+Krishna.&rft.date=1971-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.493129%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bharathi19280601/page/n109/mode/2up"><i>ప్రాచీనాంధ్ర శాసనాలు, వేటూరి ప్రభాకర శాస్త్రి</i></a> (in Telugu). 1 June 1928. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0+%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%2C+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0+%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1928-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbharathi19280601%2Fpage%2Fn109%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmrl.in/wp-content/plugins/book_lists/admin/pdf_books/38%20-%20Harappan%20Heritage%20of%20Andhra_%20A%20New%20Interpretation%20(2010).pdf">"Harappan Heritage of Andhra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harappan+Heritage+of+Andhra&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmrl.in%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fbook_lists%2Fadmin%2Fpdf_books%2F38%2520-%2520Harappan%2520Heritage%2520of%2520Andhra_%2520A%2520New%2520Interpretation%2520%282010%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Mahadeva_Sastri1969" class="citation book cs1">K. 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Lakshminarayan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/epigraphia-indica-vol-xxvii-1947-48">"Epigraphia Indica Vol. XXVII 1947- 48"</a>. pp. 1–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Kanoon&rft.atitle=R.Gandhi+vs+The+Secretary+to+the+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F24294042%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk1mAAAAMAAJ&q=Tummalagudem"><i>Epigraphia Andhrica</i></a>. Vol. 2. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1969. pp. 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Andhrica&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvk1mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTummalagudem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (16 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&dq=first+inscription+in+Telugu+575&pg=PA23"><i>The Dravidian Languages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43533-8"><bdi>978-1-139-43533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-16&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43533-8&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54fV7Lwu3fMC%26dq%3Dfirst%2Binscription%2Bin%2BTelugu%2B575%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockBashir2016" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&dq=first+inscription+in+Telugu+575&pg=PA99"><i>The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042330-3"><bdi>978-3-11-042330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+South+Asia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042330-3&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Bashir%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSFBDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfirst%2Binscription%2Bin%2BTelugu%2B575%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2003" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2003). <i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India</i>. 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Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1989. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itihas&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Director+of+State+Archives%2C+Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh.&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gpDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DTelugu%2Blabel%2Binscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyŚivanāgireḍḍi1998" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Emani Siva Nagi; Śivanāgireḍḍi, Īmani (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lddOAAAAYAAJ&q=keesaragutta+telugu+inscription"><i>Evolution of Building Technology: Early and Madieval [i.e. Medieval] in Andhradeśa</i></a>. 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Government of Telangana. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122959/http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Temples+of+Telangana&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Government+of+Telangana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanyflip.com%2Fvoxm%2Frlzk%2Fbasic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnews.com/editpage/editorial-article-news-5-398554">"విష్ణుకుండి రాజధాని కీసర"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Namasthe_Telangana" title="Namasthe Telangana">Namasthe Telangana</a></i> (in Telugu). 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Malleswara (22 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece">"When foreigners fell in love with Telugu language"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808053858/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=When+foreigners+fell+in+love+with+Telugu+language&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=M.+Malleswara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Fwhen-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language%2Farticle4227784.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2005-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2005_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86"><i>A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1973-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1973-9"><bdi>978-81-206-1973-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Telugu+Language+Day+on+August+29&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-andhrapradesh%2FTelugu-Language-Day-on-August-29%2Farticle16145571.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-language-day-2020-6-tollywood-songs-that-emphasize-the-importance-of-telugu-language/articleshow/77818454.cms">"Telugu Language Day 2020: 6 Tollywood songs that emphasize the importance of Telugu language"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415110338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-language-day-2020-6-tollywood-songs-that-emphasize-the-importance-of-telugu-language/articleshow/77818454.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Telugu+Language+Day+2020%3A+6+Tollywood+songs+that+emphasize+the+importance+of+Telugu+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftelugu%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Ftelugu-language-day-2020-6-tollywood-songs-that-emphasize-the-importance-of-telugu-language%2Farticleshow%2F77818454.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Prabhakara_Sarma2012" class="citation web cs1">B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=World+Telugu+Conference%3A+Then+and+now&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.au=B.+Prabhakara+Sarma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FHyderabad%2Fworld-telugu-conference-then-and-now%2Farticle4167022.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV." class="citation web cs1">V., Rishi Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tirupathi-to-host-world-telugu-conference/article4130001.ece">"Tirupathi to host World Telugu Conference"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Tirupathi+to+host+World+Telugu+Conference&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=Rishi+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftirupathi-to-host-world-telugu-conference%2Farticle4130001.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/">"Language spoken at home by ability to speak english for the population 5 years and over"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Language+spoken+at+home+by+ability+to+speak+english+for+the+population+5+years+and+over&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Excluding other languages with many speakers outside India such as Urdu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2018" class="citation web cs1">Bhattacharya, Ananya (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/1399825/telugu-is-uss-fastest-growing-foreign-language/">"America's fastest growing foreign language is from south India"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812083339/https://qz.com/india/1399825/telugu-is-uss-fastest-growing-foreign-language/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+Website%3A+Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.pub=Censusindia.gov.in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel">"Telugu population figure worldwide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Telugu+population+figure+worldwide&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeiglerCamarota2018" class="citation web cs1">Zeigler, Karen; Camarota, Steven A. (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.org/Report/Almost-Half-Speak-Foreign-Language-Americas-Largest-Cities">"Almost Half Speak a Foreign Language in America's Largest Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Almost+Half+Speak+a+Foreign+Language+in+America%27s+Largest+Cities&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Zeigler&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Camarota%2C+Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.org%2FReport%2FAlmost-Half-Speak-Foreign-Language-Americas-Largest-Cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204">"Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America"</a>. BBC News. 20 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+you+speak+Telugu%3F+Welcome+to+America&rft.date=2018-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-45902204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS2021-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2021_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true">"ACS B16001"</a>. <i>ACS B16001</i>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+B16001&rft.atitle=ACS+B16001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3DB16001%3A%2BLANGUAGE%2BSPOKEN%2BAT%2BHOME%2BBY%2BABILITY%2BTO%2BSPEAK%2BENGLISH%2BFOR%2BTHE%2BPOPULATION%2B5%2BYEARS%2BAND%2BOVER%26g%3D0100000US%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B16001%26moe%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajanSaxena2019" class="citation book cs1">Rajan, S. Irudaya; Saxena, Prem (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281"><i>India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9224-5"><bdi>978-981-13-9224-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Low-Skilled+Migration+to+the+Middle+East%3A+Policies%2C+Politics+and+Challenges&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=978-981-13-9224-5&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=S.+Irudaya&rft.au=Saxena%2C+Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djm21DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bpeople%2Bgulf%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government"</a>. <i>gov.za</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518042037/https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.za&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+Founding+Provisions+%7C+South+African+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-1-founding-provisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751">"Telugu to be an official subject in South African schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a></i>. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2014-03-21/Telugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools/89751">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=Telugu+to+be+an+official+subject+in+South+African+schools&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fposts%2Findex%2FEducation-and-Careers%2F2014-03-21%2FTelugu-to-be-an-official-subject-in-South-African-schools%2F89751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599865">"Vice President stresses the need to preserve and promote classical languages"</a>. <i>pib.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109141713/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599865">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Vice+President+stresses+the+need+to+preserve+and+promote+classical+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1599865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-is-a-language-declared-classical-in-india-what-benefits-it-enjoys-6216415/">"Explained: How is a language declared 'classical' in India, what benefits it enjoys"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 14 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165557/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-is-a-language-declared-classical-in-india-what-benefits-it-enjoys-6216415/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+How+is+a+language+declared+%27classical%27+in+India%2C+what+benefits+it+enjoys&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-how-is-a-language-declared-classical-in-india-what-benefits-it-enjoys-6216415%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gi_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2006" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (23 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421"><i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24500-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24500-6"><bdi>978-0-520-24500-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Gods+in+the+World+of+Men&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24500-6&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMskDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yo-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yo_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yo_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 50, 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6"><bdi>978-0-19-513661-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131428/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=50%2C+263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513661-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSfoCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-auto_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebpageNotGIF_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebpageNotGIF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gi_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gi-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yo_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fe-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fe_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2009" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Lisa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA45"><i>Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35301-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131428/https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Politics+in+South+India%3A+The+Making+of+a+Mother+Tongue&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35301-6&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBchTO0NS0EC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-as_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.A._Abbasi2001" class="citation book cs1">A.A. Abbasi, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA161"><i>Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felication Volume</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-186-0"><bdi>978-81-7625-186-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131429/https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+Human+Cultures+in+Central+India%3A+Professor+S.K.+Tiwari+Felication+Volume&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-186-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUwFL3IipK0C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-European Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131429/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+Other+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-yo_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fe_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (20 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26q%3Dtelugu%2Binscriptions%2Bin%2Badilabad%2Bdistrict%2Bpre%2Bcolonial%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (20 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad+district+pre+colonial&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26q%3Dtelugu%2Binscriptions%2Bin%2Badilabad%2Bdistrict%2Bpre%2Bcolonial%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1988" class="citation web cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (15 July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVzUAAAAMAAJ&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad">"Gifts to Gods and Brahmins: A Study of Religious Endowments in Medieval Andhra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131436/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVzUAAAAMAAJ&q=telugu+inscriptions+in+adilabad">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gifts+to+Gods+and+Brahmins%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Endowments+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=1988-07-15&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVzUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtelugu%2Binscriptions%2Bin%2Badilabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (20 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA36"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (20 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA34"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelcheru_Narayana_RaoShulman2002" class="citation book cs1">Velcheru Narayana Rao; Shulman, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22598-5"><bdi>978-0-520-22598-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131434/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Telugu+Poetry%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22598-5&rft.au=Velcheru+Narayana+Rao&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8UkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XVkAAAAMAAJ"><i>International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL</i></a>. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131430/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XVkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidian+Linguistics%3A+IJDL.&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+University+of+Kerala.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XVkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2014" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Ajay K. (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 37–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07735-9"><bdi>978-1-134-07735-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=OUyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-figuring+the+Ramayana+as+Theology%3A+A+History+of+Reception+in+Premodern+India&rft.pages=37-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07735-9&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Ajay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOUyvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar1994" class="citation book cs1">S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA6"><i>Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0966-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0966-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131434/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Hindu+Administrative+Institutions+in+South+India&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0966-2&rft.au=S.+Krishnaswami+Aiyangar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jRR9yu-u4kC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6"><bdi>978-0-19-513661-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131942/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=195-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513661-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSfoCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundimeda2015" class="citation book cs1">Gundimeda, Sambaiah (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqXbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT205"><i>Dalit Politics in Contemporary India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 205–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38104-4"><bdi>978-1-317-38104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalit+Politics+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pages=205-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-38104-4&rft.aulast=Gundimeda&rft.aufirst=Sambaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqXbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Grammar_of_Modern_Telugu-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Grammar_of_Modern_Telugu_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhadrirajuGwynn1985" class="citation book cs1">Bhadriraju, Krishnamurti; Gwynn, J.P.L. (1985). <i>A Grammar of Modern Telugu</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xvii–xviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Modern+Telugu&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=xvii-xviii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bhadriraju&rft.aufirst=Krishnamurti&rft.au=Gwynn%2C+J.P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaffarelMartin2004-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaffarelMartin2004_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaffarelMartinMatthiessen2004" class="citation book cs1">Caffarel, Alice; <a href="/wiki/J.R._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. Martin">Martin, J. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C.M.I.M._Matthiessen" class="mw-redirect" title="C.M.I.M. Matthiessen">Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJGjDlLPQ_IC&pg=PA434"><i>Language Typology: A Functional Perspective</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-559-1"><bdi>978-1-58811-559-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131948/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJGjDlLPQ_IC&pg=PA434">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Typology%3A+A+Functional+Perspective&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58811-559-1&rft.aulast=Caffarel&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Matthiessen%2C+Christian+M.+I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJGjDlLPQ_IC%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. 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Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teluguic&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Ftelu1265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel">"Telugu"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819015319/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telugu&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisker and Krishnamurti (1991), "Lexical stress in a 'stressless' language: judgments by Telugu- and English-speaking linguists." <i>Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Phonetic Sciences</i> (Université de Provence), 2:90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnamurti (1998), "Telugu". In Steever (ed.), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 202–240, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_157-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskararaoRay2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bhaskararao, Peri; Ray, Arpita (2017). "Illustrations of the IPA – Telugu". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 231–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100316000207">10.1017/S0025100316000207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232346235">232346235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA+%E2%80%93+Telugu&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-241&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100316000207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232346235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bhaskararao&rft.aufirst=Peri&rft.au=Ray%2C+Arpita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhk-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhk_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhk_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhk_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC"><i>The Dravidian Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77111-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131939/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77111-5&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54fV7Lwu3fMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1974">Wilkinson (1974</a>:251)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Grammar of the Telugu Language, p. 295, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Brown" title="Charles Philip Brown">Charles Philip Brown</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgUAAAAYAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131933/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgUAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 13 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Philip_Brown1857" class="citation book cs1">Charles Philip Brown (1857). <i>A grammar of the Telugu language</i> (2 ed.). Christian Knowledge Society's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Telugu+language&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Christian+Knowledge+Society%27s+Press&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Charles+Philip+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElçiSaModiOlague2019" class="citation book cs1">Elçi, Atilla; Sa, Pankaj Kumar; Modi, Chirag N.; Olague, Gustavo; Sahoo, Manmath N.; Bakshi, Sambit (30 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRjBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148"><i>Smart Computing Paradigms: New Progresses and Challenges: Proceedings of ICACNI 2018</i></a>. Vol. 1. Springer Nature. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9683-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-9683-0"><bdi>978-981-13-9683-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Computing+Paradigms%3A+New+Progresses+and+Challenges%3A+Proceedings+of+ICACNI+2018&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft.isbn=978-981-13-9683-0&rft.aulast=El%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Atilla&rft.au=Sa%2C+Pankaj+Kumar&rft.au=Modi%2C+Chirag+N.&rft.au=Olague%2C+Gustavo&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Manmath+N.&rft.au=Bakshi%2C+Sambit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRjBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett,_Greville_G.1991" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Greville G. (1991). <i>Gender</i>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32939-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32939-6"><bdi>0-521-32939-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21227561">21227561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=151-154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21227561&rft.isbn=0-521-32939-6&rft.au=Corbett%2C+Greville+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Henry_Arden1873" class="citation book cs1">Albert Henry Arden (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tW8IAAAAQAAJ&q=neuter+feminine&pg=PA57"><i>A progressive grammar of the Telugu language</i></a>. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 57<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+progressive+grammar+of+the+Telugu+language&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Society+for+promoting+Christian+knowledge&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Albert+Henry+Arden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtW8IAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dneuter%2Bfeminine%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Philip_Brown1857" class="citation book cs1">Charles Philip Brown (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=feminine&pg=PA39"><i>A grammar of the Telugu language</i></a> (2 ed.). Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013132000/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=feminine&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Univ of California Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97665-8"><bdi>978-0-520-97665-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131441/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUvcDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hindu dharma sastra granthalayam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andhra+Kavi+Tarangani&rft.pub=Hindu+dharma+sastra+granthalayam&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Chaganti&rft.aufirst=Seshayya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.373092%2F2015.373092.Sri-Andhra%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakara_Sastry2014" class="citation book cs1">Prabhakara Sastry, Veturi (2014) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=614"><i>Prabandha Ratnavali</i></a>. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prabandha+Ratnavali&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Tirumala+Tirupati+Devasthanam&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Prabhakara+Sastry&rft.aufirst=Veturi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.tirumala.org%2FHome%2FDownload%2F%3FID%3D614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaLgBQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Hindu Identity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49033-3"><bdi>978-1-317-49033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Hindu+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49033-3&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dwijendra+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaLgBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma1975" class="citation book cs1">Sarma, Challa Radhakrishna (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature"><i>Landmarks in Telugu Literature</i></a>. Lakshminarayana Granthamala. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131935/https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Lakshminarayana+Granthamala&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=Challa+Radhakrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrY4OAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLandmarks%2Bin%2BTelugu%2BLiterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaLal,_Mohan1991" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh; Lal, Mohan (1991). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 3294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=3294&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft.au=Lal%2C+Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1992" class="citation book cs1">George, K.M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/samsung-phones-to-support-9-indian-languages/article5018907.ece">the original</a> on 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Samsung+phones+to+support+9+Indian+languages&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Findustry-and-economy%2Finfo-tech%2Fsamsung-phones-to-support-9-indian-languages%2Farticle5018907.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Albert Henry Arden, <i>A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu Language</i> (1873).</li> <li>Charles Philip Brown, <i>English–Telugu dictionary</i> (1852; revised ed. 1903);</li> <li>The Linguistic Legacy of Indo-Guyanese <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/04/21/features/in-the-diaspora/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/">The Linguistic Legacy of Indian-Guyanese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131942/https://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/04/21/features/in-the-diaspora/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/">Archived</a> 13 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Languages of Mauritius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mauritiusattractions.com/mauritius-languages-i-85.html">Languages of Mauritius – Mauritius Attractions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324091230/https://mauritiusattractions.com/mauritius-languages-i-85.html">Archived</a> 24 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Charles Philip Brown, <i>A Grammar of the Telugu Language</i> (1857)</li> <li>P. Percival, <i>Telugu–English dictionary: with the Telugu words printed in the Roman as well as in the Telugu Character</i> (1862, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teluguenglishdic0000revp">Internet Archive edition</a>)</li> <li>Gwynn, J. P. L. (John Peter Lucius). <i>A Telugu–English Dictionary</i> Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press (1991; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gwynn/">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226064427/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gwynn/">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Uwe Gustafsson, <i>An Adiwasi Oriya–Telugu–English dictionary</i>, Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series, 6. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Language (1989).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoShulman2002" class="citation cs2">Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt096nc4c5;brand=ucpress"><i>Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology</i></a>, University of California Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905153330/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt096nc4c5;brand=ucpress">archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Telugu+Poetry%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dkt096nc4c5%3Bbrand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Callā Rādhākr̥ṣṇaśarma, <i>Landmarks in Telugu Literature: A Short Survey of Telugu Literature</i> (1975).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinopoli2001" class="citation book cs1">Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37057436">"On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty"</a>. <i>Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77020-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+edge+of+empire%3A+form+and+substance+in+the+Satavahana+dynasty&rft.btitle=Empires%3A+Perspectives+from+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77020-0&rft.aulast=Sinopoli&rft.aufirst=Carla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37057436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Robert W. (1974). "Tense/lax vowel harmony in Telugu: The influence of derived contrast on rule application". <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 251–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Tense%2Flax+vowel+harmony+in+Telugu%3A+The+influence+of+derived+contrast+on+rule+application&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-270&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1990" class="citation cs2">Zvelebil, Kamil (1990), <i>Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction</i>, Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8545-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8545-201-2"><bdi>978-81-8545-201-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dravidian+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Pondicherry+Institute+of+Linguistics+and+Culture&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-8545-201-2&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Telugu language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Telugu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Telugu">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telugu" class="extiw" title="c:Telugu">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Telugu_language" class="extiw" title="q:Telugu language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Telugu" class="extiw" title="b:Telugu">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Telugu_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Telugu phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="te:">Telugu edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-language">Telugu language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionarymixed00unkngoog">Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050603081433/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html">Origins of Telugu Script</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Andhra Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Andhra Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Culture of Andhra Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Andhra Pradesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Sports in Andhra Pradesh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Song</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Maa Telugu Thalliki</a></dd> <dt>Language</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></dd> <dt>Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></dd> <dt>Sport</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></dd> <dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channa_marulius" title="Channa marulius">Great Snakehead</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasmine</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_(mango)" title="Banganapalle (mango)">Banginapalli Mango</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Andhra Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitharama_Raju_district" title="Alluri Sitharama Raju district">Alluri Sitharama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakapalli_district" title="Anakapalli district">Anakapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapatla_district" title="Bapatla district">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_district" title="East Godavari district">East Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru_district" title="Eluru district">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_district" title="Kakinada district">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaseema_district" title="Konaseema district">Konaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTR_district" title="NTR district">NTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathipuram_Manyam_district" title="Parvathipuram Manyam district">Parvathipuram Manyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Sri Sathya Sai district">Sri Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram_district" title="Vizianagaram district">Vizianagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Godavari_district" title="West Godavari district">West Godavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimavaram" title="Bhimavaram">Bhimavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakaluripet" title="Chilakaluripet">Chilakaluripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district">Dharmavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiri" title="Kadiri">Kadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudivada" title="Gudivada">Gudivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntakal" title="Guntakal">Guntakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindupur" title="Hindupur">Hindupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madanapalle" title="Madanapalle">Madanapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal" title="Nandyal">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasaraopet" title="Narasaraopet">Narasaraopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzvid" title="Nuzvid">Nuzvid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakollu" title="Palakollu">Palakollu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proddatur" title="Proddatur">Proddatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadipatri" title="Tadipatri">Tadipatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh">Airports</a></li> <li>Railways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:State highways in Andhra Pradesh">Roadways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh">Seaports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Forts in Andhra Pradesh">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:National parks in Andhra Pradesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Churches in Andhra Pradesh">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi kingdom">Reddi kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi_dynasty" title="Asaf Jahi dynasty">Asaf Jahi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh">List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandals_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh">List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh" title="Template:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattapu_language" title="Pattapu language">Pattapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollari_language" title="Ollari language">Ollari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukha-Dora_language" title="Mukha-Dora language">Mukha-Dora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Languages of Andhra Pradesh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana" title="Template:Languages spoken in Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Languages spoken in Telangana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages spoken in Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiki_language" title="Naiki language">Naiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Telangana" title="Category:Languages of Telangana">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Languages of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Languages of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mannan</li> <li>Kadar</li> <li>Malaryan</li> <li>Malavedan</li> <li>Paliyan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li>Ravula</li> <li>Eravallan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba language</a></li> <li>Muthuvan</li> <li>Yerukula</li> <li>Mannan</li> <li>Kodava</li> <li>Jennu Kurumba</li> <li>Mullu Kurumba</li> <li>Urali</li> <li>Malasar</li> <li>Thachanadan</li> <li>Ullatan</li> <li>Pathiya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/50px-Malayalam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/75px-Malayalam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/100px-Malayalam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranadan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranadan language">Aranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannanore_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore Portuguese creole">Cannanore Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Portuguese creole">Cochin Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Category:Languages of Kerala">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bahrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template talk:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bahrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Languages of Bahrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo Aryan languages">Indo Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Sign Language">Arabic Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mauritius" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Template:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Template talk:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mauritius" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Languages of Mauritius</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vernacular languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="View this 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title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Larestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dravidian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian_languages" title="Template talk:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dravidian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dravidian_languages" title="South Dravidian languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tamil–Kannada" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil–Kannada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kannada <br /> - Badaga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannadoid" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Kannadoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiya_language" title="Holiya language">Holiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundadan_Chetti_language" title="Maundadan Chetti language">Maundadan Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Kurumba_language" title="Alu Kurumba language">Alu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toda-Kota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kodagu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil - <br />Malayalam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil languages">Tamiloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankethi dialect">Sankethi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_language" title="Kaikadi language">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattapu_language" title="Pattapu language">Pattapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam languages">Malayalamoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeseri" title="Jeseri">Jeseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byari_dialect" title="Byari dialect">Byari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranadan_language" title="Eranadan language">Eranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurichiya_language" title="Kurichiya language">Kurichiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamuthan_language" title="Malamuthan language">Malamuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankuravan_language" title="Malankuravan language">Malankuravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishavan_language" title="Vishavan language">Vishavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tulu-Koraga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korra_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korra Koraga language">Korra Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudu_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudu Koraga language">Mudu Koraga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholanaikkan_language" title="Cholanaikkan language">Cholanaikkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkala_language" title="Kakkala language">Kakkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu languages">Teluguic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna-Dora_language" title="Manna-Dora language">Manna-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukha-Dora_language" title="Mukha-Dora language">Mukha-Dora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddar_language" title="Waddar language">Waddar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gondi-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gondi_languages" title="Gondi languages">Gondi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirwar_language" title="Khirwar language">Khirwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiya_language" title="Madiya language">Madiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muria_language" title="Muria language">Muria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagarchal_language" title="Nagarchal language">Nagarchal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhan_language" title="Pardhan language">Pardhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konda-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_language_(India)" title="Manda language (India)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengo_language" title="Pengo language">Pengo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kolami-Naiki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiki_language" title="Naiki language">Naiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parji–Gadaba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duruwa_language" title="Duruwa language">Duruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondekor_language" title="Kondekor language">Kondekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollari_language" title="Ollari language">Ollari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Dravidian_languages" title="North Dravidian languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kurukh-Malto" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurukh-Malto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbhag_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarbhag Paharia language">Kumarbhag Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauria Paharia language">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-South Dravidian">Proto-South Dravidian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.2em;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> (no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telangana" title="Template:Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telangana" title="Template talk:Telangana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Telangana" title="Culture of Telangana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Telangana" title="Demographics of Telangana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Telangana" title="Education in Telangana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana#Geography" title="Telangana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Telangana" title="Government of Telangana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Language_Day" title="Telangana Language Day">Language day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Telangana" title="Politics of Telangana">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Telangana" title="List of people from Telangana">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Asaf Jahi dynasty (Nizams)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad_district" title="Adilabad district">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komaram_Bheem_Asifabad_district" title="Komaram Bheem Asifabad district">Komaram Bheem Asifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadradri_Kothagudem_district" title="Bhadradri Kothagudem district">Bhadradri Kothagudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda_district" title="Hanamkonda district">Hanamkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_India" title="Hyderabad district, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtial_district" title="Jagtial district">Jagtial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangaon_district" title="Jangaon district">Jangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayashankar_Bhupalpally_district" title="Jayashankar Bhupalpally district">Jayashankar Bhupalpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogulamba_Gadwal_district" title="Jogulamba Gadwal district">Jogulamba Gadwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamareddy_district" title="Kamareddy district">Kamareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_district" title="Karimnagar district">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_district" title="Khammam district">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubabad_district" title="Mahabubabad district">Mahabubabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubnagar_district" title="Mahabubnagar district">Mahabubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancherial_district" title="Mancherial district">Mancherial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medak_district" title="Medak district">Medak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medchal-Malkajgiri_district" title="Medchal-Malkajgiri district">Medchal-Malkajgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_district" title="Mulugu district">Mulugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarkurnool_district" title="Nagarkurnool district">Nagarkurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda_district" title="Nalgonda district">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpet_district" title="Narayanpet district">Narayanapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_district" title="Nirmal district">Nirmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_district" title="Nizamabad district">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddapalli_district" title="Peddapalli district">Peddapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanna_Sircilla_district" title="Rajanna Sircilla district">Rajanna Sircilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district" title="Ranga Reddy district">Ranga Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangareddy_district" title="Sangareddy district">Sangareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_district" title="Siddipet district">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet_district" title="Suryapet district">Suryapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarabad_district" title="Vikarabad district">Vikarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanaparthy_district" title="Wanaparthy district">Wanaparthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_district" title="Warangal district">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri" title="Yadadri Bhuvanagiri">Y.Bhuvanagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Commissionerates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_City_Police" title="Hyderabad City Police">Hyderabad central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachakonda_Police_Commissionerate" title="Rachakonda Police Commissionerate">Rachakonda-Bhuvanagiri, Hyderabad East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberabad_Metropolitan_Police" title="Cyberabad Metropolitan Police">Cyberabad-Hyderabad West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Police_Commissionerate" title="Karimnagar Police Commissionerate">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Khammam Police Commissionerate">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Police" title="Nizamabad Police">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Ramagundam Police Commissionerate">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_Police_Commissionerate" title="Siddipet Police Commissionerate">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_Police_Commissionerate" title="Warangal Police Commissionerate">Warangal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad,_Telangana" title="Nizamabad, Telangana">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam" title="Khammam">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar" title="Karimnagar">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam" title="Ramagundam">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbubnagar" title="Mahbubnagar">Mahbubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda" title="Nalgonda">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad" title="Adilabad">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet" title="Suryapet">Suryapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Telangana" title="Category:Churches in Telangana">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Telangana" title="Category:Dams in Telangana">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Telangana" title="Category:Forts in Telangana">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_in_Telangana" title="Category:Temples in Telangana">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Telangana" title="Category:Mosques in Telangana">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Telangana" title="Category:Lakes of Telangana">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Telangana" title="Category:National parks in Telangana">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Telangana" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of Telangana">Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Telangana" title="Category:Waterfalls of Telangana">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hyderabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karimnagar Municipal Corporation">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Khammam Municipal Corporation">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nizamabad Municipal Corporation">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Ramagundam Municipal Corporation">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Warangal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boduppal" title="Boduppal">Boduppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerzadiguda" title="Peerzadiguda">Peerzadiguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharnagar,_Telangana" title="Jawaharnagar, Telangana">Jawaharnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizampet" title="Nizampet">Nizampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badangpet" title="Badangpet">Badangpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandlaguda_Jagir" title="Bandlaguda Jagir">Bandlaguda Jagir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerpet%E2%80%93Jillelguda" title="Meerpet–Jillelguda">Meerpet–Jillelguda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Telangana" title="List of urban agglomerations in Telangana">List of urban agglomerations in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">List of districts in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Telangana" title="List of urban local bodies in Telangana">List of urban local bodies in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Andhra Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Andhra Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Culture of Andhra Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Andhra Pradesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Sports in Andhra Pradesh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Song</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Maa Telugu Thalliki</a></dd> <dt>Language</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></dd> <dt>Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></dd> <dt>Sport</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></dd> <dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channa_marulius" title="Channa marulius">Great Snakehead</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasmine</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_(mango)" title="Banganapalle (mango)">Banginapalli Mango</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Andhra Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitharama_Raju_district" title="Alluri Sitharama Raju district">Alluri Sitharama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakapalli_district" title="Anakapalli district">Anakapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapatla_district" title="Bapatla district">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_district" title="East Godavari district">East Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru_district" title="Eluru district">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_district" title="Kakinada district">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaseema_district" title="Konaseema district">Konaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTR_district" title="NTR district">NTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathipuram_Manyam_district" title="Parvathipuram Manyam district">Parvathipuram Manyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Sri Sathya Sai district">Sri Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram_district" title="Vizianagaram district">Vizianagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Godavari_district" title="West Godavari district">West Godavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimavaram" title="Bhimavaram">Bhimavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakaluripet" title="Chilakaluripet">Chilakaluripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district">Dharmavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiri" title="Kadiri">Kadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudivada" title="Gudivada">Gudivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntakal" title="Guntakal">Guntakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindupur" title="Hindupur">Hindupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madanapalle" title="Madanapalle">Madanapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal" title="Nandyal">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasaraopet" title="Narasaraopet">Narasaraopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzvid" title="Nuzvid">Nuzvid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakollu" title="Palakollu">Palakollu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proddatur" title="Proddatur">Proddatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadipatri" title="Tadipatri">Tadipatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh">Airports</a></li> <li>Railways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:State highways in Andhra Pradesh">Roadways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh">Seaports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Forts in Andhra Pradesh">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:National parks in Andhra Pradesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Churches in Andhra Pradesh">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" 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by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-jwsh5","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.022","walltime":"3.393","ppvisitednodes":{"value":50468,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1029433,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":185781,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1038570,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2857.365 1 -total"," 32.03% 915.169 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.05% 458.625 97 Template:Cite_book"," 13.86% 395.911 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 13.13% 375.077 2 Template:Infobox"," 11.79% 336.760 44 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[\"CITEREFKrishnamurti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurti2003\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurtiGwynn1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMari2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiśraRaoPande1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisonLycett1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunsiBurridge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagaraju1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOonk2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhakara_Sastry2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurushottam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishna_Murthy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajanSaxena2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamadasu1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoShulman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddyŚivanāgireḍḍi1998\"] = 1,\n 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